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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitions
1.1.1. History of Architecture 2.3.2. DOLMENS
It is a record of man’s effort to build Several large stones capped with a
beautifully. It traces the origin, growth covering slab
and decline of architectural styles
which have prevailed lands and ages.
1.1.2. Historic Styles of Architecture
The particular method, characteristics,
manner of design which prevailed at a
certain place and time.
1.2. Factors affecting the Styles of Architecture
1.2.1. History
1.2.2. Society
1.2.3. Religion
1.2.4. Geography
1.2.5. Geology
1.2.6. Climate
2. PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
2.1. Influences 2.3.3. TRILITHON
2.1.1. History Organized groups of three stones, two
Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 to vertical and a horizontal one at their top
3000 B.C.)
Hunting and food gathering
2.1.2. Religion
Religion
No organized religion
Burial rituals and monuments
2.2. Architectural
Character
C haracter
2.2.1. Construction System
Megalithic structures – large stones
2.2.2. Materials
Animal skins,
skins, wooden frames and
bones
2.2.3. Orientation 2.3.4. CROMLECH
Faces toward cardinal points
2.3. Examples A circle of formed
enclosure monoliths
by /huge
trilithons;
trilithons;
stones
2.3.1. MENHIR (monoliths) planted on the ground in circular form
Single, large upright monolith, (Most imposing example: Stonehenge,
sometimes arranged in parallel rows England – 2000 B.C.)
reaching several miles
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Tomb architecture
2.3.5. TUMULUS (Passage grave) Temple architecture
An artificially constructed mound of Obelisks
earth raised over a tomb or sepulchral Dwellings
chamber
2.3.6. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS Tomb architecture
Natural and artificial caves The Mastaba
Beehive hut The Royal Pyramid
Trullo The Rockhewn Tombs
Wingwam or tepee Two types of Temples
Hogan Mortuary Temples
Igloo Cult Temples
3. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
RCHITECTURE E EGYPT (L AND OF THE PHARAOHS ) Known Architects
3.1. Influences Imhotep – under king Zoser
3.1.1. History Semnut – worked for Queen
3200 B.C. to 1 A.D. Hatshepsut
Centralized omnipotent authority of the 3.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
pharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling Columnar and trabeated
on earth, sole master of its country and 3.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
people
Subdivision of ancient Egypt:
The Ancient or Old Kingdom–Dynasties I-X
The Middle Kingdom–Dynast
Ki ngdom–Dynasties
ies XI-XVII
The New Empire–Dynast
Empire–Dynasties
ies XVIII-XXX
3.1.2. Religion
Cult of many gods representing nature
Deep concern for immortality amounted
to near obsession; First requirement of
immortality- Mummification
Mummification
Egyptians wished for fine burial
embalmment and funeral rites, a
permanent tomb or “eternal dwelling”
3.1.3. Geography and Geology
Nile River – travel and trade route
It consists of narrow strip of fertile,
alluvial soil along both banks of the
River Nile. Natural products like timber,
clay, brick and stone. Lotus, papyrus and palm capitals
Includes limestone, granite and Square pillar
alabaster. Polygonal column
For constructive/decorative
constructive/decorative Palm-type column
architectural work and vases and Bud-and-bell column
personal ornaments Foliated capital column
3.1.4. Climate
Climate Hathor-headed column
Spring and summer; brilliant sunshine Osiris pillars
(simplicityy in design)
(simplicit 3.2.4. ROOF AND CEILINGS
CEILINGS
Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude
3.2. Architectural
Character
Character heat
3.2.1. DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION 3.2.5. WALL
Monumental, immortal, permanent;
Classify them as:

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Massive walls to protect from fierce A sepulchral monument
monument in the form of
heat of the sun and space for huge stone structures with a square
Hieroglyphics base and four sloping sides meeting at
Batter wall – diminishing in width an apex
towards the top Types : step, slope and bend
3.2.6. OPENING
No windows; skylights; roof slits;
clerestories
3.2.7. DECORATION
“Gorge” or “hollow and roll” mouldings
Hieroglyphics
Sphinxes
Solar disc and vulture with spread
wings
Scarab – symbol of resurrection
Papyrus, lotus and palm symbolizing
fertility
Grapes symbolizes eternity
3.2.8. ORIENTATION
ORIENTATION
Towards the cardinal points
3.3. Examples
3.3.1. MASTABAS
Arabic for “bench”
A rectangular brick or stone
stone structure
with sloping flat or recessed sides,
erected over a subterranean tomb
chamber that was connected with the
outside by a vertical shaft
Length is between 20 – 50 meters
Width is 15 – 37 meters
Chapel with
with a false door for offerings
to the “Ka” and the “serdab” – chamber
for the statue of the deceased. The Stepped Pyramid of Zoser,Saqqara
(near Cairo c. 2750 B.C.)
Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex,

Saqqara The Pyramids at Gizeh
Mastaba of Aha-Sakkara (finest rue pyramids)
Mastaba of Thi-Sakkara (near Cairo) c. 2700 B.C
Mastaba at Giza These pyramids belong to three pharaohs of the IV
Mastaba at Beit Khallaf dynasty:
3.3.2. PYRAMIDS Khufu

Khafre(Greek - Cheops)
(Greek.- Chepren)

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Menkure (Greek.- Mykerinus)
3.3.3. ROCK-CUT or ROCK HEWN TOMBS

Built along hillside the nobility, not
royalty
3.3.6. TEMPLES
Mortuary temples – In honor of
pharaohs
Cult temples – In honor of god
3.3.4. PYLONS
Monumental gateway to temples,
usually composed of two masses of
masonry with sloping sides flanking the
entrance portal
Temple of Hatshepsut
Designed by the royal architect
ar chitect
Senemut for Queen Hatshepsut
3.3.5. OBELISKS
Tall tapering shaft of stone, usually
granite, monolithic, square

an electrum-capped in plan
pyramidion onwith
top
symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis
Came in pairs fronting temple
entrances
Height of nine or ten times the diameter
at the base with four sides featuring
Hieroglyphics
Great Temple of Abu Simbel

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The gigantic temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia,
lower Egypt, was built on the orders of Ramses
II, pharaoh of Egypt from 1279 to 1212 B.C.
Example of rock-cut temple
4 rock-cut colossal statues of Ramses
4. NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE

4.1. Influence
4.1.1. History
5000 B.C. to 641 A.D. Ziggurat at Bulsippa
3 Periods:
Mesopotamian (Babylonian or Chaldean)
Assyrian
Persian
3 zones:
Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula
Grasslands, steppes, river plains of the
Fertile Crescent
Mountains and plateaus from west to
east
4.1.3. Religion Ziggurats built by Ur-Nammu
Worshipped nature gods Made of sun-dried , faced with baked brick laid in bitumen
15 meters high on a massive base with two successive smaller
4.1.4. Society
stages, upper stage serves as pedestal of the shrine
Religion determined society Three ramp-like stairways 100 steps each
City-statee was under the protection of
City-stat
the god of the city 4.3. Assyrian Architecture
Architect ure
The king is the representative and 4.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
steward Materials: some stone and timber are
Socio-political system
system – “Theocratic available
Socialism” DECORATION: Winged-bulls guarding
4.2. Early Mesopotamian Architecture chief portals
“Land between the Rivers” glazed bricks in blue, white,
Mesopotamia was located between the yellow and green
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Low relief sculpture in stone
present-day
Iraq. Middle Eastern country of Murals
4.3.2. EXAMPLES
4.2.1. Architectural Character
Character Temples: With or without ziggurat
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Arcuated Palaces: Came with or without zigurrat
M ATERIALS: No stone, only clay and soil 4.4. Persian and Median Architecture
ORIENTATION : Four corners towards 4.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
cardinal points M ATERIALS: Due to scarcity, stone was
4.2.2. EXAMPLES: used mostly for fire-temples and palace
ZIGGURATS platforms
Rough pyramidal structures consisting COLUMNIATION, C APITALS: Persians
of stages, each succeeding stage introduced the use of columns
stepped back from the one beneath. It 4.4.2. EXAMPLES
supports an altar or temple. DWELLINGS: Megaron, Anatolian house
“artificial mountains” of tiered with entrance at end rather than on the
rectangular
summit stages with temple at long sides.

