Screw Threads #2

SCREW THREADS
Worksheets
Bolt Stress NB Pipe ASTM Tube Pump Systems

Bolt Stress NB Pipe ASTM Tube Pump Systems
Data Sheets
Thread Data Formulae Fluid

Properties
Absolute Fluid Property

Moody Chart Fluid Data
Roughness Data
Calculation Sheets
Friction Factor Minor Loss Velocity

Coefficients Coefficient
CraneCoefficient
Velocity Castrol Subsea
Calculations Control Fluids
Issue
A
Originator DW Document 10207
THREADS Checker DD Revision 16
Approver MT Issue 1
Date 10.03.05 Page 1
Pump Systems Allowable

Pressure
Pump Systems Allowable
Pressure
Fluid Technical Data

Properties
Fluid Property
Data
Castrol Subsea
Control Fluids
Date Description Originator Checker Approver

12/08/21 Issued for Approval DW DD MT
SCREW THREADS
Bolt Stress
Coarse Fine
Major Diameter d Err:508 Err:508
Pitch P Err:508 Err:508
Pitch Diameter d2 22.1 5.8
Effective Diameter dEff 21.2 -9.9
Minor/Root Diameter d3 20.3 -10.4
Root Radius R 0.433 4.041
Thread Angle a 60 60
Helix Angle l 2.480 56.885
Basic Triangle Height H 2.598 24.249
Major Diameter Stress Area AD 452.4 452.4
Tensile Stress Area AT 352.5 4.0
Effective Stress Area AT
Polar Moment of Inertia JT 19776 957
Head Hexagon A/F dh Err:508 Err:508
Minimum Engagement Length LE 20.353 0.886
Tap Drill ø Err:508 Err:508

Clearance Fine ø Err:508 Err:508
Medium ø Err:508 Err:508
Coarse ø Err:508 Err:508
Head Friction Diameter df 31.5 30.5

Thread Friction Coefficient μT 0.11
Effective Thread Friction Coefficient μ' 0.13
Head Friction Coefficient μH 0.16
Preload Joint Utilisation

44%
Material Grade
Ultimate Tensile Stress Rm 900 900

.2% Proof Yield Tensile Stress R.2P 720 720
Joint Utilisation Stress R90%P 317 0
Proof Tensile Stress RP 650 650
Bolt Utilisation Extension Force FAllow 112
Torsion Moment TTot 210
Torsional Stress tB 127
von Mises Stress sEff 386
Allowable Tensile Stress R66.6%P 480 480
Bolt Elastic Modulus EBolt 205000000 210000000
Torqueleader
Bolt Tensile Stress sB 270.0 N/mm2

Assembly Torque TTot 418.4 Nm
Clamp Force FClamp 95.2 kN
SCREW THREADS
Thread Data
Torqueleader Joint Utilisation Factor

Joint Type (P) 1
Torque Friction Coefficent K 0.2
536.0 Nm
Torque Loads
Bolt Tension
Bolt Proof Utilisation Force FP 229128 2629
Bolt Extension Force FB 111673 15762
Bolt Allowable Extension Force FAllow 111673 1940
Pitch Diameter Force FPD 4836
Bolt Torque TB 53.3
Thread Friction
Thread Normal Force FT 128949 2240
Pitch Diameter Friction Load FμT 14184
Pitch Diameter Friction Force FμPD 14171
Bolt Friction Torque TT 156.2
Bolt Shear Stress tB 83.7
Head Friction
Nut Friction Force FμH 17867.7
Head Friction Torque TPD 281.4
Total Torque TTot 491.0
Check
Normal Force Angle aN 29.97
Total Torque TTot 492.2
Principal Stresses
DirectMax sMax 493.7
DirectMin sMin -14.2
ShearMax tMax 253.9
von Mises sVM 501.0
Design Margins
Shear Yield Stress Nt 1.28
von Mises Stress NVM 1.30
Ultimate Tensile Stress NUlt 1.77
Proof Force NVM 2.05
SCREW THREADS
Thread Data
LtG
H N
Lnt Lt
* if this is a stud, use "H" as the second nut dimension
Bolt Material ASTM A354-BD

Bolt Type stud
Hole Type "through"
Bolt Length L 60 mm
Head Height H 10.18 mm
Threaded L Lt 38 mm
Non-threaded L Lnt 22
Nut Height N 13 mm
Grip Components
Flange 1 height f1 80 mm
Flange 2 height f2 130 mm
Spacer (total) height st mm
Gasket height gt mm
Washer 1 height w1 10 mm
Washer 1 height w2 10 mm
Grip Length total ft + st + wt + gt LG 229 mm

Grip L no thread LGt = Lnt LntG 22 mm
Grip L thread LG - Lnt LtG 207 mm
Eff L no thread LntG + (0.33 x H) LEnt 25 mm
Eff L thread LtG + (0.5 x N) LEt 214 mm
Eff L total LET 253.0 mm
Bolt Preload
Proof Load As * S y Sp 253.80 kN
Select Maximum Stress Parameter

Maximum Utilisaton Stress %Sp 44 %
Or…ensure
↓ that all other "Desired" fields are clear (deleted)
Maximum Load Fi kN
Or…ensure
↓ that all other "Desired" fields are clear (deleted)
Maximum Allowable Stress σ MPa
By Desired %Sp Fi 111.67 kN

σ 316.80 MPa
%Sp 44% -
By Desired force Fi σ 0.00 MPa
%Sp 0% -
Fi 0.00 kN
By Desired bolt stress σ %Sp 0% -
Fi 0 kN
σ 0 MPa
Resulting %Sp Sp / %Sp %Sp 44% -
Resulting Fi %Sp * Sp Fi 112 kN
Resulting σ σ = Fi/Ast σ 317 MPa
Bolt Elongation
Elongation nt ( Fi * L E ) / E * A s δ nt 0.000 mm
Elongation t ( Fi * L E ) / E * A s δt 0.000 mm
Elongation total δ nt + δ t δ 0.000 mm
Tolerance +/- % δΔ 5%
Min Elong δmin 0.000 mm
Max Elong δmax 0.000 mm
Strain ε = δ / LE ε 0.000
Assembly by Tensioning
Tool Area Ta 892 mm2
load loss by logical argument 1.1
Load Loss ratio 1.01 + Dn / LE L/L 1.1
load loss by logical argument
PA to PB ratio A/B 1.1
"A" Pressure PA 152 bar
Equivalent Load A 14 kN
Equivalent %SP 5%
"B" Pressure PB 138 bar
Assembly by Torquing
Friction Fa K Assumed * 0.14
Torque T T = K * Dn * F i
375 Nm
Assembly by "Turn of Nut" ft-lb
Angle ° (360 x δ) / pitch
0
Allowable DFi Δ +/- % 3%

Min PreloaFimin 109 kN
Max Prelo Fimax 114 kN
Min Stress σ min 309 MPa
Max Stressσ max 325 MPa
Min safe K Factor
K min 0.137
Max safe K Factor
K max 0.144
if Actual K Factor
Fi Preload Force 195 kN
0.08 %Sp % Proof 77% -
σ Bolt Stress 554 MPa
0.10 %Sp % Proof 62% -
0.12 %Sp % Proof 51% -
0.14 %Sp % Proof 44% -
0.16 %Sp % Proof 39% -
0.18 %Sp % Proof 34% -
0.20 %Sp % Proof 31% -
0.22
0.22 %Sp % Proof 28% -
0.24 %Sp % Proof 26% -
0.26 %Sp % Proof 24% -
0.28 %Sp % Proof 22% -
Resultant Bolt Stress vs Actual K Factor
(Metric)
Bolt Stress (MPa) 500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
Maximum Bolt Stress

50
Minimum Bolt Stress
0
0.08 0.13 0.18 0.23
K Factor
Danger: Bolt Stress values above the red line represent overtightened fasteners
Danger: Bolt Stress values below the blue line represent looose fasteners
Metric
K %Sp Fi Stress Max Fi Min Fi Max Stress Min Stress
0.08 77% 195 554 114 109 325 309
0.1 62% 156 444 114 109 325 309
0.12 51% 130 370 114 109 325 309
0.14 44% 112 317 114 109 325 309
0.16 39% 98 277 114 109 325 309
0.18 34% 87 246 114 109 325 309
0.2 31% 78 222 114 109 325 309
0.22 28% 71 202 114 109 325 309
0.24 26% 65 185 114 109 325 309
0.26 26% 60 171 114 109 325 309
0.28 22% 56 158 114 109 325 309
Max Fi 114
Min Fi 109
THREADS
Bolt Torque
Checker DD Revision 16 Bolt Diameter (D)
Approver MT Issue 1 Thread (T.P.I.)
Stress Date 10.03.05 Page 1 Yield Strength (Sy)
Index
mm 352.5043 Bolt Diameter

mm Thread Pitch
mm Thread Root Diameter
mm 0.882726 Bolt Ultimate Tensile S
mm 0.846643 Bolt .2% Proof Yield Te
mm Bolt Proof Tensile Stre
deg Bolt Elastic Modulus
deg Coefficient of Friction
mm Joint Length
mm2 Joint Elastic Modulus
mm2 0.999999
mm2
mm4
mm A/F Output Data
Bolt Tension Stress Ar
mm Maximum Bolt Torque
Maximum Bolt Pre-Loa
mm 324.2743 75% Bolt Pre-Load
mm
mm 9.548554 Bolt Stiffness
mm 0.209713 Joint Stiffness
Stiffness Constant
mm
Minimum Bolt Quantity
Bolt Quantity
1.15470
176457.27 Clamping Force
% Separation Load
Reserve Factor
N/mm2 10.02602
N/mm2
N/mm2 53.32005
N/mm 2
176457.27
kN
Nm 80215.11 80214.09
N/mm2 0.1273099 171110.1
N/mm2 237578.7
N/mm2 1.1547005
Gpa(N/m2) 235276.4
732.2766
Nord Lock
156.3933
491 Nm
111.7 kN

Approver MT Issue 1
d Data Date 10.03.05 Page 1
Index
Joint Utilisation Factor Joint Type (P)
Shear 0.1 ~ 0.02
Tension (gasket) 0.35 ~ 0.4
Tension (no gasket) 0.5 ~ 0.6
Vibration >0.7
Bolt Extension Measurement 0.85 ~ 0.95
Structural Shear >1.0
Nut Factor (K)

Moly paste 700F 0.067 Bolt Tightening Calculation using To
Anti-seize HD 2400F 0.085 Stud Nom Dia Dn 25.4 mm
Copper anti-seize 1800F 0.1 Bolt Material
Nickel anti-seize 2600F 0.11 Bolt Material Fu
Copper-graphite anti-seize 1800 0.1 Bolt Material Fy
API SA2 0.117 Bolt Elastic Modulus
Machine oil 0.15 Bolt/Nut Proof Load Fpr 0.0 kN
As received, Alloy or Mild Steel 0.2 Proof Stress Spr =Fpr/Aeff
As received, Stainless Steel 0.3 Spr0.0 MPa 0 psi
Cadmium plate (dry) 0.2 Bolt Tension Required X 44.00% Bfy
Zinc coating (Hot-Dip Galvanized) 0.3 Nut Flats OD (Nut AF Measurement) N
Nut Flats ID (bolt hole diameter or nut c
Nut Flats PCD Np 34.9 mm 1 3/8 in
N Required Bolt Stress

N
N Bolt Load
N 5.400168
Nm 62.91196 Bolt Strain
Sharp Thread Height
N Thread Engagement HHH
N Sharp Root Diameter DrDnH
N Stud Minor Dia DmDnH
Nm Pitch Diameter Dp DnH
N/mm2 408.5942 144031.1 Sharp Crest Diameter DcDnH
EffectiveStressDia DeffDnH
N 0.477465 53.32005 EffectiveStressArea AeffDeff
Nm Torsion Mom of Inertia Jeff 12153.7 m
Nm 53.32 Nm
deg 1.400455 156.3933 Torque Loads: Display chart format M

Nm Bolt Extension (no friction)
156.39 Nm -Force required at Dp Fbh FbPtDp
2.52 281.4166 -Torque required TbFbhDp
N/mm 2 - Tensile Stress in Bolt Sa Fb Aeff
N/mm2 281.4 Nm Friction at Threads
N/mm2 491.1 Nm - Force normal to thread Fn =Fb /cos(O
N/mm2 - Thread Coating/Lubricant
Thread Coeff Friction
N/mm2 - Friction Load at Dp Ft = Fn*Ct
N/mm2 -Force reqd Fth =Ft*,*Dp/ Pt +(,*Dp )
N/mm2 -Torque required TtFthDp
N/mm2 -ShearStressinBolt SsTtDeff Jeff
Friction at Nut
Err:509
- Nut Coating/Lubricant
Nut Coeff Friction
- Friction Load at Np Fn FbCn
- Torque required Tn FnNp
Total Torque to Tighten Stud Bolt
Torque by Simple Method Bolting Fact

Principal Stresses:
Direct Max S
Direct Min SSaSaSs
Shear Max TSaSs
von Mises Stressvo
Originator DW Document 10207 Design Margins

THREADS Checker DD Revision 16 Shear Yield 12% Bfy
Approver MT Issue 1
d Data Date 10.03.05 Page 1 Ultimate StressTBfu
Proof Load Fb Fpr
Index
nut dimension
Logic Check
Full
Full
Empty
Empty
Full
Full
grip length by logic

metric
stud bolt
253 248.92
Full Full
Empty Full
Empty Full
Nut Factor (K)
As received, Alloy or Mild Steel 0.200
As received, Stainless Steel 0.300
Cadmium plate (dry) 0.200
Zinc coating (Hot-Dip Galvanized) 0.300
Moly paste 700F 0.067
Anti-seize HD 2400F 0.085
Copper anti-seize 1800F 0.100
Copper-Graphite anti-seize 1800F 0.100
Nickel andti-seize 2600F 0.110
API SA2 0.117
Machine oil 0.150
Bolt Diameter d= 16
Major Diameter Stress Area AD 0.00
Tensile Stress Area AT 0.00
Bolt Elastic Modulus EBolt 0E+00
Nut Height H 16
Grip Length l 0
Unthreaded Grip Length ld 22
Threaded Grip Length lt -22
Bolt Stiffness kB #DIV/0!
Ply Stiffness
0.23 0.28
K Min Kmax
0.14 0.14
0.14 0.14
0.14 0.14
0.14 0.14
0.14 0.14
0.14 0.14
0.14 0.14
0.14 0.14
0.14 0.14
0.14 0.14
0.14 0.14
Bolt Torque Calculators Autus International
Bolt Diameter (D) 24.00
Thread (T.P.I.) 3.00
Yield Strength (Sy) 233
D 8 mm
p 1.25 mm
d 6.466 mm
Rm 700 N/mm2
R.2P 450 N/mm2
R85%P 382.5 N/mm2
EBolt 1.93E+08 N/mm2
μ 0.12
LJoint 43 mm
EJoint 1.93E+08 N/mm2
AS 36.61 mm2
TMAX 22.40 Nm
FMAX 14003 N
F.75 10502 N
kBolt ### N/m

kJoint 51201361 N/m
Ck 0.76
NMin #DIV/0!
N 4
FClamp 42008 N
4.28 tonne
#DIV/0!
N/A N/A
44.00%
1
1 1/8 in
0.18
0.18
60 deg
8
0
0
in
lb
Bfy
ening Calculation using Torque (UN inch size bolts) Ver 1.000
Dia Dn 25.4 mm
A193 B7 <=2.5
Steel, Lightly Oiled (as delivered)
Steel, Lightly Oiled (as delivered)
Bfu 861.8 MPa 125000 psi
roof Load Fpr 0.0 kN Bfy 723.9 MPa 105000 psi
s Spr =Fpr/Aeff E 204771.1 MPa 29700000 psi
on Required X 44.00% Bfy

OD (Nut AF Measurement) Nd 41.3 mm 1 5/8 in
D (bolt hole diameter or nut chamfer) Ni 28.6
CD Np 34.9 mm 1 3/8 in
Sb= X*Bfy Sb 318.5 Mpa
Fb = Sb * Aeff Fb 124.5 kN
e=SbEb e 0.00155556 mm/mm

H= P/(2*tan/2) H 2.75 mm
gagement HHH 13/8* H1 1.7 mm
Diameter DrDnH = - 2*7/8* Dr20.6 mm 0.810557 in
r Dia DmDnH = - 2*3/4* Dm 21.3 mm 0.837620 in
eter Dp DnH = - 2 * 3/8*Dp23.3 mm 0.918810 in
t Diameter DcDnH =+/8 25.7 mm 1.013532 in
ressDia DeffDnH = - 2*9/16* Deff 22.3 mm 0.878215 in
ressArea AeffDeff * /4 Aeff 390.8 mm
om of Inertia Jeff 12153.7 mm
oads: Display chart format Metric

sion (no friction)
uired at Dp Fbh FbPtDp Fbh 5.4 kN 1211.9 lb
quired TbFbhDp Tb62.9 N.m 556.8 lb.in
tress in Bolt Sa Fb Aeff = /Sa318.5 MPa 46200.0 psi
mal to thread Fn =Fb /cos(O/2) Fn 143.7 kN 32314.9 lb

oating/Lubricant
Ct 0.18
Load at Dp Ft = Fn*Ct Ft25.9 kN 5816.7 lb
d Fth =Ft*,*Dp/ Pt +(,*Dp ) Fth 25.8 kN 5810.7 lb
quired TtFthDp Tt 301.6 N.m 2669.5 lb.in
ssinBolt SsTtDeff Jeff =*/2/Ss276.8 MPa 40144.3 psi
Fb 124.5 kN
ng/Lubricant
Cn 0.18
Load at Np Fn FbCn = Fn22.4 kN 5037.4 lb
quired Tn FnNp Tn 391.3 Nm
que to Tighten Stud Bolt 755.8 Nm
Simple Method Bolting Factor
SSaSaSs 478.6 Mpa

160.1 Mpa
319.3 Mpa
vonMisesStress SvBfy575.6 Mpa
<%%Bfy
Required Actual
90% 88.2% OK
90% 79.5% OK
75% 74.1% OK
75%
mm Input Data Input Data
mm2 Filter Seal Diameter DSeal 40.56 mm
mm2 Filter Seal Area ASeal 1292 mm2
N/m2
Hydraulic Pressure P 342 bar 34.2 N/mm2
mm Separation Force FHyd 44189 N
mm
mm Bolt Quantity N 4
mm Thread Diameter
N/m Thread Pitch
Thread Pitch Diameter
Thread Root Diameter
Thread Engagement Len
Material Ultimate Tensile
Material .2% Proof Yield
Material Proof Tensile Str
Material Elastic Modulus
Preload Force
Joint Length LJoint 43 mm
Joint Elastic Modulu EJoint 1.93E+08 N/mm2
Output Data
Bolt Torque
Thread Shear Stress Are
Output Data Thread Yield Shear Stres
Material Shear Stress
Maximum Bolt Torque TMAX 536.03 Nm
Maximum Bolt Pre-Load FMAX 111673 N
75% Bolt Pre-Load F.75 83755 N Utilisation Factor
Reserve Factor
Bolt Stiffness kBolt 1.68E+18 N/m
Joint Stiffness kJoint 1.53E+08 N/m
Stiffness Constant Ck 1.00
Minimum Bolt Quantity NMin 1.58
Bolt Quantity N 4
Clamping Force FClamp 335020 N

Separation Load 34.16 tonne
Reserve Factor 2.5
Input Data
Screw Quantity N 2
Screw Length LS 16
Joint Length LJoint 11 mm

Joint Elastic Modulus EJoint 1.93E+11 N/mm2
Separation Force 2878 N
Dynamic Load mDyn 0.29 tonne
Output Data
Maximum Screw Torq TMAX 294.82 i

Maximum Screw Pre FMAX 111673 N
75% Screw Pre-Load F.75 83755 N
Pressure Cone Diame DC 26.50 mm

Bolt Stiffness kBolt 6.57E+18 N/m
Joint Stiffness kJoint 2.39E+10 N/m
Minimum Screw Quant NMin 0.10
Clamping Force FClamp 167510 N

Separation Load 17.08 tonne
Reserve Factor 19.4
Relation Formula Between Bolt and Tightening Torque
A tightened body tightening force stabilization agent capable of minimizing a variation in
T=kdF
K=1/2{(d1/d)tan(θ'+β)+(d2/d)}≒0.2
θ'=tan-1μ1/(cosα/2)
T: Tightening torque --------------------N-m

K: Torque coefficient
d: Normal bolt size ----------------------mm
F: Axial tension -------------------------N
d1: Pitch diameter -----------------------mm
d2: Pitch diameter ofunder head ---------mm
μ1: Thread friction coeffcient
μ2: Underhead friction coefficient
α: Half angle of screw thread
β: Lead angle
θ': Angle off riction svrew thread
Input Data
Thread Diameter D 8 mm
Thread Pitch p 1.25 mm
Thread Pitch Diameter d 7.188 mm
Thread Root Diameter d 6.466 mm
Thread Engagement Length L 15 mm
Material Ultimate Tensile Stres Rm 490 N/mm2
Material .2% Proof Yield Tensile R.2P 190 N/mm2
Material Proof Tensile Stress R85%P 161.5 N/mm2
Material Elastic Modulus UNS S EJoint 1.93E+08 N/mm2
Preload Force FPreload 15000 N
Output Data
Bolt Torque T 24 Nm
Thread Shear Stress Area AS 20.29 mm2
Thread Yield Shear Stress (Von tY 109.63 N/mm2
Material Shear Stress t 98.5 N/mm2
Utilisation Factor FU 0.90

Reserve Factor FR 1.11
mizing a variation in torque coefficient suitable for controlling a tightened body tightening force by a torque
ng force by a torque method, comprising, as an active ingredient, a polymer of unsaturated chain hydrocarb
rated chain hydrocarbon with a carbon quantity of four; a method for stabilization of tightened body tighten
ghtened body tightening force, comprising the steps of applying the polymer to at least either of a thread pa
t either of a thread part such as a bolt member and a washer and the threaded part or seat surface of the ti
seat surface of the tightened body and performing a tightening operation.
SCREW THREADS
Thread Data
Input Data
Seal Diameter DSeal 40 mm
Seal Area ASeal 1257 mm2
Hydraulic Pressure P 400 bar 40 N/mm2

Separation Force FHyd 50265 N
Bolt Quantity N 4
1. ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF BOLTED JOINTS
As the bolt is tightened, the tension in the bolt increases, the plates
compress, and the extension of the bolt increases. This is represented as
line 0AC in the graph below.
The joint plates are compressed along line CA.
If nut tightening is stopped at A, the preload tension in the bolt, Fbp will
equal the compressive force on the connected plates.
At point A, bolt elongation is Xb and the compression of the plates is Xp.

