VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI

S.J.P.N. Trust’s
HIRASUGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NIDASOSHI-591236
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Recognized by Govt, of Karnataka & Affiliated to VTU Belagavi.
Accredited at 'A' Grade by NAAC and Programmes accredited by NBA: CSE, ECE, EEE & ME

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

2020-21

A Seminar report on

“DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING”

Submitted By

Mr. PRAVEEN JANAMATTI

USN: 2HN15EE035

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Onkar B Heddurshetti

 S.J.P.N Trust’s
HIRASUGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NIDASOSHI-591236
Accredited at 'A' Grade by NAAC

Department of Electrical &Electronics Engineering

Programme Accredited by NBA
2020-21

Certificate

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled“Digital image

processing”and report being submitted by Mr.Praveen Janamatti bearing
USN:2HN15EE035 , a bonafide student of HIRASUGAR INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY, NIDASOSHI in partial fulfilment for the award of Degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
prescribed by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the
academic year 2020-2021 is found satisfactory. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report. The seminar report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of seminar work prescribed for
the said degree.

Guide H.O.D Principal

Prof.Onkar B Heddurshetti Dr. B.V.Madiggond Dr. S.C.Kamate

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 It is indeed a great privilege for me to present this seminar report. I take this
opportunity to thank all those who made this endeavour successful.

I pay my profound gratefulness and express my deepest and sincere gratitude

to my guide Shri.Onkar B Heddurshetti, Asst. Professor/Professor, Dept. of EEE,
HIT Nidasoshi for his/her valuable guidance and constant encouragement throughout
the completion of seminar.

I express my warm and grateful thanks to seminar coordinator

Shri.S.D.Hirekodi, Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE, HIT Nidasoshi for his valuable
advice.

I express my indebtedness and sincere gratitude to

Dr. Basavaraj V. Madiggond, Professor and HOD, Dept of EEE, HIT Nidasoshi for
providing needful help and extending facility to carry out the seminar work.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. S. C. Kamate, Prinicpal, HIT Nidasoshi,

for his encouragement, providing support and facility to carry out seminar work.

Last but not the least I express my deepest and sincere gratitude to all teaching
and non teaching staff of the Dept. of EEE, HIT Nidasoshi

My great thanks to all my friends who have helped directly or indirectly to

carry out this great work.

Praveen Janamatti

USN:2HN15EE035

ABSTRACT
Vision is a major source of information for human beings. In olden days it was
chimerical and very surprising thing but over the decade the trend has changed by
technological feasts occurring around the world. Image processing has definitely has
its impact on communication devices such as cell phone, web camera. By using
digital image processing we enhance the digital images and extracting information
and features from the image. Because of the computational load of dealing with
images containing millions of pixels, digital image processing was largely of
academic interest until the 1970s, when dedicated hardware became available that
could process images in real time, for some dedicated problems such as television
standards conversion. With the fast computers and signal processors available in the
2000s, digital image processing has become the most common form of image
processing, and is generally used because it is not only the most versatile method, but
also the cheapest. There are many applications for image processing like surveillance,
navigation, and robotics. This technology is more useful in the investigation in crime
Branch. Digital Image Processing has the advantages as a wider range of algorithm to
be applied to the input data and can avoid the problems such as build-up of noise and
signal distortion during processing. For this the NASA and U.S military have
developed advanced computer software which improves the clarity of and amount of
detail visible in still and video images. Interest in digital image processing methods
stems from two principal application areas: improvement pictorial information for
human interpretation; and processing of image data for storage, transmission, and
representation for autonomous machine perception.

This paper mainly deals with digital image processing, different stages in image
processing and its profound applications in the present era. This also explains its
applications found in medical, military, robotics fields. This paper stresses the
importance and its impact in the future. The main feature digital Image editing used
for altering and improving images in an all most endless number of time. The other
features of this technology are image size alteration, cropping on image, removal of
noise and unwanted elements, image compression, merging of images and finally
colour adjustments and finally advantages and disadvantages of digital image
processing.

CONTENT
CHAPTER NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2

3 DESCRIPTION/METHODOLOGY 3

3.1 IMAGE PROCESSING 3

3.2 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 5

3.3 IMPORTANCE OF IMAGE DATA 7

IMAGE PROCESSING VS 8
3.4
COMPUTER GRAPICS
9
3.5 IMAGE EDITING FATURES

4 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 11

5 APPLICATIONS 12

6 CONCLUSION 13

REFERENCES 14

INTRODUCTION
Image processing pertains to the alteration and analysis of pictorial information.
Common case of image processing is the adjustment of brightness and contrast
controls on a television set by doing this we enhance the image until its subjective
appearing to us is most appealing. The biological system (eye, brain) receives,
enhances, and dissects analyzes and stores images at enormous rates of speed.
Basically there are two-methods for processing pictorial information. They are:

1. Optical processing

2. Electronic processing.

Optical processing uses an arrangement of optics or lenses to carry out the process.
An important form of optical image processing is found in the photographic dark
room. Electronic image processing is further classified as:

1. Analog processing

2. Digital processing.

ANALOG PROCESSING: Analog processing is the control of brightness and

contrast of television image. The television signal is a voltage level that varies In
amplitude to represent brightness throughout the image by electrically altering these
signals , we correspondingly alter the final displayed image appearance.

