Ibc CH

CHAPTER 18
SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS
This chapter has been revised in its entirety; there will be no marginal markings.
SECTION 1801 ing official or where geotechnical investigations involve in-situ

GENERAL testing, laboratory testing or engineering calculations, such
investigations shall be conducted by a registered design profes-
1801.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall apply to
sional.
building and foundation systems.
1801.2 Design basis. Allowable bearing pressures, allowable 1803.2 Investigations required. Geotechnical investigations
stresses and design formulas provided in this chapter shall be shall be conducted in accordance with Sections 1803.3 through
used with the allowable stress design load combinations speci- 1803.5.
fied in Section 1605.3. The quality and design of materials used Exception: The building officialshall be permitted to waive
structurally in excavations and foundations shall comply with the requirement for a geotechnical investigation where sat-
the requirements specified in Chapters 16,19,21,22 and 23 of isfactory data from adjacent areas is available that demon-
this code. Excavations and fills shall also comply with Chapter strates an investigation is not necessary for any of the
33. conditions in Sections 1803.5.1 through 1803.5.6 and Sec-
tions 1803.5.10 and 1803.5.11.
SECTION 1802 1803.3 Basis of investigation. Soil classification shall be

DEFINITIONS based on observation and any necessary tests of the materials
disclosed by borings, test pits or other subsurface exploration
1802.1 Definitions. The following words and terms shall, for made in appropriate locations. Additional studies shall be
the purposes of this chapter, have the meanings shown herein. made as necessary to evaluate slope stability, soil strength,
DEEP FOUNDATION. A deep foundation is a foundation position and adequacy of load-bearing soils, the effect of mois-
element that does not satisfy the definition of a shallow founda- ture variation on soil-bearing capacity, compressibility, lique-
tion. faction and expansiveness.
DRILLED SHAFT. A drilled shaft is a cast-in-place deep 1803.3.1 Scope of investigation. The scope of the
foundation element constructed by drilling a hole (with or geotechnical investigation including the number and types
without permanent casing) into soil or rock and filling it with of borings or soundings, the equipment used to drill or sam-
fluid concrete. ple, the in-situ testing equipment and the laboratory testing
program shall be determined by a registered design profes-
Socketed drilled shaft. A socketed drilled shaft is a drilled
sional.
shaft with a permanent pipe or tube casing that extends
down to bedrock and an uncased socket drilled into the bed- 1803.4 Qualified representative. The investigation procedure
rock. and apparatus shall be in accordance with generally accepted
HELICAL PILE. Manufactured steel deep foundation ele- engineering practice. The registered design professional shall
ment consisting of a central shaft and one or more helical bear- have a fully qualified representative on site during all boring or
ing plates. A helical pile is installed by rotating it into the sampling operations.
ground. Each helical bearing plate is formed into a screw thread 1803.5 Investigated conditions. Geotechnical investigations
with a uniform defined pitch. shall be conducted as indicated in Sections 1803.5.1 through
MICROPILE. A micropile is a bored, grouted-in-place deep 1803.5.12.
foundation element that develops its load-carrying capacity by 1803.5.1 Classification. Soil materials shall be classified in
means of a bond zone in soil, bedrock or a combination of soil accordance with ASTM D 2487.
and bedrock.
1803.5.2 Questionable soil. Where the classification,
SHALLOW FOUNDATION. A shallow foundation is an strength or compressibility of the soil is in doubt or where a
individual or strip footing, a mat foundation, a slab-on-grade load-bearing value superior to that specified in this code is
foundation or a similar foundation element. claimed, the building official shall be permitted to require
that a geotechnical investigation be conducted.
SECTION 1803 1803.5.3 Expansive soil. In areas likely to have expansive
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS soil, the building officialshall require soil tests to determine
where such soils do exist.
1803.1 General. Geotechnical investigations shall be con-
ducted in accordance with Section 1803.2 and reported in Soils meeting all four of the following provisions shall be
accordance with Section 1803.6. Where required by the build- considered expansive, except that tests to show compliance
2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 387

with Items 1, 2 and 3 shall not be required if the test pre- 1803.5.8 Compacted fill material. Where shallow founda-
scribed in Item 4 is conducted: tions will bear on compacted fill material more than 12
inches (305 mm) in depth, a geotechnical investigation shall
1. Plasticity index (PI) of 15 or greater, determined in
be conducted and shall include all of the following:
accordance with ASTM D 4318.
2. More than 10 percent of the soil particles pass a No. 1. Specifications for the preparation of the site prior to
placement of compacted fill material.
200 sieve (75 Jlm), determined in accordance with
ASTM D 422. 2. Specifications for material to be used as compacted
fill.
3. More than 10 percent of the soil particles are less than
5 micrometers in size, determined in accordance with 3. Test methods to be used to determine the maximum
ASTM D 422. dry density and optimum moisture content of the
material to be used as compacted fill.
4. Expansion index greater than 20, determined in
accordance with ASTM D 4829. 4. Maximum allowable thickness of each lift of com-
pacted fill material.
1803.5.4 Ground-water table. A subsurface soil investiga-
tion shall be performed to determine whether the existing 5. Field test method for determining the in-place dry
ground-water table is above or within 5 feet (1524 mm) density of the compacted fill.
below the elevation of the lowest floor level where such 6. Minimum acceptable in-place dry density expressed
floor is located below the finished ground level adjacent to as a percentage of the maximum dry density deter-
the foundation. mined in accordance with Item 3.
Exception: A subsurface soil investigation to determine 7. Number and frequency of field tests required to deter-
the location of the ground-water table shall not be mine compliance with Item 6.
required where waterproofing is provided in accordance
with Section 1805.
1803.5.9 Controlled low-strength material (CLSM).
Where shallow foundations will bear on controlled
1803.5.5 Deep foundations. Where deep foundations will low-strength material (CLSM), a geotechnical investigation
be used, a geotechnical investigation shall be conducted and shall be conducted and shall include all of the following:
shall include all of the following, unless sufficient data upon
1. Specifications for the preparation of the site prior to
which to base the design and installation is otherwise avail-
placement of the CLSM.
able:
2. Specifications for the CLSM.
1. Recommended deep foundation types and installed
capacities. 3. Laboratory or field test method(s) to be used to deter-
mine the compressive strength or bearing capacity of
2. Recommended center-to-center spacing of deep the CLSM.
foundation elements.
4. Test methods for determining the acceptance of the
3. Driving criteria. CLSM in the field.
4. Installation procedures. 5. Number and frequency of field tests required to deter-
5. Field inspection and reporting procedures (to include mine compliance with Item 4.
procedures for verification of the installed bearing
1803.5.10 Alternate setback and clearance. Where set-
capacity where required).
backs or clearances other than those required in Section
6. Load test requirements. 1808.7 are desired, the bUilding officialshall be permitted to
7. Suitability of deep foundation materials for the require a geotechnical investigation by a registered design
intended environment. professionalto demonstrate that the intent of Section 1808.7
would be satisfied. Such an investigation shall include con-
8. Designation of bearing stratum or strata. sideration of material, height of slope, slope gradient, load
9. Reductions for group action, where necessary. intensity and erosion characteristics of slope material.
1803.5.6 Rock strata. Where subsurface explorations at the 1803.5.11 Seismic Design Categories C through F. For
project site indicate variations or doubtful characteristics in structures assigned to Seismic Design CategoryC, D, E or F
the structure of the rock upon which foundations are to be in accordance with Section 1613, a geotechnical investiga-
constructed, a sufficient number of borings shall be made to tion shall be conducted, and shall include an evaluation of
a depth of not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) below the level of all of the following potential geologic and seismic hazards:
the foundations to provide assurance of the soundness of the 1. Slope instability.
foundation bed and its load-bearing capacity.
2. Liquefaction.
1803.5.7 Excavation near foundations. Where excavation
will remove lateral support from any foundation, an investi- 3. Differential settlement.
gation shall be conducted to assess the potential conse- 4. Surface displacement due to faulting or lateral
quences and address mitigation measures. spreading.
388 2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

1803.5.12 Seismic Design Categories D through F. For 10. Controlled low-strength material properties and testing
structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or F in in accordance with Section 1803.5.9.
accordance with Section 1613, the geotechnical investiga-
tion required by Section 1803.5.11, shall also include:
SECTION 1804
1. The determination of lateral pressures on foundation
EXCAVATION, GRADING AND FILL
walls and retaining walls due to earthquake motions.
1804.1 Excavation near foundations. Excavation for any pur-
2. The potential for liquefaction and soil strength loss pose shall not remove lateral support from any foundation
evaluated for site peak ground accelerations, magni- without first underpinning or protecting the foundation against
tudes and source characteristics consistent with the settlement or lateral translation.
design earthquake ground motions. Peak ground
acceleration shall be permitted to be determined 1804.2 Placement of backfill. The excavation outside the
based on a site-specific study taking into account soil foundation shall be backfilled with soil that is free of organic
amplification effects, as specified in Chapter 21 of material, construction debris, cobbles and boulders or with a
ASCE 7, or, in the absence of such a study, peak controlled low-strength material (CLSM). The backfill shall be
ground accelerations shall be assumed equal to placed in lifts and compacted in a manner that does not damage
SDj2. 5, where SDS is determined in accordance with the foundation or the waterproofing or dampproofing material.
Section 1613.5.4. Exception: CLSM need not be compacted.
3. An assessment of potential consequences of liquefac- 1804.3 Site grading. The ground immediately adjacent to the
tion and soil strength loss, including estimation of dif- foundation shall be sloped away from the building at a slope of
ferential settlement, lateral movement, lateral loads not less than one unit vertical in 20 units horizontal (5-percent
on foundations, reduction in foundation soil-bearing slope) for a minimum distance of 10 feet (3048 mm) measured
capacity, increases in lateral pressures on retaining perpendicular to the face of the wall. If physical obstructions or
walls and flotation of buried structures. lot lines prohibit 10 feet (3048 mm) of horizontal distance, a
4. Discussion of mitigation measures such as, but not 5-percent slope shall be provided to an approved alternative
limited to, ground stabilization, selection of appropri- method of diverting water away from the foundation . Swales
ate foundation type and depths, selection of appropri- used for this purpose shall be sloped a minimum of 2 percent
ate structural systems to accommodate anticipated where located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the building foun-
displacements and forces, or any combination of dation. Impervious surfaces within 10 feet (3048 mm) of the
these measures and how they shall be considered in building foundation shall be sloped a minimum of 2 percent
the design of the structure. away from the building.
1803.6 Reporting. Where geotechnical investigations are Exception: Where climatic or soil conditions warrant, the
required, a written report of the investigations shall be submit- slope of the ground away from the building foundation shall
ted to the building official by the owner or authorized agent at be permitted to be reduced to not less than one unit vertical
the time of permit application. This geotechnical report shall in 48 units horizontal (2-percent slope) .
include, but need not be limited to, the following information: The procedure used to establish the final ground level adja-
1. A plot showing the location of the soil investigations. cent to the foundation shall account for additional settlement of
the backfill.
2. A complete record of the soil boring and penetration
test logs and soil samples. 1804.4 Grading and fill in flood hazard areas. In flood haz-
ard areas established in Section 1612.3, grading and/or fill
3. A record of the soil profile. shall not be approved:
4. Elevation of the water table, if encountered. 1. Unless such fill is placed, compacted and sloped to mini-
5. Recommendations for foundation type and design cri- mize shifting, slumping and erosion during the rise and
teria' including but not limited to: bearing capacity of fall of flood water and, as applicable, wave action.
natural or compacted soil; provisions to mitigate the 2. In floodways, unless it has been demonstrated through
effects of expansive soils; mitigation of the effects of hydrologic and hydraulic analyses performed by a regis-
liquefaction, differential settlement and varying soil tered design professional in accordance with standard
strength; and the effects of adjacent loads. engineering practice that the proposed grading or fill, or
6. Expected total and differential settlement. both, will not result in any increase in flood levels during
the occurrence of the design flood.
7. Deep foundation information in accordance with Sec-
3. In flood hazard areas subject to high-velocity wave
tion 1803.5.5.
action, unless such fill is conducted and/or placed to
8. Special design and construction provisions for founda- avoid diversion of water and waves toward any building
tions of structures founded on expansive soils, as nec- or structure.
essary.
4. Where design flood elevations are specified but
9. Compacted fill material properties and testing in accor- floodways have not been designated, unless it has been
dance with Section 1803.5.8. demonstrated that the cumulative effect of the proposed

flood hazard area encroachment, when combined with such as a crawl space shall be equal to or higher than the
all other existing and anticipated flood hazard area outside finished ground level on at least one side.
encroachment, will not increase the design flood eleva-
Exception: Under-floor spaces of Group R-3 build-
tion more than 1 foot (305 mm) at any point.
ings that meet the requirements ofFEMA/FIA-TB-11.
1804.5 Compacted fill material. Where shallow foundations 1805.1.3 Ground-water control. Where the ground-water
will bear on compacted fill material, the compacted fill shall table is lowered and maintained at an elevation not less than
comply with the provisions of an approved geotechnical report, 6 inches (152 mm) below the bottom of the lowest floor, the
as set forth in Section 1803. floor and walls shall be dampproofed in accordance with
Exception: Compacted fill material 12 inches (305 mm) in Section 1805.2. The design of the system to lower the
depth or less need not comply with an approved report, pro- ground-water table shall be based on accepted principles of
vided the in-place dry density is not less than 90 percent of engineering that shall consider, but not necessarily be lim-
the maximum dry density at optimum moisture content ited to, permeability of the soil, rate at which water enters
determined in accordance with ASTM D 1557. The com- the drainage system, rated capacity of pumps, head against
paction shall be verified by specialinspection in accordance which pumps are to operate and the rated capacity of the dis-
with Section 1704.7. posal area of the system.
1804.6 Controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Where 1805.2 Dampproofing. Where hydrostatic pressure will not
shallow foundations will bear on controlled low-strength mate- occur as determined by Section 1803.5.4, floors and walls for
rial (CLSM), the CLSM shall comply with the provisions of an other than wood foundation systems shall be dampproofed in
approved geotechnical report, as set forth in Section 1803. accordance with this section. Wood foundation systems shall
be constructed in accordance with AF&PA PWF.
1805.2.1 Floors. Dampproofing materials for floors shall
SECTION 1805 be installed between the floor and the base course required
DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING by Section 1805.4.1, except where a separate floor is pro-
vided above a concrete slab.
1805.1 General. Walls or portions thereof that retain earth and
enclose interior spaces and floors below grade shall be water- Where installed beneath the slab, dampproofing shall
proofed and dampproofed in accordance with this section, with consist of not less than 6-mil (0.006 inch; 0.152 mm) poly-
the exception of those spaces containing groups other than resi- ethylene withjoints lapped not less than 6 inches (152 mm),
dential and institutional where such omission is not detrimental or other approved methods or materials. Where permitted to
to the building or occupancy. be installed on top of the slab, dampproofing shall consist of
mopped-on bitumen, not less than 4-mil (0.004 inch; 0.102
Ventilation for crawl spaces shall comply with Section mm) polyethylene, or other approved methods or materials.
1203.4. Joints in the membrane shall be lapped and sealed in accor-
1805.1.1 Story above grade plane. Where a basement is dance with the manufacturer's installation instructions.
considered a story above grade plane and the finished 1805.2.2 Walls. Dampproofing materials for walls shall be
ground level adjacent to the basement wall is below the installed on the exterior surface of the wall, and shall extend
basement floor elevation for 25 percent or more of the per- from the top of the footing to above ground level.
imeter, the floor and walls shall be dampproofed in accor-
dance with Section 1805.2 and a foundation drain shall be Dampproofing shall consist of a bituminous material, 3
installed in accordance with Section 1805.4.2. The founda- pounds per square yard (16 N/m 2) of acrylic modified
tion drain shall be installed around the portion of the perim- cement, 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) coat of surface-bonding mortar
eter where the basement floor is below ground level. The complying with ASTM C 887, any of the materials permit-
provisions of Sections 1803.5.4, 1805.3 and 1805.4.1 shall ted for waterproofing by Section 1805.3.2 or other
not apply in this case. approved methods or materials.
1805.1.2 Under-floor space. The finished ground level of 1805.2.2.1 Surface preparation ofwalls. Prior to appli-
an under-floor space such as a crawl space shall not be cation of dampproofing materials on concrete walls,
located below the bottom of the footings. Where there is evi- holes and recesses resulting from the removal of form
dence that the ground-water table rises to within 6 inches ties shall be sealed with a bituminous material or other
(152 mm) of the ground level at the outside building perime- approved methods or materials. Unit masonry walls shall
ter, or that the surface water does not readily drain from the be parged on the exterior surface below ground level with
building site, the ground level of the under-floor space shall not less than 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) of portland cement mortar.
be as high as the outside finished ground level, unless an The parging shall be coved at the footing.
approved drainage system is provided. The provisions of Exception: Parging of unit masonry walls is not
Sections 1803.5.4, 1805.2, 1805.3 and 1805.4 shall not required where a material is approvedfor direct appli-
apply in this case. cation to the masonry.
1805.1.2.1 Flood hazard areas. For buildings and struc- 1805.3 Waterproofing. Where the ground-water investigation
tures in flood hazard areas as established in Section required by Section 1803.5.4 indicates that a hydrostatic pres-
1612.3, the finished ground level of an under-floor space sure condition exists, and the design does not include a