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Columned portico as entrance or Polygonal wall – advanced
vestibule technique, Hellenic
Palaces: Palace Platform at Persepolis period, no pith or tar
Palace of Darius Rectangular – no dowels
Palace of Xerses
Hypostyle Hall of Xerses
Hall of Hundred Columns (by
Darius)
5. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
5.1. Influences
5.1.1. History
Aegean Period Cyclopean wall
2 major cultures 5.2.2. EXAMPLES
Minoan (flourished in Crete) MinoanArchitecture:
Mycenaean (mainland and others) Houses
Minoan architecture Megaron – single-storeyed house of
Mycenean architecture deep plan, columned entrance porch,
Ancient Greek architecture
architecture anteroom with central doorway, living
Archaic Greek architecture
architecture apartment or megaron proper, central
Classical Greek architecture
Late Classical Greek hearth, columns supporting roof ,
thalamus, or sleeping room behind
architecture
Hellenisticc Architecture
Hellenisti
5.1.2. Religion
Nature worship, religious rites, sacred
games, ritual dances, sacrifices. Their
gods live in nature, mountains,
assumed human form and was not free
from human weakness
Mainland: mountainous hinterlands
separated inhabitants into groups,
clans, and states
Archipelago and islands:

inevitable means islands
of trade: sea
andwas the
communication
5.1.4. Climate
Between rigorous cold and relaxing
heat
Clear atmosphere and intense light The Megaron
5.2. AGEAN PERIOD
5.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Palaces: Palace of King Minos,
DESCRIPTION: Rough and massive Knossos, Crete 1600-1400
structures B.C.
COLUMNIATION, C APITALS: Two-part
capital: square abacus above and
circular bulbous echinus below
Wall: Cyclopean wall – large

mortar, claystones,
beddingno

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MyceneanArchitecture:
Architecture: “carpentry in marble” – timber forms
imitated in stone with remarkable
exactness
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and
trabeated
COLUMNIATION, C APITALS: first columns
and entablature were made of timber
and terra cotta decorations
stone columns in 600 B.C.
THE GREEK ORDER: Capital, base,
column shaft, horizontal entablature
(architrave, frieze, cornice)
DORIC, IONIC AND CORINTHIAN
DECORATION: Refinements used to
Palace at Tyrins correct optical illusions; sculpture,
Lion Gate, Mycenea colors, mural painting
ENTASIS: slight bulge given to a column
Tombs: Bee-hive tomb – a bee-hive to correct the optical illusion
shaped type of subterranean that it is thinner in the middle
5.4. Classical Greek Architecture (Hellenistic)
tomb constructed as a
corbelled vault and found on 5.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: Provided inspiration for
pre-historic Greek sites Roman building types not religious in
character, but civic
Dignified and gracious structures
Symmetrical,, orderly
Symmetrical
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and
trabeated
COLUMNIATION, C APITALS: Greek orders
Treasury of Atreus
The best preserved “beehive
tomb”
Built into a hill and
approached by a long
passage, the dromos, leading
to the beehive shape round
tomb chamber, tholos
5.3. Ancient Greek Architecture (Hellenic)
5.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: mostly religious
architecture OPENINGS
and upper:wall
Clerestory – between roof

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Skylight – made of thin
translucent marble
Temple door – on the east
DECORATION: Mouldings - In
architecture, a continuous narrow
surface either projecting or recessed,
plain or ornamented, whose purpose is
to break up a surface, to accent, or to
decorate by means of the light and
shade it produces
Cyma Recta Cyma Reversa

(Ogee) Ovolo (egg-like)
Reconstructed drawing of the Athenian acropolis in

the 5th century B.C.
Fillet Cavetto Scotia
Foremost among world –famous
building sites
10 structures:
Propylaea – the entrance gateway to
an enclosure (usually temple precincts)
as on the Acropolis, Athens
Astragal
Astragal (bead) Torus Bird’s Beak Pinacotheca - building containing
gallery of painted pictures
ORIENTATION : entire groups of buildings
bu ildings Statue of Athena Prom
Promachos
laid out symmetrically and orderly Erectheion(group of buildings)
Doors oriented towards east Parthenon
5.4.2. EXAMPLES: Te
Temple of Nike Apteros
TEMENOS – a sacred enclosure, Old Tem
Temple of Athena
sanctuary, or sacred precinct at an Stoa of Eum
Eumeses
established cult centre, sometimes it Th
Theater of Dionysos
incorporates many buildings Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Acropolis at Athens
Athens (Best examp
example
le of Temenos) Reconstructed view of Acropolis at Pergamon

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hexastyle - 6 columns, term used
TEMPLES – not intended for internal by Vitruvius
worship; altar was outside, on the east octastyle - 8 columns
front decastyle - 10 columns
Parts:
COLONNADE (OR PERISTYLE) - Refers to Temples: Planned by column
the rows of columns arrangement
PORCH (OR PRONAOS) - a three walled
room opening into the cella.
cella.
CELLA (OR NAOS) - where the statue of
the god or goddess was placed
REAR PORCH (OR OPISTHODOMOS OR
EPINAOS) - is a false porch behind the
cella, often added for reasons of
symmetry. Its place might alternatively
be occupied by an enclosed adytum
(treasure room, sometimes interpreted
as a "holy of holies”
STEREOBATE -the lower two steps of the
stepped foundation of a Greek
Gre ek temple
(known as the crepidoma)
CREPIDOMA - the platform of, usually,
three levels upon which the
superstructure of the building is erected
STYLOBATE - The upper step of the
base of a Greek temple, which forms a
platform for the columns
PTEROMA - the enclosed space of a
portico, peristyle, or stoa, generally
behind a screen of columns.
In-antis – between anta and the front

Amphi-antis – at front and rear
Prostyle – portico at front
Amphi-prostyle – porticoes at front and
rear
Peripteral – on all sides
Pseudo-peripteral – flanking columns
attached to naos
Dipteral – double line of columns
surrounding naos
Typical Greek temple plan Pseudo-dipteral – like dipteral, but
inner columns
Temples: Column number terminology: omitted on flanks on
Te
Technical term number of c
col
olum
umns naos.
at front
distyle - 2 columns
tetrastyle - 4 columns, term used
by Vitruvius

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DORIC TEMPLES
Temple of Hera, Paestum
IONIC TEMPLES
DORIC COLUMN: stands without base

directly on stylobate; simplest
Had a timber origin
H=4 – 6 X base diameter
ENTABLATURE : H = 1 & ¾ the height of
Order
IONIC COLUMN: remarkable for its volute

and scroll capital; derived from
Egyptian lotus and Aegean art; most
elegant; slender than Doric
The Parthenon, Acropolis 448-432 B.C. H = 9 X base diameter
Sculptor and general director: Phidias 24 flutes separated by fillets
Architects: Ictinos and Callicrates
Callicrates

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ENTABLATURE : H = 1/5 the height of
Order
Parts: Architrave, frieze (omitted in
asianic examples), cornice
Temple of Athena Nike by Callicrates 427-424 B.C. Temple of Artemis, Ephesus

By Demetrius and Paenius Denocrates
Sculpted by Scopas
CORINTHIAN TEMPLES
The Erechtheion, Acropolis by Mnesicles, 421-405 B.C.
Ionic building named after a mythic

Athenian hero Erechtheus; with
Caryatid porch
C ARYATID – A
A female figure
figure that
functions as a supporting column