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING: Processing of digital images by means of

digital computer refers to digital image processing. Digital images are composed of
finite number of elements of which has a particular location value. Picture elements,
image elements, and pixels are used as elements for digital image processing. Digital
Image Processing is concerned with processing of an image. In simple words an
image is a representation of a real scene, either in black and white or in colour, and
either in print form or in a digital form i.e., (technically an image is a two dimensional
light intensity function. In other words it is a data intensity values arranged in a two
dimensional form, the required property of an image can be extracted from processing
an image. Image is typically by stochastic models. It is represented by AR model.
Degradation is represented by MA model. Other form is orthogonal series expansion.
Image processing system is typically non-casual system. Image processing is two
dimensional signal processing. Due to linearity Property, we can operate on rows and
columns separately. Image processing is vastly being implemented by “vision
systems” in robotics. Robots are designed, and meant, to be controlled by a computer
or similar devices. While “vision systems” are most sophisticated sensors used in
Robotics. They relate the function of a robot to its environment as all other sensors
do. “Vision Systems” may be used for a variety of applications, including
manufacturing, navigation and surveillance.

LITERATURE SURVEY
Anayet U. Patwariet. al. (2012): developed “Digital image processing method which
automated system that was capable of classifying machined plates into one of these
three important categories shaping or planning, horizontal milling, end milling”. The
outputs of the software were tested rigorously, using known calibrated machined
plates of all. There are three methods for that Process flow Sequence, process flow
description, governing equations.

sachin V. Bhalerao andDr. A. N. Pawar(2012): developed “systematic method for

automatic interpretation of thermal paints using digital image processing”. First
surface preparation is done and image is captured. Then image acquisition, image
segmentation, image processing using a proper algorithm for surface temperature
interpretation is done this stage consist another three stages image filtration and
enhancement, boundary detection, interpretation.

Ms. JyotiAtwal and Mr. SatyajitSenPurkayastha(2012): developed “digital

imaging processing technique that has been used to find out different types of
characteristics to identify different rice varieties”. Applications which are based on
image processing performing hard core processing techniques such as HSI model for
morphological properties analysis, raster scanning for dimensional analysis. The
morphological features were took out and processed by linear discriminate analysis to
get better efficiency of the identification process. In this paper they work on physical
separation and nutrient content of seeds using different methods like erosion and
dilation, watershed model and line draw method.

M.V.Bramhananda Reddyet. al. (2012): described “how image processing

techniques help to check the x-ray and the level to which the caries lesion is present
and then classify the type of caries present in the dental radiograph”. The dental x ray
image is initially segmented into individual tooth which is followed by binarization of
the tooth pattern. The edge detection of the segmented tooth gives the outline of the
dental cavity. By determining the numbers of carries affected pixels, the region area
may be take out

Snehal K. Joshi (2014): mentions that using given “digital image processing
algorithm” the taken image is processed and filtered. The resulting image is compared
with the x-ray ct image and predicted mixture proportions are compared to examine
the absolute errors. The threshold range found for aggregates, cement materials and
air-voids. By comparing range with the predicted measurement, it is found that the
digital image processing algorithm results better accuracy. This proves that threshold
algorithm give major improvement than the manual and subjective techniques used
for the analysis.

METHODOLOGY:
A. IMAGE PROCESSING: Image processing is a subclass of signal processing
concerned specifically with pictures. Improve image quality for human
perception and/or computer interpretation. Image enhancement to bring out
detail is obscured, or simply to highlight certain features of interest in an
image.

B. IMAGE RESTORATION: Improving the appearance of an image tend to be

based on mathematical or probabilistic models of image degradation.

C. COLOUR IMAGE PROCESSING: Gaining in importance because of the

significant increase in the use of digital images over the Internet.

D. WAVELETS: Foundation for representing images in various degrees of

resolution. Used in image data compression and pyramidal representation
ofimages are subdivided successively into smaller regions.

E. COMPRESSION: Reducing the storage required to save an image or the

bandwidth required to transmit it. Ex. JPEG (joint photographic experts group)
image compression standard.

F. MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING: Tools for extracting image

components that are useful in the representation and description of shape.
 G. IMAGE SEGMENTATION: Computer tries to separate objects separate
objects from the image background from the image background. It is one of
the most difficult tasks in DIP. A rugged segmentation procedure brings the
process a long way toward successful solution of an image problem. Output of
the segmentation stage is raw pixel data, constituting either the boundary of a
region or all the points in the region itself.

IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES:

Image processing techniques are used to enhance, improve, or otherwise alter an

image and to prepare it for image analysis. Usually, during image processing
information is not extracted from the image. The intention is to remove faults, trivial
information, or information that may be important, but not useful, and to improve the
image. Image processing is divided into many sub processes, including histogram
analysis, thresholding, masking, edge detection, segmentation, and others.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:

Digital image processing is the use of computer to perform on. Digital image
processing has the same advantages (over analog image processing) as has (over
analog signal processing) -- it allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied
to the input data, and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and signal
distortion during processing

1. IMAGE ACQUISITION: An image is captured by a sensor (such as a

monochrome or colour TV camera) and digitized. If the output of the camera
or sensor is not already in digital form, an analog-to digital converter digitalize
it.
2. RECOGNITION AND INTERPRETATION: Recognition is the process
that assigns a label to an object based on the information provided by its
descriptors. Interpretation is assigning meaning to an assemble of recognized
objects. converter digitalizes it.

3. SEGMENTATION: Segmentation is the generic name for a number of

different techniques that divide the image into segments of its constituents.
The purpose of segmentation is to separate the information contained in the
image into smaller entities that can be used for other purposes.

4. REPRESENTATION AND DESCRIPTION: Representation and

description transforms raw data into a form suitable for the recognition
processing.

5. KNOWLEDGE BASE: A problem domain detailing the regions of an image

where the information of interest is known to be located is known as
knowledge base. It helps to limit the search

6. THRESHOLDING: Threshold is the process of dividing an image into

different portions by picking a certain grayness level as a threshold, comparing
each pixel value with the threshold, and then assigning the pixel to the
different portions, depending on whether the pixel’s grayness level is below
the threshold or above the threshold value. Threshold can be performed either
at a single level or at multiple levels, in which the image is processed by
dividing it into ” layers”, each with a selected threshold. Various techniques
are available to choose an appropriate threshold ranging from simple routines
for binary images to sophisticated techniques for complicated images.

7. CONNECTIVITY: Sometimes we need to decide whether neighbouring

pixels are somehow “connected” or related to each other. Connectivity
establishes whether they have the same property, such as being of the same
region, coming from the same object, having a similar texture, etc. To
establish the connectivity of neighbouring pixels, we first have to decide upon
a connectivity path.

8. NOISE REDUCTION: Like other signal processing mediums, vision

systems contains noises. Some noises are systematic and come from dirty
lenses, faulty electronic components, bad memory chips and low resolution.
Others are random and are caused by environmental effects or bad lighting.
The net effect is a corrupted image that needs to be preprocessed to reduce or
eliminate the noise. In addition, sometimes images are not of good quality, due
to both hardware and software inadequacies; thus, they have to be enhanced
and improved before other analysis can be performed on them.
9. CONVOLUTION MASKS: A mask may be used for many different
purposes, including filtering operations and noise reduction. Noise and edges
produces higher frequencies in the spectrum of a signal. It is possible to create
masks that behave like a low pass filter, such that higher frequencies of an
image are attenuated while the lower frequencies are not changed very much.
There by the noise is reduced.

10. EDGE DETECTION: Edge detection is a general name for a class of

routines and techniques that operate on an image and results in a line drawing
of the image. The lines represented changes in values such as cross sections of
planes, intersections of planes, textures, lines, and colors, as well as
differences in shading and textures. Some techniques are mathematically
oriented, some are heuristic, and some are descriptive. All generally operate
on the differences between the gray levels of pixels or groups of pixels
through masks or thresholds. The final result is a line drawing or similar
representation that requires much less memory to be stored, is much simpler to
be processed, and saves in computation and storage costs. Edge detection is
also necessary in subsequent process, such as segmentation and object
recognition.

11. IMAGE DATA COMPRESSION: Electronic images contain large amounts

of information and thus require data transmission lines with large bandwidth
capacity. The requirements for the temporal and spatial resolution of an image,
the number of images per second, and the number of gray levels are
determined by the required quality of the image. Recent data transmission and
storage techniques have significantly improved image transmission
capabilities, including transmission over the internet.