ground-water control system as described in Section 1805.1.3, 1805.4.2 Foundation drain. A drain shall be placed around
walls and floors shall be waterproofed in accordance with this the perimeter of a foundation that consists of gravel or
section. crushed stone containing not more than 1O-percent material
that passes through a No.4 (4.75 mm) sieve. The drain shall
1805.3.1 Floors. Floors required to be waterproofed shall
extend a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) beyond the out-
be of concrete and designed and constructed to withstand
side edge of the footing. The thickness shall be such that the
the hydrostatic pressures to which the floors will be sub-
bottom of the drain is not higher than the bottom of the base
jected.
under the floor, and that the top of the drain is not less than 6
Waterproofing shall be accomplished by placing a mem- inches (152 mm) above the top of the footing . The top of the
brane of rubberized asphalt, butyl rubber, fully adhered/fully drain shall be covered with an approved filter membrane
bonded HDPE or polyolefin composite membrane or not less material. Where a drain tile or perforated pipe is used, the
than 6-mil [0.006 inch (0.152 mm)] polyvinyl chloride with invert of the pipe or tile shall not be higher than the floor ele-
joints lapped not less than 6 inches (152 mm) or other vation. The top of joints or the top of perforations shall be
approved materials under the slab. Joints in the membrane protected with an approved filter membrane material. The
shall be lapped and sealed in accordance with the manufac- pipe or tile shall be placed on not less than 2 inches (51 mm)
turer's installation instructions. of gravel or crushed stone complying with Section
1805.4.1, and shall be covered with not less than 6 inches
1805.3.2 Walls. Walls required to be waterproofed shall be (152 mm) of the same material.
of concrete or masonry and shall be designed and con-
structed to withstand the hydrostatic pressures and other lat- 1805.4.3 Drainage discharge. The floor base and founda-
eralloads to which the walls will be subjected. tion perimeter drain shall discharge by gravity or mechani-
cal means into an approved drainage system that complies
Waterproofing shall be applied from the bottom of the with the International Plumbing Code.
wall to not less than 12 inches (305 mm) above the maxi-
mum elevation of the ground-water table. The remainder of Exception: Where a site is located in well-drained gravel
the wall shall be dampproofed in accordance with Section or sand/gravel mixture soils, a dedicated drainage system
1805.2.2. Waterproofing shall consist of two-ply is not required.
hot-mopped felts, not less than 6-mil (0.006 inch; 0.152
mm) polyvinyl chloride, 40-mil (0.040 inch; 1.02 mm)
polymer-modified asphalt, 6-mil (0.006 inch; 0.152 mm) SECTION 1806
polyethylene or other approved methods or materials capa- PRESUMPTIVE LOAD-BEARING VALUES OF SOILS
ble of bridging nonstructural cracks. Joints in the membrane 1806.1 Load combinations. The presumptive load-bearing
shall be lapped and sealed in accordance with the manufac- values provided in Table 1806.2 shall be used with the allow-
turer's installation instructions. able stress design load combinations specified in Section
1605.3. The values of vertical foundation pressure and lateral
1805.3.2.1 Surface preparation of walls. Prior to the
bearing pressure given in Table 1806.2 shall be permitted to be
application of waterproofing materials on concrete or
increased by one-third where used with the alternative basic
masonry walls, the walls shall be prepared in accordance
load combinations of Section 1605.3.2 that include wind or
with Section 1805.2.2.1.
earthquake loads.
1805.3.3 Joints and penetrations. Joints in walls and 1806.2 Presumptive load-bearing values. The load-bearing
floors, joints between the wall and floor and penetrations of values used in design for supporting soils near the surface shall
the wall and floor shall be made water-tight utilizing not exceed the values specified in Table 1806.2 unless data to
approved methods and materials. substantiate the use of higher values are submitted and
1805.4 Subsoil drainage system. Where a hydrostatic pres- approved. Where the building official has reason to doubt the
sure condition does not exist, dampproofing shall be provided classification, strength or compressibility of the soil, the
and a base shall be installed under the floor and a drain installed requirements of Section 1803.5.2 shall be satisfied.
around the foundation perimeter. A subsoil drainage system Presumptive load-bearing values shall apply to materials
designed and constructed in accordance with Section 1805.1.3 with similar physical characteristics and dispositions. Mud,
shall be deemed adequate for lowering the ground-water table. organic silt, organic clays, peat or unprepared fill shall not be
1805.4.1 Floor base course. Floors of basements, except as assumed to have a presumptive load-bearing capacity unless
provided for in Section 1805.1.1, shall be placed over a floor data to substantiate the use of such a value are submitted.
base course not less than 4 inches (102 mm) in thickness that Exception: A presumptive load-bearing capacity shall be
consists of gravel or crushed stone containing not more than permitted to be used where the building official deems the
10 percent of material that passes through a No. 4 (4.75 mm) load-bearing capacity of mud, organic silt or unprepared fill
sieve. is adequate for the support of lightweight or temporary
Exception: Where a site is located in well-drained gravel structures.
or sand/gravel mixture soils, a floor base course is not 1806.3 Lateral load resistance. Where the presumptive val-
required. ues of Table 1806.2 are used to determine resistance to lateral

loads, the calculations shall be in accordance with Sections 1807.1.1 Design lateral soil loads. Foundation walls shall
1806.3.1 through 1806.3.4. be designed for the lateral soil loads set forth in Section
1610.
1806.3.1 Combined resistance. The total resistance to lat-
eralloads shall be permitted to be determined by combining 1807.1.2 Unbalanced backfill height. Unbalanced backfill
the values derived from the lateral bearing pressure and the height is the difference in height between the exterior finish
lateral sliding resistance specified in Table 1806.2. ground level and the lower of the top of the concrete footing
that supports the foundation wall or the interior finish
1806.3.2 Lateral sliding resistance limit. For clay, sandy ground level. Where an interior concrete slab on grade is
clay, silty clay, clayey silt, silt and sandy silt, in no case shall provided and is in contact with the interior surface of the
the lateral sliding resistance exceed one-half the dead load. foundation wall, the unbalanced backfill height shall be per-
mitted to be measured from the exterior finish ground level
1806.3.3 Increase for depth. The lateral bearing pressures to the top of the interior concrete slab.
specified in Table 1806.2 shall be permitted to be increased
by the tabular value for each additional foot (305 mm) of 1807.1.3 Rubble stone foundation walls. Foundation
depth to a maximum of 15 times the tabular value. walls of rough or random rubble stone shall not be less than
16 inches (406 mm) thick. Rubble stone shall not be used for
1806.3.4 Increase for poles. Isolated poles for uses such as foundation walls of structures assigned to Seismic Design
flagpoles or signs and poles used to support buildings that CategoryC, D, E or F.
are not adversely affected by a 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) motion at
1807.1.4 Permanent wood foundation systems. Perma-
the ground surface due to short-term lateral loads shall be
nent wood foundation systems shall be designed and
permitted to be designed using lateral bearing pressures
installed in accordance with AF &PA PWF. Lumber and ply-
equal to two times the tabular values.
wood shall be treated in accordance with AWPA Ul (Com-
modity Specification A, Use Category 4B and Section 5.2)
and shall be identified in accordance with Section
SECTION 1807 2303.1.8.1.
FOUNDATION WALLS, RETAINING WALLS AND 1807.1.5 Concrete and masonry foundation walls. Con-
EMBEDDED POSTS AND POLES crete and masonry foundation walls shall be designed in
accordance with Chapter 19 or 21, as applicable.
1807.1 Foundation walls. Foundation walls shall be designed
and constructed in accordance with Sections 1807.1.1 through Exception: Concrete and masonry foundation walls shall
1807.1.6. Foundation walls shall be supported by foundations be permitted to be designed and constructed in accordance
designed in accordance with Section 1808. with Section 1807.1.6.
TABLE 1806.2
PRESUMPTIVE LOAD-BEARING VALUES
LATERAL BEARING LATERAL SLIDING RESISTANCE
VERTICAL FOUNDATION PRESSURE
CLASS OF MATERIALS PRESSURE (pst) (psf/f below natural grade) Coefficient of friction a Cohesion (psf)b
1. Crystalline bedrock 12,000 1,200 0.70 -
2. Sedimentary and foli-

4,000 400 0.35 -
ated rock
3. Sandy gravel and/or

3,000 200 0.35 -
gravel (GW and GP)
4. Sand, silty sand, clayey

sand, silty gravel and 2,000 150 0.25 -
clayey gravel (SW, SP,
SM, SC, GM and GC)
5. Clay, sandy clay, silty

clay, clayey silt, silt and 1,500 100 - 130
sandy silt (CL, ML,
MH and CH)
For SI: 1 pound per square foot = 0.0479 kPa, 1 pound per square foot per foot = 0.157 kPa/m.
a. Coefficient to be multiplied by the dead load.
b. Cohesion value to be multiplied by the contact area, as limited by Section 1806.3.2.

1807.1.6 Prescriptive design of concrete and masonry 1807.1.6.2 Concrete foundation walls. Concrete foun-
foundation walls. Concrete and masonry foundation walls dation walls shall comply with the following:
that are laterally supported at the top and bottom shall be 1. The thickness shall comply with the requirements
permitted to be designed and constructed in accordance of Table 1807.1.6.2.
with this section.
2. The size and spacing of vertical reinforcement
1807.1.6.1 Foundation wall thickness. The thickness shown in Table 1807.1.6.2 is based on the use of
of prescriptively designed foundation walls shall not be reinforcement with a minimum yield strength of
less than the thickness of the wall supported, except that 60,000 pounds per square inch (psi) (414 MPa).
foundation walls of at least 8-inch (203 mm) nominal Vertical reinforcement with a minimum yield
width shall be permitted to support brick-veneered frame strength of 40,000 psi (276 MPa) or 50,000 psi
walls and 10-inch-wide (254 mm) cavity walls provided (345 MPa) shall be permitted, provided the same
the requirements of Section 1807.1.6.2 or 1807.1.6.3 are size bar is used and the spacing shown in the table
met. is reduced by multiplying the spacing by 0.67 or
0.83, respectively.
TABLE 1807.1.6.2
CONCRETE FOUNDATION WALLSb,c
MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT-BAR SIZE AND SPACING (inches)
Design lateral soil loada (psf per foot of depth)

d
30 45 d 60
MAXIMUM MAXIMUM
WALL UNBALANCED Minimum wall thickness (inches)
HEIGHT BACKFILL
(feet) HEIGHTe (feet) 7.5 9.5 11.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 7.5 9.5 11.5
4 PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC
5
6 5 PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC
7
6 PC PC PC PC PC PC #5 at 48 PC PC
7 PC PC PC #5 at 46 PC PC #6 at 48 PC PC
8 6 PC PC PC PC PC PC #5 at 43 PC PC
7 PC PC PC #5 at 41 PC PC #6 at 43 PC PC
8 #5 at 47 PC PC #6 at 43 PC PC #6 at 32 #6 at 44 PC
9
7 PC PC PC #5 at 37 PC PC #6 at 38 #5 at 37 PC
8 #5 at 41 PC PC #6 at 38 #5 at 37 PC #7 at 39 #6 at 39 #4 at 48
9d #6 at 46 PC PC #7 at 41 #6 at 41 PC #7 at 31 #7 at 41 #6 at 39
10 7 PC PC PC #6 at 48 PC PC #6 at 35 #6 at 48 PC
8 #5 at 38 PC PC #7 at 47 #6 at 47 PC #7 at 35 #7 at 47 #6 at 45
9d #6 at 41 #4 at 48 PC #7 at 37 #7 at 48 #4 at 48 #6 at 22 #7 at 37 #7 at 47
10d #7 at 45 #6 at 45 PC #7 at 31 #7 at 40 #6 at 38 #6 at 22 #7 at 30 #7 at 38
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 pound per square foot per foot = 0.157 kPa/m.
a. For design lateral soil loads, see Section 1610.
b. Provisions for this table are based on design and construction requirements specified in Section 1807.1.6.2.
c. "PC " means plain concrete.
d. Where unbalanced backfill height exceeds 8 feet and design lateral soil loads from Table 1610.1 are used, the requirements for 30 and 45 psf per foot of depth are
not applicable (see Section 1610) .
e. For height of unbalanced backfill, see Section 1807.1.2.