If nut tightening is stopped at A, the preload tension in the bolt, Fbp will
equal the compressive force on the connected plates.
At point A, bolt elongation is Xb and the compression of the plates is Xp.
The external force that would cause the plates to separate, Fe or (CM)
must stretch the bolt an additional Xp for a total bolt elongation of: Xb + Xp.
Since triangles OAD and OBC are similar:
Fe / Fbp = (Xb + Xp) / Xb
or Fe = Fbp * [(Xb + Xp) / Xb ]

---------------------------- (1)
As long as the bolt and plates are elastic, they act as springs with stiffness
K.
Xb =Fbp / Kb and Xp = Fbp / Kp

--------------------------- (2)
Substituting (2) in (1):

Fe = Fb * (Kb + Kp) / Kp
or Fb = Fe * Kp / (Kb + Kp)
-------------------------------------- (3)
Stiffness of Plates
Plate effective diameter, Dp = 1.5 * Bd

--------------------------------------------------------- (4)
Combined stiffness of 3 plates: 1 / Kp = 1 / K1 + 1 / K2 + 1 / K3
Combined plate stiffness: Kp = Ep * Ap / Lp
Compression due to preload in joint plates, Fc = Kp * Xp

------------------------------- (5)
The nut is turned until bolt tension, Fe is equal to the load required to
separate the joint plates.
Input
Guess bolt preload per bolt, Fbp = 111,673 N Bolt Size TPI
Bolt nominal size, D = 0.500 in inch UNC-2A
Bolt stress area, Ab = As = 0.7854 in^2 0.250 20
Bolt allowable tensile stress, Sta = 40 ksi 0.375 16
Bolt modulus of elasticity, Eb = ### psi 0.500 13
Plate 1 thickness, X1 = 0.500 in 0.625 11
Modulus of elasticity of plate-1, E1 = ### psi 0.875 9
Modulus of elasticity of plate-2, E2 = ### psi 1.000 8
Calculation
Plate effective area, Ap = 3.1416 * (1.5 * D)^2 / 4 ALLOWABLE
= 0.442 in^2 BOLT TENSION KSI
Plate-1 stiffness: K1 = E1 * Ap / X1 A307
= 25623675 lb/in A325
= 17082450 lb/in
1 / Kp = 1 / K1 + 1 / K2 Metal
= ### Brass
Stiffness of 2 plates, Kp = ### lb/in Bronze
0.1419 n of 2 plates, Xp = Fbp / Kp Cast Iron
= 0.010896 in Duralumin
Bolt length, Lb = X1 + X2 Monel
= 1.250 lb/in Mild Steel
Bolt stiffness, Kb = Eb * Ab / Lb Stn Steel
= ### lb/in
Bolt extension, Xb = Fbp / Kb
= 0.006129 in Equivalent dia. of be
Bolt load for joint separation, Fe = Fbp * [(Xb + Xp) / Xb ]
= 310,203 lbs
Bolt tension stress, Sb = Fe / Ab Bolt pre-load applied torque
= 394,962 psi
Safety factor, SF = Sta / Sb Bolt pre-load applied torque d
= 0.10
2. NUT TORQUE DUE TO FRICTION AND BOLT TENSION
An alternate analysis of bolted joints is summarized below. Bolt tension is

estimated based on the torque applied to the nut.
An alternate analysis of bolted joints is summarized below. Bolt tension is
estimated based on the torque applied to the nut.
Bolt tension, Tq is the load resulting from tightening torque, Q applied to the
nut, above. The torque coefficient, C was measured experimentally under a
variety of conditions.
Bolt torque, Q = C x D x Tq
D = Bolt nominal diameter.

Fe = Bolt external tension force.
Tq = Bolt internal tension force due to torque Q.
C = Torque coefficient.
f = Coefficient of friction.
As = Bolt stress area and is the minimum section at the thread root.
a G.A. Maney, Predicting Bolt Tension, Fasteners Data Book.
Friction, f Bolt Size TPI

If the connection is dry steel, not lubricated inch UNC-2A
approximately 40% of the total torque, Q is
reacted by shear in the bolt. The remaining 1/4 20
60% of torque is balanced by friction. 3/8 16
1/2 13
Ref: V.M. Faires, Design of Machine
Elements, Pub. The Macmillan Company, 5/8 11
New York. 3/4 10
7/8 9
Ref: V.M. Faires, Design of Machine
Elements, Pub. The Macmillan Company,
New York.
1 8
Input
Bolt external tension load, Fe = 6000 lbs ALLOWABLE
Bolt allowable tension stress, Sta = 40000 psi BOLT TENSION KSI
Bolt diameter, D = 0.750 in A307
Bolt stress area, As = 0.4418 in^2 A325
Coefficient of friction, f = 0.150 A354
Bolt torque, Q = 500 in-lbs
Calculation
Torque coefficient, C = 1.33 * f 159
= 0.20
Bolt torque tension force, Tq = Q / ( C * D )
= 3342 lbs
Total bolt tensile stress, Stb = ( Tq + Fe ) / As
= 21145 psi
Bolt polar moment area, J = Pi * D^4 / 32
0.0311 in^4
Bolt torque shear stress, Ssb = 0.40 * Q * D / ( 2 * J ) (40% of applied torque)
= 2414 psi
Bolt principal tension stress, Sp = ( Stb^2 + Ssb^2 )^(1/2)
= 21282 psi
Safety factor, SF = Sta / Sp
= 1.88
3. BOLT TENSION DUE TO TURNS OF
THE NUT
Xb = Bolt extension due to turns of the nut
Xp = Combined plate compression due to
turns of the nut
Xt = Total bolt extension
TPI = Bolt thread pitch, turns per inch
P = 1 / TPI = Thread pitch
N = Number of 360 degree turns of the nut
Turns of the nut, N = Xt * TPI
The calculations below are based on the

elastic analysis above.
THE BOLT AND PLATE DIAGRAMS FROM ABOVE HAVE BEEN REPRODUCED HERE
Input
Guess bolt preload per bolt, Fbp = 4000 lbs
Bolt nominal size, D = 0.875 in Bolt Size TPI
Bolt threads per inch, TPI = 9 tpi inch UNC-2A
Bolt stress area, Ab = As = 0.6013 in^2 0.250 20
Bolt allowable tensile stress, Sta = 40 ksi 0.375 16
Bolt modulus of elasticity, Eb = 29000000 psi 0.500 13
Modulus of elasticity of plate-1, E1 = 29000000 psi 0.875 9
Modulus of elasticity of plate-2, E2 = 10500000 psi 1.000 8
Calculation
Plate effective area, Ap = 3.1416 * (1.5 * D)^2 / 4 ALLOWABLE
1.353 in^2 BOLT TENSION KSI
62778004 lb/in A325
18941639 lb/in
1 / Kp = 1 / K1 + 1 / K2 Metal
= 6.87E-08 Brass
Stiffness of 2 plates, Kp = 14551193 lb/in Bronze
Compression of 2 plates, Xp = Fbp / Kp Cast Iron
= 0.000275 in Duralumin
Bolt length, Lb = X1 + X2 Monel
= 1.375 lb/in Mild Steel
Bolt stiffness, Kb = Eb * Ab / Lb Stn Steel
= 12681964 lb/in
Bolt extension, Xb = Fbp / Kb
0.000315 in
Total bolt extension at separation, Xt = Xb + Xp
= 0.000590
Turns of the nut, N = Xt * TPI
0.0053
Total nut rotation angle, A = N * 360
1.91 degrees
Bolt load for joint separation, Fe = Fbp * [(Xb + Xp) / Xb ]

= 7486 lbs
Bolt tension stress, Sb = Fe / Ab
= 12450 psi
Safety factor, SF = Sta / Sb
= 3.21
CONCLUSION
The nut is turned enough to bring the plates together with zero clearance
and near zero tension in the bolt. This is called "snugging" the plates
together.
Next the nut is turned until bolt tension, Fe is equal to the load required to
separate the joint plates.
The calculation above shows that if the nut turns 2.5 degrees further than
snug, the preload in the bolt will be 4000 lbs and the total bolt tension at
joint separation will be 7866 lbs.
If the nut rotates double 2.5 that is 5 degrees, the total bolt tension at
separation will also be double, 15732 lbs.
For this reason the nut rotation method is considered to be unreliable,

difficult to control, and unsafe.
4. BOLT TORQUE METHOD

Many tests have been published listing the allowable torque for a wide
range of bolt materials and sizes. Most bolted assemblies manufactured
today are done with a torque wrench and rely on the accuracy of these test
results.
CONCLUSION
The torque test conditions must be duplicated in each joint assembled to
achieve safe bolted connections.
results.
CONCLUSION
The torque test conditions must be duplicated in each joint assembled to
achieve safe bolted connections.
RELATED LINKS
1. Allowable torque for U.S.S / S.A.E. bolts:

http://www.angelfire.com/fl4/pontiacdude428/Bolt.html
2. Allowable torque for S.A.E. bolts:

http://www.engineersedge.com/torque_table_sae.htm
3. Allowable torque for S.A.E. bolts:

http://www.raskcycle.com/techtip/webdoc14.html
4. Bolt torque calculator:

http://www.engineersedge.com/calculators/torque_calc.htm
5. Bolt torque calculator: http://www.futek.com/boltcalc.aspx
END OF WORKSHEET
Approver MT Issue 1
Index
ANALYSIS OF BOLTED JOINTS
The bolts pictured above are used to secu

flange. Pressure in the pipe is resisted by
or O-ring is usually inserted between the tw
There are four methods in use for the anal

elastic
BOLT force balance,
FORCES ANDfriction between nut
andGEOMETRY
allowable nut torque. Each of the met
maintaining zero leakage
See illustration right. and loss of press
Fbp = Bolt pre-load tension
Each of the four methods of understanding
force
performance is outlined
Fc = Compression below.
force in However fa
considered.
plates
Fe = External force required
to separate joint
D = Bolt diameter
Dp = Bolt thread pitch
diameter
Dmin = Bolt thread root
diameter
Dh = Bolt hole diameter
N = Number of bolts
Lb = Unloaded bolt length
P = Bolt thread pitch
Xb = Bolt extension
Xp = Plate compression
D = Bolt diameter
Dp = Bolt thread pitch
diameter
Dmin = Bolt thread root
diameter
Dh = Bolt hole diameter
N = Number of bolts
Lb = Unloaded bolt length
P = Bolt thread pitch
Xb = Bolt extension
Xp = Plate compression
Kb = Bolt stiffness
Kp = Combined stiffness of
plates
Eb = Bolt modulus of elasticity
Ep = Plate modulus of
elasticity
arate, Fe or (CM)
longation of: Xb + Xp.
b]
springs with stiffness
Kp
2 + 1 / K3
Xp
load required to
Input
Minor Bolt 1/2-13 UNC
Diameter Bolt material SAE Grade 8
0.1894Design bolt tensile strength, σ = 150,000 psi
0.2992t pre-load percent allowable, p = 55 %
0.4069 Thread per inch, N = 13 threads/inch
0.5152 Nominal bolt diameter, d = 0.500 in
0.6291 Thread half angle, α = 30 degrees
0.7408 Thread pitch or lead, L = in
0.8492 & thread friction coefficient, µ = 0.15
Calculation
ALLOWABLE Screw thread pitch, P = 1 / N
BOLT TENSION KSI = 0.0769 in
14.00 Thread pitch diameter, d2 = 0.92*d
40.00 = 0.4600 in
50.00 earing surface diameter, Do = 1.5*d =b
= 0.75 in
E x 10 6
bearing surface diameter, Di = d
15 = 0.500
17 Thread pitch diameter, dp = d - 0.649519*P
14 = 0.4500 in
10.5 Thread minor diameter, dm = d - 1.299038*P
26 = 0.4001 in
30 Bolt thread stress area, As = (π/4)*((dm + dp) / 2)^2
29 = 0.1419 in^2
Pre-load axial bolt load, Pb = (p/100)*σ*As
= 11,707 lbs
Equivalent dia. of bearing surfaces, Dw = (2/3)*(Do - Di3) / (Do2 - Di2)
3
= 0.6333
Bolt pre-load applied torque, Tp = Ts + Tw
Bolt pre-load applied torque due to threads, Ts = (Pb/2)*((P/π) + µ*d2 / Cos(α'/57.3))
610 in-lbs
Bolt pre-load applied torque due to bearing, Tw = (Pb/2)*(µ*Dw)
556 in-lbs
Bolt pre-load applied torque, Tp = Ts + Tw
1166
ENSION
below. Bolt tension is

below. Bolt tension is
orque, Q applied to the

xperimentally under a
he thread root.
a Book.
Minor
Diameter
0.1894
0.2992
0.4069
0.5152
0.6291
0.7408
0.8492
ALLOWABLE
BOLT TENSION KSI
14.00
40.00
50.00
(40% of applied torque)

N REPRODUCED HERE
Minor
Diameter
0.1894
0.2992
0.4069
0.5152
0.6291
0.7408
0.8492
ALLOWABLE
BOLT TENSION KSI
14.00
40.00
50.00
E x 106
15
17
14
10.5
26
30
29
with zero clearance
ging" the plates
the load required to
degrees further than

otal bolt tension at
al bolt tension at
to be unreliable,
torque for a wide

blies manufactured
accuracy of these test
joint assembled to
joint assembled to
ml
alc.htm
alc.aspx
SIS OF BOLTED JOINTS
s pictured above are used to secure the cover plate to the pipe
ressure in the pipe is resisted by tension in the bolts. A gasket
is usually inserted between the two plates.
e four methods in use for the analysis of bolted connections:

rce balance,
FORCES friction between nut and plate, turns of the nut,
AND
wable
METRY nut torque. Each of the methods must result in
ng zero leakage
ustration right. and loss of pressure.
Bolt pre-load tension
he four methods of understanding and controlling bolted joint
nce is outlined
Compression below.
force in However fatigue loading is not
ed.
External force required
arate joint
olt diameter
Bolt thread pitch
ter
= Bolt thread root
ter
Bolt hole diameter
umber of bolts
Unloaded bolt length
olt thread pitch
Bolt extension
Plate compression
olt diameter
Bolt thread pitch
ter
= Bolt thread root
ter
Bolt hole diameter
umber of bolts
Unloaded bolt length
olt thread pitch
Bolt extension
Plate compression
Bolt stiffness
Combined stiffness of
Bolt modulus of elasticity

Plate modulus of
city
SCREW THREADS
Bolt Stress
Bolt Stiffness
Bolt Diameter d= 24 mm
Major Diameter Stress Area AD 452.39 mm2
Tensile Stress Area AT 352.50 mm2
Bolt Elastic Modulus EBolt 2E+17 N/m2
Bolt Length L 60 mm
Nut Height H 16 mm
Grip Length l 45 mm
Unthreaded Grip Length ld 6 mm
Threaded Grip Length lt 39 mm
Bolt Stiffness kB 1.655E+15 N/m
Ply Stiffness
61.98076
Cone Angle α 30 Deg

Clearance Hole DC 27.00 mm
Ply Ply Frusta Modulus Cone Stiffness

Member Thickness Thickness of Head
Elasticity Diameter Km 1/kM
mm N/m 2
mm N/m m/N
1 20 20 ### 36 1.06E+10 9.46E-11
2 25 2.5 ### 59.09 1.04E+11 9.6E-12
3 22.5 ### 36 5.47E+09 1.83E-10
4 0 0
5 0 0
6 0 0
7 0 0
8 0 0
9 0 0
10 0 0
Σ(1/Km) 2.87E-10
Ply Stiffness kM 3482576846
Joint Stiffness Σ(1/(KB + KM) 2.871E-10

kM 3.483E+09
Joint Force-Deflection Diagram

Min. Force in member (separation force/ Fmin = 0 lb
Max. external force applied per bolt Fe = 9000 lb Rule of thumb
Preload force on bolt Fi = 9000 lb Fi = Fe
Maximum force on bolt due to Fe Fb = 17999.98 lb

Min force in clamped members due to F Fm= 8999.981 lb
External force required to produce separ Fs = 4.28E+09 lb
Force on Bolt and Members versus the Deflection Force on Bolt a
14000
12000
Force
Force
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-0.0025 -0.002 -0.0015 -0.001 -0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001 -0.0025 -0.002 -0.0015
Deflection
Xi = 5.44E-12 in Xi = 5.44E-12 in
Xmi = 2.58E-06 in Xmi = #DIV/0! in
eltaX = 5.44E-12 in DeltaX = 5.44E-12 in
xmin= 2.58E-06 xmin= #DIV/0!
Xm = 1.09E-11 in Xm = 1.09E-11 in
Bolt line Member line Falt, Fmean line Bolt line Member line
x1 y1 x2 y2 x5 y5 x1 y1 x2
-5E-12 0 0 9000 -5.44E-12 0 -5.44E-12 0 0
0 9000 5.44E-12 8999.981 -5.44E-12 6749.995 0 9000 5.44E-12
5E-12 17999.98 2.58E-06 0 -5.44E-12 13499.99 5.44E-12 18000 #DIV/0!
3E-06 4.28E+09 -5.44E-12 15749.99 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
-5.44E-12 17999.98
Fsep line Fm,Fb line Fsep line
x3 y3 x6 y6 x3 y3
5E-12 8999.981 2.58E-06 4.28E+09 5.44E-12 9000
5E-12 13499.98 2.58E-06 2.14E+09 5.44E-12 13500
5E-12 17999.98 2.58E-06 0 5.44E-12 18000
Mean force on the bolt Fmean = 13499.99 lb

Alternating force on bolt Falt = 4499.991 lb
Goodman Diagram
Ultimate Strength of the Bolt (table 8-4 o Sut = 120.00 kpsi
Yield Strength of bolt (table 8-4 or 8-5) Sy = 85 kpsi
Maximum Strength for Infinite Life (table Se = 18.6 kpsi
Applied Stress
Mean Stress on Bolt SigM = 0.038297 kpsi
Alternating Stress on Bolt SigA = 0.012766 kpsi
Preload stress on Bolt SigP = 0.025532 kpsi
Alternating Stress (Kpsi)
Goodman Diagram of Bolt Stresses

Goodman Diag

25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0
0 20 40
Mean Stress (Kpsi)
M
x1 y2 x2 y2 x1 y1
0 18.6 42.51277 42.48723 0 18.6
### 0 85 0 120.00 0
F1511 = 16.10047
x3 y3 x4 y4 G1411 = 16.126 x3 y3
0.026 0 0 16.10047 F1512 = 42.48723 0.025532 0
0.038 0.012766 16.126 16.10047 G1412 = 42.51277 0.038297 0.012766
16.13 16.10047 G141 = 16.126 kpsi 16.126 16.10047
42.51 42.48723 42.51277 42.48723
x5 y5 x6 y6 x5 y5
0 0.012766 120.00 0 0 0.012766
0.038 0.012766 0 0.01277 0.038297 0.012766
Fatigue Strengths
Equivalent Stress used for S-N Diagram Seq = 0.01277 kpsi
Sa value used for the Safety Factor (Inf Sa = 16.10047 kpsi
Safety Factor for the Bolt (Inf Life) N = 1261.22 0
S-N Diagram S-N Diagram
S-N Diagram for Bolt Loading S-
1000 1000
Stress (Kpsi)
Stress (Kpsi)
100 100
10 10
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 0.1 1
Life (cycles)
x1 y1 x2 y2 x1
2.50E-01 120.00 1.00E-01 0.01277 2.50E-01
1.00E+03 108 10000000 0.01277 1.00E+03
1.00E+06 18.6 1.00E+06
1.00E+07 18.6 1.00E+07
line1 line2 line1

aone = 627.0968 btwo = -0.012703 aone =
bone = -0.254637 atwo= 117.9053 bone =
FLone = 2.65E+18 FLtwo = #NUM! cycles FLone =
Sigtwo= 0.01277 ksi
Life at the Equivalent Stress Life = InF41nite cycles
Joint stiffness factor
Diameter bolt d 12mm

