INTRODUCTION asic proceses involved in the initial stages ef reading and listening to speech were discussed ine previons chapter Atte end ofthat chapter, bad reached the point at which individual ‘ords were identified, The main objective ofthis pts wo complete out account of reading and | lstening to speech, dealing wit the ways in which vases, sentences, and ent tries are procested td understood Incrade terms the previous chapter dealt with ‘ose apes of language processing that differ between reading and listening to speech. In con- es, the higher level processes involved in com- eersion tend to be rather similar whether a Sry is being Hstened 0 or read. There has be more research on comprehension processes in eading than i istning to speech, and s0 the + Sphais wil be on reading. However, it can esly be assumed that what is true of reading 5 ako tru of listening 10 apesth Ay male fcrpancies. between reading and listening il be specially dear wih as and when they Language Comprehension a SENTENCE PROCESSING feel haieiA Micon a es ‘There are two main levels of analysis in the comprehension of sentences. Fist, there is an “analysis of the sytactical (grammatical) structure ‘Of cach sentence; this is known technicelly as ‘parsing. What eacly is grammar? Its concerned ‘vith the way in which words are combined. How- ver, as Altmarn (1997, p. 84) pointed out, “it {the way in which words are combined) i impeit- fan, and has meaning, only insofar as both the Speaker and the hearer (or the writer andthe reader) Share some common knowledge regarding the Significance of one combination or another. This shared knowledge is grammar” ‘Second, there is an analysis of the meaning fof the sentence. It i important to note that the intended meaning of a sentence may not be the ame as is iter meaning. The study of intended freaning is known as pragmatics, Cases in which the literal meaning is not the intended mean- Ing include hetorical devices such a8 ifony, avcasm, and understatement. Some of the isues ‘SSheerning pragmatics are discussed later inthe chapter.nse Muchesecho parsing ha eon ‘cee tha a ambigoous he lb Tee Why hat theese Png pres erly aca ery iy and hs aes fa e tady te paces vole Inna hing the poles enemy ele Stogtng wih mbes secs emp ‘yrs anc aaa, Sour posit semanas wba pon sya so i sya Sons we ey hoy Wisma tv fe pce ed ‘oat and Pane mae of # klglow wah sige enees lr ase eat Ths us eed ey Sienna ae nen OSS see and prt hero of sentence process ia tame omer ne Grammar or sya ‘amet neers ah, nap pees mea oe ‘em onan vrs wa Lins Con tc ronal wan pea ‘ote sa the rotacay ta eis a mpl je one ouiw tenieome in tle tae at Sat pete pig he ew ieee omicpeeing ely Sete di cee, ‘oni knwipe conve wo ot (Goce Bop aio. As mp hep ‘racers any ar ee Parsing ana ers me ; ‘eto of gram sw tobe coat tat ‘at Sy ae” py ston le Sey ‘separa Tigre eo ss deni mvc coe rete lhe i {hata big kd: te sneer hang fo mage rep tee get sacs ces Sloane Ente Wo, 3 sie For saumpie Peering 9 9 surance fen eb soee How ef be ected by contest. Fa csp Atma ‘Stedman (1988) recoded ang tao tcoce such ee owing Gander path model Fai a Rayer (1982) pt vad ged pt ml, tc was gh ha ene Sete ‘holier can Be mid ore pth een iby bios erences The ode ‘rin one olor ete 1 Tee burl Bow open the sf wih mamta mad wih ee 2 Ther open he fen efor Ine and made ote + ny one jaca ra i tly cone ating of te ene pence: min Acorn tthe pope sf minimal atach- ‘Se te pata ace peng the eve ts onus pre taser tc ch ain Pea pes) ‘et fn cath wade ‘St