3. Vertical reinforcement, when required, shall be 1807.1.6.2.1 Seismic requirements. Based on the
placed nearest the inside face of the wall a dis- seismic design category assigned to the structure in
tance, d, from the outside face (soil face) of the accordance with Section 1613, concrete foundation
wall. The distance, d, is equal to the wall thickness, walls designed using Table 1807.1.6.2 shall be sub-
t, minus 1.25 inches (32 mm) plus one-half the bar ject to the following limitations:
diameter, db' [d= t- (1.25 + db/ 2) ]. The reinforce-
1. Seismic Design Categories A and B. No addi-
ment shall be placed within a tolerance of ± 3/8 inch
tional seismic requirements, except provide
(9.5 mm) where d is less than or equal to 8 inches
reinforcement around openings in accordance
(203 mm) or ± 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) where dis greater
with Section 1909.6.3.
than 8 inches (203 mm).
2. Seismic DeSign Categories C, D, E and F.
4. In lieu of the reinforcement shown in Table
Tables shall not be used except as allowed for
1807.1.6.2, smaller reinforcing bar sizes with
plain concrete members in Section 1908.1.8.
closer spacings that provide an equivalent
cross-sectional area of reinforcement per unit 1807.1.6.3 Masonry foundation walls. Masonry foun-
length shall be permitted. dation walls shall comply with the following:
5. Concrete cover for reinforcement measured from 1. The thickness shall comply with the require-
the inside face of the wall shall not be less than 3/4 ments of Table 1807.1.6.3(1) for plain masonry
inch (19.1 mm). Concrete cover for reinforcement walls or Table 1807.1.6.3(2), 1807.1.6.3(3) or
measured from the outside face of the wall shall 1807.1.6.3(4) for masonry walls with reinforce-
not be less than 11/ 2 inches (38 mm) for No.5 bars ment.
and smaller, and not less than 2 inches (51 mm) for
2. Vertical reinforcement shall have a minimum
larger bars.
yield strength of 60,000 psi (414 MPa).
6. Concrete shall have a specified compressive
3. The specified location of the reinforcement shall
strength, r C' of not less than 2,500 psi (17.2 MPa).
equal or exceed the effective depth distance, d,
7. The unfactored axial load per linear foot of wall noted in Tables 1807.1.6.3(2), 1807.1.6.3(3) and
shall not exceed 1.2 t f' c where t is the specified 1807.1.6.3(4) and shall be measured from the
wall thickness in inches. face of the exterior (soil) side of the wall to the
TABLE 1807.1.6.3(1)
PLAIN MASONRY FOUNDATION WALLSa,b,c
MINIMUM NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS (inches)
Design lateral soil loada (psf per foot of depth)

MAXIMUM WALL HEIGHT MAXIMUM UNBALANCED
(feet) BACKFILL HEIGHTe(feet) 30t 4S t 60
4 (or less) 8 8 8
5 8 10 10
7
6 10 12 10 (solid C)
7 12 10 (solid C) 10 (solid C)
4 (or less) 8 8 8
5 8 10 12
8 6 10 12 12 (solid C)
7 12 12 (solid C) Note d
8 10 (solid c) 12 (solid c) Note d
4 (or less) 8 8 8
5 8 10 12
6 12 12 12 (solid C)
9
7 12 (solid C) 12 (solid C) Note d
8 12 (solid c) Note d Note d
gf Note d Note d Note d
c. Solid grouted hollow units or solid masonry units.
d. A design in compliance with Chapter 21 or reinforcement in accordance with Table 1807.1.6.3(2) is required.
e. For height of unbalanced backfill, see Section 1807.1.2.
f. Where unbalanced backfill height exceeds 8 feet and design lateral soil loads from Table 1610.1 are used, the requirements for 30 and 45 psf per foot of depth are
not applicable (see Section 1610) .

center of the vertical reinforcement. The rein- 7. Masonry units shall be laid in running bond and
forcement shall be placed within the tolerances installed with Type M or S mortar in accordance
specified in TMS 602/ACI 530.1/ASCE 6, Arti- with Section 2103.8.
cle 3.3.B.8 of the specified location. 8. The unfactored axial load per linear foot of wall
shall not exceed 1.2 t I'ill where t is the specified
4. Grout shall comply with Section 2103.12.
wall thickness in inches and I'ill is the specified
5. Concrete masonry units shall comply with compressive strength of masonry in pounds per
ASTM C 90. square inch.
6. Clay masonry units shall comply with ASTM C 9. At least 4 inches (102 mm) of solid masonry shall
652 for hollow brick, except compliance with be provided at girder supports at the top of hol-
ASTM C 62 or ASTM C 216 shall be permitted low masonry unit foundation walls.
where solid masonry units are installed in accor- 10. Corbeling of masonry shall be in accordance
dance with Table 1807.1.6.3(1) for plain with Section 2104.2. Where an 8-inch (203 mm)
masonry. wall is corbeled, the top corbel shall not extend
TABLE 1807.1.6.3(2)
8-INCH MASONRY FOUNDATION WALLS WITH REINFORCEMENT WHERE d ~ 5 INCHESa, b, c
MAXIMUM UNBALANCED Design lateral soil loada (psf per foot of depth)
MAXIMUM WALL HEIGHT BACKFILL HEIGHTd
(feet-inches) (feet-inches) 30e 4S e 60
4-0 (or less) #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48

5-0 #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48
7-4
6-0 #4 at 48 #5 at 48 #5 at 48
7-4 #5 at 48 #6 at 48 #7 at 48
8-0 4-0 (or less) #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48

5-0 #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48
6-0 #4 at 48 #5 at 48 #5 at 48
7-0 #5 at 48 #6 at 48 #7 at 48
8-0 #5 at 48 #6 at 48 #7 at 48
4-0 (or less) #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48

5-0 #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #5 at 48
8-8 6-0 #4 at 48 #5 at 48 #6 at 48
7-0 #5 at 48 #6 at 48 #7 at 48
8-8 e #6 at 48 #7 at 48 #8 at 48
4-0 (or less) #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48

5-0 #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #5 at 48
6-0 #4 at 48 #5 at 48 #6 at 48
9-4
7-0 #5 at 48 #6 at 48 #7 at 48
8-0 #6 at 48 #7 at 48 #8 at 48
9-4 e #7 at 48 #8 at 48 #9 at 48
4-0 (or less) #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48

5-0 #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #5 at 48
6-0 #4 at 48 #5 at 48 #6 at 48
10-0 7-0 #5 at 48 #6 at 48 #7 at 48
8-0 #6 at 48 #7 at 48 #8 at 48
9-0 e #7 at 48 #8 at 48 #9 at 48
lo-oe #7 at 48 #9 at 48 #9 at 48
c. For alternative reinforcement, see Section 1807.1.6.3.1.
d. For height of unbalanced backfill, see Section 1807.1.2.
e. Where unbalanced backfill height exceeds 8 feet and design lateral soil loads from Table 1610.1 are used, the requirements for 30 and 45 psf per foot of depth are
not applicable. See Section 1610.

higher than the bottom of the floor framing and (mm) of wall shall be permitted to be used, provided
shall be a full course of headers at least 6 inches the spacing of reinforcement does not exceed 72
(152 mm) in length or the top course bed joint inches (1829 mm) and reinforcing bar sizes do not
shall be tied to the vertical wall projection. The exceed No. 11.
tie shall be W2.8 (4.8 mm) and spaced at a maxi-
1807.1.6.3.2 Seismic requirements. Based on the
mum horizontal distance of 36 inches (914 mm) .
The hollow space behind the corbelled masonry
seismic design category assigned to the structure in
accordance with Section 1613, masonry foundation
shall be filled with mortar or grout.
walls designed using Tables 1807.1.6.3(1) through
1807.1.6.3.1 Alternative foundation wall rein- 1807.1.6.3(4) shall be subject to the following limita-
forcement. In lieu of the reinforcement provisions for tions:
masonry foundation walls in Table 1807.1.6.3(2),
1807.1.6.3(3) or 1807.1.6.3(4), alternative reinforc- 1. Seismic Design Categories A and B. No addi-
ing bar sizes and spacings having an equivalent tional seismic requirements.
cross-sectional area of reinforcement per linear foot 2. Seismic Design Category C. A design using
Tables 1807.1.6.3(1) through 1807.1.6.3(4) is
TABLE 1807.1.6.3(3)
10-INCH MASONRY FOUNDATION WALLS WITH REINFORCEMENT WHERE d ~ 6.75 INCHES a,b,c
(feet-inches) (feet-inches) 30e 4S e 60
4-0 (or less) #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56

5-0 #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56
7-4
6-0 #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #5 at 56
7-4 #4 at 56 #5 at 56 #6 at 56
4-0 (or less) #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56

5-0 #4 at 56 #4 at 5 #4 at 56
8-0 6-0 #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #5 at 56
7-0 #4 at 56 #5 at 56 #6 at 56
8-0 #5 at 56 #6 at 56 #7 at 56
4-0 (or less) #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56

5-0 #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56
8-8 6-0 #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #5 at 56
7-0 #4 at 56 #5 at 56 #6 at 56
8-8 e #5 at 56 #7 at 56 #8 at 56
4-0 (or less) #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56

5-0 #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56
6-0 #4 at 56 #5 at 56 #5 at 56
9-4
7-0 #4 at 56 #5 at 56 #6 at 56
8-0 #5 at 56 #6 at 56 #7 at 56
9-4 e #6 at 56 #7 at 56 #7 at 56
4-0 (or less) #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56

5-0 #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56
6-0 #4 at 56 #5 at 56 #5 at 56
10-0 7-0 #5 at 56 #6 at 56 #7 at 56
8-0 #5 at 56 #7 at 56 #8 at 56
9-0 e #6 at 56 #7 at 56 #9 at 56
lo-oe #7 at 56 #8 at 56 #9 at 56
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8, 1 pound per square foot per foot = 1.157 kPa/m.
d. For height of unbalanced backfill, See Section 1807.1.2.

subject to the seismic requirements of Section dation pressure and water uplift. Where a keyway is
1.17.4.3 ofTMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5. extended below the wall base with the intent to engage pas-
sive pressure and enhance sliding stability, lateral soil pres-
3. Seismic Design Category D. A design using
sures on both sides of the keyway shall be considered in the
Tables 1807.1.6.3(2) through 1807.1.6.3(4) is
sliding analysis.
subject to the seismic requirements of Section
1.17.4.4 ofTMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5. 1807.2.2 Design lateral soil loads. Retaining walls shall be
4. Seismic Design Categories E and F. A design designed for the lateral soil loads set forth in Section 1610.
using Tables 1807.1.6.3(2) through 1807.2.3 Safety factor. Retaining walls shall be designed to
1807.1.6.3(4) is subject to the seismic require- resist the lateral action of soil to produce sliding and over-
ments of Section 1.17.4.5 of TMS 402/ACI turning with a minimum safety factor of 1.5 in each case.
530/ASCE 5. The load combinations of Section 1605 shall not apply to
this requirement. Instead, design shall be based on 0.7 times
1807.2 Retaining walls. Retaining walls shall be designed in
nominal earthquake loads, 1.0 times other nominalloads,
accordance with Sections 1807.2.1 through 1807.2.3.
and investigation with one or more of the variable loads set
1807.2.1 General. Retaining walls shall be designed to to zero. The safety factor against lateral sliding shall be
ensure stability against overturning, sliding, excessive foun- taken as the available soil resistance at the base of the retain-
TABLE 1807.1.6.3(4)
12-INCH MASONRY FOUNDATION WALLS WITH REINFORCEMENT WHERE d ~ 8.75 INCHESa , b, c
(feet-inches) (feet-inches) 30e 45 e 60
4 (or less) #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #4 at 72
5-0 #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #4 at 72
7-4
6-0 #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #5 at 72
7-4 #4 at 72 #5 at 72 #6 at 72
4 (or less) #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #4 at 72
5-0 #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #4 at 72
8-0 6-0 #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #5 at 72
7-0 #4 at 72 #5 at 72 #6 at 72
8-0 #5 at 72 #6 at 72 #8 at 72
4 (or less) #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #4 at 72
5-0 #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #4 at 72
8-8 6-0 #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #5 at 72
7-0 #4 at 72 #5 at 72 #6 at 72
8-8 e #5 at 72 #7 at 72 #8 at 72
4 (or less) #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #4 at 72
5-0 #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #4 at 72
6-0 #4 at 72 #5 at 72 #5 at 72
9-4
7-0 #4 at 72 #5 at 72 #6 at 72
8-0 #5 at 72 #6 at 72 #7 at 72
9-4 e #6 at 72 #7 at 72 #8 at 72
4 (or less) #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #4 at 72
5-0 #4 at 72 #4 at 72 #4 at 72
6-0 #4 at 72 #5 at 72 #5 at 72
10-0 7-0 #4 at 72 #6 at 72 #6 at 72
8-0 #5 at 72 #6 at 72 #7 at 72
9-0 e #6 at 72 #7 at 72 #8 at 72
lo-oe #7 at 72 #8 at 72 #9 at 72
d. For height of unbalanced backfill, see Section 1807.1.2.

ing wall foundation divided by the net lateral force applied resist lateral loads where lateral constraint is provided at
to the retaining wall. the ground surface, such as by a rigid floor or pavement.
Exception: Where earthquake loads are included, the
minimum safety factor for retaining wall sliding and
d=~ 4.25Ph (Equation 18-2)
S3 b
overturning shall be 1.1.
1807.3 Embedded posts and poles. Designs to resist both or alternatively
axial and lateral loads employing posts or poles as columns
embedded in earth or in concrete footings in earth shall be in d=~ 4.25Mg (Equation 18-3)
accordance with Sections 1807.3.1 through 1807.3.3. S3 b
1807.3.1 Limitations. The design procedures outlined in
this section are subject to the following limitations: where:
1. The frictional resistance for structural walls and slabs Mg = Moment in the post at grade, in foot-pounds
on silts and clays shall be limited to one-half of the (kN-m).
normal force imposed on the soil by the weight of the S3 = Allowable lateral soil-bearing pressure as set
footing or slab. forth in Section 1806.2 based on a depth equal to
2. Posts embedded in earth shall not be used to provide the depth of embedment in pounds per square
lateral support for structural or nonstructural materi- foot (kPa).
als such as plaster, masonry or concrete unless brac- 1807.3.2.3 Vertical load. The resistance to vertical loads
ing is provided that develops the limited deflection shall be determined using the vertical foundation pres-
required. sure set forth in Table 1806.2.
Wood poles shall be treated in accordance with AWPA 1807.3.3 Backfill. The backfill in the annular space around
U1 for sawn timber posts (Commodity Specification A, Use columns not embedded in poured footings shall be by one of
Category 4B) and for round timber posts (Commodity the following methods:
Specification B, Use Category 4B).
1. Backfill shall be of concrete with a specified com-
1807.3.2 Design criteria. The depth to resist lateral loads pressive strength of not less than 2,000 psi (13.8
shall be determined using the design criteria established in MPa). The hole shall not be less than 4 inches (102
Sections 1807.3.2.1 through 1807.3.2.3, or by other meth- mm) larger than the diameter of the column at its bot-
ods approved by the bUilding official. tom or 4 inches (102 mm) larger than the diagonal
1807.3.2.1 Nonconstrained. The following formula dimension of a square or rectangular column.
shall be used in determining the depth of embedment 2. Backfill shall be of clean sand. The sand shall be thor-
required to resist lateral loads where no lateral constraint oughly compacted by tamping in layers not more than
is provided at the ground surface, such as by a rigid floor 8 inches (203 mm) in depth.
or rigid ground surface pavement, and where no lateral
3. Backfill shall be of controlled low-strength material
constraint is provided above the ground surface, such as
(CLSM).
by a structural diaphragm.
d= 0.5A{1 + [1 + (4.36h/A)] lI2} (Equation 18-1)

SECTION 1808
where: FOUNDATIONS
A 2.34P/S1 b. 1808.1 General. Foundations shall be designed and con-
b Diameter of round post or footing or diagonal structed in accordance with Sections 1808.2 through 1808.9.
dimension of square post or footing, feet (m). Shallow foundations shall also satisfy the requirements of Sec-
tion 1809. Deep foundations shall also satisfy the requirements
d Depth of embedment in earth in feet (m) but not
of Section 1810.
over 12 feet (3658 mm) for purpose of comput-
ing lateral pressure. 1808.2 Design for capacity and settlement. Foundations
h Distance in feet (m) from ground surface to point shall be so designed that the allowable bearing capacity of the
of application of " P. " soil is not exceeded, and that differential settlement is mini-
mized. Foundations in areas with expansive soils shall be
P Applied lateral force in pounds (kN). designed in accordance with the provisions of Section 1808.6.
S1 Allowable lateral soil-bearing pressure as set
forth in Section 1806.2 based on a depth of
1808.3 Design loads. Foundations shall be designed for the
most unfavorable effects due to the combinations of loads spec-
one-third the depth of embedment in pounds per
ified in Section 1605.2 or 1605.3. The dead load is permitted to
square foot (psf) (kPa).
include the weight of foundations and overlying fill. Reduced
1807.3.2.2 Constrained. The following formula shall be live loads, as specified in Sections 1607.9 and 1607.11, shall be
used to determine the depth of embedment required to permitted to be used in the design of foundations.