Young's modulus bolt E 210GPa
Thickness clamped material lm 30mm
Young's modulus clamped material E 210GPa
Bolt stiffness kb=AE/lm .79*109

N/m
Diameter d2=1.5d 18mm
Diameter d3=d2+lm·tan(φ), φ=30º 35.32mm
Stiffness clamped material km 3.12109
N/m
Joint stiffness factor1) C=kb/(kb+km) 0.2
1)
For simplicity, the clamped materials are frequently assumed to have a stiffness of three times
BoF7ed Joint Analysis
Originator DW Document 10207 by Robert Cvetko
THREADS Checker DD Revision 16 for ME 372
Approver MT Issue 1 Kb:
Stress Date 10.03.05 Page 1 Modulus of Elasticity of t
Diameter of the Bolt
Length of threaded portio
Index
Tensile-stress area of th
Grip of bolt (sum of mem

Length of unthreaded po
Major-diameter area of th
Stiffness of the bolt
Km:
*Solve for the Stiffness o
Angle of the cone to be u
Diameter of the hole thro
Number
of
Member
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total Stiffness of the me
Joint Force-Deflection Di
Min. Force in member (s
Max. external force appli
Preload force on bolt
Maximum force on bolt d

Min force in clamped me
External force required to
Forc
Forc
Force
3.08E+07
2.86E+08
1.42E+07
-0.0025 -0.0
Xi =
N/m Xmi =
DeltaX =
N/m xmin=
Xm =
Bolt line
x1
-0.001993
0
0.00058
0.000818
Fsep line
x3
0.00058
0.00058
0.00058
Mean force on the bolt

Alternating force on bolt
Goodman Diagram
Keff Solution Ultimate Strength of the
Fb = 18000 lb Yield Strength of bolt (ta
Fm= 9000 lb Maximum Strength for In
Fs = #DIV/0! lb Applied Stress
Mean Stress on Bolt
Alternating Stress on Bo
Preload stress on Bolt
Force on Bolt and Members versus the Deflection

14000 G
12000 25
Force
10000
8000
20
6000
4000
2000
15
0
-0.0025 -0.002 -0.0015 -0.001 -0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001
Deflection 10
0
0
Member line Falt, Fmean line
y2 x5 y5
9000 -5.44E-12 0
9000 -5.44E-12 4500
0 -5.44E-12 13499.99
-5.44E-12 15750
-5.44E-12 18000
x6 y6 x1
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! 120.00
#DIV/0! 0
x3
63.42495
Fmean = 13500 lb 72.65621
Falt = 4500 lb 71.01727
74.21247
x5
0
72.65621
SigM = 0.038297 kpsi

SigA = 0.012766 kpsi Fatigue Strengths
SigP = 0.025532 kpsi Equivalent Stress used f
Sa value used for the Sa
Safety Factor for the Bol
Goodman Diagram of Bolt Stresses S-N Diagram

25
20 1000
15
Stress (Kpsi)
10
5 100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Mean Stress (Kpsi)
x2 y2 10
42.51277 42.48723 0.1
85 0
F1511 = 16.10047
x4 y4 G1411 = 16.126
0 16.10047 F1512 = 42.48723
16.126 16.10047 G1412 = 42.51277
G141 = 16.126 kpsi
x6 y6
120.00 0
0 0.01277
Seq = 0.01277 kpsi

Sa = 16.10047 kpsi
N = 1261.218 0
Life at the Equivalent Str
S-N Diagram for Bolt Loading
1000
Stress (Kpsi)
100
10
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
Life (cycles)
y1 x2 y2
120.00 1.00E-01 0.01277
108 10000000 0.01277
18.6
18.6
line1 line2
627.0968 btwo = -0.012703
-0.254637 atwo= 117.9053
2.65E+18 FLtwo = #NUM! cycles
Sigtwo= 0.01277 ksi
Life = InF41nite cycles
ve a stiffness of three times the bolt stiffness, which results in a joint stiffness factor of C=1/4. With C=1/4, it follows that only
BoF7ed Joint Analysis
by Robert Cvetko ReviF95d 2/5/07
for ME 372 for ME 472
Modulus of Elasticity of the Bolt Eb = 3.00E+07 psi

Diameter of the Bolt Db = 0.50000 in
Length of threaded portion of grip Lt = 0.22000 in
Tensile-stress area of the bolt (Table 8-2) At = 0.14190 in^2
Grip of bolt (sum of member thicknesses) Grip = 1.22000 in

Length of unthreaded portion of grip Ld = 1.00000 in
Major-diameter area of the bolt Ad = 0.19635 in^2
Stiffness of the bolt Kb = 4515797 lb/in
Efffective Km
*Solve for the Stiffness of Members using cone method
Angle of the cone to be used Alpha = 30 Deg 0.75 W1 W1= Starting cone diameter (Top)
Diameter of the hole through the members Dm = 0.5 in 0.58 Factor W2= Ending diam for each cone
Note: Use negative thickness
Modulus Thickness Diam. of Stiffness when cone diameter is decreasing.
of of the small end Values for each cone:
Elasticity Section of cone Km 1/Km Thickness W2 Deff Aeff
(psi) (in) (in) lb/in in/lb in in in in^2
3.00E+07 0.5 0.75 33299305 3E-08 0.5 0.75 0.375 -572.4448
1.50E+07 0.11 1.32735 1.8E+08 5.56E-09 0.11 0.75 0.75 -572.1135
1.50E+07 0.515 0.859697 22192316 4.51E-08 -0.515 0.75 0.75 -572.1135
3.00E+07 0.095 0.75 97278357 1.03E-08 -0.095 0.75 0.75 -572.1135
3.00E+07 0 0.75 0 0 0 0 0
3.00E+07 0 0.75 0 0 0 0 0
3.00E+07 0 0.75 0 0 0 0 0
3.00E+07 0 0.75 0 0 0 0 0
3.00E+07 0 0.75 0 0 0 0 0
3.00E+07 0 0.75 0 0 0 0 0
Sum(1/Km) 9.09E-08 0.282769
Total Stiffness of the members Km = 10997469 lb/in 78514592
Joint Force-Deflection Diagram

Min. Force in member (separation force/bolt Fmin = 0 lb
Max. external force applied per bolt Fe = 9000 lb Rule of thumb
Preload force on bolt Fi = 9000 lb Fi = Fe
Keff Solution
Maximum force on bolt due to Fe Fb = 11619.83 lb Fb =
Min force in clamped members due to Fe Fm= 2619.833 lb Fm=
External force required to produce separati Fs = 12695.59 lb Fs =
Force on Bolt and Members versus the Deflection Force on Bolt and Me
14000
Force on Bolt and Members versus the Deflection Force on Bolt and Me
14000
12000
Force
Force
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-0.0025 -0.002 -0.0015 -0.001 -0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001 -0.0025 -0.002 -0.0015 -0.001
Deflection Defl
0.001993 in Xi = 0.001993 in
0.002811 in Xmi = #DIV/0! in
0.00058 in DeltaX = 0.001993 in
0.000818 xmin= #DIV/0!
0.002573 in Xm = 0.003986 in
Member line Falt, Fmean line Bolt line Member line
y1 x2 y2 x5 y5 x1 y1 x2 y2
0 0 9000 -0.001993 0 -0.001993 0 0 9000
9000 0.00058 2619.833 -0.001993 5154.958 0 9000 0.001993 9000
11619.83 0.000818 0 -0.001993 10309.92 0.001993 18000 #DIV/0! 0
12695.59 -0.001993 10964.88 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
-0.001993 11619.83
Fm,Fb line Fsep line
y3 x6 y6 x3 y3
2619.833 0.000818 12695.59 0.001993 9000
7119.833 0.000818 6347.797 0.001993 13500
11619.83 0.000818 0 0.001993 18000
Mean force on the bolt Fmean = 10309.92 lb Fmean =

Alternating force on bolt Falt = 1309.917 lb Falt =
Goodman Diagram
Ultimate Strength of the Bolt (table 8-4 or 8- Sut = 120.00 kpsi
Yield Strength of bolt (table 8-4 or 8-5) Sy = 85 kpsi
Maximum Strength for Infinite Life (table 8- Se = 18.6 kpsi
Applied Stress
Mean Stress on Bolt SigM = 72.65621 kpsi SigM =
Alternating Stress on Bolt SigA = 9.231266 kpsi SigA =
Preload stress on Bolt SigP = 63.42495 kpsi SigP =

Goodman Diagram of

25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0
0 20 40 60
Mean Stress (Kpsi)
Mean Stre
y2 x2 y2 x1 y1 x2
18.6 74.21247 10.78753 0 18.6 74.21247
0 85 0 120.00 0 85
F1511 = 7.592323
y3 x4 y4 G1411 = 71.01727 x3 y3 x4
0 0 7.592323 F1512 = 10.78753 63.42495 0 0
9.231266 71.01727 7.592323 G1412 = 74.21247 95.13742 31.71247 71.01727
7.592323 G141 = 71.01727 kpsi 71.01727 7.592323
10.78753 74.21247 10.78753
y5 x6 y6 x5 y5 x6
9.231266 120.00 0 0 31.71247 120.00
9.231266 0 23.39804 95.13742 31.71247 0
Fatigue Strengths
Equivalent Stress used for S-N Diagram Seq = 23.39804 kpsi Seq =
Sa value used for the Safety Factor (Inf Life Sa = 7.592323 kpsi Sa =
Safety Factor for the Bolt (Inf Life) N = 0.822457 Failure! N=
S-N Diagram S-N Diagram
S-N Diagram for Bolt Loading S-N Dia
1000 1000
Stress (Kpsi)
Stress (Kpsi)
100 100
10 10
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 0.1 1 10
Life (cycles)
x1 y1 x2 y2 x1 y1
2.50E-01 120.00 1.00E-01 23.39804 2.50E-01 120.00
1.00E+03 108 406062.9 23.39804 1.00E+03 108
1.00E+06 18.6 1.00E+06 18.6
1.00E+07 18.6 1.00E+07 18.6
line1 line2 line1

aone = 627.0968 btwo = -0.012703 aone = 627.0968
bone = -0.254637 atwo= 117.9053 bone = -0.254637
FLone = 406062.9 FLtwo = 1.95E+55 cycles FLone = 254.2525
Sigtwo= 23.39804 ksi
Life at the Equivalent Stress Life = 406062.9 cycles Life =

=1/4, it follows that only one fourth of the applied load is taken by the bolt.
ing cone diameter (Top)
ng diam for each cone
negative thickness
e diameter is decreasing.
Kmeff 1/Km
lb/in in/lb
### -2.91E-11
### -1.28E-11
### -6E-11
### -5.54E-12
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Sum(1/Km)-1.07E-10
Kmeff= 0
Keff Solution
18000 lb
9000 lb
#DIV/0! lb
14000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
5 -0.002 -0.0015 -0.001 -0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001
Deflection
Falt, Fmean line

x5 y5
-0.001993 0
-0.001993 4500
-0.001993 10309.92
-0.001993 15750
-0.001993 18000
x6 y6
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! 0
13500 lb
4500 lb
95.13742 kpsi
31.71247 kpsi
63.42495 kpsi
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Mean Stress (Kpsi)
y2
10.78753
0
F1511 = 7.592323
y4 G1411 = 71.01727
7.592323 F1512 = 10.78753
7.592323 G1412 = 74.21247
G141 = 71.01727 kpsi
y6
0
153.0612
153.0612 kpsi
7.592323 kpsi
0.239411 Failure!
S-N Diagram for Bolt Loading
00
00
10
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
Life (cycles)
x2 y2
1.00E-01 153.0612
0.1 153.0612
line2
btwo = -0.012703
atwo= 117.9053
FLtwo = 1.2E-09 cycles
Sigtwo= 153.0612 ksi
0 cycles
Single bolt capacity to EN 1993-1-8
Bolt diameter d= 12 mm Gross bolt area A=
Hole diameter d0 = 13 mm Net bolt area As =
Edge distances Spacing
Bolt Grade 8.8 fub = 800 N/mm 2 e1 = 40.0 mm, p1 =
Steel grade S275 fu = 275 N/mm 2 e2 = 40.0 mm, p2 =
Plate thickness t= 14 mm gM2 = 1.25 k1 = 2.50
Shear capacity 0 .6 f ub A 43.4 kN Tension capacity 0.9 f ub As

Fv, Rd   Ft, Rd  
 M2  M2
Bearing capacity k1 b f u dt 92.4 kN Punching capacity 0.6 dmt fu
Fb, Rd   Bp,Rd  
 M2  M2
Shear load Fv,Ed = 100.0 kN Tension load Ft,Ed =
Combined shear and tension

v, Ed F F t, Ed 2.30 >1
 
F v, Rd 1 . 4 F t, Rd
Bolts diameters, hole sizes and areas

Bolt diamet d, mm 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27
Hole diame d0 , mm 13 15 18 20 22 24 26 30
Gross area A, cm 2
1.13 1.54 2.01 2.54 3.14 3.80 4.52 5.73
Net area As , cm 2
0.84 1.15 1.57 1.92 2.45 3.03 3.53 4.59
Head/nut h tbh , mm 10 11.5 13 14.5 16 17.5 19 21.5
Punching d dm , mm 20.5 23.5 26 29 32 35.5 39 44
Bolt grades
Bolt grade 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 10.9
Tensile str fub, N/mm
2
400 400 500 500 600 800 1000
Yield stren fyb, N/mm
2
240 320 300 400 480 640 900
1.13 cm2
0.84 cm2
Spacing
50.0 mm
60.0 mm
ab = 1.00
48.4 kN
119.0 kN
0.0 kN
30 36
33 39
7.07 10.18
5.61 8.17
24 28.5
50 60
Tensile strength fu, N/mm2
Yield stren fy, N/mm
2
Steel grades
Steel grade
S235 360 235
S275 430 275
S355 510 355
M271 BOLTED CONNECTIONS EXCEL CALCULATIONS
© Copy Write John Andrew P.E. 2 March 2008 Rev. 11 Feb 2012
BOLT SHEAR
OBJECTIVES
1. Define the four modes of failure in bolted shear connection failure.
2. Calculate lap and butt joint strength.
3. Compute bolt tension capacities.
The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) has

established standard dimensions of steel structural members for
buildings and bridges. The AISC, "Manual of Steel Construction"
specifies the allowable stress design of steel structures. All bolted
structures shall be constructed with high strength bolts.
RIVETS
are formed in place while hot filling the holes in the plates being
joined. They contract during cooling and apply a force clamping the
plates together.
BOLTS
High strength bolts are tightened until they develop approximately
70% of the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt. The plates are
clamped tightly together so most of the load transfer between plates
is by friction. However the forces acting on the connections in this
course are assumed to have zero friction.
FAILURE MODES OF BOLTED JOINTS SUBJECTED TO
SHEAR
Bolted connections subjected to shear can fail four ways:
1. Shear failure of bolts in single or double shear.
2. Tension failure by the metal yielding or by fracturing at a

section weakened by holes.
3. Shear failure or tear-out of bolts connecting steel plates.
4. Bearing failure when the plates of metal are crushed by the

force of bolts against their holes.
LAP JOINT - SINGLE SHEAR Input

olt allowable shear stress, Sbs = 17.5 kpsi
e allowable tension stress, Spt = 21.6 kpsi
te allowable shear stress, Sps = 29.0 kpsi
Plate allowable brg stress, Spb = 58.0 kpsi
Bolt diameter, D = 1.000 in
Number of bolts, N = 1 FASTENER ALLOWABLE
Minimum plate thickness, T = 0.625 in SHEAR KSIa
Joint width, W = 3 in RIVETS Sbs
Trailing edge dimension, X = 1.5 in A502 Grad 17.50
Calculations A502 Grad 22.00
Bolt shear strength, Pbs = N * Sbs * Pi * D^2 / 4
= 13.74 kips BOLTS Sbs
Bolt hole diameter, Dh = D + 1/8 A307 10.00
1.125 in A325-Nb 21.00
Plate tension strength, Ppt = Spt * T * ( W - N * Dh ) A325-X c
30.00
= 25.31 kips A490-Nb 28.00
Plate shear strength, Pps = N * 2 * Sps * T * X A490-X c
40.00
= 54.38 kips A325-F 17.50
Plate bearing strength, Ppb = Spb * T * N * D A490-F 22.00
= 36.25 kips
arent Member Strength, Ppm = Spt * T * W ( Plate section area with no holes )
= 40.50 kips
Input Notes:
Minimum failure load above, Pf = 13.74 kips a Stresses are to be
applied to nominal
Applied load, Pa = 6 kips fastener diameter.
Calculations
Connection efficiency, e = Pf / Ppm b Threads are included
= 34% in the shear plane.
Safety Factor, SF = Pf / Pa
= 2.29 c Threads are exclude
from the shear plane.
X
Input
Lap Joint - Double Shear

Top and bottom plate thicknesses must be 1/2 center plate thickness
or greater, see above.
LAP JOINT - DOUBLE SHEAR Input

olt allowable shear stress, Sbs = 17.5 kpsi
e allowable tension stress, Spt = 21.6 kpsi FASTENER
ALLOWABLE
te allowable shear stress, Sps = 29.0 kpsi SHEAR KSIa
Plate allowable brg stress, Spb = 58.0 kpsi RIVETS Sbs
Bolt diameter, D = 0.875 in A502 Grad 17.50
Number of bolts, N = 1 A502 Grad 22.00
Center plate thickness, T1 = 0.500 in
op plate thickness => T1/2, T2 = 0.375 in BOLTS Sbs
Joint width, W = 4 in A307 10.00
Trailing edge dimension, X = 2 in A325-Nb 21.00
Calculations A325-Xb 30.00
Bolt shear strength, Pbs = N * 2 * Sbs *Pi* D^2/ 4 A490-Nb 28.00
= 21.05 kips A490-Xc 40.00
Bolt hole diameter, Dh = D + 1/8 A325-F 17.50
= 1.000 in A490-F 22.00
r plate tension strength, Pct = Spt * T1 * ( W - N*Dh )
Notes:
= 32.40 kips
a Stresses are to be
er plate shear strength, Pps = N * 2 * Sps * T1 * X applied to nominal
= 116.00 kips fastener diameter.
plate bearing strength, Ppb = N * Spb * T1 * D
= 25.38 kips b Threads are include
plate tension strength, Pct = 2 * Spt * T2 * ( W - N * Dh ) in the shear plane.
= 48.60 kips
c Threads are
ot plate shear strength, Pps = N * 4 * Sps * T2 * X
exclude from the
= 87.00 kips shear plane.
plate bearing strength, Ppb = 2 * Spb * T2 * N * D
= 38.06 kips
arent Member Strength, Ppm = Spt * T1 * W
= 43.20 kips
Input
Minimum failure load above, Pf = 16.20 kips
Applied load, Pa = 10 kips
Calculations
Connection efficiency, e = Pf / Ppm
= 38%
Safety Factor, SF = Pa / Pf
= 1.62
Lap Joint - Single Shear - Multiple Bolts

Bolt holes are larger than bolt diameters. If there are two or
more bolts in the connection, the total load will not be equally
distributed to the bolts due to bolt/hole miss-alignment.
Assuming zero friction, there will be zero resistance to the load
until one or more of the bolts come in contact with a hole in one
of the plates.
The calculations assume 100% of the bolts carry the load in a

multiple bolt connection. The dimensions and material properties
may be adjusted to achieve any desired safety factor.
Single and Double Lap Joints
Lap joints with multiple bolts are illustrated above.
Enter the number, N of bolts in the input cells above for lap joints
in single or double shear.
MULTIPLE BOLT JOINT - RULES
1. Single shear: T1 >= T2, see above.
2. Double shear: T3 >= T1 / 2
3. Edge distance: L1 = L2 - D / 2
4. Edge distance: L1 = 1.75 x D
Refer to the AISC, "Manual of Steel Construction" for more

information.
BOLTED CONNECTION STRENGTH FACTORS
Bolted Connection Static Tensile Strength

The design of a bolted connection subjected to concentric
tension includes the following factors:
a. Bolt material properties.