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CORINTHIAN COLUMN: Base and shaft P ARODOS: (Greek; A passageway ;pl.
resembling the Ionic; more slender parodoi) Side entrance into the
H = 10 X base diameter orchestra of a Greek theater (one on
C APITAL – much deeper than Ionic; 1 & each side); the space between the
1/6 diameter high; designed by audience seating and the skene
Callimachus,, inspired by basket
Callimachus building; primary entrance/exit for the
surrounded by acanthus leaves over chorus and used by audience for
the grave of a Corinthian maiden entrance and exit from theatre; also the
ENTABLATURE : same as Ionic song sung by chorus as it first enters
3 parts: architrave, frieze, cornice the orchestra.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS:
P ARACENIA: projecting wall/wing at end
of skene
PROCENIUM: in front of skene, used as
speaking place or locelon
EPISCENIUM: Raised background to the
2-storey skene building
DIAZOMA: (Greek; pl. diazomata)
Horizontal walkway separating upper
and lower sections of theatron (Latin
cavea ) seating; passages or aisles in
Greek theatres concentric with the
outer wall; corresponds to Roman
praecinctio
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens
THEATERS: An open-air structure in the

form of a segment of a circle,
frequently excavated from a hillside,
with the seats arranged in tiers behind
and above one another
Parts:
ORCHESTRA: the circular space in front
of the stage
chorus stoodin a theater, where the
THEATRON: (Greek: viewing-place)
Alternate name koilon
koilon.. Originally
referred to the audience space of the
Greek theatre, but later became
synonymous with the entire auditorium
consisting of the spaces for both the Greek theater plan
audience as well as the performance;
corresponds to Roman cavea.
SKENE: (Greek: tent) Building behind
the orchestra originally used for
storage but provided a convenient
backing for performances; corresponds
to the Roman scaena or scaenae

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PRYTANEION: Senate house, used for
entertaining distinguished visitors and
citizens
BOULEUTERION: Council house with
banked seats facing inwards
ODEION: building similar to theater used
for musical performance in Sparta, built
in the 7th or 6th century B.C.
STADIUM: foot race course
HIPPODROME: course provided by the
Greeks for horse racing and chariot
racing
P ALAESTRA: Wrestling school
GYMNASIUM: functioned as a training
Theater of Epidaurus facility for competitors in public games
Designed by Polycleitos and all types of physical exercises
Most beautiful Greek theater
TOMBS:
DOMESTIC/PUBLIC BUILDINGS The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos
PROPYLAEA : (meaning on page 8) Most famous of all tombs
one of seven wonders of
ancient world; for king
Mausolos from his widow
Propylaea, Athens Artemisia
AGORA: An
An open square space used forfor The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos
public meetings or business/social life
STOA: covered walkways or porticos, 6. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
commonly for public usage 6.1. INFLUENCES
6.1.1. History
Centrally-located on the
Mediterranean, was able to serve as
intermediary in spreading art and
civilization in Europe, West Asia and
North Africa
ETRUSCAN (750 – 146 B.C.)
ROMAN (146 – 365 A.D.)
6.1.2. Religion
The restored Stoa of Attalos in Athens.
Roman mythology slowly derived
attributes from Greek gods


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Italian peninsula; central and
commanding position on
Mediterranean Sea
voussoirs
6.1.4. Climate
Temperate climate in the North
Sunny in Central Italy
Almost tropical in south
6.2. ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE :
DESCRIPTION: great builders and large
scale undertakings
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: earliest use of
true and radiating arch
M ATERIALS: stone; tufa, peperino,
travertine, lava stone, sand and gravel
Earth for making terra cotta and bricks;
first use of concrete (300-400 A.D.) –
stone or brick rubble and mortar or KEYSTONE – the central stone of an
pozzolana – a thick volcanic earth arch or rib vault; sometimes carved
material IMPOST – a member in the wall, usually
usually
COLUMNIATION, C APITALS: New Tuscan formed of a projecting
pr ojecting bracket-like
Order
C ITY PLANNING: two main streets—the moulding, on which the end of an arch
rests
cardo (north-south) and the VOUSSOIRS - wedge-shaped element,
decumanus (east-west)—a grid of typically a stone, used in building an
smaller streets dividing the town into arch
blocks, and a wall circuit with gates. EXTRADOS – the outside curve of an
6.2.2. EXAMPLES: arch
TOMBS: existed in great numbers INTRADOS – the interior curve of an
outside city walls in special necropolis arch taken from the inside of the
sites voussoirs
DRAINAGE: Cloaca Maxima, Rome SPRINGER – the lowest voussoir on
ARCHES: Arch
Arch of Augustus,
Augustus, Perugia each side of an arch, where the vertical
TEMPLE: Temple of Juno Sospita, support for the arch terminates and the
Lanuvium curve of the arch begins.
6.3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE : M ATERIALS: Marble, mostly white

6.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Concrete – to build vaults of a
DESCRIPTION: Utilitarian, practical, magnitude equaled until 19th century
economic use of materials steel construction
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Greek orders COLUMNIATION, C APITALS: 4th & 5th
of architecture used as decorative Orders: Tuscan and Composite
features which could be omitted TUSCAN ORDER: simplified version of
Adopted columnar and trabeated style Doric Order
of Greeks H = 7 X diameter
Developed arch and vault system Base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital,
started by Etruscans plain entablature
Combined use of columns, beam and COMPOSITE ORDER: combines
arch prominent volutes of Ionic with
acanthus of Corinthian

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Composite Order
ROOF AND CEILING: wagon/ barrel/

tunnel vault, wagon vault with
intersecting vault, cross vault,
hemispherical dome/ cupola
W ALL: The Maisson, Carree, Nimes; Best

preserved; Corinthian Order
CIRCULAR TEMPLE
Opus Quadratum
Opus Incertum
Opus Reticulatum Opus Quasi-Reticulatum

Quasi-Reticulatum
Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum
OPUS QUADRATUM – rectangular

blocks, with or without mortar joints
OPUS INCERTUM – small stones, loose
pattern resembling polygonal walling Th
The Pantheon, Rome; (most perfect
OPUS RETICULATUM – net-like effect preservation of roman buildings)
with fine joints running diagonally Te
Temple of Vesta, Rome
OPUS TESTACEUM – brick facing
OPUS MIXTUM – alternation of brickwork FORUMS: Corresponds to the Greek
and small squared stone blocks Agora; central open space
space usually
surrounded by public building and
colonnades
6.3.2. E XAMPLES:
Rectangular temples

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Trajan’s Forum
Thermae of Caracalla
B ASILICAS: large public hall where law-
ASILICAS
THEATERS: Greek-type adapted to suit
suits were heard; hall of justice;
Roman drama; Semicircular in plan
commercial exchange
and consisted of a tall stage building
abutting a semicircular orchestra and
tiered seating area (cavea)
The Theater, Orange

Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
Usuall plan: length twice the width AMPHITHEATERS : (literally double-
theaters) elliptical or circular space
T
containing: Roman
HERMAE public
large halls, baths,
with water at surrounded by rising tiers of seats used
for gladiatorial and animal contests
various temperatures and many other
amenities such as libraries, and sports
arenas
3 parts: Main building, open space
outer ring of apartments
Main building: Dominant central hall,
symmetrically
symmetrical ly arranged rooms
Te
Tepidarium– warm room
Frigidarium– cold water swimming The Colosseum, Rome
bath
Laconicum(s
Laconicum (suda
udatorium) – dry aweating
room
Apodyteria
Unctuaria –– Oils room
dressing room

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CIRCUS: for horse and chariot racing small garden (hortus)
(from hippodrome)
The Circus Maximus, Rome
TOMBS: classes of Roman Tombs