IMPORTANCE OF IMAGE DATA

According to one estimate, more than 75 percent of all the information

received by man is visual. Some researchers arguably consider this figure to
be as high as 99 percent! Even if we consider the conservative estimate, the
remaining four senses contribute to only 25 percent of the total share. And
man has known this since ancient times. Probably that’s the reason why the
ancient chinese coined the now popular proverb, “A picture speaks a thousand
words.” It is very evident that vision is a major source of information for
human beings, and thus if we could possibly provide similar visual faculties to
machines, we shall be able to achieve visual automation for a very broad range
of applications.
IMAGE PROCESSING VS COMPUTER GRAPHICS

There generally is a bit of confusion in recognizing the difference between the

fields of image processing and computer graphics, often even in the minds of
tech-savvy computer professionals. Actually, image processing and computer
graphics are entirely different, almost the opposite of each other. A computer
graphics system is involved with image synthesis, and not recognition or
analysis, as in the case of image processing. The input of a computer graphics
system consists of an item list that describes a scene and its purpose is to
transform this list into a digital image, which could have been formed, if this
scene would really exist. Morphing used in advertisements could be said to be
the most commonly witnessed computer graphics technique. In contrast, input
to an Image Processing system is always a real image formed via some
physical phenomenon such as scanning, filming, etc. The main role of image
processing is not to create information but to extract it, integrate it, make it
explicit and usable.

IMAGE EDITOR FEATURES

Listed below are some of the most used capabilities of the better graphic
manipulation programs. The list is by no means all inclusive. There are a
myriad of choices associated with the application of most of these features.

Image Size Alteration: Image editors can resize an image, making it larger,
or smaller. High image resolution cameras can produce large images which are
often reduced in size for internet use. Image editor programs use a
mathematical process called re-sampling to calculate new pixel values whose
spacing is larger or smaller than the original pixel values.

Noise Removal: Image editors may feature a number of algorithms which can
add or remove noise in an image. JPEG artifacts can be removed; dust &
scratches can be removed. Noise tends to invade images when pictures are
taken in low light settings.

Removal of Unwanted Elements: Most image editors can be used to remove

unwanted branches, etc, using a "clone" tool.
 Original Removal of branch at the top of image

Selective Colour Change: Image editors have the ability to selectively change the
colour of specific items in an image.

An example of selective colour change, the original is on the right.

Change Colour Depth: It is possible, using software, to change the colour depth of
images. Common colour depths are 2, 16, 256, and 16 million colours. The JPEG and
PNG image formats are capable of storing 16.7 million colours (equal to 256
luminance values per colour channel). In addition, grayscale images of 8 bits or less
can be created, usually via conversion and down sampling from a full colour image.

An example of converting an image from colour to grayscale

ADVANTAGES:

1. One of the biggest advantage of digital imaging is the ability of the

operator to manipulate the pixel shades to correct image density and
contrast, is called post processing. And perform other processing functions
that could result in improved diagnosis and fewer repeated examinations.

2. Digital imaging allows the electronic transmission of images to third-party

providers, referring dentists, consultants, and insurance carriers via a
modem.

3. Digital image is also environmental friendly since it does not require

chemical processing. It is useful to find chemicals contaminated in the
water supply system with harmful metals such as the silver found in used
fixer solution.

4. Radiation does reduction is also a benefit derived from the use of digital
systems. Some manufacturers have claimed a 90% decrease in radiation
exposure, but the real savings depend on comparisons.

DISADVANTAGES:
There are also disadvantages associated with the use of digital systems.

1. The initial cost can be high depending on the system used, the number of
detectors purchased, etc.

2. Competency using the software can take time to master depending on the
level of computer literacy of team members. Finally, since digital imaging
in dentistry is not standardized, professionals are unable to exchange
information without going through an intermediary process.
APPLICATIONS:

1 Robotics.

2 Graphics and animations.

3 Medical field.

4 Satellite imaging.
CONCLUSION:

It’s a critical study, which plays a vital role in modern world as it is involved with
advanced use of science and technology. The advances in technology have created
tremendous opportunities for vision system and image processing. There is no doubt
that the trend will continue into the future Over the next few years, the growth of
digital image processing is going to be enormous with new products and technologies
coming out frequently. In order to get the most out of this period, it is going to be
important that image processing planners and developers have a clear idea of what
they are looking for and then choose strategies and methods that will provide them
with performance today and flexibility for tomorrow. From the above discussion we
can conclude that this field has relatively more advantages than disadvantages and
hence is very useful in varied branches.
REFERENCES:

1. “Introduction to robotics, analysis, systems, applications” - Saeed B. Niku

2. “Introduction to digital image processing” – Anil K.Jain
3. “Digital image processing” - Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods,
Addison wesley
4. R.Ravikumar ,Dr. V Arulmozhi “Digital image processing –A Quick
review” International journal of intelligent computing and technology
(IJICT),Vol2,Iss2,pp.11-19,2019
5. P Prabhu (2016), “Digital image processing techniques-A survey, golden
research thoughts”,5(11)
6. Ranu Gorai (2016), “A survey of digital image processing”, international
journal of research in engineering , technology and science.
7. A Erhardt Ferron (2000), “theory and application of digital image
processing”,university of applied sciences, Offenburg.