b. Bolt and hole dimensions.
c. Member material properties.
d. Member dimensions.
e. Friction.
f. Failure mode.
g. Allowable stress.
h. Safety factor.
a. Bolt material properties.
b. Bolt and hole dimensions.
c. Member material properties.
d. Member dimensions.
e. Friction.
f. Failure mode.
g. Allowable stress.
h. Safety factor.
Connection Efficiency,
e = Failure Load, Pf / Parent Member Strength, Ppm
8 BOLTS IN SINGLE SHEAR Input

olt allowable shear stress, Sbs = 17.5 ksi FASTENER
ALLOWABLE
ate ultimate tension stress, Su = 58 ksi SHEAR KSIa
Plate yield stress, Sy = 36 ksi RIVETS Sbs
Bolt diameter, D = 0.750 in A502 Grad 17.50
(T1 or T2) plate thickness, T = 0.500 in A502 Grad 22.00
X1 = 1.500 in
X2 = 3.000 in BOLTS
Y1 = 1.500 in A307 10.00
Y2 = 3.000 in A325-Nb 21.00
Calculations A325-Xb 30.00
Single Shear A490-Nb 28.00
Number of bolts, N = 8 A490-Xc 40.00
te tension per net area, Sptn = 0.5 * Su A325-F 17.50
29 ksi A490-F 22.00
tension per gross area, Sptg = 0.6 * Sy
21.6 ksi Notes:
Bearing strength-1, Spb1 = Su * X1 / (2 * D)
applied to nominal fastener
58.00 ksi diameter.
Bearing strength-2, Spb2 = (Su / 2) * ((X2 / D) - 0.5)
101.50 ksi b Threads are include in
Bearing strength-3, Spb3 = 1.5 * Su the shear plane.
87.00 ksi
Bolts c Threads are exclude from
the shear plane.
Bolt shear strength, Pbs = N * Sbs * Pi * D^2 / 4
= 61.85 kips
Plates
Joint width, W = 2 * ( Y1 + Y2) ( Plate section area with no holes )
9.000 in
arent Member Strength, Ppm = Sptg * T * W
= 97.20 kips
Bearing strength-1, 2,
Bolt hole diameter, Dh = D + 1/8 and 3, Spb1, Spb2, and
0.875 in Spb3 are the result of
et area tension strength, Ppt = Sptn * T * ( W - ( 3 * Dh ) ) bearing failure testing.
= 92.44 kips
Plate bearing strength, Ppb1 = N * Spb1 * T * D Ref: Statics and
= 217.50 kips Strength of Materials, H.
W. Morrow and R. P.
Plate bearing strength, Ppb2 = N * Spb2 * T * D
Kokernak.
= 380.63 kips
Plate bearing strength, Ppb3 = N * Spb3 * T * D
= 326.25 kips
Input
Calculations
Connection efficiency, e = Pf / Ppm FASTENERALLOWABLE
= 131% SHEAR KSIa
Safety Factor, SF = Pa / Pf RIVETS Sbs
= 2.11 A502 Grad 17.50
A502 Grad 22.00
8 BOLTS IN DOUBLE SHEAR Input
olt allowable shear stress, Sbs = 24 ksi BOLTS Sbs
ate ultimate tension stress, Su = 58 ksi A307 10.00
Plate yield stress, Sy = 36 ksi A325-Nb 21.00
Bolt diameter, D = 0.625 in A325-Xb 30.00
Center plate thickness, T1 = 0.750 in A490-Nb 28.00
op plate thickness => T1/2, T2 = 0.5 in A490-Xc 40.00
X1 = 3.000 in A325-F 17.50
X2 = 4.000 in A490-F 22.00
Y1 = 3.000 in
Notes:
Y2 = 4.000 in
Calculations applied to nominal fastener
Double Shear diameter.
Number of bolts, N = 8
te tension per net area, Sptn = 0.5 * Su b Threads are include in
29 ksi the shear plane.
tension per gross area, Sptg = 0.6 * Sy
21.6 ksi c Threads are exclude from
the shear plane.
Bearing strength-1, Spb1 = Su * X1 / (2 * D)
139.20 ksi
Bearing strength-2, Spb2 = (Su / 2) * ((X2 / D) - 0.5)
171.10 ksi
Bearing strength-3, Spb3 = 1.5 * Su
87.00 ksi
Bolts
Bolt shear strength, Pbs = 2 * N * Sbs * Pi * D^2 / 4
= 117.81 kips
Plates
Joint width, W = 2 * ( Y1 + Y2)
14.000 in
arent Member Strength, Ppm = Sptg * T1 * W ( Plate section area with no holes )
= 226.80 kips
Bolt hole diameter, Dh = Db + 1/8
0.750 in
et area tension strength, Ppt = Sptn * T1 * ( W - ( 3 * Dh ) )
= 255.56 kips
Plate bearing strength, Ppb1 = N * Spb1 * T1 * D
= 522.00 kips
= 641.63 kips
= 326.25 kips
See above: Input

Calculations
= 52%
Safety Factor, SF = Pf / Pa
= 2.34
9 BOLT ECCENTRIC LOADING
The 9 bolt bracket above has a vertical eccentric load W. The

bracket will rotate about the centroid, C of the bolts. The reaction
force, Pn of a typical bolt is shown in the diagram above-right.
The applied load, W is replaced by the equivalent, vertical force,
V and moment, M acting at the centroid, C of the bolt group.
The joint will rotate about the instantaneous center, C at

distance Xo.
Input
Applied load, W = 18000 lbs
Load offset, L = 10 in
Number of bolts, N = 9 FASTENERALLOWABLE
Bolt diameter, D = 0.5 in SHEAR KSIa
olt allowable shear stress, Sbs = 75 kpsi RIVETS
T1 = 0.5 in A502 Grad 17.50
T2 = 0.5 in A502 Grad 22.00
X1 = 1 in
X2 = 2.5 in BOLTS Sbs
X3 = 3 in A307 10.00
Y1 = 1 in A325-Nb 21.00
Y2 = 2.5 in A325-Xb 30.00
Y3 = 2.5 in A490-Nb 28.00
Calculations A490-Xc 40.00
radius about centroid 5 , RN = ( X^2 + Y^2 )^(1/2) A325-F 17.50
Bolt section area, A = 3.1416 * D^2 / 4 A490-F 22.00
= 0.196 in
Centroid C dimension, Xo = ΣRn2/(N*L)
= 1.2 in
MOMENTS ABOUT CENTROID 5
N Dlt Area An Xn Yn Rn Rn^2
1 0.500 0.196 3.000 3.000 4.243 18.00
2 0.500 0.196 0.000 3.000 3.000 9.00
3 0.500 0.196 3.000 3.000 4.243 18.00
4 0.500 0.196 3.000 0.000 3.000 9.00
5 0.500 0.196 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
6 0.500 0.196 3.000 0.000 3.000 9.00
7 0.500 0.196 3.000 3.000 4.243 18.00
8 0.500 0.196 0.000 3.000 3.000 9.00
9 0.500 0.196 3.000 3.000 4.243 18.00
SUM(Rn2) = 108.00
Shear load in any bolt due to moment, Pn = W*L/(ΣRn2) x Bolt radius from center
W*L/(ΣRn2) = 1667
MOMENTS ABOUT CENTROID C
N Xn Yn Rn Pn
1 1.3 2.5 2.818 4696
2 1.2 2.5 2.773 4622
3 4.2 2.5 4.888 8146
4 1.3 0 1.300 2167
5 1.2 0 1.200 2000
6 4.2 0 4.200 7000
7 1.3 2.5 2.818 4696
8 1.2 2.5 2.773 4622
9 4.2 2.5 4.888 8146
lt vertical shear, Ps = W / N = 2,000 lbs
See individual bolt force vector additions below.

Note: Angle A degrees = (A/57.3) radians
MAXIMUM BOLT SHEAR

Calculations
#9 vertical shear, Ps = W / N = 2,000 lbs
#9 shear due to moment, Pn = 8146 lbs
Angle, A = 57.3*ATAN(Y2/(Xo+X3))
= 30.8 degrees
Bolt #9 Resultant shear, R9 = ((P9*SIN(A/57.3)^2) + (Ps + P9*COS(A/57.3))^2)^0.5
= 9,000 lbs
#3 Resultant shear, R3 = R9 = 9,000 lbs
Max Bolt Shear Stress, Sb = R9 / An

= 45,837 psi
Safety Factor = Sbs / Sb
= 1.64
Bolts_preload.xls
To determine properties of a joint preload by bolts
By Alex Slocum, 6/6/2004, last modified 6/6/2004 by Alex Slocum
Enters numbers in BOLD, Results in RED, All units in N, mm, degrees
Inputs
N 12 Number of bolts
Ebolt 2.00E+05 Young's modulus of bolt
vbolt 0.29 Poisson ratio of bolt
Eflange 2.00E+05 Young's modulus of flange
vflange 0.29 Poisson ratio of flange
hf_1 10 upper flange thickness
hf_2 10 lower flange thickness
hflange 20 total resulting effective flange thickness
Db 6.00 bolt diameter
Dbr 5.00 bolt thread root diameter
Dbore 6.5 bolt clearance hole
Dbolthead 9.00 bolt head diameter
hnut 5 nut thicknes (enter 0 if threaded into flange)
hbolthead 6 thicknes of bolthead
Lbolt 25 bolt length assumed equal total effective flange thickn
alpha 30 cone angle
Fpreload 5498 Preload force applied to a bolt
Sigboltmax 400 Maximum bolt stress
percentpreload 70% % of max stress used by bolt preload
Stiffness results
kboltshaft 226195 Tensile stiffness of a bolt shaft
kbolthead 4216149 Shear stiffness of a bolt head
knut 3513457 Shear stiffness of a nut
kbolt 2427787 Total stiffness of all bolts
kflangecomp 1528656 Compressive stiffness of top flange in series with botto
kflangeshear 3513457 Shear stiffness of top flange in series with bottom flan
kflange 12782423 Total stiffness of all flange elements under all bolts
kf_kb 5.27 Ratio flange-to-bolt stiffness
kjoint 15210209 total joint stiffness
Force results
Fboltmax 7854 Maximum allowable force on a bolt
Fleak 78504 Total force that can be applied to joint till joint preload
Fbolt 1044 Force added to each bolt preload force by Fleak
Fbolttotal 6542 Total force on a bolt when the joint starts to leak
Fjointmax 94248 Force on joint at which bolts break
sigpreloadbolt 280 Preload stress in a bolt (based on thread root diameter)
sigloadbolt 333 Total stress in a bolt when joint begins to leak
percentmaxload 83% % of max stress used by total bolt load
SF 1.2 Fbreak/Fleak: resulting safety factor
Equations
1
k bolt 
1 1 1
 
k boltshaft k bolthead k nut
1
k bolt 
1 1 1
 
k boltshaft k bolthead k nut
 E flange
k flange 
 1   1    ln 2
4h flange  
 d bolt head  d bolt head  2h flange cos  cone angle   d bore 
2
h flange
 
F leak  F preload  F preload k joint

F leak 
k joint k flange k flange
Ref only
Joint stiffness
kj 10000
Dsc 26
Ascf 511
Abh 30
kjbh 304342
kjff 5109165
FEA results compared to analysis (60o stress cones)

ffective flange thickness Applied load (N) 4000
deflection under bolt head ( 0.002810
deflection from threaded re 0.002100
Total deflection (mm) 0.004910
Stiffness (N/mm) 814664
nter 0 if threaded into flange) FEA/Analytical 0.76
med equal total effective flange thickness + hnut
pplied to a bolt
used by bolt preload
s of a bolt shaft
of a bolt head
iffness of top flange in series with bottom flange

of top flange in series with bottom flange
of all flange elements under all bolts
bolt stiffness
wable force on a bolt

can be applied to joint till joint preload is lost
each bolt preload force by Fleak
bolt when the joint starts to leak
t which bolts break
n a bolt (based on thread root diameter)
bolt when joint begins to leak
used by total bolt load
esulting safety factor
  1    ln 2

d
2  h flange
bore 
Joint stiffness pressure (N/mm/mm^2)
Diameter of stress cone at center of flange (joint)
Area of stress cone at flange joint
Area under bolt head
Joint stiffness under bolt head
Joint stiffness flange-to-flange
MACHINE DESIGN EXCEL SPREAD SHEETS
Copy write, © Machine Design Spreadsheet Calculations by John R Andrew, 6 July 2006
POWER SCREWS
.Motor driven: screw jacks, linear actuators, and clamps are examples of power screws
.The essential components are a nut engaging the helical screw threads of a shaft
A nut will advance one screw thread pitch per one 360 degree rotation on a single pitch
screw. A nut will advance two screw thread pitches per one 360 degree rotation on a double
.pitch screw, etc
The actuator nut below advances or retreats as the motor shaft turns clockwise or ant-
clockwise. The nut is prevented from rotating by the upper and lower guide slots. The control
system of a stepper motor rotates the shaft through a series of small angles very accurately
.repeatedly. The linear travel of the lug & nut is precise and lockable
Pitch (P) is the distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the next thread.
Lead (n*P) is the distance a nut advances each complete revolution.
Multiple pitch number (n) refers to single (n=1), double (n=2), triple (n=3) pitch screw.
Motor Shaft Torque Input

Motor Power, HP = 30 hp
Shaft speed, N = 1750 rpm
Calculation
Motor shaft torque, Tm = 12*33000*HP / (2*π*N)
Answer: Tm = 1080 in-lbf
Power Screw Torque Input
Screw outside diameter, D = 3.000 in
Screw thread turns per inch, TPI = 3 threads/in
Thread angle, At = 5.86 degrees
Thread multiple pitch lead number, n = 2
Thread friction coefficient, Ft = 0.15
Bearing friction coefficient, Fb = 0
Bearing mean radius, Rb = 2 in
Load to be raised by power screw, W = 500 lbf
Calculation
Acme thread depth, H = 0.5*(1/ TPI )+0.01
Answer: H = 0.177 in
Thread mean radius, Rm = (D - H) / 2
Rm = 1.412 in
Thread helix angle, Tan (Ah) = n*(1/ TPI ) / (2*π*Rm)

Answer: Tan (Ah) = 0.0752
Answer: Ah = 4.31 degrees
Thread normal force angle, Tan (An) = Tan (At)*Cos (Ah)

Answer: Tan (An) = 0.0749
Answer: An = 4.29 degrees
X = (Tan (Ah) + Ft/ Cos (An))

0.2257
Y =(1- Ft*Tan (Ah)/ Cos (An))
0.9887
Power screw torque, T = W*(Rm*( X / Y) + Fb*Rb)
Answer: T = 161 in-lbf
Force W will cause the screw to rotate (overhaul) if, (-Tan (Ah) + Ft/ Cos (An)) is negative.
(-Tan (Ah) + Ft/ Cos (An)) = 0.0751
SCREW THREAD AVERAGE PRESSURE Input

Load to be raised by power screw, W = 2000 lbf
Nut length, L = 4 in
Screw thread turns per inch, TPI = 3 threads/in
Thread height, H = 0.18 in
Thread mean radius, Rm = 0.9
Calculation
Screw thread average pressure, P = W / (2*π*L*Rm*H*TPI)
Answer: P = 164 lbf/in^2
This is the end of this spread sheet.
Calculation of safety factor guarding against joint opening
Bolts: 5/16-24 Stainless Steel socket head cap screws, 1 inch long
Outer Wall Flange: stainless steel
Beam tube flange: stainless steel
stainless steel
stainless steel
major diameter 0.3125 0.3125 0.3125 inch

pitch 0.04166666666667 0.0416667 0.041667
pitch diameter 0.28543670833333 0.2854367 0.285437 inch
minor diameter 0.25837341666667 0.2583734 0.258373 inch
Tensile stress area 0.058 0.058 0.058 sq in
Tensile stress per 1 inch-lb torque psi
bolts
proof load 4.5 31500 31500 psi
minimum tensile strength 5 35000 35000 psi
Torque (calc from tensile stress) 86.2068965517241 603448.28 603448 in-lb

Torque (calc from tensile stress) 7.18390804597701 50287.356 50287.36 ft-lb
K torque coefficient 0.15 0.15 0.15

Fi preload 2500 1500 750 lb
d major diam 0.3125 0.3125 0.3125 inch
Torque from force reqmnt 117.1875 70.3125 35.15625 in-lb
preload stress 43103.4482758621 25862.069 12931
C 0.28383310189568 0.2838331 0.283833

kb 4233786.97456437 4233787 4233787
km 10682679.5907781 10682680 1.1E+07
ld 0.5 0.5 0.5
P, external tensile load 3500 2000 1000 lb
factor of safety against joint separation 0.99737326058551 1.0472419 1.047242
bolt circle diameter 10.5 10.5 10.5 inch

number of bolts 36 36 36
circumference 32.9867228626928 32.9867229 32.98672 inch
inches per bolt 0.916297857297023 0.91629786 0.916298
load for complete circle 126000 72000 36000 lbs
screws, 1 inch long
stainless steel ld
stainless steel
15 inch od
12 inch id
176.7146
113.0973
63.61725 sq inch projected area, insulator

15 psi
954.2588 lbs axial force due to vacuum
72 inch od
12 inch id
4071.504
9.765625
113.0973
3958.407 sq inch projected area, insulator

18 psi
71251.32 lbs axial force due to vacuum
72205.58 total axial force on insulator bolts
18 72205.58
3 12829.48
6 24704.7
12
9 36579.92
12 48455.14
15 60330.36 10
18 72205.58
0
0 2
12
10
Colum
6
nJ
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Bolt Diameter D 8
Thread Pitch p 1.25
Thread Root Diameter d 6.466
Bolt Ultimate Tensile Stress A4/70 Rm 700
Bolt .2% Proof Yield Tensile Stress R.2P 450
Bolt Proof Tensile Stress R85%P 382.5
Bolt Elastic Modulus EBolt 193050000
Coefficient of Friction μ 0.12
Joint Length LJoint 43
Joint Elastic Modulus UNS S31600 EJoint 193050000
Output Data
Bolt Tension Stress Area AS 36.61
Maximum Bolt Torque TMAX 22.40
Maximum Bolt Pre-Load FMAX 14003
75% Bolt Pre-Load F.75 10502
Bolt Stiffness kBolt 164354971

Joint Stiffness kJoint 51201361
Minimum Bolt Quantity NMin #DIV/0!
Bolt Quantity N 4
Clamping Force FClamp 42008

Separation Load 4.28
Reserve Factor #DIV/0!
TENSION CONNECTIONS
User-Specified Quantities CASE 1 CASE 2
major diameter,d (in) 0.313 0.375
tensile stress area,At (in 0.058 0.077
unthreaded length in grip 0.125 0.063
threaded length in grip, l 0.375 0.500
bolt modulus, Eb (psi) 30,000,000 30,000,000
clamped mat'l modulus, 10,000,000 10,000,000
grip length, l (in) 1.00 1.00
torque coeff., K 0.15 0.30
bolt preload, Fi (lb) 850 200
proof strength, Sp (psi) 33,000 85,000
joint tensile load, P (lb) 1,500 1,000
load factor, nl 1.50 2.00
Intermediate Computed Quantities

bolt stiffness, kb (lb/in) 3,708,254 4,246,935
material stiffness, km (l 2,858,619 3,671,138
joint constant, C= 0.565 0.536
major diameter area, Ad 0.077 0.110
proof load, Fp= (lb) 1,914 6,545
Results
For given Fi and At…
Tensile stress in bolt d 14,655 2,597
For given K, Fi, d…

Required torque= (in-l 40 23
For given Sp, At, Eb, Em, lt, ld, d, l, nl…

For known P, Then min 643 5,472
For known preload in s 1,256 5,915
For given Sp, At, Fi, Eb, Em, lt, ld, d, l…

Bolt load factor, nl= 1.256 11.830
For given Fi, P, At, Eb, Em, lt, ld, d, l…

Factor of safety agains 0.247 0.093
For given Sp, At…
Recommended preload f 1,436 4,909
Recommended preload f 1,723 5,891
BOLT CIRCLES
User-Specified Quantities CASE 1 CASE 2
bolt circle diameter (in) 10.50 11
number of bolts 36 13
allowable load per bolt ( 1,255 2,000
Results
inches per bolt (in) 0.92 2.66
total joint tensile load (l 45,180 26,000
mm
mm
mm
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
mm
N/mm2
mm2
Nm
N
N
N/m
N/m
N
tonne
CASE 3 CASE 4 CASE 5 CASE 6

0.500 0.313
0.077 0.058
0.063 0.125
0.500 0.375
35,000,000 30,000,000
10,000,000 10,000,000
1.00 1.00
0.30 0.15
500 850
85,000 33,000
1,000 1,500
2.00 1.50
5,136,210 3,708,254 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

5,548,091 2,858,619 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.481 0.565 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.196 0.077 0.000 0.000
6,545 1,914 0 0
6,494 14,655 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
75 40 0 0
5,584 643 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

6,287 1,256 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
12.575 1.256 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.260 0.247 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

4,909 1,436 0 0
5,891 1,723 0 0

11 11 11 11
13 13 13 13
2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000
2.66 2.66 2.66 2.66

26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000
(OK to modify blue values, black val
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0 0 0 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0 0 0 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

11 11 11 11
13 13 13 13
2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000
2.66 2.66 2.66 2.66

26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000
Bolted Joint Calculator
(OK to modify blue values, black values are locked)
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0 0 0 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0 0 0 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

11 11 11 11
13 13 13 13
2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000
2.66 2.66 2.66 2.66

26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0 0 0 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0 0 0 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

11 11 11 11
13 13 13 13
2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000
2.66 2.66 2.66 2.66

26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000
CASE 19 CASE 20
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0.000 0.000
0 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0 0
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
#DIV/0! #DIV/0!
0 0
0 0
CASE 19 CASE 20
11 11
13 13
2,000 2,000
2.66 2.66
26,000 26,000
1.0 Loading of the connection, basic parameters of the calculation.
1.1 Calculation units
1.2 Loading conditions, connection type
1.3 Design of the bolt connection
1.4 Loading of the bolt connection
1.5 The course of loading
1.6 Loading of the connection

1.7 Maximum axial force
1.8 Minimum axial force
1.9 Maximum radial force
✘
2.0 Operational and mounting parameters of the connection.
2.1 Desired coefficient of tightness (prestressing) of the connection
2.2 Desired safety against side shift
2.3 Desired safety of the bolt at the yield point
2.4 Friction coefficient in threads
2.5 Friction coefficient in seating face of the head (nut) of the bolt
2.6 Friction coefficient between he connected surfaces
2.7 Consider additonal bending stresses
2.8 Deviation of perpendicularity of the bolt head seating surface
2.9 Consider effects of operational temperature to connection prestressing
2.10 Operational deviation of bolt temperature
2.11 Operational deviation of parts temperature
2.12 Consider reduction of mounting prestressing using deformation of the joint
2.13 Plastic pernament deformation (settlement) of the connection
2.14 Factor of implementation of operational force
2.15 Coefficient of implementation of the operational force
2.16 Distance of the point of action of the force from bolt head
2.17 Distance of the point of action of the force from the nut
2.18 Parameters of connecion exposed to dynamic (fatigue) loading

2.19 Thread design
2.20 Desired service life of the connection in thousands of cycles
2.21 Desired reliability of the connection
2.22 Desired dynamic (fatigue) safety
✘
3.0 Design, dimensions and material of connected parts.