1808.3.1 Seismic overturning. Where foundations are pro- deformed shape of the soil support, the plate or stiffened
portioned using the load combinations of Section 1605.2 or plate action of the slab as well as both center lift and edge lift
1605.3.1, and the computation of seismic overturning conditions. Such alternative methods shall be rational and
effects is by equivalent lateral force analysis or modal anal- the basis for all aspects and parameters of the method shall
ysis, the proportioning shall be in accordance with Section be available for peer review.
12.13.4 of ASCE 7.
1808.6.3 Removal of expansive soil. Where expansive soil
1808.4 Vibratory loads. Where machinery operations or other is removed in lieu of designing foundations in accordance
vibrations are transmitted through the foundation, consider- with Section 1808.6.1 or 1808.6.2, the soil shall be removed
ation shall be given in the foundation design to prevent detri- to a depth sufficient to ensure a constant moisture content in
mental disturbances of the soil. the remaining soil. Fill material shall not contain expansive
1808.5 Shifting or moving soils. Where it is known that the soils and shall comply with Section 1804.5 or 1804.6.
shallow subsoils are of a shifting or moving character, founda- Exception: Expansive soil need not be removed to the
tions shall be carried to a sufficient depth to ensure stability. depth of constant moisture, provided the confining pres-
1808.6 Design for expansive soils. Foundations for buildings sure in the expansive soil created by the fill and sup-
and structures founded on expansive soils shall be designed in ported structure exceeds the swell pressure.
accordance with Section 1808.6.1 or 1808.6.2.
1808.6.4 Stabilization. Where the active zone of expansive
Exception: Foundation design need not comply with Sec- soils is stabilized in lieu of designing foundations in accor-
tion 1808.6.1 or 1808.6.2 where one of the following condi- dance with Section 1808.6.1 or 1808.6.2, the soil shall be
tions is satisfied: stabilized by chemical, dewatering, presaturation or equiva-
1. The soil is removed in accordance with Section lent techniques.
1808.6.3; or 1808.7 Foundations on or adjacent to slopes. The placement
2. The building official approves stabilization of the soil of buildings and structures on or adjacent to slopes steeper than
in accordance with Section 1808.6.4. one unit vertical in three units horizontal (33 .3-percent slope)
1808.6.1 Foundations. Foundations placed on or within the shall comply with Sections 1808.7.1 through 1808.7.5.
active zone of expansive soils shall be designed to resist dif- 1808.7.1 Building clearance from ascending slopes. In
ferential volume changes and to prevent structural damage general, buildings below slopes shall be set a sufficient dis-
to the supported structure. Deflection and racking of the tance from the slope to provide protection from slope drain-
supported structure shall be limited to that which will not age, erosion and shallow failures. Except as provided in
interfere with the usability and serviceability of the struc- Section 1808.7.5 and Figure 1808.7.1, the following criteria
ture. will be assumed to provide this protection. Where the exist-
Foundations placed below where volume change occurs ing slope is steeper than one unit vertical in one unit hori-
or below expansive soil shall comply with the following zontal (100-percent slope), the toe of the slope shall be
provisions: assumed to be at the intersection of a horizontal plane drawn
from the top of the foundation and a plane drawn tangent to
1. Foundations extending into or penetrating expansive the slope at an angle of 45 degrees (0.79 rad) to the horizon-
soils shall be designed to prevent uplift of the sup- tal. Where a retaining wall is constructed at the toe of the
ported structure. slope, the height of the slope shall be measured from the top
2. Foundations penetrating expansive soils shall be of the wall to the top of the slope.
designed to resist forces exerted on the foundation
due to soil volume changes or shall be isolated from 1808.7.2 Foundation setback from descending slope sur-
the expansive soil. face. Foundations on or adjacent to slope surfaces shall be
founded in firm material with an embedment and set back
1808.6.2 Slab-on-ground foundations. Moments, shears from the slope surface sufficient to provide vertical and lat-
and deflections for use in designing slab-on-ground, mat or eral support for the foundation without detrimental settle-
raft foundations on expansive soils shall be determined in ment. Except as provided for in Section 1808.7.5 and Figure
accordance with WRJICRSJ Design of Slab-on-Ground 1808.7.1, the following setback is deemed adequate to meet
Foundations or PTJ Standard Requirements for Analysis of the criteria. Where the slope is steeper than 1 unit vertical in
Shallow Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils. Using 1 unit horizontal (100-percent slope), the required setback
the moments, shears and deflections determined above, shall be measured from an imaginary plane 45 degrees (0.79
nonprestressed slabs-on-ground, mat or raft foundations on rad) to the horizontal, projected upward from the toe of the
expansive soils shall be designed in accordance with slope.
WRJICRSJ Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations and
post-tensioned slab-on-ground, mat or raft foundations on 1808.7.3 Pools. The setback between pools regulated by
expansive soils shall be designed in accordance with PTJ this code and slopes shall be equal to one-half the building
Standard Requirements for Design of Shallow footing setback distance required by this section. That por-
Post- Tensioned Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils. tion of the pool wall within a horizontal distance of 7 feet
It shall be permitted to analyze and design such slabs by (2134 mm) from the top of the slope shall be capable of sup-
other methods that account for soil-structure interaction, the porting the water in the pool without soil support.

For 51: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

FIGURE 1808.7.1
FOUNDATION CLEARANCES FROM SLOPES
1808.7.4 Foundation elevation. On graded sites, the top of cover requirement applies. Where concrete is placed in a
any exterior foundation shall extend above the elevation of temporary or permanent casing or a mandrel, the inside face
the street gutter at point of discharge or the inlet of an of the casing or mandrel shall be considered the concrete
approved drainage device a minimum of 12 inches (305 surface.
mm) plus 2 percent. Alternate elevations are permitted sub-
1808.8.3 Placement of concrete. Concrete shall be placed
ject to the approval of the building official, provided it can
in such a manner as to ensure the exclusion of any foreign
be demonstrated that required drainage to the point of dis-
matter and to secure a full-size foundation. Concrete shall
charge and away from the structure is provided at allioca-
not be placed through water unless a tremie or other method
tions on the site.
approved by the building official is used. Where placed
1808.7.5 Alternate setback and clearance. Alternate set- under or in the presence of water, the concrete shall be
backs and clearances are permitted, subject to the approval deposited by approved means to ensure minimum segrega-
of the building official. The building official shall be permit- tion of the mix and negligible turbulence of the water.
ted to require a geotechnical investigation as set forth in Sec- Where depositing concrete from the top of a deep founda-
tion 1803.5.10. tion element, the concrete shall be chuted directly into
1808.8 Concrete foundations. The design, materials and con- smooth-sided pipes or tubes or placed in a rapid and contin-
struction of concrete foundations shall comply with Sections uous operation through a funnel hopper centered at the top
1808.8.1 through 1808.8.6 and the provisions of Chapter 19. of the element.
Exception: Where concrete footings supporting walls of 1808.8.4 Protection of concrete. Concrete foundations
light-frame construction are designed in accordance with shall be protected from freezing during depositing and for a
Table 1809.7, a specific design in accordance with Chapter period of not less than five days thereafter. Water shall not
19 is not required. be allowed to flow through the deposited concrete.
1808.8.1 Concrete or grout strength and mix propor- 1808.8.5 Forming of concrete. Concrete foundations are
tioning. Concrete or grout in foundations shall have a speci- permitted to be cast against the earth where, in the opinion
of the building official, soil conditions do not require
fied compressive strength (f' J not less than the largest
formwork. Where formwork is required, it shall be in accor-
applicable value indicated in Table 1808.8.1.
dance with Chapter 6 of ACI 318.
Where concrete is placed through a funnel hopper at the
top of a deep foundation element, the concrete mix shall be 1808.8.6 Seismic requirements. See Section 1908 for
designed and proportioned so as to produce a cohesive additional requirements for foundations of structures
workable mix having a slump of not less than 4 inches (102 assigned to Seismic Design CategoryC, D, E or F.
mm) and not more than 8 inches (204 mm). Where concrete For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E
or grout is to be pumped, the mix design including slump or F, provisions of ACI 318, Sections 21.12.1 through
shall be adjusted to produce a pumpable mixture. 21.12.4, shall apply where not in conflict with the provi-
1808.8.2 Concrete cover. The concrete cover provided for sions of Sections 1808 through 1810.
prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcement in founda- Exceptions:
tions shall be no less than the largest applicable value speci-
fied in Table 1808.8.2. Longitudinal bars spaced less than 1. Detached one- and two-family dwellings of
11/ 2 inches (38 mm) clear distance apart shall be considered light-frame construction and two stories or less
bundled bars for which the concrete cover provided shall above grade plane are not required to comply with
also be no less than that required by Section 7.7.4 of ACI the provisions of ACI 318, Sections 21.12.1
318. Concrete cover shall be measured from the concrete through 21.12.4.
surface to the outermost surface of the steel to which the 2. Section 21.12.4.4(a) of ACI 318 shall not apply.

TABLE 1808.8.1
MINIMUM SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (' c OF CONCRETE OR GROUT
SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE
FOUNDATION ELEMENT OR CONDITION STRENGTH, fIe
1. Foundations for structures assigned to Seismic Design Category A, B or C 2,500 psi
2a. Foundations for Group R or U occupancies of light-frame construction, two stories or less in height,
2,500 psi
assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or F
2b. Foundations for other structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or F 3,000 psi
3. Precast nonprestressed drived piles 4,000 psi
4. Socketed drilled shafts 4,000 psi
5. Micropiles 4,000 psi
6. Precast prestressed driven piles 5,000 psi
For 51: 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.
TABLE 1808.8.2
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER
FOUNDATION ELEMENT OR CONDITION MINIMUM COVER
1. Shallow foundations In accordance with Section 7.7 of ACI 318
2. Precast nonprestressed deep foundation elements

Exposed to seawater 3 inches
Not manufactured under plant conditions 2 inches
Manufactured under plant control conditions In accordance with Section 7.7.3 of ACI 318
3. Precast prestressed deep foundation elements

Exposed to seawater 2.5 inches
Other In accordance with Section 7.7.3 of ACI 318
4. Cast-in-place deep foundation elements not enclosed by a steel pipe, tube or permanent
2.5 inches
casing
5. Cast-in-place deep foundation elements enclosed by a steel pipe, tube or permanent casing 1 inch
6. Structural steel core within a steel pipe, tube or permanent casing 2 inches
7. Cast-in-place drilled shafts enclosed by a stable rock socket 1.5 inches
For 51: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

1808.9 Vertical masonry foundation elements. Vertical 1809.7 Prescriptive footings for light-frame construction.
masonry foundation elements that are not foundation piers as Where a specific design is not provided, concrete or
defined in Section 2102.1 shall be designed as piers, walls or masonry-unit footings supporting walls of light-frame con-
columns, as applicable, in accordance with TMS 4021ACI struction shall be permitted to be designed in accordance with
530/ASCE 5. Table 1809.7.
TABLE 1809.7
PRESCRIPTIVE FOOTINGS SUPPORTING WALLS OF
SECTION 1809 LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION a , b, c, d, e
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS NUMBER OF FLOORS
SUPPORTED BY THE WIDTH OF FOOTING THICKNESS OF
1809.1 General. Shallow foundations shall be designed and FOOTING f (inches) FOOTING (inches)
constructed in accordance with Sections 1809.2 through
1809.13. 1 12 6
1809.2 Supporting soils. Shallow foundations shall be built on 2 15 6

undisturbed soil, compacted fill material or controlled 3 18 8g
low-strength material (CLSM). Compacted fill material shall
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
be placed in accordance with Section 1804.5. CLSM shall be a. Depth of footings shall be in accordance with Section 1809.4.
placed in accordance with Section 1804.6. b. The ground under the floor shall be permitted to be excavated to the elevation
of the top of the footing.
1809.3 Stepped footings. The top surface of footings shall be
c. Interior stud-bearing walls shall be permitted to be supported by isolated
level. The bottom surface of footings shall be permitted to have footings . The footing width and length shall be twice the width shown in this
a slope not exceeding one unit vertical in 10 units horizontal table, and footings shall be spaced not more than 6 feet on center.
(1 O-percent slope). Footings shall be stepped where it is neces- d. See Section 1908 for additional requirements for concrete footings of struc-
sary to change the elevation of the top surface of the footing or tures assigned to Seismic DeSign Category C, D, E or F.
where the surface of the ground slopes more than one unit verti- e. For thickness of foundation walls, see Section 1807.1.6.
f. Footings shall be permitted to support a roof in addition to the stipulated
cal in 10 units horizontal (10-percent slope) . number of floors . Footings supporting roof only shall be as required for sup-
1809.4 Depth and width of footings. The minimum depth of porting one floor.
g. Plain concrete footings for Group R-3 occupancies shall be permitted to be 6
footings below the undisturbed ground surface shall be 12 inches thick.
inches (305 mm). Where applicable, the requirements of Sec-
tion 1809.5 shall also be satisfied. The minimum width of foot- 1809.8 Plain concrete footings. The edge thickness of plain
ings shall be 12 inches (305 mm). concrete footings supporting walls of other than light-frame
construction shall not be less than 8 inches (203 mm) where
1809.5 Frost protection. Except where otherwise protected placed on soil or rock.
from frost, foundations and other permanent supports of build-
ings and structures shall be protected from frost by one or more Exception: For plain concrete footings supporting Group
of the following methods: R-3 occupancies, the edge thickness is permitted to be 6
inches (152 mm), provided that the footing does not extend
1. Extending below the frost line of the locality; beyond a distance greater than the thickness of the footing
2. Constructing in accordance with ASCE 32; or on either side of the supported wall.
3. Erecting on solid rock. 1809.9 Masonry-unit footings. The design, materials and
construction of masonry-unit footings shall comply with Sec-
Exception: Free-standing buildings meeting all of the fol- tions 1809.9.1 and 1809.9.2, and the provisions of Chapter 21.
lowing conditions shall not be required to be protected:
Exception: Where a specific design is not provided,
1. Assigned to Occupancy Category I, in accordance
masonry-unit footings supporting walls of light-frame con-
with Section 1604.5;
struction shall be permitted to be designed in accordance
2. Area of600 square feet (56 m 2) or less for light-frame with Table 1809.7.
construction or 400 square feet (37 m 2) or less for
1809.9.1 Dimensions. Mansonry-unit footings shall be laid
other than light-frame construction; and
in Type M or S mortar complying with Section 2103.8 and
3. Eave height of 10 feet (3048 mm) or less. the depth shall not be less than twice the projection beyond
Shallow foundations shall not bear on frozen soil unless such the wall, pier or column. The width shall not be less than 8
frozen condition is of a permanent character. inches (203 mm) wider than the wall supported thereon.
1809.6 Location offootings. Footings on granular soil shall be 1809.9.2 Offsets. The maximum offset of each course in
so located that the line drawn between the lower edges of brick foundation walls stepped up from the footings shall be
adjoining footings shall not have a slope steeper than 30 11/ 2 inches (38 mm) where laid in single courses, and 3
degrees (0.52 rad) with the horizontal, unless the material sup- inches (76 mm) where laid in double courses.
porting the higher footing is braced or retained or otherwise lat- 1809.10 Pier and curtain wall foundations. Except in Seis-
erally supported in an approved manner or a greater slope has mic DeSign Categories D, E and F, pier and curtain wall foun-
been properly established by engineering analysis. dations shall be permitted to be used to support light-frame