pr Su tse ponte Sy peminie nmi Ser pe ate es el aaa ‘tun that mateo eo ae Sis aaa inne saa gat! ‘Seo (ie wn eae irc ie ee Scien Pate ri an Ct a ne a Bat ny ct estes a a re ‘scrote SSencoony Spy Seemecccs mentee | Sec Pe mein ecwcmma “naraveil pein feet yo ati rates ‘Siemens ‘ "ickts® hing compute wih besoapeose? | F Saree tmlcmem ite evan” ecw Pant te are {few i pee se att fa [YLet ew pre Income pe Site ease The pre Piteihecmetanteniy al Pet 198) pn ae cong hie conure produces the el l Rischceitttedaatanr ce masts at | Sass See |aes iy i mains ee ewe iene Foren o> iia{he ind) ta crn el an ihe ft ame sero ‘ie 9H) shied ence ta pipe iene ng Aer ‘Site emmy noe ty pct ‘Cece a ike 998) ed at “Mohri We olen inert te eg nly etn My pe Cs a ne fwcine (rwuhoveal angse we Ba Sp see spon an {shee cot of syne, Shey mode esto pe! figs "hata ole ot paral seciel ‘lon = Ce Cw. 210 Le panel modest “Sach moss have mich to ecmend she: 0) ey ae eee Sei hy a campus ‘equi and 2) they make wong. my he cen aeartage c tse atc po oa ‘ngs mre ey ana he Pd Ia 9s ering (199, 9. 1S) ca ‘ne cr ones of rc nin Ee define npr space ‘ser ou aed yen art ‘cc th wing ay ‘Sten vewpt a xed Hy ‘St tS a Tint ome acon un of wasn onl a rset way af yng thee of ine nh ape rang tne ee ‘ner (90 oe oe pie eo yond es we EG [cour nee mcs fm ys etc of Ie pears ‘iano pete os er eer amphi of cm | eee | mp ati bn tt ae ‘oan er ns pa ag on Scot Naber aamss me Reade requ ome ‘Gee be ho) oe and or th ee Seta iereteio Scien See Mp eee ‘tne nd ov sm no Sires 2 Mew cowry Baddey ad Lewis (1981) wd ten psc conten le fone ea, ‘ning Pacpans See whe See, See pvc co ew ray sla wor (eg “Cn nae ‘Swed sewed ol), wees Sh tt (Ei ot conn paceman te Toeger fo mate jpn of ms ciel inet pa ‘erste ampeeson proc ay a veoh) a oun wlan are Ge oe nce te af fe ce ‘tint, wg ed vents athe psec eel ‘Rov tw nape fr oc faa iy seein. ction of tamer speech {cea epee cet pe me ee Seclpatgennc done ele Srelnisopte erase mp SON nt mene ton Most words are spec mu pce Wickens ace eet Seem san es SSS ne Tromp Dah Shs pose te eee ern rl a ant eng as Be RS Some ra pee “tan oe pe pi mrt wis geen remysarees ‘patient, MV with very deficient ine speck We oe eee eo cee oa ee coer came ae Sree ae Oe cen cmecepnatanemractiny SS “CAPACITY THEORY ‘compre memory, by which ty men “the pat Pll eerie a ay at tranageate pepations. For example ech wt cd fre forte posing "he cena surges ey Dak wa cores (192) ae te re {cece nie cagciy of ork Bema ‘heceon neg conpcenson Weg nw Sy cmc amend yt anos eae ee {Doeron Capes, 1980), On th pe ee (ipa et nner of wmencesfeeope, Be as eisisgececin Shami artes meets eet scenes aia ceattetroee Sect meron Soins Saeco ee tin ttn aaa Si pen he cd some Hew fiw eye td ete Teta Cents (192 fund at hed ln fp ak lo en inmate nn Sram aes pyaar ae ete carrie tenet aoe tin etc : cepamnmerin es Cora ect tt ia Sc ee Shots cet fea Sextet "ee yagi he eo ew, "ThE AT Sethe, ce ome See rend ts Mo wt =) Renata ne, cdl hon ahs were anni TER Cece sles poke sow Se (Skyec ecm mh a Pee tees eo tan ‘Songer scar epi Seopa of {ec ue 0) Th pany si rer eos escheat tee sch cs Saks ae ne on eee Sen ere eee SNF cg twee toe ‘Setar 8) eet ‘era | rn ic wd he tl | Sh ie 2 Snr meat code ob p75) coe Sse ay rer gos a te eres mn[ars eat | Devin ecren ton manne rceses The Endings of Tamer and Engl (1989), Sateen tonipc sete Siren ie prhasia age patenting rm apa ih ite i empresa e ‘metal hinge campeon. Casa meee sc are Sets awe Eagaetcegenmet se PIS a eee oe er rae ee Epreeienanesires