Jorge hopes an essay test format will yield a better grade, but measures of retention suggest otherwise. Recall requires more cognitive effort than recognition and is prone to greater failure. Additionally, relearning is more difficult than initial learning. An essay test would rely more on recall than a multiple choice format, potentially hindering Jorge's performance.
Jorge hopes an essay test format will yield a better grade, but measures of retention suggest otherwise. Recall requires more cognitive effort than recognition and is prone to greater failure. Additionally, relearning is more difficult than initial learning. An essay test would rely more on recall than a multiple choice format, potentially hindering Jorge's performance.
Jorge hopes an essay test format will yield a better grade, but measures of retention suggest otherwise. Recall requires more cognitive effort than recognition and is prone to greater failure. Additionally, relearning is more difficult than initial learning. An essay test would rely more on recall than a multiple choice format, potentially hindering Jorge's performance.
Jorge hopes an essay test format will yield a better grade, but measures of retention suggest otherwise. Recall requires more cognitive effort than recognition and is prone to greater failure. Additionally, relearning is more difficult than initial learning. An essay test would rely more on recall than a multiple choice format, potentially hindering Jorge's performance.
IM Module Summary Module 32 describes the capacity of our long-term memories and the roles of various brain structures in memory processing. Also discussed are how emotions and changes at the synaptic level affect our memory processing. The module closes with a description of how external cues, internal emotions, and order of appearance influence memory retrieval.
Before beginning the module, take a moment to read each of the following terms and names you will encounter. You may wish to make vocabulary cards for each.
Key Terms Key Names
hippocampus relearning Eric Kandel flashbulb memory priming Hermann Ebbinghaus long-term potentiation (LTP) mood-congruent memory recall serial position effect recognition
While You Read
Answer the following questions /prompts.
1. Discuss our current understanding of the limits of long-term memory.
2. How do we process and store memories?
187 188 Module 32 Memory Storage and Retrieval 7"
1. Discuss the frontal lobe's role in processing particular types of memory.
2. Explain how the hippocampus functions in the encoding of explicit memories.
3. Describe the role that sleep plays in memory consolidation.
1. Apply your knowledge of classical conditioning to the situation in which a patient becomes afraid of a tack. Identify the unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), neutral stimulus (NS), conditioned stimulus (CS) and the conditioned response (CR).
2. Discuss how the cerebellum plays a role in memory processing.
While You Read 189
3. Explain the role of the basal ganglia in procedural memory.
4. Briefly explain infantile amnesia.
1. How does the amygdala play a role in memory processing?
2. Give an example from your own life of a flashbulb memory. Discuss the meaning of the term "flashbulb" in this context. Are flashbulb memories implicit or explicit? Explain.
3. Answer the Try This from page 332: Which do you think is more important—your experiences or your memories of them? Explain your thinking. 190 Module 32 Memory Storage and Retrieval
1. Summarize and discuss the importance of the work of Kandel and Schwartz with the sea slug Aplysia as it relates to memory processing.
2. Explain the meaning of and list the support for long-term potentiation as a physical basis for memory. Provide an example of how this process may be disrupted.
r32-6 ] 1. Discuss the difference between the three measures of retention. Give an example of each from your own life.
2. Use Figure 32.6 and information from the text to summarize and analyze the results of Ebbinghaus' work with memory. While You Read 191
1. Use Figure 32.7 and information from the text to provide a new example of priming.
2. In what ways can context aid memory recall?
3. Explain how state-dependent memory differs from context-dependent memory.
4. How does mood-congruent memory influence the retrieval and recall of other memories? How has this worked in your own experiences?
5. Use Figure 32.9 and information from the text to explain how the primacy and recency effects relate to the serial position phenomenon. Create a new example that illustrates your explanation. 192 Module 32 Memory Storage and Retrieval
Module 32 Review Answer the following questions to see if you have mastered the basics.
1. The brain structure shown to be essential in laying down new explicit memories of names, images and events is the a. amygdala. b. hippocampus. c. cerebellum. d. basal ganglia. e. hypothalamus.
2. The brain structure shown to be necessary in the development of implicit memories for skills, particularly classically conditioned reflexes, is the a. basal ganglia. b, hippocampus. c. amygdala. d. cerebellum. e. hypothalamus.
3. Implicit procedural memories for motor movement or skills like riding a bike seem to be a func- tion of the a. amygdala. b. hippocampus. c. hypothalamus. d. frontal lobes. e. basal ganglia.
4. Which of the following is a typical example of a flashbulb memory?
a. the scrambled eggs you had for breakfast this morning b. the daily homework assignment from your psychology teacher c. your first kiss d. the shirt you wore to school yesterday e. the chores your parent asked you to complete after school
5. Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?
a. recall b. recognition C. relearning d. retrieval e. long-term potentiation
6. Jim has just memorized the following list of words for his 3rd grade spelling test: host, most, coast, boast, ghost. When asked by a classmate, "What do you put in a toaster?" Jim replies "Toast!" "No, silly!" said his friend. "You put bread in a toaster!" What psychological process caused Jim to reply incorrectly? a. long-term potentiation b. priming c. serial position effect d. implicit memory e. recall After You Read 193
Leila is studying an alphabetical list of thirty African countries. She has a test tomorrow in her 4th grade history class and hopes to remember all thirty. According to the serial position effect, it is most likely that Leila will a. remember the countries at the beginning of the list, but not the end. b. recall the countries at the end of the list only c. remember all thirty correctly d. recall the countries at the beginning and end of the list, but not as many from the middle. e. remember the countries from the middle of the list, but not as many from the beginning or the end.
8. Danielle has just broken up with her long-time boyfriend and is feeling quite down. Her friends are trying to cheer her up, but are having a hard time. According to the research on memory, in her current emotional statç, what memories is Danielle most likely to recall? Why?
9. John robbed three banks, stashed the money in a secret place in the woods, then jumped into the getaway car and raced off. Due to his erratic state, he got into a car accident and has suffered trauma to his brain. After leaving the hospital, John still remembered how to drive a car and find his way home. He did not have memory of the bank robbery or the hiding spot of the loot. Discuss which brain structures may have been damaged and which remained undamaged in John's accident and the reasons for your answer.
10. Jorge is preparing for a psychology test and tells you he really hopes the test is in essay format so he'll get a better grade. Based on your understanding of measures of retention, how would you respond to Jorge?