3.1 Design of connected parts
3.2 Number of clamped parts
3.3 Outer diameter of cylindrical clamped parts
3.4 Total height of the clamped parts
3.5 Li E a pA
Part 1 20.320 #REF! #REF! #REF!
✘
4.0 Design of connecting bolt.
4.1 Preliminary design of minimum thread diameters
MC #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

MF #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
UNC 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4
UNF #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
UNEF #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.2 Material of the bolt
4.3 Strength class of the bolt
4.4 Modulus of elasticity in tension
4.5 Ultimate tensile strength
4.6 Yield strength
4.7 Heat expansion coefficient
4.8 Density
4.9 Thread parameters
4.10 Thread type
4.11 Thread size
4.12 Basic major diameter
4.13 Thread pitch
4.14 Minor diameter
4.15 Pitch diameter
4.16 Design and geometry of the bolt
4.17 Bolt type
4.18 Number of bolt sections with different cross-section areas
4.19 0
4.20 Bolt section 1 2 3

4.21 Length L i 114.300 0.000 0.000
4.22 Diameter di 0.000 0.000 0.000
4.23 Geometry of the connection
4.24 Design of seating faces below heads (nuts) of bolts
4.25 Hole diameter
4.26 Outer diameter of the seating face
4.27 Inner diameter of the seating face
4.28 Angle of the conical seating face
4.29 Radius of the spherical seating face
Results section
5.0 ✘ Prestressing, force conditions and operational diagram of the connection.
5.1 Stiffness constants of the connections
5.2 Stiffness of the connecting bolt
5.3 Stiffness of the clamped parts
5.4 Resulting stiffness od the group of surcharged parts of the joint
5.5 Resulting stiffness of the group of relieved parts of the joint
5.6 Mounting prestressing of the connection
5.7 Maximum axis component of the operational force
5.8 Maximum radial component of the operational force
5.9 Minimum needed clamping force for transfer of the radial force
5.10 Part of the operational force additionally loading the bolt
5.11 Part of the operational force relieving the clamped parts
5.12 Assembly prestressing of the joint
5.13 Tightening torque
5.14 Force conditions of the loaded connection
5.15 Change of prestresssing due to heating of the connection
5.16 Loss of prestressing due to deformation of the connection
5.17 Operating prestressing of the connection
5.18 Residual prestressing of clamped parts of the connection
5.19 Resulting internal axis force in the bolt
5.20 Coefficient of tightness (prestressing) of the connection
5.21 Safety against side shift
✘
6.0 Strength checks of the connection.

6.1 Strength checks of statically loaded bolt connections
6.2 Tensile stress in bolt core from the maximum axis force
6.3 Torsional stress in bolt core from tightening moment
6.4 Additional bending stress
6.5 Resulting reduced stress in the bolt core
6.6 Yield point of the bolt material
6.7 Safety at yield point
6.8 Check of pressure in seating face of the bolt head
6.9 Pressure in the bolt head (nut) seating face
6.10 Permitted pressure in the marginal clamped part
6.11 Strength check of dynamically loaded bolt connection
6.12 Medium axis force of the cycle
6.13 Amplitude of the axis force of the cycle
6.14 Medium cycle stress in the thread core
6.15 Cycle stress amplitude in the thread core
6.16 Basic fatigue limit in tension of the given bolt material
6.17 Corrected fatigue limit in tension of the given bolt
6.18 Fatigue limit in tension with a limited service life
6.19 Max. fatigue strength of the bolt for the given course of loading
6.20 Dynamic safety in tension
6.21 Safety in torsion
6.22 Resulting dynamic safety
7.0 Graphic output

lculation.
Famax 4448.22 N
Famin 0.00 N
Fr 0.00 N
on.
qa 1.000
qr 1.500
ns 2.000
mt 0.150
mc 0.150
mq 0.200
d 0.100 [°]
essing
DTb 38.9 [° C]
DTm 50.0 [° C]
of the joint
DL 0.1270 [mm]
n 0.500
LF1 0.000 [mm]
LF2 0.000 [mm]
oading
[%]
nf 2.000
i
DA 40.000 [mm]
L 114.300 [mm]
Material
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4
E #REF! [MPa]
Su 0 [MPa]
Sy 0 [MPa]
a #REF! [10-6/°C]
r #REF! [kg/m3]
d 9.5250 [mm]
p 1.5880 [mm]
dr 7.4630 [mm]
dm 8.4940 [mm]
i
L 114.3 [mm]
4 5 6
0.000 0.000 0.000 [mm]
0.000 0.000 0.000 [mm]
D 9.931 [mm]
De 14.275 [mm]
Di 9.931 [mm]
j 30.0 [°]
R 16.000 [mm]
esults section
m of the connection.
cb 0 [N/mm]
cm 0 [N/mm]
c1 0 [N/mm]
c2 0 [N/mm]
Fa 0 [N]
Fr 0 [N]
Fcmin #DIV/0! [N]
DF1 #DIV/0! [N]
DF2 #DIV/0! [N]
F0 8645.0 ✘ [N]
M #REF! [Nm]
DF0T 0.00 [N]

DF0L 0.00 [N]
F0' 0.00 [N]
F2 0.00 [N]
F1 0.00 [N]
qa 0.000
qr 0.000
s #REF! [MPa]
t #REF! [MPa]
sb 0.00 [MPa]
sred 0.00 [MPa]
Sy 0 [MPa]
n #DIV/0!
p #DIV/0! [MPa]
pA 0 [MPa]
Fm #DIV/0! [N]
Fa #DIV/0! [N]
sm #REF! [MPa]
sa #REF! [MPa]
se ' 0 [MPa]
se #DIV/0! [MPa]
sf 0 [MPa]
sA 0.00 [MPa]
ns 0.00
nt #REF!
n 0.00
SCREW THREADS
Thread Data
Thread Major Pitch Tap Hole
Size Dia Coarse Fine Coarse Fine
mm mm mm mm mm mm
M1.6 1.6 0.35 1.25
M2 2 0.4 1.6 1.75
M2.5 2.5 0.45 2.05 2.15
M3 3 0.5 0.35 2.5 2.65
M4 4 0.7 0.5 3.3 3.5
M5 5 0.8 0.5 4.2 4.5
M6 6 1 0.5 5 5.5
M8 8 1.25 1 6.8 7
M10 10 1.5 1 8.5 8.7
M12 12 1.75 1.5 10.2 10.8
M16 16 2 1.5 14 14.5
M20 20 2.5 1.5 17.5 18.5
M24 24 3 2 21 22
M30 30 3.5 2 26.5 28
M36 36 4 3 32 33
M42 42 4.5 3 37.5 39
M48 48 5 3 43 45
M56 56 5.5 4 50.5 52
M64 64 N/A 4 62
M68 68 6 N/A
13
SCREW THREADS
Thread Data
Minimum
.2% Proof Yield Minimum Proof
Property Ultimate Tensile
Tensile Stress Stress
Stress
Rm R.2P
Units N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
Material Grade Diameter Range
3.6 Low/Medium Carbon 300 180 153
4.6 Low/Medium Carbon M5 - M36 400 240 225
4.8 Low/Medium Carbon M1.6 - M16 420 336 310
5.8 Low/Medium Carbon M5 - M24 520 416 380
8.8 Medium Carbon Q & M16 - M36 800 640 580
9.8 Medium Carbon Q & M1.6 - M16 900 720 650
10.9 Low Carbon Mart Q &M5 - M36 1040 936 830
12.9 Alloy Q & T M1.6 - M36 1220 1098 970
14.9 Alloy Q & T 1400 1260 1071
Stainless A1/A2/A4
50 M39 500 210
70 M24 700 450
80 M24 800 600
9
Grade 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8

Property
Tensile Str Rm Nom 300 400 400 500 500
Min 330 400 420 500 520
Yield Stres R.2P Nom 180 240 320 300 400
REL Min 190 240 340 300 420
Nom
Min
Proof Stres RP 180 225 310 280 380
0.94 0.94 0.91 0.94 0.91
Allowable S RAllow 120 150 206 186 253
Joint Utilisation
Utilisation
Permanent 90%
Temporary 75%
2
Nut Factor
Moly paste 700F 0.067
Anti-seize HD 2400F 0.085 Nut Factor (K)
Copper anti-seize 1800F 0.1 Moly paste 700F
Copper-graphite anti-seize 1800F 0.1 Anti-seize HD 2400F
Nickel anti-seize 2600F 0.11 Copper anti-seize 1800F
API SA2 0.117 Nickel anti-seize 2600F
Machine oil 0.15 Copper-graphite anti-seize 1
As received, Alloy or Mild Steel 0.2 API SA2
Cadmium plate (dry) 0.2 Machine oil
As received, Stainless Steel 0.3 As received, Alloy or Mild Ste
Zinc coating (Hot-Dip Galvanized) 0.3 As received, Stainless Steel
2 Cadmium plate (dry)
Zinc coating (Hot-Dip Galvanize
Joint Application Joint Utilisation Factor

Shear 0.1 ~ 0.02
Vibration >0.7
2
Metric thread - Coarse Nut height

d p dr dm Sr D De Low
M1.6 1.6 0.35 1.17 1.37 1.08 1.7 3.2 1.00
M2 2 0.4 1.51 1.74 1.79 2.2 4 1.20
M2.5 2.5 0.45 1.95 2.21 2.98 2.7 5 1.60
M3 3 0.5 2.39 2.68 4.47 3.2 5.5 1.80
M3.5 3.5 0.6 2.76 3.11 6 3.7 6 2.00
M4 4 0.7 3.14 3.55 7.75 4.3 7 2.20
M5 5 0.8 4.02 4.48 12.68 5.3 8 2.70
M6 6 1 4.77 5.35 17.89 6.4 10 3.20
M8 8 1.25 6.47 7.19 32.84 8.4 13 4.00
M10 10 1.5 8.16 9.03 52.29 10.5 16 5.00
M12 12 1.75 9.85 10.86 76.25 13 18 6.00
M14 14 2 11.55 12.70 104.71 15 21 7.00
M16 16 2 13.55 14.70 144.12 17 24 8.00
M20 20 2.5 16.93 18.38 225.19 21 30 10.00
M24 24 3 20.32 22.05 324.27 25 36 12.00
M30 30 3.5 25.71 27.73 518.99 31 46 15.00
M36 36 4 31.09 33.40 759.28 37 55 18.00
M42 42 4.5 36.48 39.08 1045.15 43 65 21.00
M48 48 5 41.87 44.75 1376.59 50 75 24.00
M56 56 5.5 49.25 52.43 1905.2 58 85 28.00
M64 64 6 56.64 60.10 2519.52 66 95 32.00
M72 72 6 64.64 68.10 3281.53 74 105 36.00
M80 80 6 72.64 76.10 4144.07 82 115 40.00
M90 90 6 82.64 86.10 5363.62 93 130 45.00
M100 100 6 92.64 96.10 6740.24 104 145 50.00
Metric thread - Fine Nut height

d p dr dm Sr D De Low
M8 8 1 6.77 7.35 36.03 8.4 13 4.00
M10 10 1.25 8.47 9.19 56.3 10.5 16 5.00
M12 12 1.25 10.47 11.19 86.04 13 18 6.00
M14 14 1.5 12.16 13.03 116.13 15 21 7.00
M16 16 1.5 14.16 15.03 157.47 17 24 8.00
M20 20 1.5 18.16 19.03 259 21 30 10.00
M24 24 2 21.55 22.70 364.61 25 36 12.00
M30 30 2 27.55 28.70 595.96 31 46 15.00
M36 36 2 33.55 34.70 883.85 37 55 18.00
M42 42 2 39.55 40.70 1228.29 43 65 21.00
M48 48 2 45.55 46.70 1629.28 50 75 24.00
M56 56 2 53.55 54.70 2251.9 58 85 28.00
M64 64 2 61.55 62.70 2975.04 66 95 32.00
M72 72 2 69.55 70.70 3798.72 74 105 36.00
M80 80 2 77.55 78.70 4722.93 82 115 40.00
M90 90 2 87.55 88.70 6019.56 93 130 45.00
M100 100 2 97.55 98.70 7473.28 104 145 50.00
M110 110 2 107.55 108.70 9084.07 114 160 55.00
M125 125 2 122.55 123.70 11794.78 129 190 62.00
Property 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8

Tensile nominal <= 16mm
Strength
Rm in MPa value 300 400 400 500 500 600 800
(N/mm
Vickers) minimum
2
330 400 420 500 520 600 800
Hardness minimum 95 120 130 155 160 190 230
HV=F
98N
Brinell maximum 220 220 220 220 220 250 300
Hardness
HB minimum 90 114 124 147 152 181 219
F=30D 2
maximum
minimum 209 238 285
HRB
minimum 52 67 71 79 82 89
HRC
maximum 20
Rockwell
Hardness HRB
maximum 95 95 95 95 95
HR
Surface HRC 30
Hardness
HV
Yield0.3 maximum
nominal 320
Rel in
Stress
MPa(N/m value 180 240 320 300 400 480
0.2%
m2)
elongatio minimum
nominal 190 240 340 300 420 480
Rp0.2 in
n limit
Mpa value 640
(N/mm2) S /ReL or
minimum
p 640
Test R 0.94 0.94 0.91 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.91
Elongatio MPA 2
p0.2
stress Sp (N/mm ) 180 225 310 280 380 440 580

n after
fracture
A5 in % minimum 25 22 14 20 10 8 12
Minimum notch
impact energy in
Joules 25 30
Head Impact
Toughness No Fracture
Maximum Height of
the Thread Zone Not
Decarburized E 1/2H1
Maximum Depth of
Decarburization
Gmm 0.015
Nominal
Class
Size Mechanical Properties
Min.
Head and Proof Min. Yield
Range
Material (mm) Tensile
Marking Load Strength
Strength
Head
Marking
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
Medium Metric bolts
Class
Carbon
8.8
Steel, All Sizes
Quenche below 580 640 800
d and 16mm
Tempered
16mm -
8.8 600 660 830
Alloy
Class 72mm
Steel,
10.9
Quenche
d and 5mm -
830 940 1040
Tempered 100mm
10.9
Alloy
Class
Steel,
12.9
Quenche
d and 1.6mm -
970 1100 1220
Tempered 100mm
12.9
Stainless
markings A-2
vary. Most
stainless
Stainles 210 Min. 500 Min.
is non- s
magnetic.
All Sizes
Steel alloy thru
with 17- 20mm
19%
450 700
Chromium
Typical Typical
and 8-
13%
Nickel
Usually
stamped
A-2
Tensile Strength: The maximum load in tension (pulling apart) which a
material can withstand before breaking or fracturing. 9.8
Yield Strength: The load at which a material exhibits a specific

permanent deformation.
Proof Load: An axial tensile load which the product must withstand
without evidence of any permanent set.
8.8
Property 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8
<= 16mm
Tensile nominal
Strength value 300 400 400 500 500 600 800
Rm in MPa
(N/mm2) minimum 330 400 420 500 520 600 800
Vickers
HV=F
98N maximum 220 220 220 220 220 250 300
Brinell
HB
F=30D2 maximum 209 238 285
minimum
HRB 52 67 71 79 82 89
minimum
HRC 20
maximum
Rockwell HRB 95 95 95 95 95
Hardness maximum
HR HRC 30
Surface
Hardness
HV 0.3 maximum 320
Yield nominal
Stress value 180 240 320 300 400 480
Rel in
MPa(N/m
m2) minimum 190 240 340 300 420 480
0.2%
elongatio nominal
n limit value 640
Rp0.2 in
Mpa
(N/mm2) minimum 640
Sp/ReL or
Rp0.2 0.94 0.94 0.91 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.91
Test MPA
stress Sp (N/mm2) 180 225 310 280 380 440 580
Elongatio
n after
fracture
A5 in % minimum 25 22 14 20 10 8 12
Minimum notch
impact energy in
Joules 25 30
Head Impact
Toughness No Fracture
Maximum Height of
the Thread Zone Not
Decarburized E 1/2H1
Maximum Depth of
Decarburization
Gmm 0.015
ISO Metric Coarse ISO Metric Fine

Size Pitch Drill Size Pitch Drill
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
M1 0.25 0.75 M2 0.25 1.75
M1.1 0.25 0.85 M2.2 0.25 1.95
M1.2 0.25 0.95 M2.3 0.25 2.05
M1.4 0.3 1.1 M2.5 0.35 2.15
M1.6 0.35 1.25 M2.6 0.35 2.25
M1.8 0.35 1.45 M3 0.35 2.65
M2 0.4 1.6 M3.5 0.35 3.15
M2.2 0.45 1.75 M4 0.35 3.65
M2.5 0.45 2.05 M4 0.5 3.5
M3 0.5 2.5 M5 0.35 4.65
M3.5 0.6 2.9 M5 0.5 4.5
M4 0.7 3.3 M5 0.75 4.25
M4.5 0.75 3.75 M5.5 0.5 5
M5 0.8 4.2 M6 0.5 5.5
M6 1 5 M6 0.75 5.25
M7 1 6 M7 0.75 6.25
M8 1.25 6.75 M8 0.5 7.5
M9 1.25 7.75 M8 0.75 7.25
M10 1.5 8.5 M8 1 7
M11 1.5 9.5 M9 0.75 8.25
M12 1.75 10.2 M9 1 8
M14 2 12 M10 0.5 9.5
M16 2 14 M10 0.75 9.25
M18 2.5 15.5 M10 1 9
M20 2.5 17.5 M10 1.25 8.75
M22 2.5 19.5 M11 0.75 10.25
M24 3 21 M11 1 10
M27 3 24 M11 1.25 9.75
M30 3.5 26.5 M12 0.5 11.5
M33 3.5 29.5 M12 0.75 11.25
M36 4 32 M12 1 11
M39 4 35 M12 1.25 10.75
M42 4.5 37.5 M12 1.5 10.5
M45 4.5 40.5 M14 1 13
M48 5 43 M14 1.25 12.75
M52 5 47 M14 1.5 12.5
M56 5.5 50.5 M15 0.75 14.25
M60 5.5 54.5 M15 1 14
M64 6 58 M15 1.5 13.5
M68 6 62 M16 0.5 15.5
M72 6 66 M16 0.75 15.25
M76 6 70 M16 1 15
M16 1.25 14.75
M16 1.5 14.5
M17 1 16
M17 1.5 15.5
M18 0.75 17.25
M18 1 17
M18 1.25 16.75
M18 1.5 16.5
M18 2 16
M19 1 18
M20 1 19
M20 1.5 18.5
M20 2 18
M22 1 21
M22 1.5 20.5
M22 2 20
M24 1 23
M24 1.5 22.5
M24 2 22
M25 1 24
M25 1.5 23.5
M25 2 23
M27 1 26
M27 1.5 25.5
M27 2 25
M28 1 27
M28 1.5 26.5
M28 2 26
M30 1 29
M30 1.5 28.5
M30 2 28
M30 3 27
M32 1 31
M32 1.5 30.5
M32 2 30
M33 1.5 31.5
M33 2 31
M33 3 30
M35 1.5 33.5
M35 2 33
M35 3 32
M36 1 35
M36 1.5 34.4
M36 2 34
M36 3 33
M38 1 37
M38 1.5 36.5
M38 2 36
M39 1.5 37.5
M39 2 37
M39 3 36
M40 1 39
M40 1.5 38.5
M40 3 37
M42 1.5 40.5
M42 2 40
M42 3 39
M42 4 38
M45 1.5 43.5
M45 2 43
M45 3 42
M48 1.5 46.5
M48 2 46
M48 3 45
M48 4 44
M50 1.5 48.5
M50 2 48
M50 3 47
M52 1.5 50.5
M52 2 50
M52 3 49
M52 4 48
M56 2 54
M56 4 52
Young's Modulus of Elasticity - E - (106 psi)

