Vector Analysis 2021-2022 Sanoar Molla: Assistant Professor Rammohan College, CU Whatsapp: 9163530503

VECTOR ANALYSIS
2021-2022
Sanoar Molla
Assistant Professor
Rammohan College, CU
Email:[email protected]
Whatsapp: 9163530503
1
Delight Institute Sanoar Molla
VECTOR ANALYSIS
 Vector Algebra : Component form
Hence
 Dot Product:
Since h 쳌
 Cross product:
Since we know that the components and are mutually perpendicular,
So,
Now,
 Scalar Triple Product:
Again,
 Vector Triple Product:
Email: [email protected] 2
 Gradient:
Let us consider a function

So,
Here the term

∇
Is gradient of a scalar A.
 Divergence
 Curl:
 Important Formula:
(a) ∇ ab a ∇b b∇a
(b) ∇ ∇ ∇ ∇ ∇
(c) ∇ ∇ ∇
(d) ∇ ∇ ∇
(e) ∇ ∇ ∇
(f) ∇ ∇ ∇ ∇ ∇
(g) ∇ 쳌
(h) ∇
(i) ∇ ∇ 쳌 th h
(j) ∇ ∇ 쳌
(k) ∇ ∇ ∇ ∇ ∇
 Stoke’s Theorem:
∇ A ds
 Divergence theorem:
∇ t
 Green’s Theorem:
r
r
PREVIOUS YEAR PROBLEMS
1. The work done by a force in moving a particle m from any point (x, y) to a
neighboring point (x+dx , y+dy) is given by i en n ne . The work done for a
complete cycle around a unit circle is
[JAM – 2008]
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) e
(d) 3
Ans: (a)
Sol:
We know that,
Workdone can be represented as
It is given that,
h
We can write it as,
Since we have to find the workdone around a circle of unit radius, Hence it will create a
closed loop.
r
r
So,
r
쳌
Hence, the workdone will become zero. So option (a) is the correct answer.
2. The equation of a surface of revolution is e

ne e
e. The unit vector normal to
e
the surface at the point t is [JAM – 2010]
e
(a) t
e
(b) t
e
(c)
e
(d) t t
Ans: (b)
Sol:
We have,
Now let the surface be,
The normal vector to the surface will be
∇ t
At 쳌 , the value of ∇ is
∇ t
쳌
So, the unit normal vector will be,
∇ t
∇ t 쳌
n
3. The line integral where n , along the semicircular path as
ne e ne e
shown in the figure given below is [JAM – 2011]
(a) -2
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) 4
Ans: (b)
Sol:
As per given problem, the equation of the path
Now differentiating both sides we get,

쳌
Now,
Since
4. If is a constant vector and is the position vector then would be

[JAM - 2014]
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Ans: (b)
Sol:
We know that,
∇ ∇ ∇ ∇ ∇
Since is a constant vector,

So,
∇ 쳌 ∇ 쳌
Now we know that,
∇ 쳌
So we are left with,
∇ ∇
Now,
5. For vectors e and , the vector product is

[JAM – 2014]
(a) In the same direction as

(b) In the opposite direction to
(c) In the same direction as
(d) In the opposite direction to
Ans: (a)
Sol:
쳌
Now,
So the vector will have the same direction as . So option (a) is correct
6. If the surface integral of field n e n over the closed surface of

an arbitrary unit sphere is to be zero, then the relationship between and is
[JAM – 2014]
(a) t
(b) e
t
(c) e t
e
(d) t
Ans: (b)
Sol:
As per given problem,
Applying divergence theorem,
∇ 쳌
Since, 쳌, so
∇ 쳌
쳌
e
7. The line integral of a vector field n e n where ne e
is
taken around a square(figure below) of side of unit length and centred at nt t with
nt
e
and t e
. If the value of the integral is L, then
[JAM – 2014]
쳌 쳌
(a) L depends on nt t
(b) L is independent of nt t and its value is -1
(c) L is independent of nt t and its value is 0
(d) L in independent of nt t and its value is 2
Ans: (c)
Sol:
Since the square in the diagram is a closed loop,

