DN-STR-03009-01 - BD 47.99

Waterproofing and Surfacing
of Concrete Bridge Decks
DN-STR-03009
December 2000
DN Design
Standards
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IRELAND (TII) PUBLICATIONS
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national road and light rail networks.
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referred to as TII Publications (Standards), and all other documentation within the system is
collectively referred to as TII Publications (Technical). This system replaces the NRA Design
Manual for Roads and Bridges (NRA DMRB) and the NRA Manual of Contract Documents for
Road Works (NRA MCDRW).
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TII Publication Title Waterproofing and Surfacing of Concrete Bridge Decks

TII Publication
DN-STR-03009
Number
Activity Design (DN) Document Set Standards

Stream Structures (STR) Publication Date December 2000
Document 03009 Historical BD 47
Number Reference
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National Roads Authority Volume 2 Section 3
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Part 4 BD 47/99
Addendum
NRA ADDENDUM TO
BD 47/99
WATERPROOFING AND SURFACING OF CONCRETE BRIDGE

DECKS
Standard BD 47/99 - Waterproofing and Surfacing of Concrete Bridge Decks - is applicable in Ireland with
the following amendments:
GENERAL
1. At several locations:
For: “highway”
Read: “road”;
For: “Specification for Highway Works (MCHW 1)” or “Specification (MCHW 1)”
Read: “NRA Specification for Road Works”;
For: “Overseeing Organisation”

Read: “National Roads Authority”;
For: “Technical Approval Authority” or “TAA”

Read: “National Roads Authority”;
For: “HA”
Read: “NRA”;
For: “BBA”
Read: “Irish Agrément Board”.
SPECIFIC
1. Page 1/1, Paragraph 1.5, line 1:
For: “British Board of Agrément (BBA)”
Read: “Irish Agrément Board”.

Delete sentence beginning, “Departmental Registration is administered by...”

For: “Departmental Registration”
Read: “Departmental Registration by the UK Overseeing Organisations”.

For: “Overseeing Organisations”
Read: “UK Overseeing Organisations”.
December 2000 1
National Roads Authority Volume 2 Section 3
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Part 4 BD 47/99
Addendum
5. Page 1/1, Paragraph 1.10:

Delete text and replace with:
“1.10 This Standard should be used forthwith for all
schemes for the construction and/or improvement of
national roads. The Standard should be applied to the
design of schemes already being prepared unless, in the
opinion of the National Roads Authority, application
would result in significant additional expense or delay
progress. In such cases, Design Organisations should
confirm the application of this Standard to particular
schemes with the National Roads Authority.”
6. Page 12/1, Paragraph 1:

For: “1. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges”
Read: “1. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB), as implemented in Ireland”
7. Page 12/1, Paragraph 5:

“5. Statutes
Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, 1989,
and the Regulations made under its powers
Dangerous Substances Acts, 1972
Dangerous Substances (Amendment) Acts, 1979
Factories Act, 1955
6. NRA Manual of Contract Documents for

Road Works
Volume 1: Specification for Road Works
Volume 2: Notes for Guidance on the
Specification for Road Works”
8. Page 13/1, Section 13:

“13.1 All technical enquiries or comments on this Standard should be sent in writing to:
Head of Project Management and Engineering

National Roads Authority
St Martin’s House
Waterloo Road
Dublin 4”
9. Page B1/10, Paragraph B5.1:

“B5.1 NRA Manual of Contract Documents for Road Works
Volume 1: Specification for Road Works”.
……………………………………..
E O’CONNOR
Head of Project Management and Engineering
December 2000 2
DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES
VOLUME 2 HIGHWAY STRUCTURES:

DESIGN (SUB
STRUCTURES AND
SPECIAL STRUCTURES),
MATERIALS
SECTION 3 MATERIALS AND
COMPONENTS
PART 4
BD 47/99
WATERPROOFING AND SURFACING OF

CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS
SUMMARY
This Standard gives the requirements for the design

materials and workmanship for the waterproofing and
surfacing of the concrete decks of highway bridges and
is to be read in conjunction with the Specification for
Highway Works. It supersedes BD 47/94.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
1. Remove BD 47/94 from Volume 2, Section 3,

Part 4 of the DMRB, which is superseded by
BD 47/99, and archive as appropriate.
2. Insert BD 47/99 into Volume 2, Sections 3,

Part 4.
3. Archive this sheet at appropriate.
Note: A quarterly index with a full set of Volume

Contents Pages is available separately from The
Stationery Office Ltd.
August 1999 ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY.
PAPER COPIES OF THIS ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT ARE UNCONTROLLED
DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES BD 47/99
THE HIGHWAYS AGENCY
THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR WALES

CYNULLIAD CENEDLAETHOL CYMRU
DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR

NORTHERN IRELAND
Waterproofing and Surfacing

of Concrete Bridge Decks
Summary: This Standard gives the requirements for the design materials and
workmanship for the waterproofing and surfacing of the concrete decks of
highway bridges and is to be read in conjunction with the Specification for
Highway Works. It supersedes BD 47/94.
ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY.

Volume 2 Section 3
Part 4 BD 47/99 Registration of Amendments
REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS
Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date of
No incorporation of No incorporation of
amendments amendments
Volume 2 Section 3
Registration of Amendments Part 4 BD 47/99
REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS
Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date of
No incorporation of No incorporation of
amendments amendments
ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY. August 1999
DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES
VOLUME 2 HIGHWAY STRUCTURES:

DESIGN (SUB
STRUCTURES AND
SPECIAL STRUCTURES),
MATERIALS
SECTION 3 MATERIALS AND
COMPONENTS
PART 4
BD 47/99
WATERPROOFING AND SURFACING OF

CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS
Contents
Chapter
1. Introduction
2. Scope
3. Definitions
4. Drainage
5. Detailing of Deck Waterproofing
6. Concrete Deck Construction
7. Waterproofing Systems
8. Installation and Workmanship
9. Protection of Waterproofing
10. Surfacing on Carriageways
11. Surfacing on Footways Central Reserves and
Verges
12. References
13. Enquiries
Appendix A: Procedures to Enable the Use of
Waterproofing Systems in Highway
Contracts
Appendix B: Certification Test Requirements for
Waterproofing Systems on Concrete
Bridge Decks
Appendix C: Procedures and Requirements for
Certification Site Trials for Permitted
Waterproofing Systems
Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 1
Part 4 BD 47/99 Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
General in use levels of safety, suitability and fitness for purpose