Temperature (oC)
-200 -129 -73 21 93 149 204 260
Temperature (oF)
Metal -325 -200 -100 70 200 300 400 500
Cast iron
Gray cast
iron 13.4 13.2 12.9 12.6 12.2
Steel
Carbon
steel C <=
0.3% 31.4 30.8 30.2 29.5 28.8 28.3 27.7 27.3
Carbon
steel C =>
0.3% 31.2 30.6 30 29.3 28.6 28.1 27.5 27.1
Carbon-
moly
steels 31.1 30.5 29.9 29.2 28.5 28 27.4 27
Nickel
steels Ni
2% - 9% 29.6 29.1 28.5 27.8 27.1 26.7 26.1 25.7
Cr-Mo
steels Cr
1/2% - 2% 31.6 31 30.4 29.7 29 28.5 27.9 27.5
Cr-Mo
steels Cr
2 1/4% -
3% 32.6 32 31.4 30.6 29.8 29.4 28.8 28.3
Cr-Mo
steels Cr
5% - 9% 32.9 32.3 31.7 30.9 30.1 29.7 29 28.6
Chromium
steels Cr
12%,
17%, 27% 31.2 30.7 30.1 29.2 28.5 27.9 27.3 26.7
Austenitic
steels
(TP304,
Copper
310,
and316,
321, 347)
copper 30.3 29.7 29.1 28.3 27.6 27 26.5 25.8
alloys
Comp.
and
leaded-Sn
bronze
(C83600,
C92200) 14.8 14.6 14.4 14 13.7 13.4 13.2 12.9
Naval
brass Si &
Al bronze
(C46400,
C65500,
C95200,
C95400) 15.9 15.6 15.4 15 14.6 14.4 14.1 13.8
Copper
(C11000) 16.9 16.6 16.5 16 15.6 15.4 15 14.7
Copper
red brass
Al-bronze
(C10200,
C12000,
C12200,
C12500,
C14200,
Nickel
C23000,
and
C61400)
Nickel 18 17.7 17.5 17 16.6 16.3 16 15.6
Alloys
Monel
400
(N04400) 27.8 27.3 26.8 26 25.4 25 24.7 24.3
Titanium
Unalloyed
titanium
Aluminu
grades
m and1,
2, 3 and 7
aluminu 15.5 15 14.6 14 13.3
m alloys
Grades
443,
1060,
1100,
3003,
3004,
6063 11.1 10.8 10.5 10 9.6 9.2 8.7
metric
Bolt Material Diameter Yield MpaModulus Mpa
mm min mm max
A286 0 178 793 200,690
ASTM A193-B5 0 178 552 213,103
ASTM A193-B6 0 178 586 201,379
ASTM A193-B7 0 63 724 204,828
64 102 655 204,828
102 178 517 204,828
ASTM A193-B7M 0 178 552 204,828
ASTM A193-B8 Class 1 0 178 207 195,172
ASTM A193-B8 Class 2 0 178 345 195,172
ASTM A320-B8 Class 1 0 178 207 206,897
ASTM A320-B8 Class 1A 0 178 207 206,897
ASTM A320-B8 Class 2 0 19 690 206,897
19 25 552 206,897
26 32 448 206,897
32 38 345 206,897
ASTM A320-B8M Class 2 0 19 655 206,897
19 25 552 206,897
28 32 448 206,897
32 38 345 206,897
ASTM A193-B16 0 64 724 204,828
64 102 655 204,828
102 178 586 204,828
ASTM A320-L43 0 102 724 204,828
ASTM A320-L7 0 64 724 204,828
ASTM A320-L7M 0 64 552 206,897
ASTM A325M-1 16 36 662 203,448
ASTM A325M-2 16 36 662 203,448
ASTM A325M-3 16 36 662 203,448
ASTM A325-Type 1 13 25 634 203,448
26 38 559 203,448
ASTM A325-Type 2 13 25 634 203,448
26 38 559 203,448
ASTM A325-Type 3 13 25 634 203,448
26 38 559 203,448
ASTM A354-BC 0 178 752 202,069
ASTM A354-BD 0 178 793 206,897
ASTM A449 6 25 634 202,069
26 38 559 202,069
38 76 400 202,069
ASTM A453-651 0 178 414 195,172
ASTM A453-660 0 178 586 195,172
ASTM A453-662 0 178 569 195,172
ASTM A453-665 0 178 828 195,172
ASTM A490-1 13 25 897 202,069
ASTM A490-2 13 38 897 202,069
ASTM A490-3 13 38 897 202,069
ASTM A490M-1 10 36 938 203,448
ASTM A490M-2 10 36 938 203,448
ASTM A490M-3 10 36 938 203,448
ASTM A540-B24V 0 178 966 204,828
ASTM A540-Class 1 0 178 1,034 204,828
ASTM A540-Class 2 0 178 966 204,828
ASTM A540-Class 3 0 178 897 204,828
ASTM A540-Class 4 0 178 828 204,828
ASTM A540-Class 5 0 178 690 204,828
ASTM-5.8 10 24 421 203,448
F568-8.8 10 72 662 203,448
H-11 0 178 1,483 211,034
Hasteloy-X 0 178 359 197,241
Inconel 600 0 178 255 216,552
Inconel 718 0 178 1,793 200,000
Inconel X750 0 178 634 213,793
ISO R898 Class 4.6 0 100 241 203,448
ISO R898 Class 4.8 0 16 338 203,448
ISO R898 Class 5.8 0 38 421 203,448
ISO R898 Class 8.8 17 74 662 203,448
ISO R898 Class 8.8 LC 17 74 662 203,448
ISO R898 Class 8.8.3 17 74 662 203,448
ISO R898 Class 10.9 0 38 938 203,448
ISO R898 Class 10.9 LC
ISO R898 Class 10.9.3
ISO R898 Class 12.9 0 38 1,103 203,448
J1199-12.9 10 100 1,103 202,069
L1-ASTM A320-L1 0 25 724 204,828
Maraging 300 0 178 1,793 206,897
MP35N 0 178 1,793 206,897
Nimonic 80A 0 178 621 215,172
OR-4.8 10 16 338 203,448
OR-9.8 10 16 717 202,069
Rene 41 0 178 1,083 178,621
SAE J429-Grade 1 0 38 248 203,448
SAE J429-Grade 2 0 19 393 203,448
19 38 248 203,448
SAE J429-Grade 4 6 38 690 203,448
SAE J429-Grade 5 6 25 634 202,069
26 38 559 202,069
SAE J429-Grade 7 0 38 793 202,069
SAE J429-Grade 8 0 38 897 202,069
SAE J429-Grade 8.1 0 38 897 202,069
SAE J429-Grade 8.2 0 25 897 202,069
SAE-10.9 10 100 938 202,069
Stainless Steel-17-4PH 0 178 1,241 195,172
Stainless Steel-17-7PH 0 178 1,276 195,172
Stainless Steel-303 0 178 414 195,172
Stainless Steel-410 0 178 759 195,172
Stainless Steel-431 0 178 966 195,172
Stainless Steel-AM350 0 178 1,117 195,172
Stainless Steel-PH15-7MO 0 178 1,069 195,172
Ti-6A1-4V 0 178 883 113,793
Waspaloy 0 178 793 211,034
Approver MT Issue 1
Index
THREAD
DATA
CHART:
Metric
Thread --
Coarse Pitch
Thread Form
Nominal Type
Size
ISO M
1 M
Clearance Hole Head 1.1 M
Close Medium Coarse A/F 1.2 M
mm mm mm mm 1.4 M
1.7 1.8 2 1.6 M
2.2 2.4 2.6 1.8 M
2.7 2.9 3.1 2 M
3.2 3.4 3.6 5.5 2.2 M
4.3 4.5 4.8 7 2.5 M
5.3 5.5 5.8 8 3 M
6.4 6.6 7 10 3.5 M
8.4 9 10 13 4 M
10.5 12 12 16 4.5 M
13 14 15 18 5 M
17 18 19 24 6 M
21 22 24 30 7 M
25 27 28 36 8 M
31 33 35 46 9 M
37 40 42 10 M
11 M
12 M
14 M
16 M
18 M
20 M
22 M
24 M
27 M
30 M
33
36
M
M
Approver MT Issue 1 39 M
d Data Date 10.03.05 Page 1 42 M
45 M
48 M
Specified
Minimum Yield
BS 5500
Minimum Yield
Allowable Tensile
BS 5500
Minimum Yield
Index
Stress Design Stress
Stress
Shear Stress
52 M
R85%.2P R.2P/1.5 R66%.2P RY 56 M
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 60 M
64 M
153 120 68 M
204 160
286 224
255 200
354 277
408 320
544 426 1
612 480 2
796 623 3
933 731 4
1071 839 5
0 0 6
7
179 140 8
383 300 9
510 400 10
11
12
13
14
6.8 8.8 10.9 12.9

<= 16mm > 16mm
600 800 800 1000 1200
600 800 830 1040 1220
480
480
640 640 900 1080
640 660 940 1100
440 580 600 830 970
0.91 0.91 0.91 0.88 0.88
293 386 400 553 646 Mechanical Prop
Strength
grade
3.6
4.6
4.8
Nut Factor (K) 5.6
Moly paste 700F 0.067 5.8
Anti-seize HD 2400F 0.085 6.6
Copper anti-seize 1800F 0.1 6.8
Nickel anti-seize 2600F 0.11 6.9
Copper-graphite anti-seize 1800 0.1 8.8
0.117 10.9
Machine oil 0.15 12.9
As received, Alloy or Mild Steel 0.2
As received, Stainless Steel 0.3
Cadmium plate (dry) 0.2
Zinc coating (Hot-Dip Galvanized) 0.3
Joint Utilisation Factor Joint Type (P)

Shear 0.1 ~ 0.02
Vibration >0.7
Nut height Head 1 Head 2 Head 3

High Height Diam Height Hex. widthHex. height Diam Height Groove w. Groove h.
1.30 1.10 3.00 1.60 1.50 0.70 3.00 1.10 0.40 0.45
1.60 1.40 3.80 2.00 1.50 1.00 3.80 1.40 0.50 0.60
2.00 1.70 4.50 2.50 2.00 1.10 4.50 1.80 0.60 0.70
2.40 2.00 5.50 3.00 2.50 1.30 5.50 2.00 0.80 0.85
2.80 2.40 6.00 3.50 2.70 1.60 6.00 2.40 1.00 1.00
3.20 2.80 7.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 7.00 2.60 1.20 1.10
4.70 3.50 8.50 5.00 4.00 2.50 8.50 3.30 1.20 1.30
5.20 4.00 10.00 6.00 5.00 3.00 10.00 3.90 1.60 1.60
6.80 5.30 13.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 13.00 5.00 2.00 2.00
8.40 6.40 16.00 10.00 8.00 5.00 16.00 6.00 2.50 2.40
10.80 7.50 18.00 12.00 10.00 6.00 18.00 7.00 3.00 3.00
12.80 8.80 21.00 14.00 12.00 7.00 20.00 8.00 3.50 3.50
14.80 10.00 24.00 16.00 14.00 8.00 24.00 9.00 4.00 4.00
18.00 12.50 30.00 20.00 17.00 10.00 30.00 11.00 5.00 4.50
21.50 15.00 36.00 24.00 19.00 12.00
25.60 18.70 45.00 30.00 22.00 15.50
31.00 22.50 54.00 36.00 27.00 19.00
34.00 26.00 63.00 42.00 32.00 21.00
38.00 30.00 72.00 48.00 36.00 24.00
45.00 35.00 84.00 56.00 41.00 34.00
51.00 40.00 96.00 64.00 46.00 38.00
55.00 45.00
62.00 50.00
70.00 56.00
78.00 62.00
Nut height Head 1 Head 2 Head 3

High Height Diam Height Hex. widthHex. height Diam Height Groove w. Groove h.
6.80 5.30 13.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 13.00 5.00 2.00 2.00
8.40 6.40 16.00 10.00 8.00 5.00 16.00 6.00 2.50 2.40
10.80 7.50 18.00 12.00 10.00 6.00 18.00 7.00 3.00 3.00
12.80 8.80 21.00 14.00 12.00 7.00 20.00 8.00 3.50 3.50
14.80 10.00 24.00 16.00 14.00 8.00 24.00 9.00 4.00 4.00
18.00 12.50 30.00 20.00 17.00 10.00 30.00 11.00 5.00 4.50
21.50 15.00 36.00 24.00 19.00 12.00
25.60 18.70 45.00 30.00 22.00 15.50
31.00 22.50 54.00 36.00 27.00 19.00
34.00 26.00 63.00 42.00 32.00 21.00
38.00 30.00 72.00 48.00 36.00 24.00
45.00 35.00 84.00 56.00 41.00 34.00
51.00 40.00 96.00 64.00 46.00 38.00
55.00 45.00
62.00 50.00
70.00 56.00
78.00 62.00
85.00 68.00
98.00 76.00
8.8 10.9 12.9

> 16mm
800 1000 1200
830 1040 1220
255 310 372
336 382 434
242 295 353
319 363 412
23 31 38
34 39 44
356 402 454
640 900 1080

660 940 1100
0.91 0.88 0.88
600 830 970
12 9 8
30 20 15
1/2H1 2/3H1 3/4H1
0.015 0.015
8.8
10.9 12.9
> 16mm
800 1000 1200
830 1040 1220

255 310 372
336 382 434
242 295 353
319 363 412
23 31 38
34 39 44
356 402 454
640 900 1080
660 940 1100
0.91 0.88 0.88
600 830 970
12 9 8
30 20 15
1/2H1 2/3H1 3/4H1
0.015 0.015 0.015

asticity - E - (106 psi) Young's Modulus
Temperatof Elasticity - E - (106 psi)
perature (oC) Metal ure ( C)
o
316 371 427 482 538 593 649 -200

Temperat -129
perature ( F)
o
ure ( F)
o
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 -325 -200

ron Cast iron
Gray cast
11.7 11 10.2 iron
Steel 0 0
Carbon
steel C <=
26.7 25.5 24.2 22.4 20.4 18 0.3% 216000 212000
Carbon
steel C =>
26.5 25.3 24 22.2 20.2 17.9 15.4 0.3% 215000 211000
Carbon-
moly
26.4 25.3 23.9 22.2 20.1 17.8 15.3 steels 214000 210000
Nickel
steels Ni
25.2 24.6 23 2% - 9% 204000 201000
Cr-Mo
steels Cr
26.9 26.3 25.5 24.8 23.9 23 21.8 1/2% - 2% 218000 214000
Cr-Mo
steels Cr
2 1/4% -
27.7 27.1 26.3 25.6 24.6 23.7 22.5 3% 225000 221000
Cr-Mo
steels Cr
28 27.3 26.1 24.7 22.7 20.4 18.2 5% - 9% 227000 223000
Chromium
steels Cr
12%,
26.1 25.6 24.7 23.2 21.5 19.1 16.6 17%, 27% 215000 212000
Austenitic
steels
(TP304,
Copper
310,
and316,
25.3 24.8 24.1 23.5 22.8 22.1 21.2 321, 347)
copper 209000 205000
alloys 0 0
Comp.
and
leaded-Sn
bronze
(C83600,
12.5 12 C92200) 102000 101000
Naval
brass Si &
Al bronze
(C46400,
C65500,
C95200,
13.4 12.8 C95400) 110000 108000
Copper
14.2 13.7 (C11000) 117000 114000
Copper
red brass
Al-bronze
(C10200,
C12000,
C12200,
C12500,
C14200,
Nickel
C23000,
and
15.1 14.5 C61400)
Nickel 124000 122000
Alloys 0 0
Monel
400
24.1 23.7 23.1 22.6 22.1 21.7 21.2 (N04400) 192000 188000
Titanium 0 0
Unalloyed
titanium
Aluminu
grades
m and1,
12.6 11.9 11.2 2, 3 and 7
aluminu 0 0
m alloys 0 0
Grades
443,
1060,
1100,
3003,
3004,
6063 77000 74000
Modulus Mpa
Major Pitch Root Pitch Minor Minor Thread Thread Tap
Diameter mm Radius Diameter Diameter Diameter Height Height Drill
mm p mm mm Male Thd. Female Thd. Male Thd. Female Thd. Diameter
d=D r d2=D2 d3 D1 h3 H1 mm
1 0.25 0.036 0.838 0.693 0.729 0.153 0.135 0.75
1.1 0.25 0.036 0.938 0.793 0.829 0.153 0.135 0.85
1.2 0.25 0.036 1.038 0.893 0.929 0.153 0.135 0.95
1.4 0.3 0.043 1.205 1.032 1.075 0.184 0.162 1.1
1.6 0.35 0.051 1.373 1.171 1.221 0.215 0.189 1.25
1.8 0.35 0.051 1.573 1.371 1.421 0.215 0.189 1.45
2 0.4 0.058 1.74 1.509 1.567 0.245 0.217 1.6
2.2 0.45 0.065 1.908 1.648 1.713 0.276 0.244 1.75
2.5 0.45 0.065 2.208 1.948 2.013 0.276 0.244 2.05
3 0.5 0.072 2.675 2.387 2.459 0.307 0.271 2.5
3.5 0.6 0.087 3.11 2.764 2.85 0.368 0.325 2.9
4 0.7 0.101 3.545 3.141 3.242 0.429 0.379 3.3
4.5 0.75 0.108 4.013 3.58 3.688 0.46 0.406 3.8
5 0.8 0.115 4.48 4.019 4.134 0.491 0.433 4.2
6 1 0.144 5.35 4.773 4.917 0.613 0.541 5
7 1 0.144 6.35 5.773 5.917 0.613 0.541 6
8 1.25 0.18 7.188 6.466 6.647 0.767 0.677 6.8

9 1.25 0.18 8.188 7.466 7.647 0.767 0.677 7.8
10 1.5 0.217 9.026 8.16 8.376 0.92 0.812 8.5
11 1.5 0.217 10.026 9.16 9.376 0.92 0.812 9.5
12 1.75 0.253 10.863 9.853 10.106 1.074 0.947 10.2
14 2 0.289 12.701 11.546 11.835 1.227 1.083 12
16 2 0.289 14.701 13.546 13.835 1.227 1.083 14

18 2.5 0.361 16.376 14.933 15.394 1.534 1.353 15.5
20 2.5 0.361 18.376 16.933 17.294 1.534 1.353 17.5
22 2.5 0.361 20.376 18.933 19.294 1.534 1.353 19.5
24 3 0.433 22.051 20.319 20.752 1.84 1.624 21
27 3 0.433 25.051 23.319 23.752 1.84 1.624 24
30 3.5 0.505 27.727 25.706 26.211 2.147 1.894 26.5

33 3.5 0.505 30.727 28.706 29.211 2.147 1.894 29.5
36 4 0.577 33.402 31.093 31.67 2.454 2.165 32
39 4 0.577 36.402 34.093 34.67 2.454 2.165 35
42 4.5 0.65 39.077 36.479 37.129 2.76 2.436 37.5
45 4.5 0.65 42.077 39.479 40.129 2.76 2.436 40.5
48 5 0.722 44.752 41.866 42.857 3.067 2.706 43

52 5 0.722 48.752 45.866 46.587 3.067 2.706 47
56 5.5 0.794 52.428 49.252 50.046 3.374 2.977 50.5
60 5.5 0.794 56.428 53.252 54.046 3.374 2.977 54.5

64 6 0.866 60.103 56.639 57.505 3.681 3.248 58
68 6 0.866 64.103 60.639 61.505 3.681 3.248 62
Mechanical Properties Of Fasteners
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FASTENERS