construction not more than two stories above grade plane, provided by reinforced concrete beams within slabs on grade or
vided the following requirements are met: reinforced concrete slabs on grade, ties shall be capable of car-
1. All load-bearing walls shall be placed on continuous rying, in tension or compression, a force equal to the lesser of
concrete footings bonded integrally with the exterior the product of the larger footing design gravity load times the
wall footings. seismic coefficient, SDS' divided by 10 and 25 percent of the
smaller footing design gravity load.
2. The minimum actual thickness of a load-bearing
masonry wall shall not be less than 4 inches (102 mm)
nominal or 35/8 inches (92 mm) actual thickness, and SECTION 1810
shall be bonded integrally with piers spaced 6 feet (1829 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
mm) on center (o.c.).
1810.1 General. Deep foundations shall be analyzed,
3. Piers shall be constructed in accordance with Chapter 21 designed, detailed and installed in accordance with Sections
and the following: 1810.1 through 1810.4.
3.1. The unsupported height of the masonry piers 1810.1.1 Geotechnical investigation. Deep foundations
shall not exceed 10 times their least dimension. shall be designed and installed on the basis of a geotechnical
3.2. Where structural clay tile or hollow concrete investigation as set forth in Section 1803.
masonry units are used for piers supporting 1810.1.2 Use of existing deep foundation elements. Deep
beams and girders, the cellular spaces shall be foundation elements left in place where a structure has been
filled solidly with concrete or Type M or S mor- demolished shall not be used for the support of new con-
tar. struction unless satisfactory evidence is submitted to the
Exception: Unfilled hollow piers shall be permitted bUilding official, which indicates that the elements are
where the unsupported height of the pier is not more sound and meet the requirements of this code. Such ele-
than four times its least dimension. ments shall be load tested or redriven to verify their capaci-
ties. The design load applied to such elements shall be the
3.3. Hollow piers shall be capped with 4 inches
lowest allowable load as determined by tests or redriving
(102 mm) of solid masonry or concrete or the
data.
cavities of the top course shall be filled with
concrete or grout. 1810.1.3 Deep foundation elements classified as col-
umns. Deep foundation elements standing unbraced in air,
4. The maximum height ofa 4-inch (102 mm) load-bearing
water or fluid soils shall be classified as columns and
masonry foundation wall supporting wood frame walls
designed as such in accordance with the provisions of this
and floors shall not be more than 4 feet (1219 mm) in
code from their top down to the point where adequate lateral
height.
support is provided in accordance with Section 1810.2.1.
5. The unbalanced fill for 4-inch (102 mm) foundation
walls shall not exceed 24 inches (610 mm) for solid Exception: Where the unsupported height to least hori-
masonry, nor 12 inches (305 mm) for hollow masonry. zontal dimension of a cast-in-place deep foundation ele-
ment does not exceed three, it shall be permitted to
1809.11 Steel grillage footings. Grillage footings of structural design and construct such an element as a pedestal in
steel shapes shall be separated with approved steel spacers and accordance with ACI 318.
be entirely encased in concrete with at least 6 inches (152 mm)
on the bottom and at least 4 inches (102 mm) at all other points. 1810.1.4 Special types of deep foundations. The use of
The spaces between the shapes shall be completely filled with types of deep foundation elements not specifically men-
concrete or cement grout. tioned herein is permitted, subject to the approval of the
building official, upon the submission of acceptable test
1809.12 Timber footings. Timber footings shall be permitted data, calculations and other information relating to the
for buildings of Type V construction and as otherwise structural properties and load capacity of such elements.
approvedby the building official. Such footings shall be treated The allowable stresses for materials shall not in any case
in accordance with AWPA Ul (Commodity Specification A, exceed the limitations specified herein.
Use Category 4B). Treated timbers are not required where
placed entirely below permanent water level, or where used as 1810.2 Analysis. The analysis of deep foundations for design
capping for wood piles that project above the water level over shall be in accordance with Sections 1810.2.1 through
submerged or marsh lands. The compressive stresses perpen- 1810.2.5.
dicular to grain in untreated timber footings supported upon 1810.2.1 Lateral support. Any soil other than fluid soil
treated piles shall not exceed 70 percent of the allowable shall be deemed to afford sufficient lateral support to pre-
stresses for the species and grade of timber as specified in the vent buckling of deep foundation elements and to permit the
AF&PANDS. design of the elements in accordance with accepted engi-
1809.13 Footing seismic ties. Where a structure is assigned to neering practice and the applicable provisions of this code.
Seismic Design Category D, E or F in accordance with Section Where deep foundation elements stand unbraced in air,
1613, individual spread footings founded on soil defined in water or fluid soils, it shall be permitted to consider them
Section 1613.5.2 as Site Class E or F shall be interconnected by laterally supported at a point 5 feet (1524 mm) into stiff soil
ties. Unless it is demonstrated that equivalent restraint is pro- or 10 feet (3048 mm) into soft soil unless otherwise

approvedby the building official on the basis of a geotechni- foundation element deformations associated with earth-
cal investigation by a registered design professional. quake loads imparted to the foundation by the structure.
1810.2.2 Stability. Deep foundation elements shall be Exception: Deep foundation elements that satisfy the
braced to provide lateral stability in all directions. Three or following additional detailing requirements shall be
more elements connected by a rigid cap shall be considered deemed to comply with the curvature capacity
braced, provided that the elements are located in radial requirements of this section.
directions from the centroid of the group not less than 60 1. Precast prestressed concrete piles detailed in
degrees (1 rad) apart. A two-element group in a rigid cap accordance with Section 1810.3.8.3.3.
shall be considered to be braced along the axis connecting
the two elements. Methods used to brace deep foundation 2. Cast-in-place deep foundation elements with a
elements shall be subject to the approval of the bUilding offi- minimum longitudinal reinforcement ratio of
cial. 0.005 extending the full length of the element
and detailed in accordance with Sections
Deep foundation elements supporting walls shall be 21.6.4.2, 21.6.4.3 and 21.6.4.4 of ACI 318 as
placed alternately in lines spaced at least 1 foot (305 mm) required by Section 1810.3.9.4.2.2.
apart and located symmetrically under the center of gravity
1810.2.5 Group effects. The analysis shall include group
of the wall load carried, unless effective measures are taken
effects on lateral behavior where the center-to-center spac-
to provide for eccentricity and lateral forces, or the founda-
ing of deep foundation elements in the direction of lateral
tion elements are adequately braced to provide for lateral
force is less than eight times the least horizontal dimension
stability.
of an element. The analysis shall include group effects on
Exceptions: axial behavior where the center-to-center spacing of deep
foundation elements is less than three times the least hori-
1. Isolated cast-in-place deep foundation elements
zontal dimension of an element.
without lateral bracing shall be permitted where
the least horizontal dimension is no less than 2 feet 1810.3 Design and detailing. Deep foundations shall be
(610 mm), adequate lateral support in accordance designed and detailed in accordance with Sections 1810.3.1
with Section 1810.2.1 is provided for the entire through 1810.3.12.
height and the height does not exceed 12 times the 1810.3.1 Design conditions. Design of deep foundations
least horizontal dimension. shall include the design conditions specified in Sections
2. A single row of deep foundation elements without 1810.3.1.1 through 1810.3.1.6, as applicable.
lateral bracing is permitted for one- and two-fam- 1810.3.1.1 Design methods for concrete elements.
ily dwellings and lightweight construction not Where concrete deep foundations are laterally supported
exceeding two stories above grade plane or 35 feet in accordance with Section 1810.2.1 for the entire height
(10 668 mm) in building height, provided the cen- and applied forces cause bending moments no greater
ters of the elements are located within the width of than those resulting from accidental eccentricities, struc-
the supported wall. tural design of the element using the load combinations
1810.2.3 Settlement. The settlement of a single deep foun- of Section 1605.3 and the allowable stresses specified in
dation element or group thereof shall be estimated based on this chapter shall be permitted. Otherwise, the structural
approved methods of analysis. The predicted settlement design of concrete deep foundation elements shall use
shall cause neither harmful distortion of, nor instability in, the load combinations of Section 1605.2 and approved
the structure, nor cause any element to be loaded beyond its strength design methods.
capacity. 1810.3.1.2 Composite elements. Where a single deep
1810.2.4 Lateral loads. The moments, shears and lateral foundation element comprises two or more sections of
deflections used for design of deep foundation elements different materials or different types spliced together,
shall be established considering the nonlinear interaction of each section of the composite assembly shall satisfy the
the shaft and soil, as determined by a registered design pro- applicable requirements of this code, and the maximum
fessional. Where the ratio of the depth of embedment of the allowable load in each section shall be limited by the
element to its least horizontal dimension is less than or equal structural capacity of that section.
to six, it shall be permitted to assume the element is rigid. 1810.3.1.3 Mislocation. The foundation or superstruc-
1810.2.4.1 Seismic Design Categories D through F. ture shall be designed to resist the effects of the
mislocation of any deep foundation element by no less
For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E
than 3 inches (76 mm). To resist the effects of
or F, deep foundation elements on Site Class E or F sites,
mislocation, compressive overload of deep foundation
as determined in Section 1613.5.2, shall be designed and
elements to 110 percent of the allowable design load
constructed to withstand maximum imposed curvatures
shall be permitted.
from earthquake ground motions and structure response.
Curvatures shall include free-field soil strains modified 1810.3.1.4 Driven piles. Driven piles shall be designed
for soil-foundation-structure interaction coupled with and manufactured in accordance with accepted engineer-

ing practice to resist all stresses induced by handling, cation A, Use Category 4B) for sawn timber elements.
driving and service loads. Preservative-treated timber elements shall be subject
to a quality control program administered by an
1810.3.1.5 Helical piles. Helical piles shall be designed
approved agency. Element cutoffs shall be treated in
and manufactured in accordance with accepted engineer-
accordance with AWPA M4.
ing practice to resist all stresses induced by installation
into the ground and service loads. 1810.3.2.5 Protection of materials. Where boring
records or site conditions indicate possible deleterious
1810.3.1.6 Casings. Temporary and permanent casings
action on the materials used in deep foundation elements
shall be of steel and shall be sufficiently strong to resist
because of soil constituents, changing water levels or
collapse and sufficiently water tight to exclude any for-
other factors, the elements shall be adequately protected
eign materials during the placing of concrete. Where a
by materials, methods or processes approved by the
permanent casing is considered reinforcing steel, the
bUilding official. Protective materials shall be applied to
steel shall be protected under the conditions specified in
the elements so as not to be rendered ineffective by
Section 1810.3.2.5. Horizontal joints in the casing shall
installation. The effectiveness of such protective mea-
be spliced in accordance with Section 1810.3.6.
sures for the particular purpose shall have been thor-
1810.3.2 Materials. The materials used in deep foundation oughly established by satisfactory service records or
elements shall satisfy the requirements of Sections other evidence.
1810.3.2.1 through 1810.3.2.8, as applicable.
1810.3.2.6 Allowable stresses. The allowable stresses
1810.3.2.1 Concrete. Where concrete is cast in a steel for materials used in deep foundation elements shall not
pipe or where an enlarged base is formed by compacting exceed those specified in Table 1810.3.2.6.
concrete, the maximum size for coarse aggregate shall be
3/4 inch (19.1 mm). Concrete to be compacted shall have
1810.3.2.7 Increased allowable compressive stress for
a zero slump. cased cast-in-place elements. The allowable compres-
sive stress in the concrete shall be permitted to be
1810.3.2.1.1 Seismic hooks. For structures assigned increased as specified in Table 1810.3.2.6 for those por-
to Seismic Design Category C, D, E or F in accor- tions of permanently cased cast-in-place elements that
dance with Section 1613, the ends of hoops, spirals satisfy all of the following conditions:
and ties used in concrete deep foundation elements
shall be terminated with seismic hooks, as defined in 1. The design shall not use the casing to resist any
ACI 318, and shall be turned into the confined con- portion of the axial load imposed.
crete core. 2. The casing shall have a sealed tip and be mandrel
driven.
1810.3.2.1.2 ACI 318 Equation (10-5). Where this
chapter requires detailing of concrete deep founda- 3. The thickness of the casing shall not be less than
tion elements in accordance with Section 21.6.4.4 of manufacturer's standard gage No. 14 (0.068 inch)
ACI 318, compliance with Equation (10-5) of ACI (1.75 mm).
318 shall not be required. 4. The casing shall be seamless or provided with
1810.3.2.2 Prestressing steel. Prestressing steel shall seams of strength equal to the basic material and be
conform to ASTM A 416. of a configuration that will provide confinement to
the cast-in-place concrete.
1810.3.2.3 Structural steel. Structural steel piles, steel
pipe and fully welded steel piles fabricated from plates 5. The ratio of steel yield strength (F) to specified
shall conform to ASTM A 36, ASTM A 252, ASTM A compressive strength (f' J shall not be less than
283, ASTM A 572, ASTM A 588, ASTM A 690, ASTM six.
A 913 or ASTM A 992. 6. The nominal diameter of the element shall not be
1810.3.2.4 Timber. Timber deep foundation elements greater than 16 inches (406 mm).
shall be designed as piles or poles in accordance with 1810.3.2.8 Justification of higher allowable stresses.
AF&PA NDS. Round timber elements shall conform to Use of allowable stresses greater than those specified in
ASTM D 25. Sawn timber elements shall conform to Section 1810.3.2.6 shall be permitted where supporting
DOC PS-20. datajustifying such higher stresses is filed with the build-
1810.3.2.4.1 Preservative treatment. Timber deep ing official. Such substantiating data shall include:
foundation elements used to support permanent struc- 1. A geotechnical investigation in accordance with
tures shall be treated in accordance with this section Section 1803; and
unless it is established that the tops of the untreated
timber elements will be below the lowest 2. Load tests in accordance with Section
ground-water level assumed to exist during the life of 1810.3.3.1.2, regardless of the load supported by
the structure. Preservative and minimum final reten- the element.
tion shall be in accordance with AWPA U1 (Com- The design and installation of the deep foundation ele-
modity Specification E, Use Category 4C) for round ments shall be under the direct supervision of a regis-
timber elements and AWPA U1 (Commodity Specifi- tered design professional knowledgeable in the field of

