CSR Initiatives of Indian Companies - A Study

By

Dr. V.V.S.K. Prasad

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) also called corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, responsible
business and corporate social opportunity is a concept whereby organizations consider the interests of
society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees,
shareholders, communities and other stakeholders, as well as the environment. This obligation is seen to
extend beyond the statutory obligation to comply with legislation and sees organizations voluntarily taking
further steps to improve the quality of life for employees and their families as well as for the local
community and society at large.

The practice of CSR is subject to much debate and criticism. Proponents argue that there is a strong
business case for CSR, in that corporations benefit in multiple ways by operating with a perspective
broader and longer than their own immediate, short-term profits. Critics argue that CSR distracts from the
fundamental economic role of businesses; others argue that it is nothing more than superficial window-
dressing; still others argue that it is an attempt to preempt the role of governments as a watchdog over
powerful multinational corporations.

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this paper is to examine the nature and extent of corporate social responsibility (CSR)
initiatives under taken by Indian companies and to study its relevance in business.

Overview

Corporate social responsibility is necessarily an evolving term that does not have a standard definition or a
fully recognized set of specific criteria. With the understanding that businesses play a key role on job and
wealth creation in society, CSR is generally understood to be the way a company achieves a balance or
integration of economic, environmental ,and social imperatives while at the same time addressing
shareholder and stakeholder expectations. CSR is generally accepted as applying to firms wherever they
operate in the domestic and global economy. The way businesses engage/involve the shareholders,
employees, customers, suppliers, governments, non-governmental organizations, international
organizations, and other stakeholders is usually a key feature of the concept. While business compliance
with laws and regulations on social, environmental and economic objectives set the official level of CSR
performance, CSR is often understood as involving the private sector commitments and activities that
extend beyond this foundation of compliance with laws.

From a progressive business perspective, CSR usually involves focusing on new opportunities as a way to
respond to interrelated economic, societal and environmental demands in the marketplace. Many firms
believe that this focus provides a clear competitive advantage and stimulates corporate innovation.

CSR is generally seen as the business contribution to sustainable development which has been defined as
"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs", and is generally understood as focusing on how to achieve the integration of
economic, environmental, and social imperatives. CSR also overlaps and often is synonymous with many
features of other related concepts such as corporate sustainability, corporate accountability, corporate
responsibility, corporate citizenship, corporate stewardship, etc..

CSR commitments and activities typically address aspects of a firm's behaviour (including its policies and
practices) with respect to such key elements as; health and safety, environmental protection, human
rights, human resource management practices, corporate governance, community development, and
consumer protection, labour protection, supplier relations, business ethics, and stakeholder rights.

Corporations are motivated to involve stakeholders in their decision-making and to address societal
challenges because today's stakeholders are increasingly aware of the importance and impact of corporate
decisions upon society and the environment. The stakeholders can reward or punish corporations.
Corporations can be motivated to change their corporate behaviour in response to the business case which
a CSR approach potentially promises. This includes:

1. stronger financial performance and profitability (e.g. through eco-efficiency),

2. improved accountability to and assessments from the investment community,

3. enhanced employee commitment,

4. decreased vulnerability through stronger relationships with communities, and

5. improved reputation and branding.

Criticisms and concerns

Critics of CSR as well as proponents debate a number of concerns related to it. These include CSR's
relationship to the fundamental purpose and nature of business and questionable motives for engaging in
CSR, including concerns about insincerity and hypocrisy.

Critics concerned with corporate hypocrisy and insincerity generally suggest that better governmental and
international regulation and enforcement, rather than voluntary measures, are necessary to ensure that
companies behave in a socially responsible manner. CSR could prove to be a valuable asset in an age of
Mergers & Acquisitions, as it helps firms spread their brand name

INDIAN SCENARIO

Even much before the issue became a global concern, India was aware of corporate social responsibility
(CSR), due to the efforts of organisations such as the Tata Group. (Around 66 per cent of Tata Sons, the
holding group of the Tata Group, is today owned by a trust).

Corporate companies like ITC have made farmer development a vital part of its business strategy, and
made major efforts to improve the livelihood standards of rural communities. Unilever is using micro
enterprises to strategically augment the penetration of consumer products in rural markets. IT companies
like TCS and Wipro have developed software to help teachers and children in schools across India to
further the cause of education. The adult literacy software has been a significant factor in reducing
illiteracy in remote communities. Banks and insurance companies are targeting migrant labourers and
street vendors to help them through micro-credits and related schemes.

In June 2008, a survey was carried out by TNS India (a research organization) and the Times Foundation
with the aim of providing an understanding of the role of corporations in CSR. The findings revealed that
over 90 per cent of all major Indian organizations surveyed were involved in CSR initiatives. In fact, the
private sector was more involved in CSR activities than the public and government sectors. The leading
areas that corporations were involved in were livelihood promotion, education, health, environment, and
women's empowerment. Most of CSR ventures were done as internal projects while a small proportion
were as direct financial support to voluntary organizations or communities.

In a survey carried out by the Asian Governance Association, which ranks the top 10 Asian countries on
corporate governance parameters, India has consistently ranked among the top three along with
Singapore and Hong Kong, for the last eight years.

