*

Marc Erick Von A. Tiosing, RCE, RMP

 𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2

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Find the distance between points (−1, 3) and
(1, 4).

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If the point (𝑥, 3) is equidistant from (3, −2) and
(7, 4), find 𝑥.

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𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑟 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑟 𝑦2 − 𝑦1

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 1
𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
2
1
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
2

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The line segment joining the points 𝐴 −1,4 and
𝐵 3, −4 is to be divided by point 𝑂, such that
𝐴𝑂: 𝑂𝐵 = 1: 3. Find the coordinates of 𝑂.

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The line segment joining the points 𝐴 −1,4 and
𝐵 3, −4 is to be extended up to point 𝑂, such
that 𝐴𝐵: 𝐵𝑂 = 1: 3. Find the coordinates of the
terminal point 𝑂.

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Find the midpoint of 𝐴 −8, 5 and 𝐵 6, −3 .

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 ∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= =
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

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If the slope 𝑚 is positive, the line is upwards to the right,
otherwise, if 𝑚 is negative, the line is downwards to the right.
If 𝑚 = 0, then the line is horizontal. For a vertical line, the
slope is undefined.

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Angle of inclination is defined as the smallest positive angle
that the line makes with the positive x-axis.

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 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
tan 𝜃 = 𝑚 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

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If the inclination of the line is an acute angle,
then the tangent of the line is _____.
If the inclination of the line is an obtuse angle,
then the tangent of the line is _____.

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Find the slope of the line passing through points
𝐴 5, 7 and 𝐵 3, −7 .

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Find the angle of inclination 𝜃 of the line passing
through points 𝐴 5, 7 and 𝐵 3, −7 .

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General Equation
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
Two-point Form:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Point-slope Form:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
Slope-intercept Form:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Intercept Form:
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏

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 𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
𝑑=
± 𝐴2 + 𝐵 2

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If the point is above the line AND 𝐵 is positive, then use positive sign.
If the point is above the line AND 𝐵 is negative, then use negative sign.
If the point is below the line AND 𝐵 is positive, then use negative sign.
If the point is below the line AND 𝐵 is negative, then use positive sign.

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 𝐶1 − 𝐶2
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2

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 𝑚2 − 𝑚1
tan 𝜃 =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2

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Find the equation of the line passing through
points 𝐴 5, 7 and 𝐵 3, −7 .

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Find the inclination of the line 8𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 15 =
0.

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Find the equation of the line whose x- and y-
intercepts are 2 and -3, respectively.

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Determine the value of 𝑘 such that 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7
and 2𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 = 3 are parallel.

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Find the value of 𝑎 so that 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5 and
𝑎𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 2 are perpendicular to each other.

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Find the equation of the line parallel to the line
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 and passing through the points
(3, 4).

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Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector
of the segment joining (7, −2) and (1, 6).

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Find the distance of the line 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 20 = 0
from the point −2, 3 .

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Find the distance between the parallel lines
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 10 and 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 15 = 0.

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Find the acute angle formed by the intersection
of lines 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 18 = 0 and 12𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 0.

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The hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle is
equal to 3. Find the slope of the other two legs
of the triangle. The vertex is located below the
vertex.

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Find the equation of the bisector of the acute
angle formed by the intersection of the lines
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5.

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 1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛 𝑥1
𝐴= ⋯
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦𝑛−1 𝑦𝑛 𝑦1

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Find the area of the triangle formed by points
5, −3 , −3,6 and −2, −2 .

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Find the area of a pentagon whose vertices are
2, −6 , 2,4 , 4,0 , −3,3 and −3,2 .

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Find the locus of a point such that the point is
always equidistant to the points −2,0 and
3,5 .

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Determine the equation of the locus of a point
which moves so that the sum of the distances
from the points 0,3 and 0, −3 is 8.

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Conic sections are curves
obtained from the
intersection of a plane
and a right circular
cone.

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Circle – cutting plane
parallel to the base
Ellipse – cutting plane not
parallel to any element in
the circular cone
Parabola – cutting plane
parallel to the slant height
Hyperbola – cutting plane
parallel to the axis

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Definition based on locus of a point:
Circle – is the locus of a point that moves such
that it is always equidistant from a fixed point.
This fixed point is called the center. The fixed
distance is called the radius.

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Definition based on locus of a point:
Parabola – is the locus of a point that moves such
that its distance from a fixed point is always
equal to its distance from a fixed line. This fixed
point is called the focus, and the fixed line is
called the directrix.

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Definition based on locus of a point:
Ellipse – is the locus of a point that moves such
that the sum of its distance from two fixed
points is constant. This points are called foci. It
can be also defined as the locus of a point that
moves such that the ratio of its distance from a
fixed point (focus) to its distance from a fixed
line is less than one (1). This fixed line is the
directrix.

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Definition based on locus of a point:
Hyperbola – is the locus of a point that moves
such that the difference of its distance from two
fixed points is constant. This points are called
foci. It can be also defined as the locus of a
point that moves such that the ratio of its
distance from a fixed point (focus) to its
distance from a fixed line is greater than one
(1). This fixed line is the directrix.

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 General Form of a Conic Section
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0

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For a circle, 𝐴 = 𝐶.
For a parabola, either 𝐴 or 𝐶 is equal to zero.
For an ellipse, 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶, but they have the same sign.
For a hyperbola, 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶, but they have opposite sign.