TABLE 1810.3.2.6
ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR MATERIALS USED IN DEEP FOUNDATION ELEMENTS
MATERIAL TYPE AND CONDITION MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS a
b
1. Concrete or grout in compression
Cast-in-place with a permanent casing in accordance with Section 1810.3.2.7 0.4 [' e
Cast-in-place in a pipe, tube, other permanent casing or rock 0.33 [' e
Cast-in-place without a permanent casing 0.3 ['e
Precast nonprestressed 0.33 [' e
Precast prestressed 0.33 [' e - 0.27 ~e
2. Nonprestressed reinforcement in compression 0.4 t; ~ 30,000 psi
3. Structural steel in compression

Cores within concrete-filled pipes or tubes 0.5 :i:S; 32,000 psi
Pipes, tubes or H-piles, where justified in accordance with Section 1810.3.2.8 0.5 y ~ 32,000 psi
Pipes or tubes for micropiles 0.4 Fy ~ 32,000 psi
Other pipes, tubes or H-piles 0.35 Fy ~ 16,000 psi
Helical piles 0.6 Fy ~ 0.5 Fu
4. Nonprestressed reinforcement in tension

Within micropiles 0.6 t;
Other conditions 0.5 t; ~ 24,000 psi
5. Structural steel in tension
Pipes, tubes or H-piles, where justified in accordance with Section 1810.3.2.8 0.5 Fy ~ 32,000 psi
Other pipes, tubes or H-piles 0.35 Fy ~ 16,000 psi
Helical piles 0.6 Fy~ 0.5 Fu
6. Timber In accordance with the AF &PA NDS
a. ['cis the specified compressive strength of the concrete or grout; ~c is the compressive stress on the gross concrete section due to effective prestress forces only; ~is
the specified yield strength of reinforcement; Fy is the specified minimum yield stress of structural steel; F u is the specified minimum tensile stress of structural
steel.
b. The stresses specified apply to the gross cross-sectional area within the concrete surface. Where a temporary or permanent casing is used, the inside face of the cas-
ing shall be considered the concrete surface.
soil mechanics and deep foundations who shall submit a weight of the driven elements. The use of a follower is
report to the building official stating that the elements as permitted only with the approval of the building offi-
installed satisfy the design criteria. cial. The introduction of fresh hammer cushion or pile
cushion material just prior to final penetration is not
1810.3.3 Determination of allowable loads. The allow- permitted.
able axial and lateral loads on deep foundation elements
shall be determined by an approved formula, load tests or 1810.3.3.1.2 Load tests. Where design compressive
method of analysis. loads are greater than those determined using the
1810.3.3.1 Allowable axial load. The allowable axial allowable stresses specified in Section 1810.3.2.6,
load on a deep foundation element shall be determined in where the design load for any deep foundation ele-
ment is in doubt, or where cast-in-place deep founda-
accordance with Sections 1810.3.3 . 1. 1 through
1810.3.3.1.9. tion elements have an enlarged base formed either by
compacting concrete or by driving a precast base,
1810.3.3.1.1 Driving criteria. The allowable com- control test elements shall be tested in accordance
pressive load on any driven deep foundation element with ASTM D 1143 or ASTM D 4945. At least one
where determined by the application of an approved element shall be load tested in each area of uniform
driving formula shall not exceed 40 tons (356 kN). subsoil conditions. Where required by the bUilding
For allowable loads above 40 tons (356 kN), the wave official, additional elements shall be load tested where
equation method of analysis shall be used to estimate necessary to establish the safe design capacity. The
driveability for both driving stresses and net displace- resulting allowable loads shall not be more than
ment per blow at the ultimate load. Allowable loads one-half of the ultimate axial load capacity of the test
shall be verified by load tests in accordance with Sec- element as assessed by one of the published methods
tion 1810.3.3.1.2. The formula or wave equation load listed in Section 1810.3.3.1.3 with consideration for
shall be determined for gravity-drop or power-actu- the test type, duration and subsoil. The ultimate axial
ated hammers and the hammer energy used shall be load capacity shall be determined by a registered
the maximum consistent with the size, strength and design professional with consideration given to toler-

able total and differential settlements at design load in ments in the group are placed at a center-to-center
accordance with Section 1810.2.3. In subsequent spacing of at least 2.5 times the least horizontal
installation of the balance of deep foundation ele- dimension of the largest single element, the allowable
ments, all elements shall be deemed to have a support- working uplift load for the group is permitted to be
ing capacity equal to that of the control element where calculated as the lesser of:
such elements are of the same type, size and relative 1. The proposed individual uplift working load
length as the test element; are installed using the same times the number of elements in the group.
or comparable methods and equipment as the test ele-
ment; are installed in similar subsoil conditions as the 2. Two-thirds of the effective weight of the group
test element; and, for driven elements, where the rate and the soil contained within a block defined by
of penetration (e.g., net displacement per blow) of the perimeter of the group and the length of the
such elements is equal to or less than that of the test element.
element driven with the same hammer through a com- 1810.3.3.1.7 Load-bearing capacity. Deep founda-
parable driving distance. tion elements shall develop ultimate load capacities of
1810.3.3.1.3 Load test evaluation methods. It shall at least twice the design working loads in the desig-
be permitted to evaluate load tests of deep foundation nated load-bearing layers. Analysis shall show that no
elements using any of the following methods: soil layer underlying the designated load-bearing lay-
ers causes the load-bearing capacity safety factor to
1. Davisson Offset Limit.
be less than two.
2. Brinch-Hansen 90% Criterion.
1810.3.3.1.8 Bent deep foundation elements. The
3. Butler-Hoy Criterion. load-bearing capacity of deep foundation elements
4. Other methods approved by the bUilding offi- discovered to have a sharp or sweeping bend shall be
cial. determined by an approved method of analysis or by
load testing a representative element.
1810.3.3.1.4 Allowable frictional resistance. The
assumed frictional resistance developed by any 1810.3.3.1.9 Helical piles. The allowable axial
uncased cast-in-place deep foundation element shall design load, Pa , of helical piles shall be determined as
not exceed one-sixth of the bearing value of the soil follows:
material at minimum depth as set forth in Table
(Equation 18-4)
1806.2, up to a maximum of 500 psf (24 kPa) , unless a
greater value is allowed by the bUilding official on the where Pu is the least value of:
basis of a geotechnical investigation as specified in
1. Sum of the areas of the helical bearing plates
Section 1803 or a greater value is substantiated by a
times the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil or
load test in accordance with Section 1810.3.3.1.2.
rock comprising the bearing stratum.
Frictional resistance and bearing resistance shall not
be assumed to act simultaneously unless determined 2. Ultimate capacity determined from well-docu-
by a geotechnical investigation in accordance with mented correlations with installation torque.
Section 1803. 3. Ultimate capacity determined from load tests.
1810.3.3.1.5 Uplift capacity of a single deep foun- 4. Ultimate axial capacity of pile shaft.
dation element. Where required by the design, the
uplift capacity of a single deep foundation element 5. Ultimate axial capacity of pile shaft couplings.
shall be determined by an approved method of analy- 6. Sum of the ultimate axial capacity of helical
sis based on a minimum factor of safety of three or by bearing plates affixed to pile.
load tests conducted in accordance with ASTM D 1810.3.3.2 Allowable lateral load. Where required by
3689. The maximum allowable uplift load shall not the design, the lateral load capacity of a single deep foun-
exceed the ultimate load capacity as determined in dation element or a group thereof shall be determined by
Section 1810.3.3.1.2, using the results of load tests an approved method of analysis or by lateral load tests to
conducted in accordance with ASTM D 3689, divided at least twice the proposed design working load. The
by a factor of safety of two. resulting allowable load shall not be more than one-half
Exception: Where uplift is due to wind or seismic of the load that produces a gross lateral movement of 1
loading, the minimum factor of safety shall be two inch (25 mm) at the lower of the top of foundation ele-
where capacity is determined by an analysis and ment and the ground surface, unless it can be shown that
one and one-half where capacity is determined by the predicted lateral movement shall cause neither harm-
load tests. ful distortion of, nor instability in, the structure, nor
1810.3.3.1.6 Uplift capacity of grouped deep foun- cause any element to be loaded beyond its capacity.
dation elements. For grouped deep foundation ele- 1810.3.4 Subsiding soils. Where deep foundation elements
ments subjected to uplift, the allowable working uplift are installed through subsiding fills or other subsiding strata
load for the group shall be calculated by an approved and derive support from underlying firmer materials, con-
method of analysis where the deep foundation ele- sideration shall be given to the downward frictional forces

that may be imposed on the elements by the subsiding upper nominal outside diameter of not less than 8 inches
strata. (203 mm). Where steel pipes or tubes are driven open
Where the influence of subsiding fills is considered as ended, they shall have a minimum of 0.34 square inch
imposing loads on the element, the allowable stresses speci- (219 mm 2) of steel in cross section to resist each 1,000
fied in this chapter shall be permitted to be increased where foot-pounds (1356 Nm) of pile hammer energy, or
satisfactory substantiating data are submitted. shall have the equivalent strength for steels having a
yield strength greater than 35,000 psi (241 MPa) or
1810.3.5 Dimensions of deep foundation elements. The the wave equation analysis shall be permitted to be
dimensions of deep foundation elements shall be in accor- used to assess compression stresses induced by driv-
dance with Sections 1810.3.5.1 through 1810.3.5.3, as ing to evaluate if the pile section is appropriate for the
applicable. selected hammer. Where a pipe or tube with wall
1810.3.5.1 Precast. The minimum lateral dimension of thickness less than 0.179 inch (4.6 mm) is driven open
precast concrete deep foundation elements shall be 8 ended, a suitable cutting shoe shall be provided. Con-
inches (203 mm). Corners of square elements shall be crete-filled steel pipes or tubes in structures assigned
chamfered. to Seismic Design CategoryC, D, E or F shall have a
wall thickness of not less than 3/ 16 inch (5 mm). The
1810.3.5.2 Cast-in-place or grouted-in-place. pipe or tube casing for socketed drilled shafts shall
Cast-in-place and grouted-in-place deep foundation ele- have a nominal outside diameter of not less than 18
ments shall satisfy the requirements of this section. inches (457 mm), a wall thickness of not less than 3/8
1810.3.5.2.1 Cased. Cast-in-place deep foundation inch (9.5 mm) and a suitable steel driving shoe welded
elements with a permanent casing shall have a nomi- to the bottom; the diameter of the rock socket shall be
nal outside diameter of not less than 8 inches (203 approximately equal to the inside diameter of the cas-
mm). ing.
1810.3.5.2.2 Uncased. Cast-in-place deep founda- Exceptions:
tion elements without a permanent casing shall have a
diameter of not less than 12 inches (305 mm). The ele- 1. There is no mInImum diameter for steel
ment length shall not exceed 30 times the average pipes or tubes used in micropiles.
diameter. 2. For mandrel-driven pipes or tubes, the mini-
Exception: The length of the element is permitted mum wall thickness shall be 1/ 10 inch (2.5
to exceed 30 times the diameter, provided the mm).
design and installation of the deep foundations are
1810.3.5.3.3 Helical piles. Dimensions of the central
under the direct supervision of a registered design
shaft and the number, size and thickness of helical
professional knowledgeable in the field of soil
bearing plates shall be sufficient to support the design
mechanics and deep foundations. The registered
loads.
design professional shall submit a report to the
building official stating that the elements were 1810.3.6 Splices. Splices shall be constructed so as to pro-
installed in compliance with the approved con- vide and maintain true alignment and position of the compo-
struction documents. nent parts of the deep foundation element during installation
1810.3.5.2.3 Micropiles. Micropiles shall have an and subsequent thereto and shall be designed to resist the
outside diameter of 12 inches (305 mm) or less. The axial and shear forces and moments occurring at the loca-
minimum diameter set forth elsewhere in Section tion of the splice during driving and for design load combi-
1810.3.5 shall not apply to micropiles. nations. Where deep foundation elements of the same type
are being spliced, splices shall develop not less than 50 per-
1810.3.5.3 Steel. Steel deep foundation elements shall cent of the bending strength of the weaker section. Where
satisfy the requirements of this section. deep foundation elements of different materials or different
1810.3.5.3.1 H-piles. Sections of H-piles shall com- types are being spliced, splices shall develop the full com-
ply with the following: pressive strength and not less than 50 percent of the tension
and bending strength of the weaker section. Where struc-
1. The flange projections shall not exceed 14
tural steel cores are to be spliced, the ends shall be milled or
times the minimum thickness of metal in either
ground to provide full contact and shall be full-depth
the flange or the web and the flange widths shall
welded.
not be less than 80 percent of the depth of the
section. Splices occurring in the upper 10 feet (3048 mm) of the
2. The nominal depth in the direction of the web embedded portion of an element shall be designed to resist
shall not be less than 8 inches (203 mm). at allowable stresses the moment and shear that would result
from an assumed eccentricity of the axial load of 3 inches
3. Flanges and web shall have a minimum nomi- (76 mm), or the element shall be braced in accordance with
nal thickness of 3/8 inch (9.5 mm).
Section 1810.2.2 to other deep foundation elements that do
1810.3.5.3.2 Steel pipes and tubes. Steel pipes and not have splices in the upper 10 feet (3048 mm) of
tubes used as deep foundation elements shall have a embedment.