rare oacee ate peer Secu reran SSpngecoetines Soar ate Seo rs aon theoies (Fast & Carpenter, Seeriee moar Skies! epee SSncpmtimemiaans Sr tenet i res srs Spade oe tcp Gaye, Mike ad (198) en etiatn ets on psy ay ‘dng tr Cnc Contre se So py ame ‘ute gto aananee Ibe rone Cpe 384, 9180 Capen (958, p. 1098 an ‘oe cn ety te Apidos ‘mum fon ne ‘Simms svt mind inh p= thant coma yer” ane Career (957 tthe comps Pee Ti eo sgn a] ees oso Erato op EC ty al at rity eget sgh oe Se Bs mc Fey it Cap ‘tenant thee ‘Soa! ha seed xmas ere tha a torening san with capety har As Tome, | Hic and aon (199 p. 111) pied one tne cones abut eying on ean ak Tepcing sentence compete, hie ‘0 cpl soese-compeberion reser” Fal boy arpa ekg ema sly th pc proce aed Screen Tat core | es pce var py ‘Speer comprehension a omals or ap ens DISCOURSE PROCESSING ete at i nt ced ital it we prowl pad vc eed dau ute) Aa Ingo ras ili aun (98. To). Se pn lcs en ca ay ‘omic abi” Son vryany expres inne Pol SSlpemt ici Oe ic ect nscen peoie ‘Sal pbs als boo) wien ‘yeti ete, whew tebe ‘ety cose ate To fame peach SS eae fie i te ‘nie zane comptes nthetact ran 99% p16" “Dacoure escola om ‘ey conled testis [experimenter gered on otter raving {he wiho acest sored knot Ape iusto of te crcl le pied ooh Spates Goes p te doce “Sorte how ey ee ence 2 Sitemeter nn 2 Sy Fed amount ue 6 ‘ol ate CPi screen sey 7 inion can i man besa bring init nd ctbrine etc Bra eet tee fee he ‘sch sn rte ne Anaphoe es the sieve Selncraepenes eae Tamas Seto Toe mene SEUSS ee ae TSS Zaccaria Fearon ‘Sno th ter wees te on ears ro Sake tree Eeecewceamce Ecotec {rae Dnne och d en Soccer oer ESSoecate When re inferences ron? om ee ‘Oem, Sn ea ae CE sa eco ae rent (8) eine ng ‘ene he one el en "Serco Simon pre ‘ca comin ing rote cred so tot he ince ta te ‘So nr ul os ee ho (Bt ve ‘Src eae th an [Sees teem Eprom stain ame cas epee Slee ss th ecole ha en peative aime ce ices set Se piss acters sire camnces cee pices mniror ose ici onetime cu ceptor cticgaitenaeesnenah Ph ences a dr Secon nay iment ‘Tha gerd des aly comet ‘Stuy cope el oa ee Tntcrene onto mts Ge Che) Mielec Shy town eng et tot yoee trved ing Dy Sebi mca ia pram wan se techie eee ng Saat en enn en wed Shum cere To et th se pari we ene scenes ne rer eon Senge once. ere ‘ee ro Peete teed teeeiestd | nina ype tet ye a aS at comacei “Th wt ep oan INC cmp por cot om ines” Mckenna ath (O38, p. 0) Inte sence o pc pmo sm “pepe cso ih ‘Stn on fan ory ad ay nai ‘nisned te mins types In sur, + Scsarane infrences elisha co (hey sun ort combo wih aly ‘alae pro inowndg) nrc ‘ae rs ea a we mn Sige nting remy Ss Ferm prof pn oe bec st Stata ferences ae formed in pursuit of ped ol cteren ‘eli that mara tle ifs Lan OY > Seas ee coos Sree cedars Semrumienes Sars De Maren eee Sucrerececans Suc anaeenareas memeecwae ty mcata ieee iiemagetmeae Sonar areca scope ana ices tacaeeaniee Suiccwerast ce connie es chasis tread ewe _oberned by Doser and Corbet (1982) TF ‘torumena freone ae ieee geen Srey oo Semester Siete ee eee See, | =o Pee raven toy aricint 1 dcde ply eter te wend Cienetin de sete tht ome ag ‘Scandi Tee ect we action own sewers pba near sth ue pn ped be See is Si raft ine fened vk normal reading ‘osnetins (ne far 120, Howry sen pcos ve gear ts ty a tt wife ers ene he en campos a acon nt at (1982) Scand te igs enact wie conc valuation Spater nates ee SS cis Secale eee ee tre oes cree Sa sae of aia ine woe ete a set aa ple mcrae cme CS, Sy te henge mane \ctsaiatmtntipece ec segan dames coke concn one