equivalent to those required by the specified standard in
1.1 The decks of highway bridges are protected to so far as they are not inconsistent with the ‘Essential
prevent surface water from coming into contact with the Requirements’ of the Construction Products Directive
structure. This is achieved by the provision of adequate (89/106/EEC).
drainage and by waterproofing the upper surface of the
deck. Such waterproofing has to be sufficiently robust to 1.5 Where reference is made to the British Board of
resist transient vehicular loading, maintain good Agrément (BBA) the equivalent assessment body in any
adhesion to the deck and the surfacing, be resistant to member state of the European Economic Area will also
de-icing salts and possess long term durability. be acceptable.
1.2 Bituminous road surfacing materials are not 1.6 Where tests are carried out in other Member
sufficiently waterproof to protect bridge decks. States these requirements shall be satisfied if the Test
Satisfactory waterproofing is achieved by applying a House is accredited in a member state of the European
membrane on to the structural deck. Economic Area in accordance with the relevant part of
the EN 45000 series of standards for the tests carried
1.3 This Standard updates BD 47/94 (DMRB 2.3.4) out.
which superseded BE 27 (DMRB 2.3) which is now
cancelled. It should be read in conjunction with BA 47 Certification and Registration Requirements
(DMRB 2.3.5) and the Specification for Highway
Works (MCHW 1). 1.7 Waterproofing systems are required to have a
BBA Roads and Bridges Agrément Certificate before
1.4 Except where a standard specified in this they may be installed on concrete bridge decks
document implements or is technically equivalent to a constructed, improved, or maintained in compliance with
Harmonised European Standard or to a European the Specification for Highway Works (MCHW 1).
Standard adopted for use within the European Economic Requirements are given in Appendices A, B, and C. In
Area after 31 December 1985, any requirements for addition, waterproofing systems are required to be
products or materials to comply with the specified registered with the Overseeing Organisation.
standard shall be satisfied by compliance with Departmental Registration is administered by the
Highways Agency on behalf of all the Overseeing
i) a relevant standard or code of practice of a Organisations.
national standards institution or equivalent
body of any member state of the European 1.8 This Standard contains new Certification test
Economic Area requirements. New certificates will be required from
1 June 1998.
or ii) any relevant international standard
recognised in any member state of the 1.9 Waterproofing systems that have been granted
European Economic Area Departmental Registration are listed in SA1 (MCHW
0.3.1). The details in the Advice Note are updated by the
or iii) a relevant technical specification Overseeing Organisations on a regular basis.
acknowledged for use as a standard by a
public authority of any member state of the Implementation
European Economic Area
1.10 This Standard should be used forthwith on all
or iv) traditional procedures of manufacture of a schemes for the construction, improvement, and
member state of the European Economic maintenance of trunk roads, including motorways,
Area where these are the subject of a currently being prepared, provided that, in the opinion of
written technical description sufficiently the Overseeing Organisation, this would not result in
detailed to permit assessment of the goods significant additional expense or delay. Design
or materials for the use specified Organisations should confirm its application to
particular schemes with the Overseeing Organisation.
provided that the proposed standard, code of practice,
technical specification or technical description provides
August 1999 ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY. 1/1
Part 4 BD 47/99 Scope
2. SCOPE
General Footbridges
2.1 This Standard specifies the requirements for 2.6 Requirements for the waterproofing and
waterproofing and surfacing concrete bridge decks and surfacing of footbridges are not included in this
shall apply generally to new works and where Standard and the treatment of such structures shall be
appropriate to the maintenance and repair of existing considered individually for each case using the most
works. It describes the design and registration appropriate techniques available at the time and agreed
requirements for waterproofing systems for use on with the TAA.
concrete decks of highway bridges.
Corrugated Steel Buried Structures
2.2 The types of bridge decks covered by this
Standard are described but the waterproofing of other
parts of bridge structures (eg below ground surfaces, 2.7 Requirements for the waterproofing of corrugated
piers and abutments and other salt spray susceptible steel buried structures are given in BD 12 (DMRB 2.2).
areas) are not included.
Aqueducts
2.3 For the purpose of this Standard, concrete
bridges are deemed to include accommodation bridges 2.8 The waterproofing of aqueducts is not within the
together with tunnels, box type underpasses, culverts scope of this Standard, and the treatment of such
and cattle creeps etc except when such structures are structures shall be considered individually for each case
constructed by thrust boring or tunnel techniques where using the most appropriate techniques available at the
the external faces are inaccessible for the application of time and agreed with the TAA, except where the top of
waterproofing. In such cases reference should be made the aqueduct is over-slabbed and carries a highway, in
to the appropriate Overseeing Organisation. which case the top slab is considered as a bridge deck.
In the case of tunnels and box type underpasses where
the bottom slab carries traffic and also where a ground
slab is used in a traffic underpass, the slab carrying
traffic shall be waterproofed and surfaced as a bridge
deck.
2.4 The requirements for waterproofing the top slabs

of concrete buried structures are included. For concrete
pipes or curved arch sections reference should be made
to Clauses 2004 and 2006 of the Specification
(MCHW 1).
Steel Decks
2.5 Requirements for the waterproofing and

surfacing of steel decks are not included in this Standard
and the treatment of such decks shall be considered
individually for each case using the most appropriate
techniques available at the time and agreed with the
Technical Approval Authority (TAA).
Part 4 BD 47/99 Definitions
3. DEFINITIONS
Waterproofing system
3.1 A material or combination of materials which

form an impervious membrane, including where
appropriate a protective layer, for ordered application to
a bridge deck to protect it from the ingress of water and
de-icing salts.
Permitted Waterproofing System (PWS)
3.2 A waterproofing system (proprietary or non-

proprietary) which is in accordance with the
requirements and conditions of this Standard.
Protective layer
3.3 Material forming part of a Permitted

Waterproofing System laid on the waterproofing
membrane to protect it from damage during
construction.
Additional Protective Layer (APL)
3.4 Bituminous material complying with Clause

2003.4 of the Specification (MCHW 1) laid on specified
areas of the complete waterproofing system to protect it
from damage during construction, surfacing and
resurfacing operations.
Surfacing
3.5 Road, footway, central reserve and verge wearing

course or combination of wearing course and base
course.
Sub-surface drainage
3.6 A system for draining water from within the

surfacing.
Specification
3.7 Specification for Highway Works (MCHW 1).
Part 4 BD 47/99 Drainage
4. DRAINAGE
Surface Water Drainage and resistant to all commonly occurring chemical

spillages. Drainage systems shall not contain details
4.1 Surface water shall be removed from the bridge which are integral with structural elements. Drainage
deck by the provision of falls and suitable drainage waters from bridge decks shall not be exhausted into the
outlets, continuous drainage channels etc. Advice on drainage layers behind abutments.
surface water drainage is given in BA 47 (DMRB
2.3.5).
Sub-surface Drainage
4.2 Bituminous surfacing is porous and can retain

surface water. Where the geometry of the deck or deck
movement joints prevents this water from draining
naturally through surface drainage, sub-surface drains
shall be provided. Advice on sub-surface water drainage
is given in BA 47 (DMRB 2.3.5).
Drainage of Service Bays and Ducts
4.3 All service bays shall have provision for

drainage. Wherever possible service bays shall be left
unfilled. If a statutory undertaker requires a filling to be
used it shall be a free draining material as described in
paragraph 4.4. Where surface or sub-surface water
flows towards a bridge from the approaches suitable
upstands and drainage outlets shall be provided to
prevent water entering the service bays and leaking into
expansion joints.
Make-up Materials for Footways, Central Reserves

and Verges
4.4 Wherever possible make-up material of either no-

fines concrete or other free draining materials or
concrete shall be used over the waterproofing. Where
loose filling is required it should be a material such as
10mm nominal single size aggregate rather than sand.
Sub-surface drainage shall be provided.
Drainage Systems
4.5 Systems for the drainage of water from bridges

shall be so detailed that water is not allowed to fall
freely from the bridge deck. Closed drainage systems
shall be provided, and these systems shall be fully
provided with facilities for rodding and other necessary
maintenance. It is essential that drainage systems are
sufficiently robust to withstand damage during cleaning,
Part 4 BD 47/99 Detailing of Deck Waterproofing
5. DETAILING OF DECK WATERPROOFING
5.1 The waterproofing shall be continuous and cover level 200mm below the soffit of the top slab. On top
the entire deck between parapet upstands including slabs of buried structures protection to the waterproofing
footways, central reserves, verges, service bays and system shall be either a bituminous APL or concrete to
under kerbs (see Detail 1). On bridges with separate Clause 2602 of the Specification (MCHW 1) and ST1
superstructures each deck shall be waterproofed mix.
independently. Particular attention is to be paid to
sealing the waterproofing membrane at its edges and
around interruptions such as gulleys.
5.2 Sharp arrises and internal angles should be

avoided in the deck surface to be waterproofed. Arrises
should be chamfered or rounded and fillets formed in
internal angles. Chases into which sheet waterproofing
membranes are tucked should have the lower face
splayed (see Detail 1).
Deck Movement Joints
5.3 At all movement joints in the deck the

waterproofing shall be detailed in such a way to prevent
water percolating beneath the waterproofing membrane.
5.4 At sealed joints, it is essential that the

waterproofing membrane, the relevant parts of the joint
and any sealing material form a continuous impervious
barrier. Impervious materials, eg epoxy resin mortar, are
to be bonded directly to the deck.
5.5 The detailing of waterproofing at deck movement

joints including buried joints is given in BD 33 (DMRB
2.3.6).
Service Bays
5.6 All service bays shall be waterproofed on sides

and floor and the system shall generally be the same as
for the deck. Waterproofing on the floor of service bays
shall always be protected (see paragraph 9.5). For
service bay drainage see paragraph 4.3.
Top Slabs of Buried Structures
5.7 Where the structure is covered with fill such as in

the case of underpasses, culverts and cattle creeps etc
the top slab shall be waterproofed with a Permitted
Waterproofing System. Where the top slab is continuous
with the abutments waterproofing on the top surface
shall be continued down the outside of the abutment to a
Chapter 5 Volume 2 Section 3
Detailing of Deck Waterproofing Part 4 BD 47/99
Details of chases
TYPICAL DETAILS OF WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS
5/2 ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY. August 1999
Part 4 BD 47/99 Concrete Deck Construction
6. CONCRETE DECK CONSTRUCTION
Surface Finish
6.1 The required surface finish to new bridge decks

between parapet upstands and to top slabs of buried
structures is Class U4 in accordance with Clause 1708.4
of the Specification (MCHW 1).
Part 4 BD 47/99 Waterproofing Systems
7. WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS
7.1 Procedures to enable the use of waterproofing