Caemetaria
Monumental tombs
Pyramidal Tombs
Te
Temple-shaped tombs
Eastern
EasternTombs
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES: monumental arch
built to celebrate victorious campaigns;
erected to emperors and generals
AQUEDUCTS: artificial channel for

carrying water, usually an elevated
masonry or brick structure
Arch of Titus,
Titus, Rome
DWELLINGS:
Domus – private house
Villa – country house
Insula – apartment block
Republican house, consisted of an
entrance corridor (fauces)
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
main room (atrium) open to the sky
with a central basin for the collection of
TOWN G ATEWAYS AND ARCHWAYS
rainwater
BRIDGES
Series of small bedrooms (cubicula)
MEMORIAL COLUMN
Office area (tablinum)
P ALACES
Dining room (triclinium) FOUNTAINS
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7. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE N ARTHEX – a porch or vestibule of a
7.1. INFLUENCES church, generally colonnaded or
7.1.1. History arcaded and preceding the nave
313-800 A.D. Christianity moved from N AVE – part of the church between the
Judea to Rome; became the official chief entrance and the choir,
religion of the Roman Empire demarcated from aisles, by piers and
Two Historic Events columns
Th
The Edict of Milan c. 313 (state AMBULATORY – a passageway around
religion) the apse of a church, or for
Tr
Transfer of power fromRo
mRome to circumambulating
circumambulati ng a shrine
Constantinople c. 330 APSE – a vaulted semi-circular or
7.1.2. Religion
Religion polygonal termination, usually to a
Christianity chancel or chapel
7.1.3. Geography and Geology BEMA – raised stage for the clergy at
Roman ruins served as quarries from the east end
which materials were obtained AISLE – part of the church, parallel to,
7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER and divided by piers or columns from,
7.2.1. DESCRIPTION: Construction was highly the nave, choir or transept
influenced by Roman art and CHOIR – part of the church where the
architecture; purpose of the Christian choir sits; normally the west part of the
church was to serve worshippers chancel (loosely applied to mean as
2Early
building typesBasilica
Christian asilica – Rectangular chancel)
C HANCEL - that part of the east end of a
building with an apse for the altar at church in which the main altar is
one end. placed; reserved for clergy and choir
Martyrium – Circular building
building AMBO – where the Gospel and epistle
(Baptistery or mausoleum) was read
7.2.2. M ATERIALS: made use as much as TRANSEPT - part of a cruciform church
possible the materials from old Roman whose axis crosses at right angles the
temples which had become useless axis running from the chief entrance
7.2.3. ROOF AND CEILING: simple timber roof through the nave to the apse
of king and queen post
po st trusses; vaulted
or domed
7.2.4. DECORATION: did not use bulky Roman
construction methods; an architectural
abstraction of theon
simple and plain ideal
theChristian,
outside, but
with a soul glowing and beautiful within.
(richly decorated interior space and
neglecting the exterior)
7.2.5. ORIENTATION : Façade faced West
Priest stood behind altar facing East
7.3. EXAMPLES
7.3.1. B ASILICAN CHURCHES: based on
ancient Roman basilicas; erected over
the burial place of the saint to whom it
was dedicated
Parts:
ATRIUM – open colonnaded court in
front of and attached to a Christian
basilica

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7.3.2. CHURCH COMPLEX

BELFRY/C AMPANIL
AMPANILEE – a bell tower,
either attached to a church or standing
alone
B APTISTERY
7.3.3. B APTISTERI ES: a separate building or
APTISTERIES
part of a church in which the
Sacrament of Baptism is administered
during Easter, Pentecost and
Epiphany; with the advent of infant
baptism, it was replaced by the Font
Plan
S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome
S. Apollinare, Ravenna
S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome
Baptistery of Constantine, Rome
7.3.4. TOMBS: burial up to the end of the 4th

century took place in the Catacombs
outside Rome; Christians objected to
cremation and insisted burial on
consecrated ground
Old St. Peter’s, Rome (erected by Constantine near the

site of St. Peter’s martyrdom)
Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna

Earliest tomb in cruciform plan;
sarcophagi still remain in the arms of
the cross
S. Costanza, Rome

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8. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
8.1. INFLUENCES
8.1.1. History
330-1453 A.D.
Byzantium – Greek colony since 660
B.C.; Constantine, a converted
Christian transferred the empire from
Rome to Byzantium in 330 A.D.
Empire was divided: Rome as western
capital and Byzantium (which later
became Constantinople) as eastern
capital (“new Rome”)
8.1.2. Religion
Religion
330 A.D. Constantinople became
capital to first official Christian empire
Where Asia and Europe meet,
separated by small body of water; most
commanding position and most
valuable part of eastern Roman Empire
8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

8.2.1. D ESCRIPTION: mostly church
construction; discarded early Christian
style for new domical Byzantine style
(still the official style for Orthodox
churches) S. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia
Basilican plan: early Christian Sophia or “divine wisdom”)
Domed, centralized plan – Byzantine Designed by Anthemius of Tralles and
8.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: domical Isidorus of Miletus;
construction with classical columnar One of the supreme achievements in
style the history of world architecture;
8.2.3. COLUMNIATION, C APITALS: used Roman Structurally the dome rests on
Ionic, Corinthian, Composite style, pendentives between the four
Cubiform capital, shaped to form a supporting arches resting on four main
transition from square abacus to piers
circular shaft;invented
deep abacus dosserettoblock used as
enlarge
surface for receiving wide voussoirs of
arches or thick walls
8.2.4. ROOF AND CEILING: 3 types of domes
Simple, Compound and special
designs
8.2.5. DECORATION: stone bands instead of
mouldings; decorative arches, internal
marble, mosaic and fresco decorations
8.2.6. ORIENTATION : Façade at west
8.3. EXAMPLES
8.3.1. CHURCHES
Centralized type of plan
S. Vitale, Ravenna

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9. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Close alliance with Constantinople,
9.1. INFLUENCES influence of Byzantine culture, because
9.1.1. History of Venice and Ravenna
900-1200 A.D. Geography and Geology
Decline of the Roman Empire led to the Low-lying plains of Lombardy – clay for
rise of independent states and notions bricks and marble from hills
of Europe – Gaul, Central Europe, etc. Climate
King Charlemagne crowned emperor Extremes of heat and cold
by Pope in 800 A.D. established the 9.3.2. EXAMPLES:
Holy Roman Empire a title which lasted C ATHEDRALS
until 1806; Basilican-type churches; flat, severed
Religious enthusiasm found physical
ph ysical facades across whole church, masking
expression in magnificent cathedrals division on nave and aisles
and monastic buildings Wheel window
9.1.2. Religion Central projecting porch on façade,
Growth of different religious orders often 2-storey with columns on
Monasticismbecame the most crouching beasts
important institution within the Church Roughly-carved grotesque figures of
(provided seclusion, assurance of men and beasts
salvation, only means of receiving Less refined in character due to use of
education) stone and brick instead of marble
The monasteries
culture and art were the bearers of Ornament shows ainstead
classic precedent, departure from
its shows
9.1.3. Society
Society rough northern European grotesque
Two major social institutions added styles
coherence: the Christian church and
Feudalism
9.2.1. DESCRIPTION: architecture governed by
classical traditions; concentrated on
beauty and delicacy of ornamental
detail; sober and dignified
Transition from flat wooden ceiling of
the nave to masonry vault
construction
Application of cross-groin
consisting vault,
of four curved surfaces
(quadripartite vault)
Use of bay system
S. Ambrogio, Milan
Semicircular arches for openings in
walls
S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
Massive enclosing walls and
S. Fedele Como
incorporation of towers into the
S. Michele, Pavia
church building proper
9.3. NORTH ITALY
C AMPANILEs – Product of Romanesque
9.3.1. INFLUENCES :
period; straight tower shafts, generally
History
standing alone as civic monuments or
Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia,
symbols of power rather than integral
Verona, Genoa
parts of church
Invasions and trade with northern
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9.4. SOUTH ITALY
9.4.1. INFLUENCES :
History
Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine,
Muslim and Norman rule
Geography and Geology
Mountainous with limestone
Climate
Almost sub-tropical
sub-tropical
9.4.2. EXAMPLES:
C ATHEDRALS: Byzantine influence in
mosaic decorations; Muslim influence
on use of striped marbles
Pisa Cathedral
Monreale Cathedral, Palermo Forms one of most famous building
groups in the world – campanile and
S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo Campo Santo
La Zisa, Palermo Baptistery – designed by Dioti Salvi
Campanile – aka the “Leaning Tower of
9.5. CENTRAL ITALY Pisa”
9.5.1. INFLUENCES : The wall is covered with white and pink
HISTORY marble.
Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa The dome at the Crossing is additional
Rich in pagan influence at later period.
Geography and Geology The Bell Tower was designed by
Great stone and mineral wealth at Bonanno
Tuscany – bricks, tufa, peperino,
travertine, marble 9.6. NORTH FRANCE
Ruins of classical buildings 9.6.1. INFLUENCES
9.5.2. EXAMPLES: Geography and Geology
C ATHEDRALS Fine Caen stone
Concentrated on beauty and delicacy Pumice and tufa
of ornamental details, instead of new Climate
construction systems Wintery in north
Resembles early basilican churches in 9.6.2. EXAMPLES
plan C ATHEDRALS
Remains of old buildings were less
abundant, greater freedom of
developing new style