a Se sociedad ia inrere onJ err rrr s noes es - se anescamoosc SAA ER i ay | eo ‘STORY PROCESSING sy ened ding he process {ektncin eos monroe te someon ¢ a Siti mnde rouinelydorng reaing, bu some 00K that we have rad recent, we discus the See cepa eral tne oat one ae Teen Fepycintd s ‘ ‘ | | feecstecame of treo Grime btwcen out italy al the ioe det, In ther words, Bites tore ‘ferns formed during reading and hove formed ow description of the story is highly selective, bs comme RE, | Sie te Sime yea nd ey mes Saree {| [EREMESSEARS a stamuy Endemol en 2 zat 4 +) PSRIERCISAASES. eee, “Somat (989 pols se dem cence ea i Sen rn a ee late te my mci = = (jack Sees See See ete ests ener | | Seine Sseememesic GTSEPA SS stn ocom mes 2) PSESSE Taos ancy ttmay end ae he ty tm men 2) J serie interencor they cacussed. Allin all, pets and recall found it very hard to tell hem pot Tay memory oles SLE a re cha Sapp fons ma ong nem ts ae pealy mie eg relo ‘name, and one tha St (ops mental a omer) The peal ees nay rn, pte whe ese on ewes a i tpt Gana Cat esulsn ie pecs dep ctathy ote ner (98) pide tte IB Smee (997g esate SO HANNS pce of rman swifnocach afer mening be area J FEE cootion: Met (a res poi eid ft rast nctt te Somme oe ee Sue peop ve sed ta ll aa ean eset hat each ofthe. milter sae mon mente) Ee Searchatareeaning theory puso of i in meeeige fp ccoln crn condone The mina” Sp st fre. Ths 10 te on a 2 Since the appearance of MeKon and Rak rae does preset nse ‘Siypanecs'potiy cot wher ey puma wih ast oy hich Si ee arena dactac Bente BE Talvivey qicy mang Hewatvhce Gesture ay yey yen be poi ‘etc gntcobeneaeton te ‘Thore (977 come story ma ‘lene eckpandiwee toch me was a etre tte ih Tecommetinat{rsoxcraeeneane] mj caears cf ting i ot thy a ete mah nben De eer # trator Tord ed Steg ocompeend tere tarry gma resign wh ‘teres amore tse porsche nin tel le th 8 0 te Sceemamiogentastsee Salat a eet ma Se Ten es iskmetenees Stk ea oe ae me seen hen They id chownce tence endef santana, See teat ene eoning noch ede engage st Such which acions are ssompiel a " separa e Teatro lactam ad ete resem Kitch 18) avd ges Mere te a ak al Mn tok senor cel hen blo el 2 oe veel spt: con WES A agence wares seme eft oe eh a ae A Tiling fre sons Kn sume mri minced cn Nin oh een. Ths ation f soto represen. organise Fe csp, Mee and MCaOA ean of ta racy (raya ance indo he Sa, eis 109 erty wo mute MI eed alse don ib tere) the ne my oa atduy nescence Nat ten sale al cae Sncrencc ne a ieee meet » eet angen evade Seo ces hee ey Same ee neta, ceatveat Sacer en eae Se sae cae Herre ioeeenea rehire ob tien Ladpesca oe sehen theca chunks of knowledge sux the worl eens Peele and etane Sup sen a ‘ite shou crt nd conquests of se Tn le Sha me Ack ites wi we Sa ‘ample St eget Be shoe oe 0 Be ined hen we say ke Ime schema epsom wai ee ces prety Brod hs {972925 iy pwned mei ch Mie cw oxi rie ste of ie ed 2 copes Sealey Soa ‘Tare len one ed ‘ae # hipedcoopheon oS png ‘he thn bc he le 449 tw ‘el pe ee ‘ce ny er mon eg te nrc ean eee ered SSetetaaris Sc ermeg evanescent oe aameee ‘Brine era Fert on en pore {e'Gom te ang oe ome Schl i ae mating ey ed a heen momar for the ans “brent on schon browlee) shold cease ‘mer ogee el Hat (pened fag a ied cece i in hte Where the nie poser mie 3 Sen (9) on hat ne see te me otal sae Sst Neary ly cn nar oie poten wit Barts r= ‘cus the edence fon we Sd Evuinein totnene omear ‘eS nih a sry abot Oca ar tm nlen sortie The ‘init flew te Sn a as ‘Sin € Ding T4936) at Seta ae ee ta cosenpeesnae