systems in highway contracts are given in Appendix A
of this Standard. Requirements, tests and checks for
Permitted Waterproofing Systems are given in Appendix
B of this Standard, and requirements for Certification
site trials are given in Appendix C.
7.2 The use of a Permitted Waterproofing System on

concrete bridge decks and buried top slabs does not
prejudice the need to ensure adhesion compatibility with
the concrete and the surfacing.
Part 4 BD 47/99 Installation and Workmanship
8. INSTALLATION AND WORKMANSHIP
General
8.1 The installation of the waterproofing system shall

be in accordance with the Specification (MCHW 1) and
the requirements specified in the BBA Roads and
Bridges Agrément Certificate for the particular system.
8.2 Uniform adhesion is essential at all interfaces ie

concrete/primer/waterproofing membrane/tack coat/
additional protective layer/surfacing in order to ensure
durability of the concrete deck, waterproofing system
and the surfacing. Minimum values for adhesion are
given in Appendix B.
8.3 The use of ventilating layers, partial bonding or

bond breakers with the waterproofing system shall not
be permitted.
8.4 All waterproofing systems shall be terminated in

a chase. Where a prefabricated membrane is terminated
in a chase, the rebate shall be filled with a compatible
sealant (see Chapter 5, Detail 1). Where a liquid applied
membrane is terminated in a chase, the membrane shall
be taken into the chase, but a sealant is not required.
Blisters and Pin/Blow holes
8.5 It is essential that all defects in waterproofing

systems such as blisters and pin/blow holes are made
good before any subsequent layers/coats are applied.
8.6 Details for making good of defects are included

in the BBA Roads and Bridges Agrément Certificate and
the method statement for the particular waterproofing
system.
Part 4 BD 47/99 Protection of Waterproofing
9. PROTECTION OF WATERPROOFING
9.1 The protection of bridge deck waterproofing

during construction shall be in accordance with Clause
2002 of the Specification (MCHW 1).
9.2 Protective layers forming part of a waterproofing

system shall be incorporated over the whole of the deck
area to be waterproofed.
9.3 The APL 20mm nominal thickness shall be laid

on all waterproofed bridge deck areas to protect the
waterproofing during subsequent construction
operations. Waterproofed vertical faces eg upstands and
the sides of service bays do not require an APL, and for
the floor of service bays alternative materials may be
used.
9.4 In specific instances (either maintenance or new

works) where there are limitations on the total thickness
of the asphaltic material above the waterproofing
system, the requirement for the APL may be relaxed and
the Overseeing Organisation shall be consulted for
advice on the choice of suitable waterproofing systems
and application made to the TAA for a departure from
Standards to cover this non-standard aspect. In such
cases, waterproofing systems meeting the requirements
of the Aggregate Indentation Test at 125°C (paragraph
B4.2.(i)) shall be considered suitable.
Service Bays
9.5 Waterproofing on the floor of service bays shall

receive additional protection with one of the following:
i) 20mm of sand asphalt protection.
ii) 50mm thick screed of concrete to Clause 2602 of

the Specification (MCHW 1) and ST1 mix.
iii) Approved tiles hand set in bitumen.
Part 4 BD 47/99 Surfacing on Carriageways
10. SURFACING ON CARRIAGEWAYS
10.1 Except for accommodation bridges, on both

flexible and rigid pavement roads the bridge decks shall
be surfaced with bituminous materials complying with
Series 900, Road Pavements - Bituminous Bound
Materials, in the Specification (MCHW 1).
Accommodation bridges may be treated similarly or may
be surfaced with concrete.
10.2 For new works the designed total minimum

thickness of surfacing material shall generally be
100mm excluding the waterproofing system and APL.
For maintenance works the total minimum thickness may
be determined by existing circumstances.
Bridge Deck Expansion Joints
10.3 Special consideration shall be given to the detail

at deck expansion joints where the surfacing thickness
may be locally reduced by the design of the deck joint.
Bonding of APL or Surfacing to the Waterproofing

System
10.4 The APL or surfacing laid on the waterproofing

system shall be uniformly bonded to the system with a
compatible tack coat. Where a tack coat for the APL or
surfacing is not required as part of the waterproofing
system a uniform bond to the membrane shall be
obtained from the binder within the directly applied APL
or surfacing. Minimum bond values are given in
Appendix B.
Part 4 BD 47/99 Surfacing on Footways, Central Reserves and Verges
11. SURFACING ON FOOTWAYS, CENTRAL

RESERVES AND VERGES
11.1 The surfaces of footways, central reserves and

verges shall be laid to falls so that surface water will be
shed into the drainage system.
11.2 Surfacing may be flexible, rigid or formed with

paving flags. Flexible surfacing shall be dense
bituminous surfacing complying with BS 4987 or mastic
asphalt complying with BS 1447.
11.3 Where any make up material is free draining a

dense surfacing shall be used. The surfacing may be
applied directly to a stable make up material such as
concrete or no-fines concrete. Where mastic asphalt
surfacing complying with BS 1447 is to be used on no-
fines concrete it shall first have been sealed with a sand-
cement slurry. In Scotland only air entrained structural
concrete complying with Clause 4.4 shall be used as
make up material.
11.4 Where the make up material is a loose filling a

suitable base course shall be used before the flexible
surfacing is applied.
Part 4 BD 47/99 References
12. REFERENCES
1 Design Manual for Roads and Bridges 5 Statutes
Volume 2: Section 2: Special Structures Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.
BD 12 Corrugated Steel Buried Structures Health and Safety at Work (Northern Ireland)
(DMRB 2.2.6) Order 1978.
Volume 2: Section 3: Materials and Components Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

Regulations 1989.
BD 33 Expansion Joints for Use in Highway
Bridge Decks (DMRB 2.3.6) Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1990.
BA 47 Waterproofing and Surfacing of
Concrete Bridge Decks (DMRB 2.3.5) Factories Act 1961.
2 Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Factories Act (Northern Ireland) 1965.
Works
Volume 0: Section 3: Advice Notes
SA1 Lists of Approved/Registered Products

(MCHW 0.3.1)
Volume 1: Specification for Highway Works

(MCHW 1)
Volume 2: Notes for Guidance on the

Specification for Highway Works (MCHW 2)
3 British Standards
BS 1447: 1988: Mastic asphalt (limestone fine

aggregate) for roads, footways and paving in
buildings.
BS 4987: 1988: Coated macadam for roads and

other paved areas.
4 Technical Memorandum (Bridges)
BE 27 - Waterproofing and Surfacing of Bridge

Decks.
Part 4 BD 47/99 Enquiries
13. ENQUIRIES
All technical enquiries or comments on this Standard should be sent in writing as appropriate to:
Chief Highway Engineer

The Highways Agency
St Christopher House
Southwark Street J KERMAN
London SE1 0TE Chief Highway Engineer
Director, Road Network Management

and Maintenance Division
The Scottish Executive Development Department N B MACKENZIE
Victoria Quay Director, Road Network Management
Edinburgh EH6 6QQ and Maintenance Division
The Director of Highways

The National Assembly for Wales
Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru
Crown Buildings
Cathays Park K J THOMAS
Cardiff CF1 3NQ Director of Highways
Director of Engineering
Department of the Environment for
Northern Ireland
Roads Service Headquarters
Clarence Court
10-18 Adelaide Street V CRAWFORD
Belfast BT2 8GB Director of Engineering
August 1999 13/1

Volume 2 Section 3 Appendix A
Part 4 BD 47/99
PROCEDURES TO ENABLE THE USE OF

WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS IN HIGHWAY
CONTRACTS
A1. A waterproofing system is permitted for use in
trunk road works provided that
(a) It has a BBA Roads and Bridges Agrément

Certificate showing compliance with current HA
requirements (see Appendix B) and
(b) The Permitted Waterproofing System (PWS) is

registered with the Overseeing Organisation and
(c) The Overseeing Organisation has not suspended

use of the system.
A2. It is for the manufacturer or their representative

to obtain a BBA Roads and Bridges Agrément
Certificate for their particular system.
A3. To be awarded a BBA Roads and Bridges

Agrément Certificate the waterproofing system is
subjected to laboratory testing and checking for
compliance with HA requirements by BBA or a
BBA/HA approved Test Laboratory. The laboratory
results are assessed by BBA and if acceptable the
system is subjected to a site trial on an actual bridge
deck.
A4. Detailed requirements for the site trial are given

in Appendix C.
A5. When the assessment by BBA of both the

laboratory testing and checking and the site trial show
the system to be acceptable BBA award a Roads and
Bridges Agrément Certificate and the system is
permitted for use in trunk road works.
A6. If at some subsequent time the system shows

itself to be unsatisfactory by failing to maintain its
Certification requirements, the Overseeing Organisation
reserve the right to suspend or remove permission for the
system to be used in trunk road works notwithstanding
the validity of the BBA Roads and Bridges Agrément
Certificate.
August 1999 ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY. A1/1
Volume 2 Section 3 Appendix B
Part 4 BD 47/99
CERTIFICATION TEST REQUIREMENTS FOR

WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS ON CONCRETE
BRIDGE DECKS
B1. INTRODUCTION B2.1 Application for Assessment
B1.1 This Appendix gives a series of test requirements Manufacturers requiring a waterproofing system to be
for the Certification of waterproofing systems for assessed shall submit the following basic details of their
concrete bridge decks. The Certification procedure has waterproofing system to the BBA.
been designed so that the manufacturer or their
representative has the option of withdrawing from the For All Systems:
test programme at various stages if the British Board of
Agrément (BBA) finds the system submitted fails to System name
comply with the requirements. Description of Materials
Storage requirements
B1.2 The HA reserves the right to amend or Installation Method Statement
supplement the tests required for BBA Certification. The Repair techniques
costs of additional tests will be the responsibility of the On site integrity testing by non-destructive testing
manufacturer or their representative. (NDT) method(s)
Expected Service Life
B1.3 Certification shall be given only if the Health and Safety Data Sheets
waterproofing system successfully passes the complete
test programme and site trial. The HA reserves the right Where Applicable:
to suspend or remove permission for the systems to be
used in highway works for the Overseeing Concrete surface preparation
Organisations, and to withdraw Departmental Type of primer
Registration for any system which fails to maintain the Type of adhesive and application temperature
test requirements in service. Number of layers/coats
Type of protection
B2. PROCEDURE Type of tack coat for bituminous overlay
Minimum activation temperature of system or tack coat
Other details
The procedure for Certification is divided into the
following stages: Additional information required for:
i) Application for assessment Sheet and Board Systems
ii) Provision of unbonded membranes for testing Dimensions
Weight
iii) Provision of systems bonded to concrete for Handling temperatures
testing
Liquid Applied Systems
iv) Provision of a site trial on an actual bridge deck.
Mixing time of components
The manufacturer may withdraw from the remainder of Pot life of mixed liquid materials
the test programme at the completion of any of these Nominal coverage rates
stages. Setting time
Cured/dry density
Mix details
Dry film minimum/maximum thickness (Note. HA
requirement for 2mm minimum thickness: see paragraph
C12)
August 1999 ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY. B1/1
Appendix B Volume 2 Section 3
Part 4 BD 47/99
B2.2 Unbonded (As Received) Membranes Demould after 24 hours.

Store under wet hessian and polythene sheet at
It is necessary for samples of unbonded sheets, boards normal ambient room conditions for 6 days.
and cured/dry film of liquid applied membranes Store uncovered at normal ambient room
(prepared by the manufacturer or their representative in conditions for at least 21 days.
the presence of the BBA) to be submitted for the test
programme. With BBA in attendance samples of the waterproofing
membrane/system are to be bonded to the blocks by the
The following sample sizes are required. manufacturer or their representative.
Sheet systems - Minimum 3 standard rolls The following minimum number of blocks are required
to test one waterproofing system:
Board systems - Minimum to cover 5 square metres
72 size (A) blocks
Liquid applied - Free film to cover 5 square 12 size (B) blocks
systems metres minimum size (1 x 1)m 9 size (C) blocks with crack inducers
In addition, following a successful outcome to checks For systems using a separate bonding agent (eg those
and basic tests by the BBA (B3.1 and B3.2), using oxidised bitumen adhesive or similar), the adhesive
membranes/systems bonded to concrete (prepared by the is to be omitted from a central circular area of 120mm
manufacturer or their representative in the presence of diameter for selected tests (see B3). This is in order that
the BBA) will be required for B3.3 and B4.2. the system may be tested without the influence of the
adhesive. For this requirement size (A) blocks shall be
B2.3 Preparation of Bonded Systems used. The system is bonded around the periphery only of
the block, leaving the central area unbonded. This
requirement will normally apply to selected sheet
Preparation of Concrete Test Blocks systems and is referred to in paragraph B4.2(d).
Three sizes of concrete test blocks are to be used for the
bonded membrane tests. B2.4 Site Trial
(A) (170 x 170 x 55)mm Following the successful results of the laboratory test
programme (see B3) the manufacturer or their
(B) (300 x 300 x 55)mm representative is then required to undertake a site trial
(see Appendix C).
(C) (400 x 220 x 55)mm with crack inducer -
see Fig 1
B3. TEST PROGRAMME
The tolerance on block dimensions shall be ±3mm.
The programme of tests and checks is sub-divided as
Portland Cement to BS 12 shall be used with mix follows (Test Methods are given in B4.):
proportions by weight 1 : 2 : 3.5 (cement : sand :
aggregate) using 20mm gravel aggregate for Blocks A B3.1 Identification and Quality Control
and B and 10mm gravel aggregate for Blocks C in
accordance with BS 882 and having a water: cement Identification and quality control tests are to be defined
ratio of 0.5 maximum. The surface to which the by the BBA for the purpose of checking manufacturers’
membrane is to be bonded shall have a U4 finish in submitted data (see B2.1). These control tests will not
accordance with Clause 1708 of the Specification for form part of the Certification but the BBA will advise
Highway Works (MCHW 1). the manufacturer on the suitability of the submitted
system for continuing with the Certification testing.
All blocks shall be cured and thoroughly dry before use.
A suitable curing regime is: The manufacturer may withdraw at this stage.
B1/2 ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY. August 1999
Part 4 BD 47/99
B3.2 Tests on Unbonded Sheets, Boards and Film of B3.3 Tests on Waterproofing Membranes/Systems
Liquid Applied Membranes (As Received From Bonded to Concrete
Manufacturer)
These tests shall be applied to all systems.
Dimensional checks
(a) Tests and Checks During Installation:
For sheets and boards For films
i) Nominal coverage rates of all liquid
(a) Straightness (d) Thickness components of the system.
(b) Width
(c) Thickness ii) Setting time of all liquid components of the
system under the recorded conditions of
The thickness of prefabricated sheet and board samples installation including temperature and
submitted for examination and testing shall comply with humidity.
the nominal thickness intended with a tolerance of
±10%. iii) Resistance to pin/blow holing (principally
liquid applied membranes).
For all systems:
iv) Effects of moisture on setting time (liquid
Weight per unit area applied membranes).
Water absorption
Resistance to water penetration including (b) Tests After Installation
penetration through joints etc.
Resistance to damage i) Tensile adhesion test (tat)
Change in flexibility
Dimensional stability ii) Resistance to chloride ion penetration (cip)
Handling tests iii) Resistance to freeze thaw +(cip) and (tat)
(a) Unrolling of sheet materials (complete rolls) iv) Resistance to heat ageing +(cip) and (tat)
(b) Unrolling sheet materials off a mandrel
(c) Tests on boards v) Resistance to chisel impact +(cip)
vi) Resistance to aggregate indentation +(cip)