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Standard Equation of a Circle:
𝑥−ℎ 2+ 𝑦−𝑘 2
= 𝑟2

Where: ℎ = x-coordinate of the center, 𝑘 = y-coordinate of the

center, 𝑟 = radius of the circle
Note: 𝑒 = 0 for circle

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Standard Equations of a Parabola:
Opening to the right:
2
𝑦−𝑘 = 4𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑘
Opening to the left:
2
𝑦−𝑘 = −4𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑘
Opening upwards:
2
𝑥−ℎ = −4𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ
Opening downwards:
2
𝑥−ℎ = −4𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ

Where: ℎ = x-coordinate of the vertex, 𝑘 = y-coordinate of the vertex, 𝑎 = distance of the

vertex from the directrix; the term 4𝑎 is the latus rectum (LR), hence, ℓ = 4𝑎.
Note: 𝑒 = 1 for parabola

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Standard Equations of an Ellipse:
Major axis horizontal:
𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑦−𝑘 2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Major axis vertical:
𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑦−𝑘 2
+ =1
𝑏2 𝑎2

Where: ℎ = x-coordinate of the center, 𝑘 = y-coordinate of the center,

𝑎 = semi-major axis, 𝑏 = semi-minor axis; 𝑎 > 𝑏
Note: 0 < 𝑒 < 1 for ellipse

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Standard Equations of an Hyperbola:
Transverse axis horizontal:
𝑥−ℎ 2 𝑦−𝑘 2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Transverse axis vertical:
𝑦−𝑘 2 𝑥−ℎ 2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Where: ℎ = x-coordinate of the center, 𝑘 = y-coordinate of the center, 𝑎

= half-length of the transverse axis, 𝑏 = half-length of the conjugate axis
Note: 𝑒 > 1 for hyperbola

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Key Formulas:
Length of the Latus Rectum:
2𝑏 2
ℓ=
𝑎
Eccentricity:
𝑐
𝑒=
𝑎
Distance of the directrix from the center (must pass through foci):
𝑎
𝑑=
𝑒
2𝑐 = distance between two foci (for ellipse and hyperbola)

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Find the equation of the circle circumscribing a
triangle whose vertices are 0,0 , 0,5 and 3,3 .

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 Determine the value of 𝑘 so that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 +
10𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 is a circle of radius 8.

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Determine the length of the tangent to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 20 = 0 from 8,12 .

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 Find the length of the latus rectum of the
parabola 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 25 = 0.

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Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at
5, −2 and focus at 5, −4 .

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Given the equation 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 7 = 0 .
determine the equation of the directrix.

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Find the eccentricity of the curve 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 −
72𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 144 = 0.

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The major axis of the elliptical path in which the
satellite moves around the earth is
approximately 186 million miles and the
eccentricity of the ellipse is 1/60. Find the
maximum altitude of the satellite (in million
miles).

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Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola 9𝑥 2 −
4𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 4 = 0.

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Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola whose
transverse and conjugate axes are equal in
length.

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 Find an equation of the asymptote of the curve
𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4.

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 𝑥 = 𝑥′ + ℎ
𝑦 = 𝑦′ + 𝑘

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𝑥 = 𝑥 ′ cos 𝜃 − 𝑦 ′ sin 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑥 ′ sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 ′ cos 𝜃

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Find the new equation of the curve 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2
if the origin is translated to the point 2, −3 .

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Find the point to which the origin must be
translated in order that the transformed
equation of the curve 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 1 =
0 will have no first-degree term.

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Determine the new equation of the curve 𝑥𝑦 = 9
when the axes are rotated 45°.

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Find the angle of rotation such that the
transformed equation of 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 will
have no 𝑥 ′ 𝑦′ term.

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 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

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𝜃 is positive if measured counterclockwise.
𝜃 is negative if measured clockwise.

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 𝑑= 𝑟12 + 𝑟22 − 2𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 − 𝜃1
Note that 𝜃2 > 𝜃1 .

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 𝑒𝑑
𝑟=
1 − 𝑒 cos 𝜃 − 𝜃0

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Convert the following rectangular coordinates to
polar coordinates.
* 3,6
* −2,5
* 4, −3
* −3, −5

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Determine the nature of the following curves.
* 𝑟 = 4 cos 𝜃
3
* 𝑟=
1+sin 𝜃
14
* 𝑟=
2+sin 𝜃
7
* 𝑟=
2+3 cos 𝜃

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Distance between Two Points:
𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2

Symmetric Form of Equation of a Line in Space:

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
General Equation of a Plane:
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0

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Distance between Parallel Planes:
𝐷2 − 𝐷1
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 𝐶 2
Distance from a Point to a Plane:
𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶𝑧1 + 𝐷
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 𝐶 2

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If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧 are the rectangular and cylindrical
coordinates of the same point in space, then,
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

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If 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and 𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑 are the rectangular and spherical
coordinates of the same point in space, then,
𝑥 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 cos 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜑 sin 𝜃
𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜑
𝜌 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

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Given the points A 1,0, −2 , 𝐵 3, −1,1 and
𝐶 𝑘, −3, 𝑞 . If these three points are collinear,
determine the values of 𝑘 and 𝑞.

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Find the equation of the plane that contains the
points P 1, −2,4 , 𝑄 4, 1,7 and 𝑅 −1,5,1 .

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Find the perpendicular distance between the two
planes 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 and 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑥 = 8.

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Find the perpendicular distance between the
point −2,8, −3 and the plane 9𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 + 1 =
0.

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Find the equation of the sphere tangent to the
plane 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 22, and has its center at
the origin.

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Given the point 6,4,8 , convert the point in:
* Cylindrical form
* Spherical form

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