1810.3.6.1 Seismic Design Categories C through F. section. The mInImum longitudinal reinforcement
For structures assigned to Seismic Design CategoryC, D, ratio shall be 0.01 throughout the length. Transverse
E or F splices of deep foundation elements shall develop reinforcement shall consist of closed ties or spirals
the lesser of the following: with a minimum 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) diameter. Spacing
of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed the
1. The full strength of the deep foundation element;
smaller of eight times the diameter of the smallest lon-
and
gitudinal bar or 6 inches (152 mm) within a distance
2. The axial and shear forces and moments from the of three times the least pile dimension from the bot-
load combinations with overstrength factor in Sec- tom of the pile cap. Spacing of transverse reinforce-
tion 12.4.3.2 of ASCE 7. ment shall not exceed 6 inches (152 mm) throughout
1810.3.7 Top of element detailing at cutoffs. Where a the remainder of the pile.
minimum length for reinforcement or the extent of closely 1810.3.8.2.3 Additional seismic reinforcement in
spaced confinement reinforcement is specified at the top of Seismic Design Categories D through F. For struc-
a deep foundation element, provisions shall be made so that tures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or F
those specified lengths or extents are maintained after cut- in accordance with Section 1613, transverse rein-
off. forcement shall be in accordance with Section
1810.3.8 Precast concrete piles. Precast concrete piles 1810.3.9.4.2.
shall be designed and detailed in accordance with Sections
1810.3.8.3 Precast prestressed piles. Precast pre-
1810.3.8.1 through 1810.3.8.3.
stressed concrete piles shall comply with the require-
1810.3.8.1 Reinforcement. Longitudinal steel shall be ments of Sections 1810.3.8.3.1 through 1810.3.8.3.3.
arranged in a symmetrical pattern and be laterally tied
1810.3.8.3.1 Effective prestress. The effective pre-
with steel ties or wire spiral spaced center to center as fol-
stress in the pile shall not be less than 400 psi (2.76
lows:
MPa) for piles up to 30 feet (9144 mm) in length, 550
1. At not more than 1 inch (25 mm) for the first five psi (3.79 MPa) for piles up to 50 feet (15 240 mm) in
ties or spirals at each end; then length and 700 psi (4.83 MPa) for piles greater than
2. At not more than 4 inches (102 mm), for the 50 feet (15 240 mm) in length.
remainder of the first 2 feet (610 mm) from each Effective prestress shall be based on an assumed
end; and then loss of 30,000 psi (207 MPa) in the prestressing steel.
3. At not more than 6 inches (152 mm) elsewhere. The tensile stress in the prestressing steel shall not
exceed the values specified in ACI 318.
The size of ties and spirals shall be as follows:
1. For piles having a least horizontal dimension of 16 1810.3.8.3.2 Seismic reinforcement in Seismic
inches (406 mm) or less, wire shall not be smaller Design Category C. For structures assigned to Seis-
than 0.22 inch (5.6 mm) (No.5 gage). mic Design Category C in accordance with Section
1613, precast prestressed piles shall have transverse
2. For piles having a least horizontal dimension of reinforcement in accordance with this section. The
more than 16 inches (406 mm) and less than 20 volumetric ratio of spiral reinforcement shall not be
inches (508 mm), wire shall not be smaller than less than the amount required by the following for-
0.238 inch (6 mm) (No.4 gage). mula for the upper 20 feet (6096 mm) of the pile.
3. For piles having a least horizontal dimension of 20
inches (508 mm) and larger, wire shall not be Ps=0.12Fc/~h (Equation 18-5)
smaller than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) round or 0.259 inch where:
(6.6 mm) (No.3 gage).
I' c = Specified compressive strength of concrete,
1810.3.8.2 Precast nonprestressed piles. Precast psi (MPa).
nonprestressed concrete piles shall comply with the
~h = Yield strength of spiral reinforcement
requirements of Sections 1810.3.8.2.1 through
~ 85,000 psi (586 MPa).
1810.3.8.2.3.
1810.3.8.2.1 Minimum reinforcement. Longitudi- Ps = Spiral reinforcement index (vol. spiral/vol.
core).
nal reinforcement shall consist of at least four bars
with a minimum longitudinal reinforcement ratio of At least one-half the volumetric ratio required by
0.008. Equation 18-5 shall be provided below the upper 20
feet (6096 mm) of the pile.
1810.3.8.2.2 Seismic reinforcement in Seismic
Design Categories C through F. For structures 1810.3.8.3.3 Seismic reinforcement in Seismic
assigned to Seismic Design CategoryC, D, E or F in Design Categories D through F. For structures
accordance with Section 1613, precast nonpre- assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or F in
stressed piles shall be reinforced as specified in this accordance with Section 1613, precast prestressed

piles shall have transverse reinforcement in accor- This required amount of spiral reinforcement
dance with the following: is permitted to be obtained by providing an
inner and outer spiral.
1. Requirements in ACI 318, Chapter 21, need not
apply, unless specifically referenced. 6. Where transverse reinforcement consists of
rectangular hoops and cross ties, the total
2. Where the total pile length in the soil is 35 feet
cross-sectional area of lateral transverse rein-
(10 668 mm) or less, the lateral transverse rein-
forcement in the ductile region with spacing, 5,
forcement in the ductile region shall occur
and perpendicular dimension, he' shall conform
through the length of the pile. Where the pile
to:
length exceeds 35 feet (10 668 mm), the ductile
pile region shall be taken as the greater of 35 Ash = 0.35 he (f' e I~h) (A g IAeh - 1.0)
feet (10 668 mm) or the distance from the [0.5 + 1.4PI(f' e Ag)]
underside of the pile cap to the point of zero cur-
vature plus three times the least pile dimension. (Equation 18-9)
3. In the ductile region, the center-to-center spac-
ing of the spirals or hoop reinforcement shall but not less than:
not exceed one-fifth of the least pile dimension, Ash = 0.125 he (f' e/~h) [0.5 + 1.4PI(f' e Ag)]
six times the diameter of the longitudinal strand
or 8 inches (203 mm), whichever is smallest.
(Equation 18-10)
4. Circular spiral reinforcement shall be spliced
by lapping one full turn and bending the end of where:
each spiral to a 90-degree hook or by use of a
~h = S 70,000 psi (483 MPa).
mechanical or welded splice complying with
Section 12.14.3 of ACI 318. he = Cross-sectional dimension of pile core
measured center to center of hoop rein-
5. Where the transverse reinforcement consists of
forcement, inch (mm).
circular spirals, the volumetric ratio of spiral
transverse reinforcement in the ductile region 5 = Spacing of transverse reinforcement
shall comply with the following: measured along length of pile, inch
(mm).
ps = 0.25 (f' e I~h) (A g IAeh - 1.0)
[0.5 + 1.4PI(f' e Ag)] Ash = Cross-sectional area of tranverse rein-
forcement, square inches (mm 2).
(Equation 18-6) f' e = Specified compressive strength of con-
crete, psi (MPa).
but not less than: The hoops and cross ties shall be equivalent to
p s = 0.12(f' e I~h) [0.5 + 1.4PI(f' e Ag )] deformed bars not less than No.3 in size. Rectangular
hoop ends shall terminate at a corner with seismic
~ 0.12 f' e / ~h
hooks.
(Equation 18-7) Outside of the length of the pile requiring trans-
verse confinement reinforcing, the spiral or hoop
reinforcing with a volumetric ratio not less than
and need not exceed:
one-half of that required for transverse confinement
reinforcing shall be provided.
p s= 0.021 (Equation 18-8)
1810.3.9 Cast-in-place deep foundations. Cast-in-place
deep foundation elements shall be designed and detailed in
where:
accordance with Sections 1810.3.9.1 through 1810.3.9.6.
Ag = Pile cross-sectional area, square inches
(mm 2).
1810.3.9.1 Design cracking moment. The design
cracking moment (~Mn) for a cast-in-place deep founda-
Aeh = Core area defined by spiral outside diam- tion element not enclosed by a structural steel pipe or
eter, square inches (mm 2). tube shall be determined using the following equation:
f' e = Specified compressive strength of con-
(Equation 18-11)
crete, psi (MPa)
~h = Yield strength of spiral reinforcement where:
s 85,000 psi (586 MPa). f' e = Specified compressive strength of concrete or
P = Axial load on pile, pounds (kN) , as deter- grout, psi (MPa)
mined from Equations 16-5 and 16-7. Sm = Elastic section modulus, neglecting reinforce-
Ps= Volumetric ratio (vol. spirall vol. core). ment and casing, cubic inches (mm 3)

1810.3.9.2 Required reinforcement. Where subject to tion shall be permitted to be reinforced as

uplift or where the required moment strength determined required by rational analysis but with not less
using the load combinations of Section 1605.2 exceeds than one No. 4 bar, without ties or spirals,
the design cracking moment determined in accordance where the lateral load, E, to the top of the ele-
with Section 1810.3.9.1, cast-in-place deep foundations ment does not exceed 200 pounds (890 N) and
not enclosed by a structural steel pipe or tube shall be the soil provides adequate lateral support in
reinforced. accordance with Section 1810.2.1.
1810.3.9.3 Placement of reinforcement. Reinforce- 3. Deep foundation elements supporting the con-
ment where required shall be assembled and tied crete foundation wall of Group R-3 and U occu-
together and shall be placed in the deep foundation ele- pancies not exceeding two stories of
ment as a unit before the reinforced portion of the ele- light-frame construction shall be permitted to
ment is filled with concrete. be reinforced as required by rational analysis
but with not less than two No. 4 bars, without
Exceptions: ties or spirals, where the design cracking
1. Steel dowels embedded 5 feet (1524 mm) or moment determined in accordance with Section
less shall be permitted to be placed after con- 1810.3.9.1 exceeds the required moment
creting' while the concrete is still in a semifluid strength determined using the load combina-
state. tions with overstrength factor in Section
2. For deep foundation elements installed with a 12.4.3.2 of ASCE 7 and the soil provides ade-
hollow-stem auger, tied reinforcement shall be quate lateral support in accordance with Sec-
placed after elements are concreted, while the tion 1810.2.1.
concrete is still in a semifluid state. Longitudi- 4. Closed ties or spirals where required by Section
nal reinforcement without lateral ties shall be 1810.3.9.4.2 shall be permitted to be limited to
placed either through the hollow stem of the the top 3 feet (914 mm) of deep foundation ele-
auger prior to concreting or after concreting, ments 10 feet (3048 mm) or less in depth sup-
while the concrete is still in a semifluid state. porting Group R-3 and U occupancies of
3. For Group R-3 and U occupancies not exceed- Seismic Design Category D, not exceeding two
ing two stories of light-frame construction, stories of light-frame construction.
reinforcement is permitted to be placed after 1810.3.9.4.1 Seismic reinforcement in Seismic
concreting, while the concrete is still in a semi- Design Category C. For structures assigned to Seis-
fluid state, and the concrete cover requirement mic Design Category C in accordance with Section
is permitted to be reduced to 2 inches (51 mm), 1613, cast-in-place deep foundation elements shall be
provided the construction method can be dem- reinforced as specified in this section. Reinforcement
onstrated to the satisfaction of the building offi- shall be provided where required by analysis.
cial.
A minimum of four longitudinal bars, with a mini-
1810.3.9.4 Seismic reinforcement. Where a structure is mum longitudinal reinforcement ratio of 0.0025, shall
assigned to Seismic Design Category C, reinforcement be provided for throughout the minimum reinforced
shall be provided in accordance with Section length of the element as defined below starting at the
1810.3.9.4.1. Where a structure is assigned to Seismic top of the element. The minimum reinforced length of
Design Category D, E or F, reinforcement shall be pro- the element shall be taken as the greatest of the fol-
vided in accordance with Section 1810.3.9.4.2. lowing:
Exceptions: 1. One-third of the element length;
1. Isolated deep foundation elements supporting 2. A distance of 10 feet (3048 mm);
posts of Group R-3 and U occupancies not
3. Three times the least element dimension; and
exceeding two stories of light-frame construc-
tion shall be permitted to be reinforced as 4. The distance from the top of the element to the
required by rational analysis but with not less point where the design cracking moment deter-
than one No. 4 bar, without ties or spirals, mined in accordance with Section 1810.3.9.1
where detailed so the element is not subject to exceeds the required moment strength deter-
lateral loads and the soil provides adequate lat- mined using the load combinations of Section
eral support in accordance with Section 1605.2.
1810.2.1. Transverse reinforcement shall consist of closed
2. Isolated deep foundation elements supporting ties or spirals with a minimum 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) diam-
posts and bracing from decks and patios appur- eter. Spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not
tenant to Group R-3 and U occupancies not exceed the smaller of6 inches (152 mm) or 8-longitu-
exceeding two stories of light-frame construc- dinal-bar diameters, within a distance of three times

the least element dimension from the bottom of the 3. 12 inches (305 mm).
pile cap. Spacing of transverse reinforcement shall
not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters throughout
Exceptions:
the remainder of the reinforced length. 1. The requirements of this section shall not
Exceptions: apply to concrete cast in structural steel
pipes or tubes.
1. The requirements of this section shall not
apply to concrete cast in structural steel 2. A spiral-welded metal casing of a thickness
pipes or tubes. not less than manufacturer's standard gage
No. 14 gage (0.068 inch) is permitted to pro-
2. A spiral-welded metal casing of a thickness vide concrete confinement in lieu of the
not less than manufacturer's standard gage closed ties or spirals. Where used as such,
No. 14 gage (0.068 inch) is permitted to pro- the metal casing shall be protected against
vide concrete confinement in lieu of the possible deleterious action due to soil con-
closed ties or spirals. Where used as such, stituents, changing water levels or other fac-
the metal casing shall be protected against tors indicated by boring records of site
possible deleterious action due to soil con- conditions.
stituents, changing water levels or other fac-
tors indicated by boring records of site 1810.3.9.4.2.1 Site Classes A through D. For Site
conditions. Class A, B, C or D sites, transverse confinement
reinforcement shall be provided in the element in
1810.3.9.4.2 Seismic reinforcement in Seismic accordance with Sections 21.6.4.2, 21.6.4.3 and
Design Categories D through F. For structures 21.6.4.4 of ACI 318 within three times the least
assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or F in
element dimension of the bottom of the pile cap. A
accordance with Section 1613, cast-in-place deep
transverse spiral reinforcement ratio of not less
foundation elements shall be reinforced as specified
than one-half of that required in Section
in this section. Reinforcement shall be provided
21.6.4.4(a) of ACI 318 shall be permitted.
where required by analysis.
A minimum of four longitudinal bars, with a mini- 1810.3.9.4.2.2 Site Classes E and F. For Site
mum longitudinal reinforcement ratio of 0.005, shall Class E or F sites, transverse confinement rein-
be provided throughout the minimum reinforced forcement shall be provided in the element in
length of the element as defined below starting at the accordance with Sections 21.6.4.2, 21.6.4.3 and
top of the element. The minimum reinforced length of 21.6.4.4 of ACI 318 within seven times the least
the element shall be taken as the greatest of the fol- element dimension of the pile cap and within seven
lowing: times the least element dimension of the interfaces
of strata that are hard or stiff and strata that are
1. One-half of the element length; liquefiable or are composed of soft-to medium-
2. A distance of 10 feet (3048 mm); stiff clay.
3. Three times the least element dimension; and 1810.3.9.5 Belled drilled shafts. Where drilled shafts
4. The distance from the top of the element to the are belled at the bottom, the edge thickness of the bell
point where the design cracking moment deter- shall not be less than that required for the edge of foot-
mined in accordance with Section 1810.3.9.1 ings. Where the sides of the bell slope at an angle less
exceeds the required moment strength deter- than 60 degrees (1 rad) from the horizontal, the effects of
mined using the load combinations of Section vertical shear shall be considered.
1605.2.
1810.3.9.6 Socketed drilled shafts. Socketed drilled
Transverse reinforcement shall consist of closed shafts shall have a permanent pipe or tube casing that
ties or spirals no smaller than No.3 bars for elements extends down to bedrock and an uncased socket drilled
with a least dimension up to 20 inches (508 mm), and into the bedrock, both filled with concrete. Socketed
No. 4 bars for larger elements. Throughout the drilled shafts shall have reinforcement or a structural
remainder of the reinforced length outside the regions steel core for the length as indicated by an approved
with transverse confinement reinforcement, as speci- method of analysis.
fied in Section 1810.3.9.4.2.1 or 1810.3.9.4.2.2, the
spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed The depth of the rock socket shall be sufficient to
the least of the following: develop the full load-bearing capacity of the element
with a minimum safety factor of two, but the depth shall
1. 12 longitudinal bar diameters; not be less than the outside diameter of the pipe or tube
2. One-half the least dimension of the element; casing. The design of the rock socket is permitted to be
and predicated on the sum of the allowable load-bearing