For sheet and board materials:
vii) Resistance to thermal shock, heat ageing
Resistance to tear and crack cycling +(cip)
Ability to lay flat
viii) Surfacing to waterproofing system interface
Ease of cutting and preparation
shear adhesion test
For sheet materials only:
ix) Surfacing to waterproofing system interface
Resistance to recoil tensile bond test.
Resistance to edge curl
(c) Failure to meet any of the test requirements of this
Ability to bend through 90°
stage may result in the BBA refusing Certification
Ability to be tapped to 90° corner
or placing limitations on use.
Failure to meet any of the test requirements may result
The manufacturer shall be advised and may withdraw
in the BBA refusing Certification or placing limitations
from the remainder of the test programme.
on use.
(d) A copy of the test report shall be lodged by the
The manufacturer shall be advised and may withdraw
BBA with the HA who in consultation with the
from the remainder of the test programme.
BBA will confirm whether the assessment may
proceed to the site trial.
Part 4 BD 47/99
B3.4 Site Trial Checks and Tests ii) Width of sheets and boards
Prior to installation of the waterproofing system the Width shall be measured to an accuracy of 1.0mm
BBA shall verify: at 10 evenly spaced intervals along the full length
of the sheet or board. This shall remain uniform
i) the suitability and condition of the bridge within ±10mm from the nominal.
deck for the site trial including any
preparation necessary. iii) Thickness
ii) the quality assurance statement of all Thickness shall be measured to an accuracy of
materials forming the waterproofing system. 0.01mm using a micrometer or dial gauge with an
8mm diameter circular foot loaded to exert a
During the installation of the waterproofing system and pressure of 0.02N/mm2. 60 measurements shall be
the asphalt surfacing the BBA shall record the following made on specimens taken over the whole area. For
as applicable: mineral dressed sheets measurements shall also be
made along the selvedge. For sheets and boards
Age of concrete measurements are over the full length and width at
Installation temperature of the system regular intervals and for cured liquid applied
Relative humidity membranes over the central (1 x 1)m, ignoring the
Weather conditions edge perimeter width of at least 50mm. For sheets
Nominal coverage rates and boards the thickness at any location shall be
Setting time within ±10% of the nominal thickness.
Thickness applied
Pin/blow holing/blistering (b) Weight per Unit Area
Bond of the membrane to the concrete bridge deck
In situ integrity NDT method(s) A minimum of three specimens (150 x 150)mm each
Repair procedure weighed to an accuracy of 0.01 grammes.
Workmanship and supervision
(c) Water Absorption
Damage to system prior to asphalt surfacing
Temperature of asphalt applied
The specimens used for weight measurement shall be
Damage caused by asphalt surfacing
immersed in a water bath for 28 days at (23 ±2)°C and
Bond of the asphalt surfacing to the system
then re-weighed after removing the surface water. The
increase in weight shall not exceed 7%.
B4. TEST METHODS
Specimens which exceed this limit shall be subjected to
For all tests where the temperatures are (-10 ±2)°C, freezing for 24 hours at (-10 ±2)°C. After the freeze
(+23 ±2)°C and (+40 ±2)°C respectively the RH at 23°C period the specimen shall be conditioned for at least
shall be (50 ± 5)% and the actual RH at the other 4 hours at (23 ±2)°C and then observed under a
temperatures shall be recorded. minimum of x20 magnification for damage or thickness
change.
B4.1 Tests on Unbonded Sheets, Boards and Film of
When compared with a control specimen there shall be
Liquid Applied Membranes (where applicable)
no damage and for sheets and boards any change in
thickness shall be limited to ±10% of the control
(a) Dimensional Checks thickness.
i) Straightness of sheets and boards (d) Resistance to Water Penetration
Sheets shall be unrolled over a 10m length (or the Three specimens of membrane, (250 x 250)mm, are
length of the roll if less) and boards laid flat along subjected to a water pressure of 0.6 atmospheres over a
a straight edge at an ambient temperature of diameter of 150mm at a test temperature of (23 ±2)°C.
(23 ±2)°C. The deviation from the straight edge to Specimens consisting of maximum 100mm overlaps, and
be no more than ±10mm in any 2m length. where appropriate butt joints are also tested. The
specimens shall be fully supported by a metal gauze
sheet. There shall be no water penetration after 28 days.
Part 4 BD 47/99
(e) Handling Tests The following requirements shall apply:
The following are basically qualitative tests to give i) A minimal increase in the stiffness with no
initial indication of suitability. embrittlement.
Rolls of Sheet Membranes ii) No damage, cracking, permanent set or