In another study undertaken by automotive research company, TNS Automotive, India has been ranked
second in global corporate social responsibility. State-owned Bharat Petroleum and Maruti  Udyog were
ranked as the best companies in India.  Bharat Petroleum and Maruti Udyog came on top with 134 points
each, followed by Tata Motors (133) and Hero Honda (131). The study was based on a public goodwill
index and India received 119 points in the index against a global average of 100. Thailand was at the top
slot with 124 points.

Several foundations run by corporate houses plan to devise a common strategy to ensure transparency in
their social and community development operations, such as tracking spending in and progress of such
projects in their annual reports.

The effort is significant because it brings together a wide range of Indian companies to share ideas on
innovating sustainable programmes. Among them are Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd, Anil
Dhirubhai Ambani Group and media company Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd,

Audit firm KPMG will partner with them to offer guidance on evaluating corporate social responsibility or
CSR programmes—a trend companies are slowly embracing as India's expanding economy contrasts
sharply with growing local protests over land for future industrial projects.

The network alliance stems from the first sustainability summit that was organized in January by the
Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India.

CSR could prove to be a valuable asset in an age of mergers and acquisitions, especially as it helps
companies spread their brand name, The new network will also serve as a common ground to lobby with
the government for tax exemptions and safeguard other interests in the future.

Indian companies have made little progress in reporting development projects. And only 48 companies
have so far given their commitment to support the United Nations Global Compact, a charter for improving
the global business environment through standards, such as labour rights and fighting corruption.

Addressing business leaders in May last year, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said "Corporate social
responsibility must not be defined by tax planning strategies alone. Rather, it should be defined within the
framework of a corporate philosophy, which factors the needs of the community and the regions in which
a corporate entity functions."

Some say companies have an inherent "mental block" in reporting development programmes. A recent
KPMG study among 27 Indian companies showed that a mere 8% mentioned their social expenditures in
their annual reports, and only 25% filed CSR reports at all. But a quarter of them are also signatories of
the Global Reporting Initiative, a 10-year-old movement started by an NGO called Coalition for
Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) and the United Nations Environment Programme. This
encourages companies to make voluntary disclosures and lays down framework on improving reporting
principles.

"Most companies tend to give to charities than make long-term development commitments. When a
company voluntarily opens up for self-evaluation, it creates value for shareholders when competing with
other companies," said Parul Soni, associate director of KPMG's Aid and Development Services.

An estimated 100 corporate foundations and 25 foreign firms are involved in CSR activities in India, but
statistics on input and output are elusive.

According to Times' Pandey, the Indian corporate sector spent Rs30,000 crore on social expenditure
during the last financial year, up from Rs17,500 crore the previous year. Quoting from a government
report, he said, companies drew a total exemptions of Rs5,500 crore under income-tax laws last year.
These figures, an analyst said, sound improbable as Indian companies still do not distinguish between
philanthropy and internal practices to benefit stakeholders such as employees and community.

Companies, too, continue to rely on different models to earmark its social expenditure, making it difficult
to measure the overall impact.

For instance, the Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL), the country's largest steel company, spent Rs100
crore on CSR last year; this was 2% of its profit after tax, exclusive of dividend tax, according to SAIL
spokesperson N.K. Singhal. Yet others, such as Tata Steel Ltd, which runs a 850-bed hospital and rural
projects in 800 villages around Jamshedpur, spends an average of Rs150 crore as part of its annual
revenue expenditure.

What eventually makes up for CSR of a company ultimately depends on leadership; as part of company
decision, about 66% of Tata Sons, the holding group of the Tata group, is today owned by a trust.

Pharmaceuticals company Jubilant Organosys Ltd, already runs an anti-tuberculosis programme with the
government of Uttar Pradesh. Apart from schools and hospitals that are run by trusts and societies, the
government, too, is exploring to widen the scope of public-private partnerships to build and maintain
schools and hospitals in return for a fixed annuity payment.

CONCLUSION

The concept of corporate social responsibility has gained prominence from all avenues. Organizations must
realize that government alone will not be able to get success in its endeavor to uplift the downtrodden of
society. The present societal marketing concept of companies is constantly evolving and has given rise to
a new concept-Corporate Social Responsibility. Many of the leading corporations across the world had
realized the importance of being associated with socially relevant causes as a means of promoting their
brands. It stems from the desire to do good and get self satisfaction in return as well as societal obligation
of business.

 The Indian corporate sector spent US$ 6.31 billion on social expenditure during 2007-08, up from US$
3.68 billion spent during the previous fiscal. The Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL), the country's largest
steel company, spent US$ 21.05 million on CSR last year; Tata Steel Ltd, (which runs a 850-bed hospital
and rural projects in 800 villages around Jamshedpur), spends about US$ 31.58 million as part of its
annual revenue expenditure. Now there are plans to also introduce CSR in the small and medium
enterprises (SME) sector to increase its reach in remote areas.

About "CSR( Corporate social responsibility) of

The banks are not only under pressure from the shareholders but also from other stakeholders such as
suppliers, customers, brokers and so on to become more and more responsible in dealing with social
issues in its day to day operations. So, let us discuss everything about CSR initiatives from the banking
perspective.