pressure on the bottom of the socket plus bond along the tical deep foundation elements shall be embedded not less
sides of the socket. than 3 inches (76 mm) into pile caps and the caps shall
extend at least 4 inches (102 mm) beyond the edges of the
Where a structural steel core is used, the gross
elements. The tops of elements shall be cut or chipped back
cross-sectional area of the core shall not exceed 25 per-
to sound material before capping.
cent of the gross area of the drilled shaft.
1810.3.10 Micropiles. Micropiles shall be designed and 1810.3.11.1 Seismic Design Categories C through F.
detailed in accordance with Sections 1810.3.10.1 through For structures assigned to Seismic Design CategoryC, D,
1810.3.10.4. E or F in accordance with Section 1613, concrete deep
foundation elements shall be connected to the pile cap by
1810.3.10.1 Construction. Micropiles shall develop embedding the element reinforcement or field-placed
their load-carrying capacity by means of a bond zone in dowels anchored in the element into the pile cap for a dis-
soil, bedrock or a combination of soil and bedrock. tance equal to their development length in accordance
Micropiles shall be grouted and have either a steel pipe or with ACI 318. It shall be permitted to connect precast
tube or steel reinforcement at every section along the prestressed piles to the pile cap by developing the ele-
length. It shall be permitted to transition from deformed ment prestressing strands into the pile cap provided the
reinforcing bars to steel pipe or tube reinforcement by connection is ductile. For deformed bars, the develop-
extending the bars into the pipe or tube section by at least ment length is the full development length for compres-
their development length in tension in accordance with sion, or tension in the case of uplift, without reduction for
AC1318. excess reinforcement in accordance with Section 12.2.5
1810.3.10.2 Materials. Reinforcement shall consist of of ACI 318. Alternative measures for laterally confining
deformed reinforcing bars in accordance with ASTM A concrete and maintaining toughness and ductile-like
615 Grade 60 or 75 or ASTM A 722 Grade 150. behavior at the top of the element shall be permitted pro-
vided the design is such that any hinging occurs in the
The steel pipe or tube shall have a minimum wall confined region.
thickness of 3/ 16 inch (4.8 mm). Splices shall comply with
Section 1810.3.6. The steel pipe or tube shall have a min- The minimum transverse steel ratio for confinement
imum yield strength of 45,000 psi (310 MPa) and a mini- shall not be less than one-half of that required for col-
mum elongation of 15 percent as shown by mill umns.
certifications or two coupon test samples per 40,000 For resistance to uplift forces, anchorage of steel
pounds (18 160 kg) of pipe or tube. pipes, tubes or H-piles to the pile cap shall be made by
1810.3.10.3 Reinforcement. For micropiles or portions means other than concrete bond to the bare steel section.
thereof grouted inside a temporary or permanent casing Concrete-filled steel pipes or tubes shall have reinforce-
or inside a hole drilled into bedrock or a hole drilled with ment of not less than 0.01 times the cross-sectional area
grout, the steel pipe or tube or steel reinforcement shall of the concrete fill developed into the cap and extending
be designed to carry at least 40 percent of the design into the fill a length equal to two times the required cap
compression load. Micropiles or portions thereof embedment, but not less than the development length in
grouted in an open hole in soil without temporary or per- tension of the reinforcement.
manent casing and without suitable means of verifying 1810.3.11.2 Seismic Design Categories D through F.
the hole diameter during grouting shall be designed to For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E
carry the entire compression load in the reinforcing steel. or F in accordance with Section 1613, deep foundation
Where a steel pipe or tube is used for reinforcement, the element resistance to uplift forces or rotational restraint
portion of the grout enclosed within the pipe is permitted shall be provided by anchorage into the pile cap,
to be included in the determination of the allowable designed considering the combined effect of axial forces
stress in the grout. due to uplift and bending moments due to fixity to the
1810.3.10.4 Seismic reinforcement. For structures pile cap. Anchorage shall develop a minimum of 25 per-
assigned to Seismic Design Category C, a permanent cent of the strength of the element in tension. Anchorage
steel casing shall be provided from the top of the into the pile cap shall be capable of developing the fol-
micropile down to the point of zero curvature. For struc- lowing:
tures assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or F, the 1. In the case of uplift, the least of the following:
micropile shall be considered as an alternative system in nominal tensile strength of the longitudinal rein-
accordance with Section 104.11. The alternative system forcement in a concrete element; the nominal ten-
design, supporting documentation and test data shall be sile strength of a steel element; the frictional force
submitted to the building official for review and developed between the element and the soil multi-
approval. plied by 1.3; and the axial tension force resulting
1810.3.11 Pile caps. Pile caps shall be of reinforced con- from the load combinations with overstrength fac-
crete, and shall include all elements to which vertical deep tor in Section 12.4.3.2 of ASCE 7.
foundation elements are connected, including grade beams 2. In the case of rotational restraint, the lesser of the
and mats. The soil immediately below the pile cap shall not following: the axial force, shear forces and bend-
be considered as carrying any vertical load. The tops of ver- ing moments resulting from the load combinations

with overstrength factor in Section 12.4.3.2 of inserted in the hole prior to placing the concrete. Where
ASCE 7 or development of the full axial, bending the casing is withdrawn during concreting, the level of
and shear nominal strength of the element. concrete shall be maintained above the bottom of the cas-
Where the vertical lateral-foree-resisting elements are ing at a sufficient height to offset any hydrostatic or lat-
columns, the pile cap flexural strengths shall exceed the eral soil pressure. Driven casings shall be mandrel driven
column flexural strength. The connection between batter their full length in contact with the surrounding soil.
piles and pile caps shall be designed to resist the nominal 1810.4.1.3 Driving near uncased concrete. Deep foun-
strength of the pile acting as a short column. Batter piles dation elements shall not be driven within six element
and their connection shall be capable of resisting forces diameters center to center in granular soils or within
and moments from the load combinations with one-half the element length in cohesive soils of an
overstrength factor in Section 12.4.3.2 of ASCE 7. uncased element filled with concrete less than 48 hours
1810.3.12 Grade beams. For structures assigned to Seismic old unless approved by the bUilding official. If the con-
Design CategoryD, E or F in accordance with Section 1613, crete surface in any completed element rises or drops, the
grade beams shall comply with the provisions in Section element shall be replaced. Driven uncased deep founda-
21.12.3 of ACI 318 for grade beams, except where they have tion elements shall not be installed in soils that could
the capacity to resist the forces from the load combinations cause heave.
with overstrength factor in Section 12.4.3.2 of ASCE 7. 1810.4.1.4 Driving near cased concrete. Deep founda-
1810.3.13 Seismic ties. For structures assigned to Seismic tion elements shall not be driven within four and one-half
Design Category C, D, E or F in accordance with Section average diameters of a cased element filled with concrete
1613, individual deep foundations shall be interconnected less than 24 hours old unless approved by the bUilding
by ties. Unless it can be demonstrated that equivalent official. Concrete shall not be placed in casings within
restraint is provided by reinforced concrete beams within heave range of driving.
slabs on grade or reinforced concrete slabs on grade or con- 1810.4.1.5 Defective timber piles. Any substantial sud-
finement by competent rock, hard cohesive soils or very den increase in rate of penetration of a timber pile shall
dense granular soils, ties shall be capable of carrying, in ten- be investigated for possible damage. If the sudden
sion or compression, a force equal to the lesser of the prod- increase in rate of penetration cannot be correlated to soil
uct of the larger pile cap or column design gravity load times strata, the pile shall be removed for inspection or
the seismic coefficient, SDS' divided by 10, and 25 percent of rejected.
the smaller pile or column design gravity load.
1810.4.2 Identification. Deep foundation materials shall be
Exception: In Group R-3 and U occupancies of identified for conformity to the specified grade with this
light-frame construction, deep foundation elements sup- identity maintained continuously from the point of manu-
porting foundation walls, isolated interior posts detailed facture to the point of installation or shall be tested by an
so the element is not subj ect to lateral loads or exterior approved agency to determine conformity to the specified
decks and patios are not subject to interconnection where grade. The approved agency shall furnish an affidavit of
the soils are of adequate stiffness, subject to the approval compliance to the building official.
of the building official.
1810.4.3 Location plan. A plan showing the location and
1810.4 Installation. Deep foundations shall be installed in
designation of deep foundation elements by an identifica-
accordance with Section 1810.4. Where a single deep founda-
tion system shall be filed with the bUilding official prior to
tion element comprises two or more sections of different mate-
installation of such elements. Detailed records for elements
rials or different types spliced together, each section shall
shall bear an identification corresponding to that shown on
satisfy the applicable conditions of installation.
the plan.
1810.4.1 Structural integrity. Deep foundation elements
1810.4.4 Preexcavation. The use of jetting, augering or
shall be installed in such a manner and sequence as to pre-
other methods of preexcavation shall be subject to the
vent distortion or damage that may adversely affect the
approval of the building official. Where permitted,
structural integrity of adjacent structures or of foundation
preexcavation shall be carried out in the same manner as
elements being installed or already in place and as to avoid
used for deep foundation elements subject to load tests and
compacting the surrounding soil to the extent that other
in such a manner that will not impair the carrying capacity of
foundation elements cannot be installed properly.
the elements already in place or damage adjacent structures.
1810.4.1.1 Compressive strength of precast concrete Element tips shall be driven below the preexcavated depth
piles. A precast concrete pile shall not be driven before the until the required resistance or penetration is obtained.
concrete has attained a compressive strength of at least 75
1810.4.5 Vibratory driving. Vibratory drivers shall only be
percent of the specified compressive strength (f' J, but not
used to install deep foundation elements where the element
less than the strength sufficient to withstand handling and
load capacity is verified by load tests in accordance with
driving forces.
Section 1810.3.3.1.2. The installation of production ele-
1810.4.1.2 Casing. Where cast-in-place deep founda- ments shall be controlled according to power consumption,
tion elements are formed through unstable soils and con- rate of penetration or other approved means that ensure ele-
crete is placed in an open-drilled hole, a casing shall be ment capacities equal or exceed those of the test elements.

1810.4.6 Heaved elements. Deep foundation elements that top of the element to ensure that the grout completely
have heaved during the driving of adjacent elements shall be fills the drill hole. During withdrawal of the casing,
redriven as necessary to develop the required capacity and the grout level inside the casing shall be monitored to
penetration, or the capacity of the element shall be verified verify that the flow of grout inside the casing is not
by load tests in accordance with Section 1810.3.3.1.2. obstructed.
1810.4.7 Enlarged base cast-in-place elements. Enlarged 2. For a micropile or portion thereof grouted in an open
bases for cast-in-place deep foundation elements formed by drill hole in soil without temporary casing, the mini-
compacting concrete or by driving a precast base shall be mum design diameter of the drill hole shall be verified
formed in or driven into granular soils. Such elements shall by a suitable device during grouting.
be constructed in the same manner as successful prototype 3. For micropiles designed for end bearing, a suitable
test elements driven for the project. Shafts extending means shall be employed to verify that the bearing
through peat or other organic soil shall be encased in a per- surface is properly cleaned prior to grouting.
manent steel casing. Where a cased shaft is used, the shaft
4. Subsequent micropiles shall not be drilled near ele-
shall be adequately reinforced to resist column action or the
ments that have been grouted until the grout has had
annular space around the shaft shall be filled sufficiently to
sufficient time to harden.
reestablish lateral support by the soil. Where heave occurs,
the element shall be replaced unless it is demonstrated that 5. Micropiles shall be grouted as soon as possible after
the element is undamaged and capable of carrying twice its drilling is completed.
design load. 6. For micropiles designed with a full-length casing, the
1810.4.8 Hollow-stem angered, cast-in-place elements. casing shall be pulled back to the top of the bond zone
Where concrete or grout is placed by pumping through a and reinserted or some other suitable means
hollow-stem auger, the auger shall be permitted to rotate in a employed to assure grout coverage outside the casing.
clockwise direction during withdrawal. As the auger is 1810.4.11 Helical piles. Helical piles shall be installed to
withdrawn at a steady rate or in increments not to exceed 1 specified embedment depth and torsional resistance criteria
foot (305 mm), concreting or grouting pumping pressures as determined by a registered design professional. The
shall be measured and maintained high enough at all times torque applied during installation shall not exceed the maxi-
to offset hydrostatic and lateral earth pressures. Concrete or mum allowable installation torque of the helical pile.
grout volumes shall be measured to ensure that the volume
1810.4.12 Special inspection. Special inspections in accor-
of concrete or grout placed in each element is equal to or
dance with Sections 1704.8 and 1704.9 shall be provided
greater than the theoretical volume of the hole created by the
for driven and cast-in-place deep foundation elements,
auger. Where the installation process of any element is inter-
respectively. Special inspections in accordance with Section
rupted or a loss of concreting or grouting pressure occurs,
1704.10 shall be provided for helical piles.
the element shall be redrilled to 5 feet (1524 mm) below the
elevation of the tip of the auger when the installation was
interrupted or concrete or grout pressure was lost and
reformed. Augered cast-in-place elements shall not be
installed within six diameters center to center of an element
filled with concrete or grout less than 12 hours old, unless
approved by the bUilding official. If the concrete or grout
level in any completed element drops due to installation of
an adjacent element, the element shall be replaced.
1810.4.9 Socketed drilled shafts. The rock socket and pipe
or tube casing of socketed drilled shafts shall be thoroughly
cleaned of foreign materials before filling with concrete.
Steel cores shall be bedded in cement grout at the base of the
rock socket.
1810.4.10 Micropiles. Micropile deep foundation elements
shall be permitted to be formed in holes advanced by rotary
or percussive drilling methods, with or without casing. The
elements shall be grouted with a fluid cement grout. The
grout shall be pumped through a tremie pipe extending to
the bottom of the element until grout of suitable quality
returns at the top of the element. The following require-
ments apply to specific installation methods:
1. For micropiles grouted inside a temporary casing, the
reinforcing bars shall be inserted prior to withdrawal
of the casing. The casing shall be withdrawn in a con-
trolled manner with the grout level maintained at the

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CHAPTER 18

SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

SECTION 1801 ing official or where geotechnical investigations involve in-situ

SECTION 1802 1803.3 Basis of investigation. Soil classification shall be

2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 387

388 2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 389

390 2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 391

1. Crystalline bedrock 12,000 1,200 0.70 -

2. Sedimentary and foli-

3. Sandy gravel and/or

4. Sand, silty sand, clayey

5. Clay, sandy clay, silty

392 2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

Design lateral soil loada (psf per foot of depth)

2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 393

MINIMUM NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS (inches)

Design lateral soil loada (psf per foot of depth)

394 2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT-BAR SIZE AND SPACING (inches)

4-0 (or less) #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48

8-0 4-0 (or less) #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48

4-0 (or less) #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48

4-0 (or less) #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48

4-0 (or less) #4 at 48 #4 at 48 #4 at 48

2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 395

MINIMUM VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT-BAR SIZE AND SPACING (inches)

4-0 (or less) #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56

4-0 (or less) #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56

4-0 (or less) #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56

4-0 (or less) #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56

4-0 (or less) #4 at 56 #4 at 56 #4 at 56

396 2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 397

d= 0.5A{1 + [1 + (4.36h/A)] lI2} (Equation 18-1)

398 2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 399

For 51: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.

400 2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

1. Foundations for structures assigned to Seismic Design Category A, B or C 2,500 psi

3. Precast nonprestressed drived piles 4,000 psi

4. Socketed drilled shafts 4,000 psi

5. Micropiles 4,000 psi

6. Precast prestressed driven piles 5,000 psi

For 51: 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.

1. Shallow foundations In accordance with Section 7.7 of ACI 318

2. Precast nonprestressed deep foundation elements

3. Precast prestressed deep foundation elements

7. Cast-in-place drilled shafts enclosed by a stable rock socket 1.5 inches

For 51: 1 inch = 25.4 mm.

2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 401

1809.2 Supporting soils. Shallow foundations shall be built on 2 15 6

402 2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 403

404 2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2009 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 405

2. Nonprestressed reinforcement in compression 0.4 t; ~ 30,000 psi

3. Structural steel in compression