dimensional instability.
Complying with the manufacturer’s storage
conditions rolls of sheet membranes are placed in iii) Membrane easily cut to shape with minimal
a temperature controlled cabinet at (-10 ±2)°C, contamination of cutting blade.
(23 ±2)°C and (40 ±2)°C respectively for
24 hours. The manufacturer may declare a iv) Good resistance to tearing under normal handling.
reduced temperature range for handling but this
shall include 4°C to 30°C and the range limits Board Materials
shall be tested. The membranes are then unrolled
immediately on removal from the cabinet. Specimens and sizes prepared similarly to those
for unrolling sheet membranes from a mandrel but
The following requirements shall apply: laid flat in a cabinet under the same temperature
conditions.
i) No edge damage to roll during storage
The flexibility, damage and tendency for
ii) One man operation to unroll dimensional instability are checked as above.
iii) Minimal increase in stiffness of the sheet The tear and ease of cutting are checked for
boards as above.
iv) Membrane shall lay flat without damage or
rucking If the handling tests are unsatisfactory at the minimum
and maximum temperatures, intermediate temperatures
v) No cracking in the membrane on unrolling may need to be included. The membrane shall be
rejected if there is an unsatisfactory performance
vi) Recoil shall not exceed 2.5m over a length of 10m between 4°C and 30°C.
vii) Edge curl shall not exceed a height of 50mm in Membranes not conforming to the full range but
150mm satisfactory at the reduced range shall have these limits
quoted on the Certificate.
viii) Deviation from the straight edge shall be limited
to 10mm in any 2m length. B4.2 Tests on Waterproofing Systems Bonded to
Concrete
Unrolling Sheet Membranes from a Mandrel
Three longitudinal and three transverse specimens (a) Resistance to Pin/Blow Holing (principally
(450 x 50)mm are cut from the roll, wound onto a 25mm liquid applied membranes)
diameter mandrel and secured with tape.
Four size (B) concrete blocks are used for this test.
These are then placed in a temperature controlled
cabinet at (-10 ±2)°C, (23 ±2)°C and (40 ±2)°C Two size (B) blocks are immersed in water for a
respectively for 24 hours. They are then unwound slowly minimum of 24 hours, removed and the surface allowed
at the stored temperature. to dry in still air for up to two hours at (23 ±2)°C. The
sealer/primer and waterproofing membrane is applied
The following tests shall be conducted: according to the manufacturer’s requirements to all four
blocks as one or two coats. The samples are observed
One end is bent through 90° and the other end is tapped after two hours for pin/blow holes or blisters.
gently to a 90° corner. Temperature and RH should be recorded during the test.
The ease of cutting is checked using a razor edged knife. There shall be no blisters and not more than four pin/
blow holes continuous or non-continuous within a
central area of (250 x 250)mm for both samples. The
Part 4 BD 47/99
size of any pin/blow hole present shall be recorded and (e) Resistance to Chloride Ion Penetration
no pin/blow hole shall exceed 1mm in diameter. The
requirement for pin/blow holing applies to single-coat, Three size (A) concrete blocks are to be used for this test
two or more coat membranes. [B3.3(b)(ii)].
Where single coat membranes do not meet the above For membranes where a separate adhesive is used, the
requirements the manufacturer shall be given the samples for testing for cip alone, together with chisel
opportunity of applying the membrane as two or more impact with cip [B3.3(b) (ii) and (v)], shall be unbonded
coats to the same total thickness. If then acceptable the in the central circular 120mm diameter area (see
system shall be used as a two or more coat membrane preparation of concrete test blocks B2.3). For all other
and the remainder of the tests shall be as for a two or combined cip tests [B3.3(b)(iii), (iv), (vi) and (vii)], the
more coat membrane. membranes shall be fully bonded.
(b) Setting of a Liquid Applied Membrane on a Note: For 3.3(b)(iv) size (B) block is required.
Concrete Block with a High Moisture Content For 3.3(b)(vii) size (C) block is required.
During the pin/blow holing test the setting time of the A glass vessel, 100mm diameter (Figure 3) is sealed
membrane on the four blocks is also noted. The nominal with a silicone or similar suitable adhesive to the surface
value for the membrane on the wetted blocks shall be of the membrane. For mineral dressed membranes the
within ±10% of the nominal setting time on the dry dressing may need to be modified or removed in the area
blocks, unless the manufacturer specifies differently. If of the seal to ensure adequate sealing.
this applies then the time shall accord with the
manufacturer’s declared limits. The vessel is filled with 1.47 litres of saturated sodium
chloride solution which makes contact with the
(c) Nominal Coverage Rates of all Liquid membrane surface. The test is conducted at (23 ±2)°C
Components of the System over a period of 28 days. Water penetration or
absorption is detected by a fall in the level of the liquid.
During preparation of the samples, nominal coverage
rates will be confirmed by the manufacturer or their Observations of surface sweating and wicking of salt
representative. solution along an interface are made periodically. The
solution, vessel and membrane are then removed.
(d) Tensile Adhesion Test
A sample of powdered concrete is taken from the surface
Bond of waterproofing membrane to concrete substrate. of the concrete block using the profile grinding
technique. The sample shall be obtained by grinding the
Nine size (A) concrete blocks with membranes fully surface of the concrete to a depth of 3mm.
bonded are to be used for this test ie 3 blocks for each Approximately 40 grams of dust shall be collected.
test temperature. On each block, an area of membrane,
(100 x 100)mm, is isolated by cutting down to the Two representative specimens, approximately 5 grams
concrete without disturbance to the membrane. A steel each, are taken from the sampled dust and analysed for
plate, (100 x 100 x 10)mm is bonded to this area with a chloride ion concentration. The average value of the two
suitable adhesive. A tensile pull off apparatus that results obtained from the analysis shall represent the
locates onto the surface of the plate is used (eg Figure chloride ion concentration for each block.
2). The loading shall be applied progressively at a rate
of (0.4 ±0.2)kN/sec. The test shall be carried out in Salt penetration is determined by measuring the
temperature controlled conditions at (-10 ±2)°C, percentage of chloride ions present in the powdered
(23 ±2)°C and (40 ±2)°C respectively. The test samples concrete sample. Ion selective electrode method shall be
shall have been preconditioned at the above temperatures used.
for at least 2 hours.
The following requirements shall be met after 28 days.
The stress at failure for each individual sample
shall be not less than: i) The maximum increase in chloride ion
concentration in the concrete shall be not more
0.3 N/mm2 at (-10 ±2)°C and (23 ±2)°C than 0.04%.
respectively, and
0.2 N/mm2 at (40 ±2)°C. ii) The maximum loss in volume of the liquid in the
test vessel shall be less than 20ml.
Part 4 BD 47/99
iii) There shall not be any significant surface (h) Resistance to Chisel Impact
sweating.
The membrane bonded to nine size (A) blocks (prepared
iv) There shall not be any significant inter-laminar in accordance with B2.3 and B4.2(e)) are to be used for
salt penetration. this test, ie 3 blocks for each test temperature. The test
shall be carried out in temperature controlled conditions
v) There shall not be any deterioration or debonding at (-10 ±2)°C, ( 23 ±2)°C, and (40 ±2)°C respectively.
of the membrane from the concrete. The chisel impact apparatus and the test specimen shall
be preconditioned at the respective temperatures for at
(f) Resistance to Freeze-Thaw least 2 hours.
Six size (A) concrete blocks with the membrane bonded A chisel head 20mm wide with a 90° tip angle and
are to be used for this test. Three of the blocks with weighing 1.0kg is dropped from a height of 200mm
membrane fully bonded are used for water absorption/ directly onto the central test area of the membrane. The
freeze-thaw/tensile adhesion B4.2(d) tests and three chisel is guided through a linear bearing inside a tube of
blocks with the membrane fully bonded but partially low thermal conductivity (Figure 5). Five impacts are
bonded for membranes using a separate adhesive (see made within an area delineated by a circle of 75mm
B2.3) are for the water absorption/freeze-thaw/chloride diameter.
ion penetration (B4.2(e)) test. The six samples are
subjected to water absorption (using deionised water) for The chloride ion test (B4.2(e)) at (23 ±2)°C shall then be
28 days at (23 ±2)°C using a 100mm diameter vessel applied. If one of the three samples indicates an
and pipe coupling as shown in Figure 4. unacceptable increase in chloride ion concentration or
significantly high solution volume loss, the test shall be
Membranes exhibiting up to 7% water absorption repeated on a further three samples and all of these
determined in B4.1(c) shall be subjected to 6 freeze-thaw specimens are required to pass the test.
cycles. Membranes exhibiting more than 7% water
absorption (see paragraph B4.1(c)) shall be subjected to (i) Resistance to Aggregate Indentation
20 freeze-thaw cycles. Each cycle shall consist of 8
hours freeze at (-10 ±2)°C and 16 hours thaw at Systems (excluding any tack coat) with an overall
(23 ±2)°C. During the thawing period water is thickness of 20mm or greater are exempted from this
introduced into the pipe coupling collar to a depth of test.
approximately 50mm. The water is then removed before
commencing the freeze cycle. On completion of the The tests are conducted at (40 ±2)°C, (80 ±3)°C and
freeze-thaw cycling the samples are conditioned for at (125 ±3)°C.
least 24 hours at (23 ±2)°C. Three samples are then
subjected to the tensile adhesion test (B4.2(d)) and the Nine size (A) concrete blocks with the system fully
remaining three samples to the chloride ion test bonded (excluding any tack coat) are to be used for these
(B4.4(e)). The requirements for both these tests shall tests, ie 3 blocks for each test temperature.
apply at (23 ±2)°C.
Each concrete block is first measured within the central
If there is severe loss of salt solution but no increase in 75mm diameter test area at 4 separate locations using a
chloride ion concentration in the concrete, further template (Figure 6) with a dial gauge. The system is then
investigation shall be made by the BBA. fully bonded and the block re-measured at the same 4
locations using the template and the dial gauge.
(g) Resistance to Heat Ageing
The system thickness is calculated by subtracting the
Six size (A) concrete blocks with the membrane fully measured concrete block thickness from the total
bonded are to be used for the two aspects of this test. thickness. The mean thickness of the system is
calculated from the four results. For sheet and board
All samples are placed in a ventilated oven and systems the thickness shall comply within ±10% of the
maintained at (70 ±3)°C for 28 days. These are then declared nominal thickness.
conditioned for at least 24 hours at (23 ±2)°C. Three
samples are subjected to the chloride ion test (B4.2(e))
and the remaining three samples are subjected to the
tensile adhesion test (B4.2(d)). The requirements for
both these tests shall apply at (23 ±2)°C.
Part 4 BD 47/99
Aggregate Indentation Test at 40°C except that the preconditioning temperature shall be (50
±3)°C.
All systems shall be subjected to aggregate indentation
at (40 ±2)°C. This is to simulate the compaction of loose The temperature controlled cabinet is maintained at
aggregates into the system during normal site activities (50 ±3)°C. The indentor is electrically heated to a
prior to the APL being applied. constant (125 ±3)°C.
Aggregate indentation is simulated by a steel indentor in The requirements for indentation and chloride ion test
the shape of a truncated cone. The cone angle is 90°, the (B4.2(e)) at (23 ±2)°C remain as for the test at
diameter at the truncation 8mm and the diameter at the (40 ±2)°C.
base not less than 25mm. Indentation is produced by
forcing the truncated end into the system using a test If the system fails to meet these criteria at (125 ±3)°C
machine that measures force and displacement but is satisfactory at (80 ±3)°C and (40 ±2)°C then APL
simultaneously. The indentor is electrically heated to a shall always be applied. (Also see paragraph 9.4 for
temperature of (40 ±2)°C and the samples shall have relaxation of APL).
been preconditioned for at least 4 hours at (40 ±2)°C.
(j) Thermal Shock, Heat Ageing and Crack
The test is conducted at a temperature of (40 ±2)°C
Cycling
checked by a probe or thermocouple (Figure 7).
Nine size (C) concrete blocks with the membrane fully
Indentations are made in the same 4 locations as the
bonded are to be used for this test, ie 3 blocks for each
thickness measurements. Each indentation is made by
test temperature. See Figure 1 for extent of membrane
driving the indentor into the system at a rate of 5mm/
application. For liquid applied membranes the concrete
minute. Indentation is stopped when the force applied
block shall be masked over length ways, 40mm either
reaches 1000N. The load is removed at the same rate.
side before applying the membrane.
The sample is then conditioned for a minimum of 24
hours at (23 ±2)°C to allow the system to recover. The sample is first subjected to a thermal shock to
simulate the application of hot surfacing, and then heat
The overall thickness is then measured at the same 4
ageing followed by crack cycling.
locations using the template and the dial gauge.
Individual thickness measurements are then determined i) Thermal Shock
by subtracting the concrete block thickness from the
overall thickness. A wooden box with no base, having a wall
thickness of 50mm, a height of 55mm and internal
Indentation after the recovery period shall not exceed plan of (170 x 170)mm is placed on the membrane
50% of the initial thickness of the system. in the centre of the test block over the area where
the crack cycling test is to be made. A
The chloride ion test (B4.2(e)) at (23 ±2)°C shall then be
thermocouple or similar is placed on the surface
applied.
of the membrane within the box and the
temperature progressively recorded. Aluminium
Aggregate Indentation Test at 80°C foil (thin gauge) is laid on the membrane and lines
the inside of the box.
This test including the chloride ion test (B4.2(e)) at
(23 ±2)°C is the same as that at (40 ±2)°C except that A suitable heat source, such as liquid bitumen or
the temperature of the indentor is (80 ±3)°C and the hot sand is poured into the box and sealed in to
indentor is stopped when the force reaches 500N. give a temperature of (145 ±5)°C on the surface
of the membrane. Due to heat loss the initial
Aggregate Indentation Test at 125°C temperature of the heated material is to be
approximately 240°C. After two hours the heat
source is removed and the sample conditioned at
This test shall be carried out unless the manufacturer (23 ±2)°C for at least 4 hours.
indicates that the system is not suitable to be tested at
(125 ±3)°C. If necessary where the membrane incorporates a
protective layer, this may be removed to permit
The indentor, number of indentations, application loads examination of the membrane proper for cracks.
and procedure are the same as for the test at (40 ±2)°C
Part 4 BD 47/99
ii) Heat Ageing The sand asphalt and hot rolled asphalt shall be prepared
as and when required in compliance with BS 594:
The samples are placed in a ventilated oven and Part 1. Reheated material shall not be used.
maintained at (70 ±3)°C for 28 days. These are
then conditioned for 24 hours at (23 ±2)°C. For samples overlaid with sand asphalt, it shall be
compacted to a nominal thickness of 20 mm and the total
iii) Crack Cycling overlay thickness made up with hot rolled asphalt laid
and compacted to a finished total nominal thickness of
Crack cycling is conducted at (-10 ±2)°C, 50mm. Sand asphalt shall comply with BS 594: Part 1,
(23 ±2)°C and (40 ±2)°C respectively after the recipe Type F wearing course mixture Designation 0/3
recovery period of the heat ageing test. except that (5 ±0.5)% of the total mix shall be inorganic
red oxide and regarded as part of the filler content. The
Initial cracking of the sample at the crack inducer make-up of the hot rolled asphalt shall comply with BS
(Figure 1) is made using a suitable crack cycling 594: Part 1, Table 2, Column 2/1.
apparatus (Figure 8). Cracking is induced at
(23 ±2)°C and the crack width is limited to For samples overlaid with hot rolled asphalt only it shall
1.0mm. The sample is then cycled at a rate of 1 comply with BS 594: Part 1: Table 2, Column 2/1, and
cycle/second to the maximum crack width at one be laid and compacted to a nominal thickness of 50mm.
of the above temperatures and subjected to a total
of 100 cycles. On completion the crack is The binder throughout shall be 50 pen bitumen
maintained at maximum opening for 24 hours at complying with BS 3690: Part 1. The coarse aggregate
the test temperature. shall comply with BS 594: Part 1, Clause 2.2, Group (a)
granite and the sand fine aggregate with Clause 2.3.
There shall be no visually obvious cracks in the
membrane proper at any stage during the test. The test samples shall have been pre-conditioned at
(-10 ±2)°C, (23 ±2)°C and (40 ±2)°C for at least 4
After conditioning the test sample for a minimum hours and then supported in a test frame (Figure 9). This
of 24 hours at (23 ±2)°C the chloride ion test complete apparatus is placed in a temperature controlled
(B4.2(e)) at (23 ±2)°C shall be applied. cabinet and maintained at one of the test temperatures.
The complete test is repeated for each of the above A shearing force shall be applied to the sand asphalt
temperatures. and/or hot rolled asphalt via a steel loading plate at the
rate of 20mm/minute; the load and deformation
(k) Surfacing to Waterproofing System Interface characteristics being continuously recorded. The test
Shear Adhesion Test shall be continued until the sample fails. The assembly is
then removed, the failure interface and peak force noted
This test is conducted at (-10 ±2)°C, (23 ±2)°C and and failure stress determined. The stress at failure for
(40 ±2)°C. Fifteen size (A) concrete blocks ie 5 blocks each individual sample shall be not less than
for each test temperature are used with the system fully
bonded together with any tack coat specified for the 0.2N/mm2 at (-10 ±2)°C and (23 ±2)°C respectively, and
system. 0.1N/mm2 at (40 ±2)°C.
Samples are prepared with an overlay of sand asphalt (l) Surfacing to Waterproofing System Interface
and/or hot rolled asphalt using mixtures as specified in Tensile Bond Test
BS 594: Part 1, the rolling temperature being within the
range specified in BS 594: Part 2 but not exceeding the Four size (B) concrete blocks are to be used with the
maximum values given in Clause 901.9 of the system fully bonded together with any tack coat
Specification (MCHW 1), and in particular specified for the system.
i) where a minimum rolling temperature to Specimens are prepared with an overlay of sand asphalt
achieve bond to the system is declared, this or hot rolled asphalt using a mixture as specified in
shall be applied BS 594: Part 1, the rolling temperature being within the
range specified in BS 594 : Part 2 but not exceeding the
or ii) where a tack coat forms part of the system maximum values given in Clause 901.9 of the
the rolling temperature shall be the minimum Specification (MCHW 1), and in particular
temperature declared to activate the tack
coat.
Part 4 BD 47/99
i) where a minimum rolling temperature to B5. REFERENCES