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Semi-circular east end, as an
ambulatory with radiating chapels, is
common
Use of old Roman architecture features
St. Sernin, Toulouse

Vienne cathedrakNotre dame du Port
9.8. CENTRAL Angouleme
EUROPE Cathedral
9.8.1. INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
Stone from mountains along Rhine
The Abbey S. Denis Timber from Baltic shores
Brick from Elber in the north
The Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen Climate
S. Nicholas, Caen Summer and winter
9.7. SOUTH FRANCE 9.8.2. EXAMPLES
9.7.1. INFLUENCES C ATHEDRALS:
Geography and Geology Exhibits a Carolingian and Lombard
Abundant good stone, easily quarried influence
and freely used
Climate
Climate

Sub-tropical in south
9.7.2. EXAMPLES
C ATHEDRALS
Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral

Cathedral
Worms Cathedral, Germany

Cruciform plan
Church of the Apostles, Cologne
Speyer Cathedral

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9.9. SPAIN Complex of circular towers, curtain
9.9.1. INFLUENCES walls
History City Walls of Avila, Castile
Moors in southwest Europe, until 732 9.10. ENGLAND
A.D.; continuous warfare against moors 9.10.1. INFLUENCES
gave a certain unity to the peninsula History
Christian influence Subject to roman conquest, preceded
Royal ties with

Geography andFrance
Geologyand England by the landing of Julius Caesar in 55
A.D.
Iberian Peninsula is a great rock Ruled by Roman legions
massif – granite, limestone, red Geography and Geology
Geology
sandstone, semi-marble, no timber Remote from rest of Europe,
9.9.2. EXAMPLES dependent on sea routes
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS Hardwood forest and stone
Used both Basilica and Greek-cross Climate
forms Low lighting, severe cold
Sta. Maria, Ripoll 9.10.2. EXAMPLES
St. Tirso, Sahagun C ATHEDRALS
La Lugareja, Arevalo 3 foundations:
St. Martin de Fromista Old foundation – served by secular
secular
Monastery of Poblet, Catalonia clergy
Mona stic
regular found
clergy oration – served
monks, by
later by
secular canons
Newfoundation – to which bishops
had been appointed
Norwich Cathedral
St. Albans Cathedral
Winchester Cathedral
Bristol Cathedral
Carlisle Cathedral
Chichester Cathedral
Exeter Rochester
Oxford
Worcester
Canterbury Cathedral
Santiago de Compostela
Finest achievement of Romanesque
architecture in Spain
C ASTLES AND TOWN W ALLS

City Walls of Andalusia
Loarre in Aragon
Finest Romanesque Castle in
Spain Durham Cathedral

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MONASTIC BUILDINGS middle ages-works of the barbarian
Goths.
Considered as one of Europe’s
outstanding artistic eras.
This age saw the rise of new cities or
built on the foundations of old Roman
cities
Religion
Strongly influenced by religious men
and saints; extreme power and wealth
led to serious abuses in the church
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire 10.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION:
C ASTLES The Cathedral – a rare synthesis of
1500 castles in England, in 1100 to architecture, sculpture and painting
1200 A.D. The pointed arch, flying buttress and
Began as motte and bailey earthworks, rib vault
later citadels with stone and curtain Colored glass and tracery, rhythm
walls columns and bundled piers
Towers and spires-transcendental
character
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Windsor Castle
The largest inhabited castle in the
world and, dating back to the time of
William the Conqueror, is the oldest in
continuous occupation
Tower of London
Castle Hedingman, Essex
Orford, Suffolk
Conisborough, Yorkshire
10. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

10.1. INFLUENCES Transverse section
HISTORY
Gothic age originated in France around
1150
Originally- Gothic- first used by
Renaissance critics as a derogatory
term for all art and architecture of the

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Erected out of funds provided by the
laity – not as part of monastic
establishments
Served as a library for illiterate
townspeople; biblical stories told, with
stained-glass and statuary
Sexpartite Vault
Point of departure
Vaulting frameworkfrom classic
of intersecting
10.3. FRANCE
10.3.1. INFLUENCES pointed arch ribs, which supports thin
History stone panels
1200 – 1600 A.D. with 1337 to 1453
A.D., the “Hundred Years War” began Difficulty of vaulting
Difficulty vaul ting oblong
with England; restlessness compartments – overcome by using
Feudal system, tyranny of lords over pointed arches over shorter span and
common people sometimes retaining semi-circular
Religious zeal – Christianity was united arches for diagonal or longer spans
against Muslims; Crusades
10.3.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Downward and outward pressures from
DESCRIPTION: the term “Gothic” in vault were collected by meeting of ribs
reproach to this style – a departure at angles; oblique pressure was
from classic lines counter-acted
buttresses by buttresses
weighted or flying
by pinnacles
General use of “Pointed Arch” “L
‘architecture Ogivale”
3 periods: Walls – less needed supports, released
PRIMARIE
RIMARIE(12
(1200AD) from load-bearing function; invention of
“A lancettes” colored, stained glass window to adorn
Pointed arch and geometric traceried window-walls.
windows
SE
SECOND
CONDAIRE
AIRE (1300 AD)
“Rayonnant”
Circular windows, wheel tracery
TE
TERTIARE (1400 – 1600 AD)
“Flamboyant”
Flame-like window tracery
10.3.3. EXAMPLES
C ATHEDRALS

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Palais de Justice, Rouen
C ASTLES
Built on mounds above rivers with thick
walls and small windows to resist
attack
Later adapted to make convenient
residences
Chateaude Pierrefonds
Pierrefonds
Notre Dame de Paris ChateaudeAm
Ambrose
One of the oldest French cathedrals;
begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully COUNTRY HOUSES
With the development of gunpowder
and new social order, country houses
took the place of fortified citadels
Still called “chateaux”
“flying buttress”
Reims Cathedral
Chateau de Josselin
Chartres Cathedral
Beauvais Cathdral
Laon Cathedral Chateau d’O,
Chateau de J ustice,
Mortree Rouen
Soissons Cathedral
HOTEL DE VILLE TOWNHOUSES

Few examples because little municipal “Maisons noble” – French nobles
life under the Feudal system ceased to be feudal lords in castles
Hotel de Ville,
Ville, Arras and erected, known as “hotels”
House of J acques Couer, Bourges
P ALAIS DE
DE JUSTICE Hotel de Cluny, Paris
Paris
Great halls in which kings and nobles
dispensed justice to their vassals 10.4. ENGLAND
10.4.1. INFLUENCES
History

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High Gothic Style gained acceptance in
England under Henry II (1154-1189
A.D.) EARLY ENGLISH (13th Century)
Periods:
Norman (1066 – 1154 A.D.)
Tr
Transitional (1154 – 1189 A.D.) pointed
arches
Early Engin Romanesque
lish
lish (1189 – 1307structures
A.D.)
equivalent to high Gothic in France –
also called “Lancet” or “First Pointed”
style
Decorated (1307 – 1377 A.D.) also Early English groined
called “Second Pointed” equivalent Early English groined vaulting vaulting with
to French “Flamboyant” style intermediate ribs
Perpendicular (1377 – 1485 A.D.) also
called “Rectilinear” or “Third Pointed” DECORATED (14th Century)
Tu
Tudor (1495 – 1558 A.D.) increasing
application of Renaissance detail
Elizabethan (1558 – 1603 A.D.)
Renaissance ideas take its mark
THE EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC V AULTING

NORMAN
Ceiling Plan
Lierne vault Lierne stellar vaulting
PERPENDICULAR (15th Century)
Diagonal segmental rib
Fan vaulting
REFERENCES FOR VAULTING: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow
(2007)
Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the
Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New
Sexpartite vaulting Waggon vaulting York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958 .