∇ th h 晦thh hā
Now,
∇ 쳌
쳌
Hence,
8. Consider a vector field n . Let C be the circle ne e

t on the
plane e, oriented counter – clockwise. The value of the contour integral is
[JAM – 2015]
(a) et
(b) t
(c) t
(d) et
Ans: (a)
Sol:
As the integral will be on a closed contour so we can apply Stoke’s Theorem here,
Hence,
Since the circular region is placed at and in xy – plane (as the given equation is
t), So, we will consider only the from our ∇ result.
At ,
Hence,
t
쳌 쳌
9. Consider a closed triangular contour traversed in a counter clockwise direction as

shown in the figure. The value of the integral evaluated along the contour, for
a vector field n n ; is __________.
[JAM - 2016]
Ans: -2
Sol:
Since this is a closed contour, so applying Stoke’s Theorem we get,
Now,
h h h
∇ h
쳌
Hence,
Now, Since the triangle has two angles t
So, the length of each side other than the given side
So, the height of the triangle will be,
10. A hemispherical shell is placed on the xy plane centred at the origin. For a
n n
vector field ne e the value of the integral over the hemispherical
surface is _________
[JAM – 2016]
Ans: 2
Sol:
According to Stoke’s Theorem,

∇
As per our given problem,

∇ 쳌 everywhere else origin.
Let us consider that we have to take the line integral on the base of the hemisphere
which is represented by
Now, using
cos
Now,
sin sin cos cos
Hence,
tt
11. The integral of a vector t (standard notation for cylindrical
co ordinates is used) over the volume of a cylindrical of height L and radius t is :
[JAM – 2017]
(a) et t
(b) t
(c) tt t
(d) tt t
Ans: (d)
Sol:
So, as per given question we need to find the volume integral of the vector
쳌
t쳌
t cos cos sin
t
쳌 쳌 쳌
t쳌 cos
쳌 쳌
t쳌 쳌
e
12. The volume integral of the function t over the region t
e t t e is ____________.
[JAM – 2017]
Ans: 15.07
Sol:
The result will be
h
쳌 쳌 쳌
t
h
쳌 쳌
sin
쳌 쳌
sin
쳌
t
cos 쳌
cos 쳌
e
13. Let n n e . The curve along which t is
[JAM – 2018]
(a) n e
(b) n e
(c) n
(d) n e
Ans: (b)
Sol:
We need to find the condition when ∇ 쳌
e
14. A curve is given by . The unit vector of the tangent to the
curve at is
[JAM – 2018]
(a)
(b)
e e
(c)
e
(d) t
Ans: (d)
Sol:
Tangent of the given vector is
t t
t
At t
tt
The unit vector will be
t
t
t
15. If n 䁐 is a scalar function which satisfies the Laplace Equation, the

gradient of is
[JAM – 2019]
(a) Solenoidal and irrotational

(b) Soleoidal but not irrotational
(c) Irrotational but not solenoidal
(d) Neither irrotational nor solenoidal
Ans: (a)
Sol:
If is scalar, then
∇ 쳌
And here, 쳌
So,
∇ 쳌
Hence,
∇ 쳌
Hence it satisfies Laplace equation.
Now,
∇ ∇ ∇ 쳌
Hence, ∇ is solenoidal.
We also know that, for any scalar ,
∇ ∇ 쳌
So, ∇ is irrotational
So option (a) is correct one.
16. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing e and e

is
[JAM – 2019]
(a) e
t
(b) 晦
(c)
(d)
Ans: (d)
Sol:
If the unit vector is perpendicular to both and , then we must obtain
쳌
Verifying option (a)
t 쳌
So option (a) doesn’t satisfy.

Similarly, for option (b)
So, option (b) doesn’t satisfy

Similarly for option (c)
So option (c) doesn’t satisfy. So option (d) must be the correct one.
Checking for option (d) we get,
Hence option (d) satisfies.
17. The gradient of scalar field n has the following characteristic(s)

[JAM – 2019]
(a) Line integral of a gradient is path independent
(b) Closed line integral of a gradient is zero.
(c) Gradient of S is measure the of the maximum rate of change in the field S
(d) Gradient of S is a scalar quantity
Ans: (a), (b), (c)
Sol:
If a scalar field is , then we know that,
Now integrating both sides we get,
Since, S is a scalar quantity,
쳌
∇ 쳌
Since 쳌, so
∇ 쳌
Hence option (b) is correct
Applying Stoke’s theorem we get,
∇ ∇ ∇ 쳌
∇ ∇ 쳌
Hence, line integral is path independent. So option (a) is correct.