Hardness Yield
Tensile strengh
strength
N/mm2 Brinell Hardness Rockwell Hardness N/mm2
H RB HRC
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
Min. Max. Min. Max.
333 480 90 150 49 82 -- -- 196
392 539 110 170 62 88 -- -- 235
314
490 686 140 215 77 97 -- -- 294
392
588 784 170 245 88 102 -- -- 353
421
529
784 980 225 300 -- -- 18 31 627
980 1176 280 365 -- -- 27 38 882
1176 1372 330 425 -- -- 34 44 1058
Head 4 Washer
Diam Groove w. Groove h. Diam 1 Diam 2 Height
3.00 0.40 0.50 3.50 4.00 0.30
3.50 0.50 0.60 4.50 5.00 0.50
4.50 0.60 0.70 5.00 6.00 0.50
5.00 0.80 1.00 6.00 7.00 0.80
6.00 1.00 1.20 7.00 8.00 0.80
7.00 1.20 1.40 8.00 9.00 0.80
8.50 1.20 1.60 10.00 10.00 1.00
10.00 1.60 2.00 12.00 12.00 1.60
13.00 2.00 2.50 15.00 16.00 2.00
16.00 2.50 3.00 18.00 20.00 2.50
20.00 24.00 3.00
22.00 28.00 3.00
26.00 30.00 3.00
30.00 37.00 4.00
37.00 44.00 4.00
44.00 56.00 5.00
50.00 66.00 6.00
60.00 78.00 6.00
66.00 92.00 8.00
72.00 105.00 8.00
78.00 115.00 10.00
92.00 125.00 10.00
98.00 140.00 12.00
110.00 160.00 12.00
120.00 175.00 12.00
Head 4 Washer
Diam Groove w. Groove h. Diam 1 Diam 2 Height
13.00 2.00 2.50 15.00 16.00 2.00
16.00 2.50 3.00 18.00 20.00 2.50
20.00 24.00 3.00
22.00 28.00 3.00
26.00 30.00 3.00
30.00 37.00 4.00
37.00 44.00 4.00
44.00 56.00 5.00
50.00 66.00 6.00
60.00 78.00 6.00
66.00 92.00 8.00
72.00 105.00 8.00
78.00 115.00 10.00
92.00 125.00 10.00
98.00 140.00 12.00
110.00 160.00 12.00
120.00 175.00 12.00
130.00 185.00 15.00
150.00 220.00 15.00
-73 21 93 149 204 260 316 371 427 482
-100 70 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
92000 91000 89000 87000 84000 81000 76000 70000 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
208000 203000 199000 195000 191000 188000 184000 176000 167000 154000
207000 202000 197000 194000 190000 187000 183000 174000 165000 153000
206000 201000 197000 193000 189000 186000 182000 174000 165000 153000
197000 192000 187000 184000 180000 177000 174000 170000 159000 0
210000 205000 200000 197000 192000 190000 185000 181000 176000 171000
216000 211000 205000 203000 199000 195000 191000 187000 181000 177000
219000 213000 208000 205000 200000 197000 193000 188000 180000 170000
208000 201000 197000 192000 188000 184000 180000 177000 170000 160000
201000 195000 190000 186000 183000 178000 174000 171000 166000 162000
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
99000 97000 94000 92000 91000 89000 86000 83000 0 0

106000 103000 101000 99000 97000 95000 92000 88000 0 0
114000 110000 108000 106000 103000 101000 98000 94000 0 0
121000 117000 114000 112000 110000 108000 104000 100000 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
185000 179000 175000 172000 170000 168000 166000 163000 159000 156000
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 107000 103000 101000 97000 92000 87000 82000 77000 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
72000 69000 66000 63000 60000 0 0 0 0 0

THREAD DATA CHART: Metric Thread -- Fine Pitch
Nominal Thread Major Pitch Root Pitch Minor Minor Thread Thread
Size Form Diameter mm Radius Diameter Diameter Diameter Height Height
ISO MF Type mm p mm mm Male Thd. Female Thd. Male Thd. Female Thd.
d=D r d2=D2 d3 D1 h3 H1
1.0x0.2 MF 1 0.2 0.029 0.87 0.755 0.783 0.123 0.108
1.1x0.2 MF 1.1 0.2 0.029 0.97 0.855 0.883 0.123 0.108
1.2x0.2 MF 1.2 0.2 0.029 1.07 0.955 0.983 0.123 0.108
1.4x0.2 MF 1.4 0.2 0.029 1.27 1.155 1.183 0.123 0.108
1.6x0.2 MF 1.6 0.2 0.029 1.47 1.355 1.383 0.123 0.108
1.8x0.2 MF 1.8 0.2 0.029 1.67 1.555 1.583 0.123 0.108
2x0.25 MF 2 0.25 0.036 1.838 1.693 1.729 0.153 0.135
2.2x0.25 MF 2.2 0.25 0.036 2.038 1.893 1.929 0.153 0.135
2.5x0.35 MF 2.5 0.35 0.051 2.273 2.071 2.121 0.215 0.189
3x0.35 MF 3 0.35 0.051 2.773 2.571 2.621 0.215 0.189
3.5x0.35 MF 3.5 0.35 0.051 3.273 3.071 3.121 0.215 0.189
4x0.5 MF 4 0.5 0.072 3.675 3.387 3.459 0.307 0.271
4.5x0.5 MF 4.5 0.5 0.072 4.175 3.887 3.959 0.307 0.271
5x0.5 MF 5 0.5 0.072 4.675 4.387 4.459 0.307 0.271
5.5x0.5 MF 5.5 0.5 0.072 5.175 4.887 4.959 0.307 0.271
6x0.75 MF 6 0.75 0.108 5.513 5.08 5.188 0.46 0.406
7x0.75 MF 7 0.75 0.108 6.513 6.08 6.188 0.46 0.406

8x0.75 MF 8 0.75 0.108 7.513 7.08 7.188 0.46 0.406
8x1.0 MF 8 1 0.144 7.35 6.773 6.917 0.613 0.541
9x0.75 MF 9 0.75 0.108 8.513 8.08 8.188 0.46 0.406
9x 1 MF 9 1 0.144 8.35 7.773 7.917 0.613 0.541
10x0.75 MF 10 0.75 0.108 9.513 9.08 9.188 0.46 0.406
10x1 MF 10 1 0.144 9.35 8.773 8.917 0.613 0.541

10x1.25 MF 10 1.25 0.18 9.188 8.466 8.647 0.767 0.677
11x0.75 MF 11 0.75 0.108 10.513 10.08 10.188 0.46 0.406
11x1 MF 11 1 0.144 10.35 9.773 9.917 0.613 0.541
12x1 MF 12 1 0.144 11.35 10.773 10.917 0.613 0.541
12x1.25 MF 12 1.25 0.18 11.188 10.466 10.647 0.767 0.677
12x1.5 MF 12 1.5 0.217 11.026 10.16 10.376 0.92 0.812

14x1.0 MF 14 1 0.144 13.35 12.773 12.917 0.613 0.541
14x1.25 MF 14 1.25 0.18 13.188 12.466 12.647 0.767 0.677
14x1.5 MF 14 1.5 0.217 13.026 12.16 12.376 0.92 0.812
15x1 MF 15 1 0.144 14.35 13.773 13.917 0.613 0.541
15x1.5 MF 15 1.5 0.217 14.026 13.16 13.376 0.92 0.812
16x1 MF 16 1 0.144 15.35 14.773 14.917 0.613 0.541

16x1.5 MF 16 1.5 0.217 15.026 14.16 14.376 0.92 0.812
17x1.0 MF 17 1 0.144 16.35 15.773 15.917 0.613 0.541
17x1.5 MF 17 1.5 0.217 16.026 15.16 15.376 0.92 0.812

18x1.0 MF 18 1 0.144 17.35 16.773 16.917 0.613 0.541
18x1.5 MF 18 1.5 0.217 17.026 16.16 16.376 0.92 0.812
18x2.0 MF 18 2 0.289 16.701 15.546 15.835 1.227 1.083
20x1.0 MF 20 1 0.144 19.35 18.773 18.917 0.613 0.541
20 1.5 0.217 19.026 18.16 18.376 0.92 0.812
20 2 0.289 18.701 17.546 17.835 1.227 1.083

22 1 0.144 21.35 20.773 20.917 0.613 0.541
22 1.5 0.217 21.026 20.16 20.376 0.92 0.812
22 2 0.289 20.701 19.546 19.835 1.227 1.083
24 1 0.144 23.35 22.773 22.917 0.613 0.541
24 1.5 0.217 23.026 22.16 22.376 0.92 0.812
24 2 0.289 22.701 21.546 21.835 1.227 1.083
25 1 0.144 24.35 23.773 23.917 0.613 0.541
25 1.5 0.217 24.026 23.16 23.376 0.92 0.812
25 2 0.289 23.701 22.546 22.835 1.227 1.083
27 1 0.144 26.35 25.773 25.917 0.613 0.541
27 1.5 0.217 26.026 25.16 25.376 0.92 0.812
27 2 0.289 25.701 24.546 24.835 1.227 1.083
28 1 0.144 27.35 26.773 26.917 0.613 0.541
28 1.5 0.217 27.026 26.16 26.376 0.92 0.812
28 2 0.289 26.701 25.546 25.835 1.227 1.083
538 593 649
1000 1100 1200
0 0 0
#VALUE!
141000 124000 0
139000 123000 106000
139000 123000 105000
0 0 0
165000 159000 150000
170000 163000 155000
157000 141000 125000
148000 132000 114000
157000 152000 146000

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
152000 150000 146000

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Size M3 M4
Basic Dia D (mm) 3 4
Pitch p 0.5 0.7
1/p n 2 1.4286
Stress Dia Ds 2.5309 3.3433
Tensile Stress Area At 5.0308 8.7787
Pitch circle dia. dp 2.6752 3.5453
Shear Area/unit Length A ss/mm 4.2023 5.569
Length of Thread Le 2.3944 3.1527
(Ass=2*At)
Max.Minor Dia (nut) Knmax 2.599 3.422
Min Pitch Dia (Screw) E smin 2.58 3.433
Max Pitch dia (Nut) E sub>nmax 2.775 3.663
Min Major dia (Screw) D smin 2.874 3.838
Shear Area/unit length (Screw) A s /mm 3.9034 5.4728
Shear Area /mm length (Nut) A n/mm 5.5466 7.7691
Length of Thread Le 2.5777 3.2081
(As= 2*At)
Tap
Drill
Diameter
mm
0.8
0.9
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.75
1.95
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.2
6.2
7.2
7
8.2
8
9.2
9
8.8
10.2
10
11
10.8
10.5
13
12.8
12.5
14
13.5
15
14.5
16
15.5
17
16.5
16
19
18.5
18
21
20.5
20
23
22.5
22
24
23.5
23
26
25.5
25
27
26.5
26
M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16
5 6 8 10 12 14 16
0.8 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2
1.25 1 0.8 0.6667 0.5714 0.5 0.5
4.2494 5.0618 6.8273 8.5927 10.3582 12.1236 14.1236
14.1825 20.1234 36.6085 57.9896 84.2665 115.4394 156.6684
4.4804 5.3505 7.1881 9.0257 10.8633 12.701 14.701
7.0378 8.4045 11.291 14.1776 17.0641 19.9506 23.0922
4.0304 4.7887 6.4845 8.1805 9.8765 11.5725 13.5689
4.334 5.153 6.912 8.676 10.441 12.21 14.21

4.361 5.212 7.042 8.862 10.679 12.503 14.503
4.605 5.5 7.348 9.206 11.063 12.913 14.913
4.826 5.794 7.76 9.732 11.701 13.682 15.682
7.0731 8.6458 12.1612 15.5796 18.9762 22.4239 26.0969
9.9988 12.1909 16.8285 21.4769 26.1173 31.0335 35.5699
4.0103 4.6551 6.0206 7.4443 8.8813 10.2961 12.0067
SCREW THREADS
Bolt Data
Pitch of
Nominal
thread
size and Diameter of Width across flats Width across corners
(coarse
thread unthreaded
d
diameter
pitch d shank s e
series)
max min max min max min
M5 0.8 5.48 4.52 8 7.64 9.2 8.63
M6 1 6.48 5.52 10 9.64 11.5 10.89
M8 1.25 8.58 7.42 13 12.57 15 14.2
M10 1.5 10.58 9.42 17 16.57 19.6 18.72
M12 1.75 12.7 11.3 19 18.48 21.9 20.88
M16 2 16.7 15.3 24 23.16 27.7 26.17
M20 2.5 20.84 19.16 30 29.16 34.6 32.95
(M22) 2.5 22.84 21.16 32 31 36.9 35.03
M24 3 24.84 23.16 36 35 41.6 39.55
(M27) 3 27.84 26.16 41 40 47.3 45.2
M30 3.5 30.84 29.16 46 45 53.1 50.85
(M33) 3.5 34 32 50 49 57.7 55.37
M36 4 37 35 55 53.8 63.5 60.79
(M39) 4 40 38 60 58.8 69.3 66.44
M42 4.5 43 41 65 63.8 75.1 72.09
(M45) 4.5 46 44 70 68.8 80.8 77.74
M48 5 49 47 75 73.8 86.6 83.39
(M52) 5 53.2 50.8 80 78.8 92.4 89.04
M56 5.5 57.2 54.8 85 83.6 98.1 94.47
(M60) 5.5 61.2 58.8 90 88.6 103.9 100.12
M64 6 65.2 62.8 95 93.6 109.7 105.77
(M68) 6 69.2 62.8 100 98.6 115.5 111.42
Note: Sizes shown in bracket are non preferred
SCREW THREADS
Nut Data
Pitch of
Nominal
thread
size and Thickness of nut
(coarse
thread m
d pitch Black Faced one side
diameter
series)
max min max min
M5 0.8 4.375 3.625 4 3.52
M6 1 5.375 4.625 5 4.52
M8 1.25 6.875 6.125 6.5 5.92
M10 1.5 8.45 7.55 8 7.42
M12 1.75 10.45 9.55 10 9.42
M16 2 13.55 12.45 13 12.3
M20 2.5 16.55 15.45 16 15.3
(M22) 2.5 18.55 17.45 18 17.3
M24 3 19.65 18.35 19 18.16
(M27) 3 22.65 21.35 22 21.16
M30 3.5 24.65 23.35 24 23.16
(M33) 3.5 26.65 25.35 26 25.16
M36 4 29.65 28.35 29 28.16
(M39) 4 31.8 30.2 31 30
M42 4.5 34.8 33.2 34 33
(M45) 4.5 36.8 35.2 36 35
M48 5 38.8 37.2 38 37
(M52) 5 42.8 41.2 42 41
M56 5.5 45.8 44.2 45 44
(M60) 5.5 48.8 47.2 48 47
M64 6 51.95 50.05 51 49.8
(M68) 6 54.95 53.05 54 52.8
Nominal
size & bolt
diameter
d 12 14 16 20 25 30 35 40
M5 scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
M6 scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
M8 scr scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
M 10 scr scr scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME?
M 12 scr scr scr scr scr #NAME?
M 16 scr scr scr scr
M 20 scr scr scr scr
(M 22) scr scr scr
M 24 scr scr scr
(M 27) scr scr
M 30 scr scr
(M 33) scr scr
M 36
(M 39)
M 42
(M 45)
M 48
(M 52)
M 56
(M 60)
M 64
(M 68)
Note: The bolt sizes in this table do not imply that all listed items are stock production sizes. The purchaser should
Note: Sizes shown in brackets are non preferred.
ISO metric precision hexagon nuts and bolts (all quantities) (in mm)
D
Pr f„.„ c h L., t
M1.6 0.35 3.2 3.7 1.225 9.2 1.3

M2 0.4 4 4.6 1.525 10 1.6
M2.5 0.45 5 5.8 1.825 11 2
M3 0.5 5.5 6.4 2.125 12 2.4
M4 0.7 7 8.1 2.925 14 3.2
M5 0.8 8 9.2 3.65 16 4
M6 1 10 11.5 4.15 18 5
M8 1.25 13 15 5.65 22 6.5 5
MIO 1.5 17 19.6 7.18 26 8 6
M12 1.75 19 21.9 8.18 30 10 7
M 16 2 24 27.7 10.18 38 13 8
M20 2.5 30 34.6 13.215 46 16 9
M24 3 36 41.6 15.215 54 19 10
M30 3.5 46 53.1 19.26 66 24 12
M36 4 55 63.5 23.26 78 29 14
M42 4.5 65 75.1 26.26 90 34 16
M48 5 75 86.6 30.26 102 38 18
M56 5.5 85 98.1 35.31 118 46
M64 6 95 109.7 40.31 134 51
Standard bolt lengths (L)

20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45,
50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100,
110, 120,
130, 140,
150
Standard screw lengths
10, 12, 16,
18, 20, 22,
25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70
SCREW THREADS
0 Dimensions of Washers to BS 4320: 1968
0
d2 d1
s
Normal diameter Black Washers (Form E) - Table 3 BS4320
Nominal
size of Inside diameter Outside diameter Thickness
bolt or d1 d2 s
screw
nominal max min nominal max min nominal
M5 5.5 5.8 5.5 10 10 9.2 1
M6 6.6 7 6.6 12.5 12.5 11.7 1.6
(M 7) 7.6 8 7.6 14 14 13.2 1.6
M8 9 9.4 9 17 17 16.2 1.6
M 10 11 11.5 11 21 21 20.2 2
M 12 14 14.5 14 24 24 23.2 2.5
(M 14) 16 16.5 16 28 28 27.2 2.5
M 16 18 18.5 18 30 30 29.2 3
(M 18) 20 20.6 20 34 34 32.8 3
M 20 22 22.6 22 37 37 35.8 3
(M 22) 24 24.6 24 39 39 37.8 3
M 24 26 26.6 26 44 44 42.8 4
(M 27) 30 30.6 30 50 50 48.8 4
M 30 33 33.8 33 56 56 54.5 4
(M 33) 36 36.8 36 60 60 58.5 5
M 36 39 39.8 39 66 66 64.5 5
(M39) 42 42.8 42 72 72 70.5 6
M 42 45 45.8 45 78 78 76.5 7
(M 45) 48 48.8 48 85 85 83 7
M 48 52 53 52 92 92 90 8
(M 52) 56 57 56 98 98 96 8
M 56 62 63 62 105 105 103 9
(M 60) 66 67 66 110 110 108 9
M 64 70 71 70 115 115 113 9
(M 68) 74 75 74 120 120 118 10
d2 d1
s
Large diameter Black Washers (Form F) - Table 4 BS4320
Nominal
size of Inside diameter Outside diameter Thickness
bolt or d1 d2 s
screw
nominal max min nominal max min nominal
M8 9 9.4 9 21 21 20.2 1.6
M 10 11 11.5 11 24 24 23.2 2
M 12 14 14.5 14 28 28 27.2 2.5
(M 14) 16 16.5 16 30 30 29.2 2.5
M 16 18 18.5 18 34 34 32.8 3
(M 18) 20 20.6 20 37 37 35.8 3
M 20 22 22.6 22 39 39 37.8 3
(M 22) 24 24.6 24 44 44 42.8 3
M 24 26 26.6 26 50 50 48.8 4
(M 27) 30 30.6 30 56 56 54.5 4
M 30 33 33.8 33 60 60 58.5 4
(M 33) 36 36.8 36 66 66 64.5 5
M 36 39 39.8 39 72 72 70.5 5
(M39) 42 42.8 42 77 77 75.5 6
Approver MT Issue 1
Data Date 10.03.05 Page 1
Index
Radius Depth of
Height of head Washer
under washer
face dia
k head
r dw face
c
max min max min max
3.875 3.125 0.35 6.8 0.5
4.375 3.625 0.4 8.7 0.5
5.875 5.125 0.8 11.5 0.6
7.45 6.55 0.8 15.5 0.6
8.45 7.55 1.25 17.2 0.6
10.45 9.55 1.25 22 0.8
13.9 12.1 1.78 27.7 0.8
14.9 13.1 1.78
15.9 14.1 1.78 33.2 0.8
17.9 16.1 2.28
20.05 17.95 2.28 42.7 0.8
22.05 19.95 2.28
24.05 21.95 2.7 51.1 0.8
26.05 23.95 2.7
27.05 24.95 2.8 60.8 1
29.05 26.95 3.3
31.05 28.95 3.8 70.8 1
34.25 31.75 4.7
36.25 33.75 4.9
39.25 36.75 4.9
41.25 38.75 4.9
44.25 41.75 4.9
Approver MT Issue 1
Data Date 10.03.05 Page 1
Index
Thickness of thin nut
(faced both sides)
t
max min
- -
- -
5 4.52
6 5.52
7 6.42
9 8.42
9 8.42
10 9.42
10 9.42
12 11.3
12 11.3
14 13.3
14 13.3
16 15.3
16 15.3
18 17.3
18 17.3
20 19.16
- -
- -
- -
- -
Lengths
Standard Nominal Size,and Threaded
Lengths andLengt
Thr
Up to and includ
Over 125 up to/inclu
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Over 200
#NAME?
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ### #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ### #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? ### #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? ### #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr scr scr #NAME? ### #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr scr scr scr ### #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr #NAME?
scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr
scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr
scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr
scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr
scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr
scr scr scr scr scr scr
scr scr scr scr scr scr
scr scr scr scr
scr scr
scr scr
tion sizes. The purchaser should consult the supplier for the list of available sizes.
P. A, D,
Bolt length 5 6 8 10
0.35 0.795 1.25
0.4 1.53 1.6 10 C C C
0.45 2.61 2.05 12 C C C
0.5 4 2.5 16 C C C C
0.7 6.82 3.3 20 C CP CP CP
0.8 11.3 4.2 25 C CP CP CP
1 15.8 5 30 C CP CP CP
1.25 30 6.8 35 C CP CP CP
1.5 48 8.5 40 C CP CP CP
1.75 70.5 10.2 45 C CP CP CP
2 136 14 50 C CP CP CP
2.5 212 17.5 55 C CP CP CP
3 305 21 60 C CP CP CP
3.5 492 26.5 65 CP CP CP
4 722 32 70 CP CP CP
4.5 1007 37.5 75 CP CP CP
5 1330 43 80 CP CP CP
5.5 1830 50.5 90 C CP CP
6 2430 58 100 CP CP CP
110 CP CP CP
120 CP CP CP
130 CP CP CP
140 CP CP CP
150 CP CP CP
160 C
170 CP
180 CP
200 CP
220
240
250
260
280
300
350
400
400
450
500
550
600
30-Dec-99 30-Dec-99 30-Dec-99 30-Dec-99