achieve bond to the system is declared, this
shall be applied The following documents are referred to in this
Appendix B.
or ii) where a tack coat forms part of the system
the rolling temperature shall be the minimum
temperature declared to activate the tack B5.1 Manual of Contract Documents for Highway
coat. Works
The sand asphalt and hot rolled asphalt shall be prepared Volume 1: Specification for Highway Works
as and when required in compliance with BS 594: (MCHW 1).
Part 1. Reheated material shall not be used.
B5.2 British Standards
For samples overlaid with sand asphalt, it shall be laid
and compacted to a nominal thickness of 20mm and
BS 12: 1989 Specification for Portland cements.
comply with BS 594: Part 1 recipe Type F wearing
course mixture Designation 0/3 except that (5 ± 0.5)% BS 882: 1992 Specification for aggregates from
of the total mix shall be inorganic red oxide and natural sources for concrete.
regarded as part of the filler content.
BS 594: Part 1: 1992 Hot rolled asphalt for roads
For samples overlaid with hot rolled asphalt, it shall and other paved areas. Specification for
comply with BS 594: Part 1, Table 2, Column 2/1, and constituent materials and asphalt mixtures.
be laid and compacted to a nominal thickness of 50mm.
BS 594: Part 2: 1992 Hot rolled asphalt for roads
The binder throughout shall be 50 pen bitumen and other paved areas. Specification for the
complying with BS 3690: Part 1. The coarse aggregate transport, laying and compaction of rolled
shall comply with BS 594: Part 1, Clause 2.2, Group (a) asphalt.
granite and the sand fine aggregate with Clause 2.3.
BS 3690: Part 1: 1989 Bitumens for building and
On each sample two test areas (100 x 100)mm are civil engineering. Specification for bitumens and
isolated by cutting down to the concrete without for roads and other paved areas.
disturbance to the complete system. Steel plates are
bonded to the test areas with a suitable adhesive
(see Fig 10).
The test shall be carried out at (23 ±2)°C on a tensile

testing machine with a crosshead speed of 20mm/minute.
The test samples shall have been preconditioned at
(23 ±2)°C for at least 4 hours. Bond failure at the
interface of the system and the sand asphalt or hot rolled
asphalt shall be not less than 0.1N/mm2 for each
specimen.
B4.3 Site Trial
(a) Procedures and requirements for the site trial are

given in Appendix C
(b) The site trial shall be formally assessed by the

BBA. The HA reserve the right to attend any site trial.
Part 4 BD 47/99
FIGURE 1 CONCRETE TEST BLOCK WITH CRACK INDUCER

(SCALE 1:4 APPROX) ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
Part 4 BD 47/99
FIGURE 2 EXAMPLE OF A TENSILE PULL-OFF (SCALE: HALF FULL SIZE)
August 1999
Part 4 BD 47/99
Volume 2 Section 3
ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY.
Appendix B
FIGURE 3 CHLORIDE ION PENETRATION TEST FIGURE 4 EXPOSURE TO WATER OR
(SCALE 1:3 APPROX) CHLORIDE IONS GLASSWARE
B1/13
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm (SCALE 1:3 APPROX)

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
Part 4 BD 47/99
FIGURE 5 CHISEL IMPACT APPARATUS (SCALE: 1:3 APPROX)
Part 4 BD 47/99
FIGURE 6 AGGREGATE INDENTATION TEST TEMPLATE

(SCALE HALF FULL SIZE) ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
Part 4 BD 47/99
FIGURE 7 AGGREGATE INDENTATION TEST (SCALES 1:10 & 1:2 APPROX)
FIGURE 8 CRACK CYCLING APPARATUS (SCALE 1:6 APPROX)
Part 4 BD 47/99
FIGURE 9 SHEAR ADHESION APPARATUS (SCALE 1:3 APPROX)
FIGURE 10 PREPARED SAMPLE FOR CHECK OF INTERFACE TENSILE BOND
Volume 2 Section 3 Appendix C
Part 4 BD 47/99
PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR

CERTIFICATION SITE TRIALS FOR PERMITTED
WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS (PWS)
Part of the requirements for the award of a BBA Roads C3. Where the BBA confirms that the bridge is
and Bridges Agrément Certificate for a PWS is a acceptable for the site trial the manufacturer or their
successful site trial on an actual bridge deck. This can representative may pursue arrangements with the
take place only after the laboratory tests and checks highway authority and the Contractor and shall advise
have been successfully completed by the BBA. It is then them that the site trial will be formally assessed by the
for the manufacturer or their representative of the PWS BBA. HA reserve the right to attend the site trial.
to arrange for the system to be installed on a suitable
bridge. C4. The site trial shall be performed in a
workmanlike manner by trained operatives under
In arranging the site trial the manufacturer or their competent supervision and shall afford the level of
representative shall take into account the following quality of workmanship required for the Certification.
procedures and requirements.
C5. In addition to the BBA Roads and Bridges
C1. Where a bridge is being considered for the site Agrément Certification requirements the works shall
trial the bridge owner or highway authority shall comply with the Specification for Highway Works
consider the importance of the bridge location (ie not on (MCHW1).
a strategic route), when giving agreement in principle to
the installation of a waterproofing system undergoing a C6. The site trial shall include observation of the
Certification site trial. preparation of the concrete deck, the installation of the
waterproofing system and the surfacing. The
C2. The BBA shall be sent a general arrangement performance of the system between its installation and
drawing of the bridge showing the size and type of deck prior to overlaying with the surfacing shall also be
including a cross section showing details of the monitored.
waterproofing system. A minimum deck area of 150
square metres is necessary and the bridge shall include C7. On arrival at the trial site the BBA shall inspect
some features such as parapet upstands, service bays, the condition of the concrete deck. This shall be U4
chases and fillets. Also required are details of finish but the manufacturer or their representative may
opt to apply the system on a deck with a lesser finish in
(a) Bridge name, location and bridge owner/highway consultation with the BBA. In such a case the system
authority. will be expected to perform as though the finish was U4.
The deck surface shall be clean, dry and free from ice,
(b) Whether the bridge is of new construction or in frost and laitance etc as given in Clause 2001 of the
the course of maintenance. Specification (MCHW 1).
(c) Surfacing type, thickness and size and type of C8. Before any part of the waterproofing system is
aggregate when not given on the drawing. installed the BBA shall verify that the system is as that
submitted for the laboratory tests.
(d) Additional protective layer ie sand asphalt to be
applied to the system. C9. Discrepancies that arise with respect to either site
conditions or changes to the waterproofing system shall
(e) Make-up of deck concrete ie proportion of cement be agreed with the BBA before the site trial can proceed.
replacements and other additives in the concrete.
C10. On site the concrete surface and air temperature
(f) Concrete curing method. shall be measured by the manufacturer or their
representative using thermocouples or similar. This shall
(g) Proposed dates of installation of the system and be checked frequently over the period of the site trial.
surfacing. When this is not known then the likely The relative humidity shall also be noted at the same
dates which can be confirmed as the programme time.
progresses.
August 1999 ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY. C1/1
Appendix C Volume 2 Section 3
Part 4 BD 47/99
C11. The nominal coverage rates and setting times of aggregate indentation test in the laboratory, Clauses C13
the liquid components of the system shall accord with to C22 inclusive shall apply except that the APL shall be
the manufacturer’s specification. Checks shall be made replaced with asphalt surfacing.
for ponding of primers and any ponding that has
occurred shall be minimal. C15 The placing temperature of the APL or asphalt
surfacing, measured with a suitable temperature probe
C12. During and after installation of the system the by the manufacturer or their representative shall not
following requirements shall apply: exceed 145°C. The minimum rolling temperature of the
APL or asphalt surfacing shall not be less than that
i) The hot bitumen adhesives for sheet systems shall specified in BS 594 Part 2 or less than the minimum
not be greater than 240°C measured using a declared activation temperature for bond to the system,
suitable temperature probe by the manufacturer or whichever is greater.
their representative.
C16. Prior to the completion of the APL or asphalt
ii) The thickness of liquid membranes shall be a surfacing laying on site, the compacted but still hot APL
minimum of 2mm over peaks, arrises and or asphalt surfacing is removed from a sample area of
irregularities in the concrete deck and shall be the system and any damage to the waterproofing
checked with a wet film thickness gauge or other membrane is observed.
appropriate method by the manufacture or their
representative. C17 If damage has occurred restrictions on any
further application of the surfacing may be imposed and
iii) There shall be appropriate bond to the concrete the damaged waterproofing membrane shall be repaired
substrate checked by the manufacturer or their or replaced.
representative and it shall be virtually free from
visible defects including pin/blow holes and C18. Where no damage occurs the cut back areas are
blisters which shall be made good by repair before then filled with new APL or asphalt surfacing and
being covered. compacted.
iv) Sheet and board systems shall be laid to follow C19. Throughout the site trial, workmanship,
the contours of the deck surface and be free from supervision and general site procedure will be observed
ripples and rucks. by the BBA. Where this is at an unacceptably low
standard, Certification shall not be granted.
v) Laps in sheet systems shall comply with Clause
2005.6 of the Specification (MCHW 1). Butt C20. Where the system is deemed to have failed the
joints in board systems shall be formed in site trial, the Contractor shall be instructed to remove the
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. failed system from the bridge and dispose off-site. The
bridge shall then be waterproofed with a registered
vi) The manufacturer or their representative laying system.
the waterproofing system at the site trial shall
demonstrate to the BBA an acceptable repair C21. If during the site trial it is considered that the
method. system is unlikely to proceed to a successful conclusion,
then the manufacturer or their representative may be
vii) The manufacturer or their representative shall given an opportunity to abort the site trial and propose
demonstrate the integrity of the waterproofing modifications to the system/procedures to be considered
membrane by an appropriate NDT method agreed for a further trial. The manufacturer or their
with the BBA. representative shall provide a written report to the BBA
with proposed changes that would overcome identified
C13. The waterproofing system shall be checked for deficiencies in the original submission. If the proposed
damage before applying the APL or asphalt surfacing. modifications are acceptable to the BBA the
Where damage has occurred it shall be suitably repaired manufacturer or their representative will be allowed to
before the trial proceeds. make arrangements for a further site trial.
C14. In order to dispense with the requirement of the C22. Notwithstanding Clause C21, the bridge owner/
APL for waterproofing systems which are less than highway authority reserve the right to have the bridge
20mm thick and which have complied with the 125°C waterproofed with a registered system.
C1/2 ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY. August 1999
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Waterproofing and Surfacing

of Concrete Bridge Decks

About TII Publications

TII Publication Title Waterproofing and Surfacing of Concrete Bridge Decks

Activity Design (DN) Document Set Standards

NRA DMRB and MCDRW References

WATERPROOFING AND SURFACING OF CONCRETE BRIDGE

For: “Overseeing Organisation”

For: “Technical Approval Authority” or “TAA”

2. Page 1/1, Paragraph 1.7, line 9:

3. Page 1/1, Paragraph 1.9, line 1:

4. Page 1/1, Paragraph 1.9, line 4:

5. Page 1/1, Paragraph 1.10:

6. Page 12/1, Paragraph 1:

7. Page 12/1, Paragraph 5:

Dangerous Substances Acts, 1972

Dangerous Substances (Amendment) Acts, 1979

Factories Act, 1955

6. NRA Manual of Contract Documents for

8. Page 13/1, Section 13:

Head of Project Management and Engineering

9. Page B1/10, Paragraph B5.1:

VOLUME 2 HIGHWAY STRUCTURES:

WATERPROOFING AND SURFACING OF

This Standard gives the requirements for the design

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE

1. Remove BD 47/94 from Volume 2, Section 3,

2. Insert BD 47/99 into Volume 2, Sections 3,

3. Archive this sheet at appropriate.

Note: A quarterly index with a full set of Volume

THE HIGHWAYS AGENCY

THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT

THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR WALES

DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR

Waterproofing and Surfacing

ELECTRONIC COPY NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY.

VOLUME 2 HIGHWAY STRUCTURES:

WATERPROOFING AND SURFACING OF

General in use levels of safety, suitability and fitness for purpose

2.4 The requirements for waterproofing the top slabs

2.5 Requirements for the waterproofing and

3.1 A material or combination of materials which

Permitted Waterproofing System (PWS)

3.2 A waterproofing system (proprietary or non-

3.3 Material forming part of a Permitted

Additional Protective Layer (APL)

3.4 Bituminous material complying with Clause

3.5 Road, footway, central reserve and verge wearing

3.6 A system for draining water from within the

3.7 Specification for Highway Works (MCHW 1).

Surface Water Drainage and resistant to all commonly occurring chemical

4.2 Bituminous surfacing is porous and can retain

Drainage of Service Bays and Ducts

4.3 All service bays shall have provision for

Make-up Materials for Footways, Central Reserves

4.4 Wherever possible make-up material of either no-

4.5 Systems for the drainage of water from bridges

5. DETAILING OF DECK WATERPROOFING

5.2 Sharp arrises and internal angles should be

Deck Movement Joints