Now,
This expression means that gradient of S measures the rate of change of the field S along
and direction. So option (c) is correct.
From the above expression we can easily write that, the expression ∇ is not a scalar
quantity, it is a vector quantity. So, option (d) is not correct.
e e
18. The flux of the function n n t passing through the
surface ABCD along is ____________. (Round off 2 decimal places)
[JAM – 2019]
Ans: 1.17
Sol:
As per our given problem the plane is at
Hence, the flux
쳌 쳌
쳌
쳌 쳌
쳌
쳌
19. The vector field n in cylindrical polar coordinates is

[JEST – 2013]
e e
(a) t t
e e
(b) t t
e e
(c) t t
e e
(d) t t
Ans: (a)
Sol:
We have
Here
쳌
Now,
h h h
In polar co – ordinate,
cos
sin
cos sin
sin cos
Now,
cos cos sin sin
h h h
cos sin sin cos
Hence,
cos sin cos sin
e e
20. Given the condition t, the solution of the equation is
given by
[JEST – 2016]
e
(a) e
e
(b)
(c) e
(d) e
Ans: (a)
Sol:
Let us consider any arbitrary scalar,
Where, a, b, c are constants.

Hence,
∇
And,
∇ 쳌
Hence our selected satisfies the Laplace’s equation.
Now,
∇ ∇
∇ ∇
Now, considering
Now,
Now,
∇ ∇ ∇
Hence,
21. What is the equation of the plane which is tangent to the surface n t at
the point (1, 2, 2)?
[JEST – 2017]
(a) n e t e
(b) tn e e
(c) n t t
(d) en
Ans: (d)
Sol:
It is given that the equation of the surface is

t
Hence, the normal vector to the surface will be
∇
At the point (1, 2, 2)
∇ t
Unit normal vector will be,
∇ϕ t
∇ϕ t
Equation of the plane at point (1, 2, 2) will be
22. Let be the position vector of a point on a closed contour C. What is the
value of the line integral
[JEST – 2019]
(a) 0
(b) e
(c)
(d)
Ans: (a)
Sol:
Since it is given that, the region is a closed contour. So applying Stoke’s Theorem we get,
∇ 쳌 h
23. Which one of the following vectors lie along the line of intersection of the two
planes n and en e t ?
[JEST – 2019]
(a) t e
(b) t t
(c) t e
(d) t e
Ans: (b)
Sol:
Now as per our given question, Let
t
Now,
Unit normal vector to

∇
∇
Unit normal vector to
∇ t
∇ t
Now we will check with the options, for which we get

쳌
Checking for option (a)
쳌 쳌 쳌
Hence option (a) doesn’t satisfy.
Now checking for option (b)
쳌 쳌 쳌
Now,
쳌 쳌 쳌
Hence option (b) satisfies. So option (b) is the correct answer
e e e
24. What is the angle (in degrees) between the surfaces e and ne
t at the point (1, -1, 1)
Ans: 60
Sol:
Let us consider the two surfaces can be represented by
Now,
∇
∇
At (1, -1, 1)
∇
∇
So, the angle between them will be
∇ ∇ t
cos cos cos 쳌쳌
∇ ∇
25. Let and be two distinct three dimensional vectors. Then the component of
that is perpendicular to is given by [NET – June – 2011]
(a) e
(b) e
(c) e
(d) e
Ans: (a)
Sol:
We know that,
sin
Here is the direction perpendicular to the plane which contains and