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TYPES OF TIMBER ROOFS GOTHIC WINDOWS
Tie-Beam Roof Trussed – Rafter Roof
Hammer – Beam Roof

Collar –Braced Roof
Aisle Roof
EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC BUTTRESSES GOTHIC DOORWAYS
Early English Gothic doorway

Gothic doorway;
Decorated style
Gothic doorway;
Perpendicular style
REFERENCE : Scanned image and text by George P. Landow (2007)
Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the
Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New
York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958 .

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10.4.3. EXAMPLES C ASTLES AND
AND FORTIFICATIONS
C ATHEDRALS Stronghold, also for administering
(Lat. cathedra, "seat") is a Christian justice and dispensing
dispensing hospitality
church that contains the seat of a
bishop. It is a religious building for SMALLER HOUSES: simple one-room
worship, specifically
specifically of a denomination shelters of wood and thatch
with an Episcopal hierarchy, such as townhouses on burgages or narrow
the Romanand
Orthodox Catholic, Anglican,
some Lutheran strips
street of land, limited frontage on main
churches, which serves as a bishop's
seat, and thus as the central church of COLLEGES: with chapel; communal
a diocese dining hall, library, small rooms,
staircases, storage. Brew houses,
gatehouse
M ANOR HOUSES; erected by new and

wealthy trading families
Parts:
Great Hall, (sometimes aisled)
Chapel
Latrine
Servicechamber
rooms
Kitchens
Westminster Abbey; most important
Central hearth
medieval building in England; largest
area and width (32 m. inside)
TUDOR MANOR HOUSES; increased
number and variety of rooms;
ro oms;
Yorkminster
Quadrangular court from which many
Wells Cathedral
rooms entered directly. Battlement
parapets and fortified gateways used
for ornamentation
Penhurst Place, Kent

Little Wenham Hall, Suffolk
Chamey Basset Manor house,
Berkshire
Athelhampton Hall, Dorset
Hampton Court Palace
10.5. CENTRAL EUROPE
Salisbury Cathedral 10.5.1. INFLUENCES
History: Germany was a composition of
MONASTERIES : Building complex of many states
monastic order – self – contained 10.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
community used by monks Style came from France and not from
German Romanesque
P ARISH CHURCHES: All Saints Church, 10.5.3. EXAMPLES
Stock Essex C ATHEDRALS: Hall Churches in the
Breamore Church, Hants north – totally different external
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Town hall, Louvain
Town hall, Brussels
Cloth hall and Belfry, Bruges
Maison des Francs Bateliers, Ghent
10.7. SPAIN
10.7.1. INFLUENCES
History; Spanish inquisition in 1477
A.D.
unity –against
broughtthenational
Jews andandMuslims
religious
Ulm Cathedral Muslim capital of Toledo fell in 1085
A.D.; Moors were expelled from in
C ASTLES: seen everywhere with old 1492 A.D. with fall of Granada
fortified towns 10.7.2. EXAMPLES
Klingentor, Rothenburg C ATHEDRALS: strong Moorish influence,
TOWN H ALLS: Rathaus, Regensberg horseshoe arch, pierced stone tracery,
CUSTOMS HOUSE: the Customs House, rich surface decoration of intricate
Nuremburg geometrical and flowing patterns
HOUSES: Old Houses, Nuremburg Gerona Cathedral
The Kaiserworth, Goslar, Old house, Burgos Cathedral
Brunswick Most poetic of all Spanish
10.6. BELGIUM & NETHERLANDS cathedrals
10.6.1. INFLUENCES Toledo Cathedral
Salamanca Cathedral
History: Basins and delta of Rhine and
other rivers, number of medieval states Avila Cathedral
Cathedral
and cities; sea power, culturally Segovia Cathedral
dependent on Germany and France Granada Cathedral
Towns competed with each other in Barcelona Cathedral
power and the arts – architecture as
products of civic rivalry in wealth and
splendor
French Gothic influence – Brabantine
style; German influence – hall churches
10.6.3. EXAMPLES
C ATHEDRALS
St. Gudule, Brussels: earliest example
of Gothic in Netherlands;
Antwerp Cathedral
Cathedral Seville Cathedral
SECULAR ARCHITECTURE The Cathedral of Seville
Seville, formally
Catedral de Santa María de la Sede
Sede
(Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See)
was begun in 1402, with construction
continuing into the 16th century. It is
the largest of all Roman Catholic
cathedrals (Saint Peter's Basilica not
being a cathedral) and also the largest
Medieval Gothic religious building, in
terms of both area and volume
Town hall, Bruges SECULAR ARCHITECTURE

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The Puerta Del Sol, Toledo Palazzo S. Steffano
College of Sto. Gregorio, Villadolid Palazzo Arcivescoville, Palermo
Palacio de la Audencio, Barcelona 11. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Ducal Palace, Guadalajara 11.1. INFLUENCES
La Lonja de la Seda, Valencia History; great inventions led to general
Castillo de la Mota, Medina del Camp upheaval of this period – gunpowder,
10.8. ITALY mariner’s compass, printing by

10.8.1. History:
INFLUENCES
Italy led the way in Europe, in movable types;
the ancient attempt
world, to understand
its values, literary
terms of art, learning and commerce; and artistic forms;
Renaissance, cultural revival, took “Treatise on Architecture” by Vitruvius
place in Italy nearly in advance in in 1486;
northern Europe Religious and intellectual unity of
This arrested the development of Christendom had begun to fall
Gothic architecture in Italy (only one apart
Gothic architecture in Rome: St. Two principal Components of the style:
Francis of Assisi) Revival of the classical
classical forms (Re-birth)
10.8.2. EXAMPLES Intensi
nsified
fied concernfor secular life
life
C ATHEDRALS “Humanism” – people are rational
Roman tradition remained strong; beings who possess within
combination of Greek inspiration, themselves the capacity for truth
Roman construction and Byzantine
decoration 11.2.
and goodness
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: the
Milan Cathedral (largest Medieval Renaissance movement crated a break
Cathedral) in the evolution of European
Doge’s Palace, Venice (grandest effort architecture; characteristic of departure
in civic architecture during the from Gothic – classic Roman “Orders
period) of Architecture” used after a thousand
years; adoption of Byzantine structural
and decorative practices interwoven
with Roman and Romanesque
succession
COLUMNIATION, C APITALS: Orders were
standardized by Palladio, Vignola,
Scamozzi, used constructively and
decoratively
ROOF AND CEILING: high drums raised
Florence Cathedral above pendentives to accommodate
(aka S. Maria del Fiore) designed windows, decoration with classical
by Arnol
Arnolfo
fo di Cambio; essentially columns crowned with lantern
Italian in character without the W ALL: rusticated masonry walls;
vertical features of northern rusticated wall angles called quoins
Gothic; the dome was designed by
Filippo
Fi lippo Brunelleschi which
triumphantly blended with a Gothic Quoins
building
Sienna Cathedral (one of the most
stupendous undertakings since the
Pisa Cathedral); zebra marble
striping on wall and pier
Palazzo Vechio