Seow tty Siemeoy sera noe ike re Fig 12. A Bae (1933) pent tae Thiaereaieeret ee soe nnn cone ye ad ape (Sim eed cen eal fas 12'S mn Wh they fund ef "he mal cy ti eta red tt hh ite Sn pose yen ap 98h ‘he ses wee on seo ma ie si “Aner sung ade by Rare (932 ‘ae dca penn Mee at Serine w hone her ey hd raidee pecan, Aer lhe Saree Mc en ‘Stoo etapa ieee ] i i ; ‘an tomcat cmt te iin Sigil Sen cy ae isin dey inter te ction Ft oer te esc ad pe chan fhm hom Howe sah ‘te cng ipo ep [altecntsen ti eon ca + sm St mpl «Recon ay ile "ete or peas, bee it ms i ce ‘en ce esl neal ‘et Hower sec fd ier ‘atte Main Rif 10 Steen os nope ‘tr ane po rs te try Fr ep evo knledge anette compe sch an an ike oo ‘an gna aa yp? imme: iumecices ie 7 te {cm etn bur ni Sy ‘arb ong neon pe 1 Rey a Hoch (9 me Chap "posta a et a ‘Seve ed ae te el ee enter papain mr rn ‘Semmens cnt wn opty em te a et erp car sun bi 1G pun Reem eid Rae ia oc + Den ay pm a eid * Stsicey smeclposn, ere ys no rp ot 8 key fr he endo th, a emcee kame tet pas ba typast Rh nS 8 They Seger as tee Soe Tage te pat ee See eens recat ena he cme Pa eee acon sel wheter ep ae face Epa patos wee {ei ie ee et po ‘Srl pepo eect eet Schr wl tee = ich mre sre ines he 3 1, So a en nn Bokation {see pen pena sey ils Site i 9c mia tbe coed mt ae oF tor pepsin a mee dence ome nl homige marc ih sain Ree and Plat (0, p38) pl sot tn oe ne dr ‘Ecce eu (se me tan eso ete wis oe sere pins Por cn Kh hewn te ages so Sie anes nf omy oe e's contrction neraon mde cannon mpc Seta ‘som ith ees inguin mall shown we 185 ccna Seer ia he teat ed it ope ravage eng Se pee py frente eet ia tat Ai og tier ons (Kins, oop Sv mse ‘Scr are eps ‘moron rent 2 ‘Sit ae poses went emai de ht tror omen a Sopeendista toda shone Seine hy the bowie ee ‘ crn omen dee Seay i ig ‘Sched it eae on ee tt etna ‘egren nee ewe be Rach oe SR at yn te per Srovonch eae conduced by Glen SE os mena hes ‘epee ae ta nde ‘Seether, hi males began he “re pains te te poe wih se soo seo ta es hy‘chai eet re ‘slo a pang ‘om te xe ‘rom red olde 6m Son statin a tas Se eer chen eo See nts ean AY feng fo Granta (97 ‘Sele eed ty Rich O38, Sh nse fe toe Tent sees coe ‘8 rennin emer ier ely ier cheese mays hh he ret {Gott pomed on "The rene ow onsnation- erat ode Fis i See es eon rete a eg venting model Reser etn mb ke cee nh ce "sl nh dcp Zn ‘i i) ran sr Stetine when ty el sie [Maceo een compared ote pie «Srna tec ei ‘tango te re even dat Tums he ela ewes ‘Shana gon a eps ve gi fc i 1 ct ete Se a Ra ae Ec chm Site te ings Sein “Langage cb go 1 capa oy nan a (1995) They federal presentation te dence nation” Sree RS Petey ened "“Oa tenga so nan nd aay inti ecm tee (7 sie et a i ‘jwise peur Tien shoved iran in Th och ee Coltaaien ‘Cone the Tolonng sence ve by ‘Emam tnd Rafe (990, "Scone at ste‘ eek et ek DETERS TAR Sot Boner cree omar ene ett, | Sites ace ooo be poo ma ‘scum of oneness aly wel the oe Baan Smee posi Sees cena Ine pening vo Oe snleman of ening ‘secin'e te phuseph not cow pm re my see | SRSES SSSR tie cae acne octet mene ‘Shy enya oem eee he pen tr | Stig erect ea wns en epg pail rah Root hylan pas enon vont ne rear ces Se wlan eas ay mayo oe ceo ace peso ipl er pata we pone on son wd ea sh ed + Spey eng wut Centers pty don he ae i ir (isis Torna Sse rf ‘sins tad con ene te as pres tres eden et Te wee ese fe rn ee rd esac sme. har er ie | Soc Te ge one cha tnen tn | Setusins wpe ing shuren senate mewn oe ame ArC | Sioencaecearecgioe mares | Seeraarcae Cer ahora Lens ceases ey zine rigors cs ev