Now to find the component which is perpendicular to , we take ,
sin
sin
sin
26. The equation of the plane that is tangent to the surface n t at the point
(1,2,4) is
[NET – December – 2011]
(a) n e t e
(b) tn e e
(c) n t t
(d) n h
Ans: (b)
Sol:
As per given problem, let us consider,
Now,
∇
At point (1,2,4)
∇ t
Now the unit vector will be,
t t
Hence, the plane which is perpendicular to the surface will be
t
t 쳌
t t t t 쳌
t
27. A vector perpendicular to any vector lies on the plane defined by n

is
[NET – June – 2012]
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) e
Ans: (b)
Sol:
Here it is given that,
Now,
∇
Hence this is the vector perpendicular to any vector, lies on the plane
28. The unit normal vector of the point on the surface of the ellipsoid
ne e e
e e e is
(a) e e e
(b) e e e
(c) e e e
(d)
Ans: All options are incorrect
Sol:
It is given that,
Now,
Now, at
The unit vector,
29. A unit vector on the xy – plane is at an angle ett with respect to . The
angle between the vectors and will be tt is
[NET – June – 2013]
(a) e
e
(b)
(c) e
(d)
Ans: (c)
Sol:
As per given problem,
Again,
cos
As per given data, 쳌쳌
So,
cos 쳌쳌
Now it is also given that, and makes 쳌쳌 to each other,

So,
cos 쳌쳌
So,
cos 쳌쳌 cos 쳌쳌
Again,
Again,
cos 쳌쳌
So, finally we get,
cos 쳌쳌 cos 쳌쳌 cos 쳌쳌
쳌
t 쳌
쳌
쳌
Hence, we get
As per given options we have . Hence , option (c) is correct.
30. If n n then the integral (Where C is along the perimeter

of a rectangular area bounded by n t n and t ) is
(a) e
e e
(b)
(c)
(d) t
Ans: (d)
Sol:
Since it is given that the path is a closed contour so, we must apply Stoke’s theorem to
solve this.
Now,
∇ 쳌
So,
31. Let denote the position vector of any point in 3 – D space, and , then
(a) t
e
(b) t t
e
(c) e
(d) t
Ans: (d)
Sol:
∇ 쳌 쳌 쳌 쳌
32. The values of and for which the force n ne n e

is
conservative are
(a) e
(b)
(c) e
(d) e
Ans:
Sol:
To know if a force is conservative or not, then we must check if ∇ 쳌 or not. If this
gives 0, then the field will be conservative. As it is given that is conservative, so ∇
must be 0.
∇ 쳌 쳌
So, comparing both sides we get,

쳌
쳌
33. If a force is derivable from a potential function , where r is the distance

from the origin of the co-ordinate system, it follows that,
[GATE – 2011]
(a) t
(b) t
(c) t
e
(d) t
Ans: (a)
Sol:
We know that,
Since is a derivable potential of t , so we can write,
∇t
Now, we also know that, for any scalar V,
∇ ∇t 쳌
Hence,
∇ 쳌
34. The unit vector normal to the surface ne e

at the point is
[GATE – 2011]
(a)
e
(b)
e
(c)
e e
(d)
Ans: (d)
Sol:
Let us consider that, as per given question,
Now, the normal vector to the surface will be,
∇ϕ xi yj k
At point (1,1,1)
∇
Hence, the unit normal vector will be
∇
∇ϕ t t
35. Consider a cylinder of height and radius , closed at both ends, centred at
the origin. Let, n be the position vector and be the unit vector
normal to the surface. The surface integral over the closed surface of the
cylinder is
[GATE – 2011]
e
(a) e
e
(b)
e
(c) e
(d) t
Ans: (b)
Sol:
As per given question, applying divergence theorem,
∇ t
So, we know that, ∇ and the volume of the cylinder of radius a and height h is t
So,
∇ t t
36. If and are constant vector then is

[GATE – 2013]
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) 0
Ans: (d)
Sol:
As per given question, let us consider that,
And,
Now,
Now,
Now,
Since it is given that, and are constant vectors,

So,
Hence,
∇ 쳌
37. The unit vector perpendicular to the surface ne e e

at the point (1,1,1) is
[GATE – 2014]
n
(a)
n
(b)
n
(c)
n
(d)
Ans: (d)
Sol:
Out of these four options, only option (d) has all the components with positive sign, and
in the question, the point (1,1,1) has all positive points as well as all
x, y, z terms has positive co-efficients. So, option (d) must be the correct option.
38. The direction of a scalar field n e

ne n e
e
at the point e䁐 is
[GATE – 2016]
e
(a)
e
(b)
e
(c)
e
(d)
Ans:
Sol:
∇
At point (1,1,2)
Hence,
The direction will be the unit normal vector,