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Rococo: primarily French in origin;
Rococo: primarily
rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls,
and crimped shells are worked up
together in a profusion and
confusion of detail, often without
organic coherence, but presenting
a lavish display of decoration;
Rococo
abstract isornamentation
profuse, oftenand
semi-
lightness of color and weight.
11.4. FLORENCE
11.4.1. INFLUENCES :
History: Florence, Genoa, Milan; one of
central, chief powers of Italy;
Medici family, founded by Giovanni de
Medici – commercial and political
power
European kings were richer and
powerful than the church and
nobility
The Medici Family of Florence ran the
town excelling in several arts gaining
Artists,
high status in society
11.3. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Renaissance had its birth in Florence!
Periods: Wall: Rusticated masonry gave
Early Renaissance: period of learning, massive and rugged appearance; also
designer’s intent on accurate defined by string courses crowned by
transcription of Roman elements deep cornices
High Renaissance & Proto – Baroque: Openings: doorways at Genoa have
became an individual style in its triangular and segmental pediments;
own right; conflict between purists doorways are small yet imposing;
and Proto – Baroque; also 11.4.2. EXAMPLES
Mannerist phase wherein practices Palazzi – palace type building evolved,
which had no Roman precedent built around a cortile or interior court
were interspersed with the usual like medieval cloister; rugged fortress-
buildings were conceived in a non- like character in contrast with
Roman way – a free, decorative refinement of Renaissance churches
and illogical way, unsanctioned by Early Renaissance examples
antique precedent Filippo Brunelleschi – famous architect
Baroque: highly
Baroque: highly enriched play of form
with multiform elements; architects
worked with freedom and firmly
acquired knowledge; true nature of
Renaissance as a distinctive style
began to emerge, baroque was
dramatic, rich, grand and alive,
with architecture, painting,
sculpture and minor arts being
used in harmony to produce a Palazzo Medici – Riccardi, Florence
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Palazzi – majesty and dignity; astylar
and cliff-like façade
Churches – centralized and compact in

plan; astylar façade treatment
Palazzo Strozzi, Florence Early Renaissance examples

by Benedetto de Majano,
for Filippo Strozzi the Elder, a rival of Luciano Laurana – famous architect
the Medici
High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque

examples
Bartolomeo Ammanati – famous
architect
Palazo Municipio, Genoa
Ducal Palace, Urbino
New Sacristy of S. Lorenzo
Begun by Florentine Maso di
Michelangelo led the Proto-Baroque Bartolomeo
breakaway from academic formalism
Luciano Laurana designed the façade,
with his design
the famous courtyard and the great
entrance staircase
Baroque examples
examples
Bartolomeo Bianco – famous architect
High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque
Porta Pila, Genoa
Donato Bramante – famous architect
Palazo Carignano, Turin; best known
building by Guarini
11.5. ROME
11.5.1. INFLUENCES
History: Roman ruins supplied models
for new buildings, which served as
model for all of Europe; political
authority of pope in Rome
Revival of building in Rome brought
brough t by The Tempietto, San Pietro, Montorio, Rome
stable government, increased Architectural gem by Bramante
population
11.5.2. A and wealth
RCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Wall: frequently screened with
pilasters, both singled and coupled on
each storey, sometimes up to two
storeys to give grandness
Types of Pediments
S. Peter, Rome – most important building of

the period, with cathedral, piazza and
Vatican, forms a world-famous group
Triangular Segmental Broken 120 years, outcome of the works of
many architects under the direction of

11.5.3. EXAMPLES the pope:

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Bramante – design was selected from Completed plan in Latin cross
several entries in a competition
(Greek cross, proposed a dome Baroque examples
similar to Pantheon) S. Susana, Rome
Giulliano da Sangallo, Fra giacondo & S. Carlo alle Quatro Fontane
Raphael – proposed a Latin cross Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi
plan; died
11.6.
Baldassare Peruzzi – reverted to greek
cross; died VENICE
11.6.1.
INFLUENCES
Antonio da Sangallo
Sangallo (the younger) - Venice, Padua, Vicenza, Verona,
submitted a slightly altered plan Brescia, Bergamo; greatness founded
with an extended vestibule and on oriental commerce; sea-power,
lofty campanile and elaborate semi-independence from popes
dome Merchants and commercial magnates,
Michelangelo – (72 yrs. old) reverted to each in rivalry with each other
Greek cross plan, strengthened 11.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
the piers of the dome and Lighter and more graceful than
redesigned the surrounding Florentine architecture; buildings built
chapels and apses. He completed on a hundred isles of wooden and
the drum of the dome before his stone piles; ubiquitous waterways,
death. (present building owes most spanned by charming bridges
of its della
Giacomo outstanding
Porta &features
Domenicoto him) Openings: doorways flanked by
pilasters and columns supporting
Fontana – completed the dome in cornices and pediments
1590 11.6.3. EXAMPLES
Giacomo da Vignola – added side Palazzi – graceful balconies adding to
cupolas the play of light and shadows on the
Carlo Maderna - lengthened the nave façade; compact plans owing to
to form a Latin cross and added cramped sites
the gigantic façade Churches – simple and aisle-less
Gian Lorenzo Bernini – erected the Early Renaissance examples
noble entrance piazza (St. Peter’s Doge’s palace
square) – 198 m. wide Palazzo corner Spinelli, Venice
High Renaissance & Proto-Broque
examples;
Palazzo Bevilacqua, Verona
Palazzo Pompeii
Palazo Grimani, Venice
San Michelle’s greatest work
The Basilica, Vicenza
Baroque examples
examples
Adapted to strict Venetian conditions;
sculptured carvings of maritime
theme
11.7. FRANCE
11.7.1. INFLUENCES
History: united to expel the English in
1453 – unprecedented unity, power
and splendor
Plan and site view: S. Peter, Rome

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Napoleon Bonaparte as national figure;
France had united as a kingdom; Paris
as center
11.7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CAHRACTER
Renaissance radiated from Paris to all
parts of the country
Periods:
Earlyand
Period – combination
combinati
renaissance on of Gothic
features; forming Chateau de Maisons – one of the most
picturesque ensemble; state of harmonious of all chateaux by
transition, Renaissance features Francois Mansart
grafted unto Gothic buildings
Classical Period
Period – dignity, sobriety and ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS
masculine quality of its foremost St. Etienne du Mont, Paris
buildings St. Eustache, Paris
Late period – Louis the XV phase:
externally simple and less
classically pure
Louis XVI phase:
phase: return to
sober classicism - austere
and refined exteriors
Empire: (1790 – 1830
A.D.) rigid formality
formality
11.7.3. EXAMPLES
SECULAR BUILDINGS St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church
St-Gervais-et-St-Protais
Chateau de Bois By Salomon de Brosse
Chateu d’Azay-Rideau
Palaise de Fountainbleau
Chateau de Chambord by Italian, The church of the Val-de-Grâce

designed by François Mansart and
Domenico da cortona
Jacques Lemercier
11.8. ENGLAND
11.8.1. INFLUENCES
History: great wars of 1800 and 1900;
continental travels closed to
Englishmen
Henry VIII – king and supreme head of

Palais du Louvre, Paris English church, dissolved monasteries
together with Tuileries, constitutes one and sold their estates; Stuarts gave
of the most imposing palaces in England closer ties with France and
Europe Italy

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Religion – Protestantism won converts
Periods:
Early Rena
Renais
issance
sance – Eliz
Elizab
abethan
Early renaiss
issance
ance– J acobean
Late Renaissance – Stuart
Late Renaissance – Georgian

11.8.3. Early
EXAMPLES
Renaissance – Elizabethan
examples; reign of Queen
Elizabeth; establishment of
renaissance style in England;
followed Tudor architecture –
transition style with Gothic features
and Renaissance detail Castle Ashby, Northants
Tombs and Fittings – Tomb of Henry
VII, Westminster Abbey, early Early Renaissance – Jacobean
exquisite Renaissance art examples
Elizabethan Mansions – statesmen, Jacobean Mansions – Hatfield House,
merchants and gentry needed Herts
mansions to suit their positions, Bramshill House, Hampshire
designed comprehensively by Blicking Hall, Norfolk
owner and chosen master Colleges
craftsmen, externally – towers, The Brodleian Library, Oxford
gables, parapets, balustrades, Merton College, Oxford
chimney stacks, oriel and bay
windows; viewing outwards rather Late Renaissance – Stuart examples
than inwards with forecourt,
gateways, angle pavilions, formal
gardens, fountains, terraces with
balustrades, topiary gardens,
orchards
Parts:
Central hall – centrally located;
more of a state hall, rooms around
a central court
Grand staircase
Long gallery
Banqueting House Whitehall, London
Withdrawing room or solar
by Inigo Jones
Kitchen and office at one end
Gatehouse at entrance side
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire St. Paul Cathedral, London by Sir Christopher Wren