READS 0 0 0 0
hers to BS 4320: 1968 30-Dec-99 30-Dec-99 30-Dec-99 30-Dec-99
30-Dec-99 30-Dec-99 30-Dec-99 30-Dec-99
Index
able 3 BS4320
Thickness
s
max min
1.2 0.8
1.9 1.3
1.9 1.3
1.9 1.3
2.3 1.7
2.8 2.2
2.8 2.2
3.6 2.4
3.6 2.4
3.6 2.4
3.6 2.4
4.6 3.4
4.6 3.4
4.6 3.4
6 4
6 4
7 5
8.2 5.8
8.2 5.8
9.2 6.8
9.2 6.8
10.2 7.8
10.2 7.8
10.2 7.8
11.2 8.8
ble 4 BS4320
Thickness
s
max min
1.9 1.3
2.3 1.7
2.8 2.2
2.8 2.2
3.6 2.4
3.6 2.4
3.6 2.4
3.6 2.4
4.6 3.4
4.6 3.4
4.6 3.4
6 4
6 4
7 5
ngths
Size,and Threaded
Lengths andLengths of ISO
Threaded Metric Black
Lengths Hexagon
of Bolts Bolts &to
& Screws Screws
BS4190:2001
Up to and including 125 mm, Thread Length = 2d + 6 mm
Over 125 up to/including 200 mm, Thread Length = 2d + 12 mm
100 110200 mm,120
Over 130 = 2d 140
Thread Length + 25 mm 150 160 170 180 190
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
scr scr scr scr scr scr scr scr #NAME? #NAME?
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 36
C
CP C CP
CP C CP C
CP C CP C C
CP C CP C CP
CP C CP CP
CP C CP C CP
CP C CP C CP C C
CP C CP C CP C C
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MACHINE DESIGN EXCEL SPREAD SHEETS
Copy write, © Machine Design Spreadsheet Calculations by John R Andrew, 6 July 2006
EXCEL MATH TOOLS
Useful math tools applicable to this course are given below.
Insert the Microsoft Office CD for Add-Ins

Spread Sheet Method: If Excel's, "Goal Seek" or "Solver" are not
1. Type in values for the input data. installed you will need to select drop-down
2. Enter. menu: Tools > Add-Ins > Goal Seek
3. Answer: X = will be calculated. Tools > Add-Ins > Solver
4. Automatic calculations are bold type. .To open select Tools
When using Excel's Goal Seek, unprotect the spread sheet by selecting:
Drop down menu: Tools > Protection > Unprotect Sheet > OK
When Excel's Goal Seek is not needed, restore protection with:
Drop down menu: Tools > Protection > Protect Sheet > OK
What if Calculations
Excel will make a, “what if calculation” using, "Goal Seek" when the calculated formula
.value needs to be changed
Goal Seek Example

The hypotenuse of the right angle triangle above is calculated in the table below. Columns, A
and B are intercescted by rows 5 through 10 forming cells. Cell B6 contains the value 4.00.
."Cell B10 contains the formula, "= (B6^2 + B7^2) ^ (1/2)
The hypotenuse is found to be 5.00 when the other two sides are: 3.00 and 4.00. However
.the, "Optimum Value" for hypotenuse is 7.00
Select the formula cell, B10 and Goal Seek will calculate a new value (target value) for cell B7
.that will change the hypotenuse to 7.00
A B
5 Input
6 ADJ = 4.00
7 OPP = 3.00
8 Calculations
9 HYP = (ADJ^2 + OPP^2)^(1/2)
10 = 5.00
To Create the Above Table
.Type, “Input” in cell B5 as shown below. “ADJ =” in cell A6. “4” in cell B6
.Complete the spreadsheet table below in columns A and B down to row 9
.Select cell B9 with the mouse pointer .1

.Press keys: ctrl and C together .2
.Pick cell B10, Enter. The formula, ( ADJ^2 + OPP^2 )^(1/2) will be copied into cell B10 .3
Press: f2, home , =. Function key f2 enables editing a cell. Home key moves the mouse .4
pointer to the left side of the cell. Type the, = sign and press, "Enter" to enable cell B10 to do
.the math calculation. See cell below B10
.Cell B10 below contains the calculated value 5.00 .5
A B
5 Input
6 ADJ = 4.00
7 OPP = 3.00
8 Calculations
9 HYP = (ADJ^2 + OPP^2)^(1/2)
10 = 5.00
M271 BOLTED CONNECTIONS EXCEL CALCULATIONS

© Copy Write John Andrew P.E. 2 March 2008
MATH TOOLS
Spread Sheet Method:
1. Type in values for the input data.
2. Excel will make the calculations.
Excel's GOAL SEEK

Excel's, "Goal Seek" adjusts one Input value to cause a Calculated formula cell to equal a given value.
When using Excel's Goal Seek, unprotect the spread sheet by selecting: Drop down menu: Tools >
Protection > Unprotect Sheet > OK

Excel's GOAL SEEK
Excel's, "Goal Seek" adjusts one Input value to cause a Calculated formula cell to equal a given value.
When using Excel's Goal Seek, unprotect the spread sheet by selecting: Drop down menu: Tools >
Protection > Unprotect Sheet > OK

Input
Horizontal force, H = 12.0 kips
Vertical force, V = 6.0 kips
Calculation
Resultant force, R = ( H^2 + V^2 )^(1/2)
= 13.4 kips
Angle, A = 57.30 * ATAN(V / H)
26.57 deg
EXAMPLE-1: SOLVE VECTOR PROBLEM WITH GOAL SEEK
Design parameters can be optimized by using, Goal seek:
Set the above horizontal vector, H = 12 (blue cell C22), vertical vector, V = 6 (yellow cell C23), the resultant, R =
13.42 (green cell C26) and angle, A = 26.57 (cell C28).
Use "Goal Seek" to calculate the vertical force, V if the resultant, R is changed to 20 kips and the horizontal force,
H remains unchanged at 12.0 kips.
1. Select the "live" formula cell above, (Green) C26.
2. Select: Tools > Goal Seek > Pick "To value:" > 20 > By changing: > Pick number in the yellow cell, C23 > OK.
3. The resultant R is changed to 20.0 (cell C26) and V is changed to 16 (cell C23).
What if Calculations
Excel will make a, “what if calculation” when the calculated formula value needs to be
.changed
.While in Excel 2007 pick the, “Data” tab shown below .1
To the right of the Data tab pick, “What-If Analysis” followed by, “Goal Seek” illustrated .2
.below
Goal Seek allows you to pick the formula cell with the 5.00 result followed by entering the .3
.desired value, 7.00 in the, “Goal Seek” dialog box below
.Next pick an input number, 3.00 in this example then pick, OK .4

Excel has iteratively changed cell B7 to 5.74 at which point cell B10 is equal to the desired .5
.result of 10.00, below
Excel's Goal Seek Example

Drive Shaft Design Input
Motor Power, HP = 5.0 hp
Torque shock & fatigue factor, Kt = 3
Shaft diameter, D = 0.500 in
Shaft length, L = 10 in
Material shear modulus, G = 11500000 psi
Calculation
Applied motor shaft torque, Ta = 12*33000*HP / (2*π*N)
= 180.05 in-lbf
Section polar moment of inertia, J = π*D^4 / 32
J= 0.006 in^4
Answer: Design Torque, Td = Kt*Ta
= 540 in-lbf
Shear stress for shafts, St = Td*D / (2*J)
= 22005 lbf/in^2
Shaft torsion deflection angle, a = Td*L / (J*G)
a= 0.0765 radians
a= 4.39 degrees
Excel's Goal Seek Problem

Use Excel's, "Goal Seek" in the duplicate example below to calculate a new shaft diameter D that will
reduce the above torsion stress of 22005 lbf/in^2 to 12000 lbf/in^2, keeping the same 5 hp motor.
Answer: 0.612 inch diameter.
Step 1. Pick the torsion shear stress (St) cell B90, 20005
Step 2. Select drop-down menu, Tools > Goal Seek…
Step 3. Pick the "To value" box and type, 12000
Step 4. Pick the, "By changing cell" box and pick the shaft
diameter D cell B78 initially containing, 0.500
Step 5. Click, OK
Step 6. Use the same spread sheet below:

The shaft torsion stress St will is set at 12000 lbf/in^2
the shaft diameter D has changed from 0.500 to 0.612
inches and the shaft twist will change from 4.39 to
1.95 degrees.
Drive Shaft Design Input

Motor Power, HP = 5 hp
Torque shock & fatigue factor, Kt = 3
Shaft diameter, D = 0.612 in
Shaft length, L = 10 in
Material shear modulus, G = 11500000 psi
Calculation
Applied motor shaft torque, Ta =12*33000*HP / (2*π*N)
= 180.05 in*lbf
Section polar moment of inertia, J = π*D^4 / 32
J= 0.014 in^4
Answer: Design Torque, Td = Kt*Ta
= 540 in-lbf
Shear stress for shafts, St = Td*D / (2*J)
= 12000 lbs/in^2
Shaft torsion deflection angle, a = Td*L / (J*G)
a= 0.0341 radians
a= 1.95 degrees
The Vibration Forcing Function

One end of a spring having stiffness K1 is connected to mass M1 on wheels and
the other end is connected to a vertical wall. One end of a second spring having
stiffness K2 is connected to mass M2 on wheels and the other end is connected to
.mass M1
A force applied to mass M1 initiates the vibration. Friction is small enough to be

.neglected
Max kinetic energy, K.E. = (1/2)*M1^2* ω^2 + (1/2)*M2^2* ω^2
Max potential energy, P.E. = (1/2)*K1*X1^2 + (1/2)*K2*(X2 - X1)^2
Neglecting friction, Max K.E. = Max P.E.
-ω^2 = [K1+K2*((X2/X1) - 1)^2]/ [(M1+M2*(X2/X1)^2]
1. This equation will give the first and lowest natural frequency (ω).
2. The solution for ω is by trial and error for various values of X2/X1.
Input
Mass, M1 = 0.1 Reference: Machine
Mass, M2 = 0.1 Design by A.S. Hall,
K1 = 20 A.R. Holowenko, H.G.
k2 = 20 Laughlin, Published
.byMcGraw-Hill
X2 / X1 = 1.6180
Calculation
-ω^2 = [K1+K2*((X2/X1) - 1)^2]/ [(M1+M2*(X2/X1)^2]
-ω^2 = 76.3932
ω= 8.740 radn/sec
3. Use Excel's Solver for a trial and error solution to the above forcing function example.
4. Start above solution by typing, X2 / X1 = 0
5. Use drop down menu, Tools > Solver > Set Target Cell: > B144 > Equal to Min
6. By Changing Cell > B140 > Solve > Keep Solver Solution
"Excel's, Equation "Solver

Excel's Solver can solve one equation of the form: y equals a function of x, y = f(x). The
function of x can be a polynomial; ( a + bx + cx2 + dx3 +…. zxn ), an exponential: ( aenx ), a
.logarithmic: a(logx), trigonometric: ( aSin x + bCos x), or any other function of x
Also Excel's Solver can solve multple simultaneous equations; linear, non-linear, or a mixture
.of the two
Excel iteratively adjusts one input value of x to cause one calculated formula cell value of y to
.equal a target value of y
C D
5 Problem
6 Guess X = 1.4
7
8 Y = 2*X^5 - 3*X^2 - 5
9 = -0.1235
Solver Example
The input value of X is 1.4 and this value of X causes Y to equal -0.1235 in the spreadsheet .1
.table above
Excel's Solver will adjust the input value of X, in this case1.4 in blue cell D6, by iteration .2
(repeatedly) until the calculated value of Y in the yellow cell D9 approaches the target value of
.zero, ( 0 )
.Select the calculated answer in yellow cell, ( D9 ) below .3

:Select: Tools > Goal Seek > Target Cell [ $D$9 ] > Equal to: > Value of .4
> By changing cells: Select [ $D$6 ] > Add (Constraints) > 0 >
.Cell Reference > $D$9 = 0 > OK
C D
5 Solution
6 Solved X = 1.4041
7
8 Y = 2*X^5 - 3*X^2 - 5
9 = 0.0004
The completed calculation above shows that if X = 1.4041 then Y = 0.0004 or 4 / 10,000 .5
.which is close enough to 0 for engineering purposes
The completed calculation above shows that if X = 1.4041 then Y = 0.0004 or 4 / 10,000 .5
.which is close enough to 0 for engineering purposes
Simultaneous Equations Using Excel's, "Solver"

Reference: www.dslimited.biz/excel_totorials
Equations to be solved:
u + v + w + x + y = 5.5
u + 2v + w - 0.5x + 2y = 22.5
2v + 2w - x - y = 30
2u - w + 0.75x + 0.5y = -11
u + 0.25v + w - x = 17.5
1. Insert the equations below into column B cells:

Equations Constants Solution
=E146+E147+E148+E149+E150 0.0 5.5 u=
=E146+2*E147+E148-0.5*E149+2*E150 0.0 22.5 v=
=2*E147+2*E148-E149-E150 0.0 30 w=
=2E146-2E148-E149-E150 0.0 -11 x=
=E146+0.25E147+E148-E149 0.0 17.5 y=
2. Select cells, E146 to 150
3. Click on drop down menu: Tools > Solver >
4. Delete contents of; Set Target Cell
5. Pick: By Changing Cells: > Select cells E146 to E150

Row 146 5.5 5.5 u= 1.00
Row 147 22.5 22.5 v= 4.00
Row 148 30.0 30 w= 7.50
Row 149 -11.0 -11 x= -8.00
Row 150 17.5 17.5 y= 1.00
You may use the table below to solve the 5 simultaneous equations.

Row 146 0.0 5.5 u= 0.00
Row 147 0.0 22.5 v= 0.00
Row 148 0.0 30 w= 0.00
Row 149 0.0 -11 x= 0.00
Row 150 0.0 17.5 y= 0.00
PROBLEM-1: DETERMINE GUSSET STRENGTH WITH GOAL SEEK
Two L4 x 3 x 3/8 inch angles made of ASTM A36 steel are connected to a 5/8 inch gusset plate, above. A36 steel ha
an ultimate strength, Su = 58 ksi and a yield stress, Sy = 36 ksi. (AISC code: load is in one leg of each angle, net
angle area is only 85% effective)
1. Determine the allowable load, P for a safety factor of 2.0 if there are six 3/4 inch diameter bolts. Ans: 73 kips.
2. Use, "Goal Seek" to find the bolt diameter, D for a net area strength,
Ppt = 136 kips. Ans: 1.00 in dia. (Hint, pick live cell D128 first)
BOLTS IN DOUBLE SHEAR Input FASTENER

Bolt allowable shear stress, Sbs = 30 ksi
Plate ultimate tension stress, Su = 58 ksi
Plate yield stress, Sy = 36 ksi
Number of bolts, N = 6 A502 Grade 2
Bolt diameter, D = 0.500 in
Gusset thickness, T1 = 0.625 in
Angle leg thickness, T2 = 0.375 in
Angle leg length, L1 = 5.000 in
Angle leg length, L2 = 3.000 in
Bolt location dimension, X1 = 2.000 in
Bolt location dimension, X2 = 3.000 in
Bolt location dimension, Y2 = 2.000 in
Bolt location dimension, Y3 = 3.000 in
Calculations
Single Shear
Plate tension per net area, Sptn = 0.5 * Su
29 ksi
Plate tension per gross area, Sptg = 0.6 * Sy
21.6 ksi
Spb1 = Su * X1 / (2 * D)
116.00 ksi
Spb2 = (Su / 2) * ((Y3 / D) - 0.5)
159.50 ksi
Spb3 = 1.5 * Su
87.00 ksi
Bolts
Bolt double shear strength, Pbs = 2 * N * Sbs * Pi * D^2 / 4
= 70.7 kips
Angles
Two angles no holes, tension, Pat = 2 * Sptg * (L1+L2-T2) * T2
= 123.5 kips
Bolt hole diameter, Dh = D + 1/8
0.625 in
Two angles net tension area, Aan = 2 * [((L1+L2-T2) * T2) - 2 * ((D+.125) * T2
4.78 in^2
Angle net area tension strength, Ppt = 0.85 * Sptn * Agt
= 117.9 kips
= 217.5 kips
= 299.1 kips
= 163.1 kips
Input
Calculations
= 57%
Safety Factor, SF = Pa / Pf
= 2.00
This is the end of this spread sheet.

given value.
Tools >
given value.
Tools >
3), the resultant, R =
nd the horizontal force,
ellow cell, C23 > OK.

usset plate, above. A36 steel has
in one leg of each angle, net
iameter bolts. Ans: 73 kips.
FASTENER
ALLOWABLE
SHEAR KSIa
RIVETS
A502 Grade 1 17.50
A502 Grade 2 22.00
BOLTS
A307 10.00
A325-Nb 21.00
A325-Xb 30.00
A490-Nb 28.00
A490-Xc 40.00
A325-F 17.50
A490-F 22.00
Fastener Notes:
a Stresses are to
be applied to
nominal fastener
diameter.
b Threads are
include in the
shear plane.
((Y3 / D) - 0.5)
c Threads are
exclude from the
shear plane.
bs * Pi * D^2 / 4
* (L1+L2-T2) * T2
Section area with no holes
+L2-T2) * T2) - 2 * ((D+.125) * T2)]
85% effective strength
N bolt bearing strength-1

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SCREW THREADS

Bolt Stress NB Pipe ASTM Tube Pump Systems

Thread Data Formulae Fluid

Absolute Fluid Property

Friction Factor Minor Loss Velocity

Pump Systems Allowable

Fluid Technical Data

Date Description Originator Checker Approver

Minimum Engagement Length LE 20.353 0.886

Tap Drill ø Err:508 Err:508

Head Friction Diameter df 31.5 30.5

Preload Joint Utilisation

Ultimate Tensile Stress Rm 900 900

Bolt Tensile Stress sB 270.0 N/mm2

Torqueleader Joint Utilisation Factor

Bolt Material ASTM A354-BD

Grip Length total ft + st + wt + gt LG 229 mm

Select Maximum Stress Parameter

By Desired %Sp Fi 111.67 kN

Allowable DFi Δ +/- % 3%

Bolt Stress (MPa) 500

Maximum Bolt Stress

mm 352.5043 Bolt Diameter

Originator DW Document 10207

Nut Factor (K)

N Required Bolt Stress

deg 1.400455 156.3933 Torque Loads: Display chart format M

Torque by Simple Method Bolting Fact

Originator DW Document 10207 Design Margins

grip length by logic

kBolt ### N/m

on Required X 44.00% Bfy

Sb= X*Bfy Sb 318.5 Mpa

e=SbEb e 0.00155556 mm/mm

oads: Display chart format Metric

mal to thread Fn =Fb /cos(O/2) Fn 143.7 kN 32314.9 lb

Simple Method Bolting Factor

SSaSaSs 478.6 Mpa

Minimum Bolt Quantity NMin 1.58

Clamping Force FClamp 335020 N

Joint Length LJoint 11 mm

Maximum Screw Torq TMAX 294.82 i

Pressure Cone Diame DC 26.50 mm

Minimum Screw Quant NMin 0.10

Clamping Force FClamp 167510 N

T: Tightening torque --------------------N-m

Utilisation Factor FU 0.90

Hydraulic Pressure P 400 bar 40 N/mm2

The joint plates are compressed along line CA.

At point A, bolt elongation is Xb and the compression of the plates is Xp.

At point A, bolt elongation is Xb and the compression of the plates is Xp.

Since triangles OAD and OBC are similar:

Fe / Fbp = (Xb + Xp) / Xb

or Fe = Fbp * [(Xb + Xp) / Xb ]

Xb =Fbp / Kb and Xp = Fbp / Kp

Substituting (2) in (1):

Plate effective diameter, Dp = 1.5 * Bd

Combined stiffness of 3 plates: 1 / Kp = 1 / K1 + 1 / K2 + 1 / K3

Combined plate stiffness: Kp = Ep * Ap / Lp

Compression due to preload in joint plates, Fc = Kp * Xp