So,
∇
∇ t
39. In spherical polar coordinates , the unit vector at t

t e
is
[GATE – 2018]
(a)
(b) e
(c) e
(d) e
Ans: (d)
Sol:
We know that in spherical polar co-ordinate,
sin cos sin sin cos

Now,
cos cos cos sin sin

cos cos cos sin sin
cos cos cos sin sin
At, 쳌
t
cos sin
t t
40. Consider the surface corresponding to the equation tne e

t. A possible
unit tangent to this surface at the point (1, 2, -8) is
[TIFR – 2013]
(a) e
(b)
(c) 晦 t t
(d) t
Ans: (a)
Sol:
Let,
t
Now,
∇
Now, at point (1, 2, -8)
∇ t
So, the unit normal vector,
∇
t
∇
Now, if we make a dot product with the tangent (from the given options) and if the result
is zero, then,
Checking option (a)
晦 t 쳌
And as the vector in option (a) is a unit vector so, it is the correct option.
41. Which of the following vectors is parallel to the surface ne en t at the point
e e 䁐?
[TIFR – 2015]
(a) e
(b) e
(c) e
(d) e
Ans: (c)
Sol:
Let us consider the surface to be,

t
Now,
∇
Now, at (2, -2, 3)
∇ t t t t
Now, the parallel vector to the surface will give a zero result if we make the dot product
with ∇
Now, checking for option (a)
t t 쳌
This option is wrong.

Checking for option (b),
t t 쳌
This option is wrong,

Now, checking for option (c) we get,
t t 쳌
Hence option (c) is the correct one.
42. Consider the surface defined by ne e

t, where a, b, c, d are
constants. If and e are the unit normal vectors to the surface at the points
n t䁐 and t t respectively, and normal to both and e , then will
be
[TIFR – 2019]
(a) e e
(b) e e e
e e
(c)
t e t e e
(d) e e
Ans:
Sol:
∇ 쳌
∇ 쳌쳌
Now clearly, if we make dot product with option (d) then
쳌
And,
쳌
So, option (d) is the correct option.

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VECTOR ANALYSIS

 Vector Algebra : Component form

Since we know that the components and are mutually perpendicular,

 Scalar Triple Product:

 Vector Triple Product:

Let us consider a function

Here the term

PREVIOUS YEAR PROBLEMS

Workdone can be represented as

2. The equation of a surface of revolution is e

Now let the surface be,

The normal vector to the surface will be

So, the unit normal vector will be,

shown in the figure given below is [JAM – 2011]

As per given problem, the equation of the path

Now differentiating both sides we get,

4. If is a constant vector and is the position vector then would be

Since is a constant vector,

Now we know that,

5. For vectors e and , the vector product is

(a) In the same direction as

6. If the surface integral of field n e n over the closed surface of

As per given problem,

Applying divergence theorem,

Since the square in the diagram is a closed loop,

8. Consider a vector field n . Let C be the circle ne e

9. Consider a closed triangular contour traversed in a counter clockwise direction as

Since this is a closed contour, so applying Stoke’s Theorem we get,

Now, Since the triangle has two angles t

So, the height of the triangle will be,

According to Stoke’s Theorem,

As per our given problem,

The result will be

We need to find the condition when ∇ 쳌

Tangent of the given vector is

15. If n 䁐 is a scalar function which satisfies the Laplace Equation, the

(a) Solenoidal and irrotational

16. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing e and e

If the unit vector is perpendicular to both and , then we must obtain

So option (a) doesn’t satisfy.

So, option (b) doesn’t satisfy

Hence option (d) satisfies.

17. The gradient of scalar field n has the following characteristic(s)

If a scalar field is , then we know that,

Now integrating both sides we get,

Hence, line integral is path independent. So option (a) is correct.

As per our given problem the plane is at

Hence, the flux

19. The vector field n in cylindrical polar coordinates is

cos sin sin cos

cos sin cos sin

Let us consider any arbitrary scalar,

Where, a, b, c are constants.

It is given that the equation of the surface is

Equation of the plane at point (1, 2, 2) will be

Now as per our given question, Let

Unit normal vector to

Now we will check with the options, for which we get

Hence option (a) doesn’t satisfy.