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Late Renaissance – Georgian Façade is plateresque masterpiece
examples The Alcazar, Toledo
Houses:
Planned as a simple symmetrical
square or rectangular block;
Swan House, Chichester
Moot house, Downtown Wiltshire
Casa de las Conchas, Salamanca;

façade covered with carved scallop
Blenheim Palace by Sir John Vanburgh shells
11.9. SPAIN &PORTUGAL

11.9.1. INFLUENCES
History – Spain was the leading
country in Europe in 1500’s, vast
hereditary possession of Spanish
monarchy, military conquest: Cape
of Good Hope, America,
Netherlands and Central Europe,
Mexico, Peru, Chile; Protestant
reformation gained few adherents
in Spain due to Christian unity
brought by anti-Moor struggle The Escorial, Madrid
Periods:
Early Period – Renaissance details on
Gothic forms; influence by Moorish
art; plateresque, rich and poetic
style, minuteness of details similar
to silversmiths’ work, extremely
florid and decorative
In Portugal – Manueline style from
king Manuel I of 1495 – 1521 A.D.A .D. The Palacio Nacional, Queluz;
Classical Period – adherence to Italian exquisite Rococo country house
Renaissance art
Baroque Period – reaction to the Granada Cathedral by Diego de Siloe –
correct and frigid formalism of one of the grandest Renaissance
Herrera and followers – classical churches in southern Spain
rules disregarded; The Sacristy of La Cartuja (Charter
Churrigueresque, fantastically
fantastically house) Granada –extreme
extravagant expression, by Jose example of Churrigueresque
de Churriguera, 1650 – 1723 A.D.
Antiquarian Period – returned to 11.10. CENTRAL EUROPE
ancient classical model 11.10.1. INFLUENCES
11.9.3. EXAMPLES History – wars between Catholics and
Secular examples Protestants; Martin Luther as
The University, Salamanca

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dominating figure of Reformation; Ecclesiastical Examples:
invasion by Turks The Theatine Church, Munich –
Influence by universities on art and Baroque style by A Barelli and H
architecture; Heidelberg, seat of Zulalli
Humanist movement; printing and
literature sparked interest in
ancient Greece
Geography
positionand Geology
close – central
to France and Italy
11.10.2. A
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Renaissance influence from Italy and
France, deferred by 125 years
Periods:
Early Renaissance – introduction of
early Renaissance elements into Monastery, Melk Austria; one of most
Gothic buildings striking Baroque monuments
Proto – Baroque – Italian architects
carried Renaissance into Brevnov Monastery Church, Prague
Switzerland, Austria and Germany Karlskirche, Vienna
– emulated by local
local architects St. Michael, Berg-an-Laim, Munich
Baroque – local architects trained in Wiblingen Abbey Church
The Wieskirche, Steinhausen – most
Italy celebrated Rococo church
Rococo – great refinement in
architecture and decoration
Antiquarian – return to
to ancient classic
classical
al
models
11.10.3. EXAMPLES
Secular Buildings
The Rathaus –Heilbronn
Zeughaus, Gdansk, Poland – northern
brick architecture by Flemish
architect Arton Van Obbergen
The Loggia, Waldstein Palace, Prague
– stucco decorations by Italian
Bartolome Bianco
The Troja Palace, Prague by JB The Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen
Mathley by Dominikus Zimmerman, Rococo
decorations by Johan Zimmerman
12. 1800’S AND 1900’S: REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE

12.1. BRITAIN
12.1.1. INFLUENCES
History – Age of Revivals, age of
innovations
Social – struggle of Industrial
Heidelberg Castle – Saalbau, Revolution, rise in population,
Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau urbanization, transport systems,
growth of middle class,
professionals and businessmen
Technology – improvements in
drainage and sanitation, cotton

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manufacturing, steam power, coal- The Crystal Palace was one of the
gas, gas lamps, later electricity, most remarkable buildings in the
Lift or elevator. Inventions in 19th century; Housed in the Great
metallurgy – structural iron, cast – Exhibition in London c. 1851. it
iron, iron glass, steel, reinforced was destroyed by fire in 1936
concrete
Town halls, hospitals, public banks,
warehouse, department
and police stations, stores, fire
exhibition
halls, university buildings, art
galleries, transport and industrial
buildings
Eclecticism,
Eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
styles By Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
Periods:
Early Victorian The King’s Cross Station, London by
High Victorian Lewis Cubitt
Late Victorian
Late Victorian & Edwardian
Aftermath
12.1.3. EXAMPLES
Early Victorian examples:
Westminster New Palace (houses of

Parliament), London by Sir Charles
Barry; non – classical design,
Gothic detail by Pugin; Victoria
Tower – Big Ben
The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol
by Islambard Brunel (pylons of
Egyptian character)
St. George’s Hall, Liverpool by Harvey Lonsdale

Lo nsdale
Elmes (most magnificent neo-classical
monument Britain)
High Victorian Examples

All Saints,
Saints, Margaret Street,
Westminster by William Butterfield
Crystal Palace, London by Sir Joseph

Paxton

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The Dreanery Garden, Sonning, Berks

The University Museum, Oxford by by Sir Edward Lutyens
Benjamin Woodward (landmark of
High Victorian Gothic) St. Andrew, Roker, Sunderland by ES
Prior (adapts Gothic features)
Aftermath examples:
examples:
Red House, Bexley Heath, Kent by

Philip Webb for William Morris
The Train Shed, St. Pancras Station,
The Guildford Cathedral, Guildford,
London by Engr. WH Barlow
Surrey, England by Sir Edward
(largest and most spectacular of
Maufe
the High Victorian period)
Late Victorian & Edwardian examples:
Heathcote, by Edwin Lutyens, at Ilkley, City Hall, Swansea by Sir Percy

Yorkshire, England, 1906 Thomas
Law Society, Chancery Lane, London 12.2. CONTINENTAL EUROPE

by Charles Holden 12.2.1. INFLUENCES
Truro Cathedral, Cornwall by JL History – French Revolution and
Pearson Napoleonic Empire influenced
Europe; economic rivalry of France
and Germany; World War I
Growth of Communications, railways;
European countries acquired
colonies in other continents

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Ship building, steam power, Suez
Canal, International exhibitions of
science and industry; metal glass
construction, reinforced concrete
By Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand,
repetitive use of standard bays in
plan and elevation
with classical, to be or
Medieval enriched
Renaissance motifs as desired, as The Palau Guell, Barcelona by Gaudi
a convenient but dull formula for (seems to presage Art Nouveau in
the design of large complex its forms)
buildings of that age The Casa Mila, Barcelona by Gaudi
Periods: No. 6 Rue Paul-Emile Janson
Janson (Hotel
1850 – 1870 A.D. Tassel), Brussels by Victor Horta
Comparable to High Victorian in Britain (first complete Art Nouveau
Renaissance revival established and building)
gained richness; growing interest
in Gothic architecture; structural
use of iron; major town planning
undertakings like the re-planning
of Paris by Baron Eugene Georges
Haussemann
1870 – 1914 A.D.

Use of metals intensified, especially in
exhibitions; academic architecture
Antique forms instead of Renaissance
Renaissance
In Holland and Scandinavia, less
pretentious, more humane, rational
architecture, use of brick
In Spain, creative flowering by Antoni The Votivkirche, Vienna by
Gaudi Heinrich von Ferstel (Neo-Gothic)
ART NOUVEAU
NOUVEAU (1890 – 1906 A.D.)
A.D.)
Free of any historical style; floral style,
freely-shaped writing forms;
deliberate simplification of
structural elements in building and
interiors, handmade objects and
furnitures
12.2.3. EXAMPLES
Domestic buildings
Court Gardener’s House,
Charlottenhof, Potsdam by Schinkel
Schloss Linderhoff, near Obermmergau
by Georg Von Dollman for Ludwig II of The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris by
Bavaria (German Rococo-like style) Paul Abadie (Neo-Byzantine)

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The Victor Emmanuelle II Monument, Rome

by Giuseppe Sacconi
The Church of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
By Gaudi (Art Nouveau)
Public Buildings:
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam by

HP Berlage (Neo-Romanesque)
The Schauspielhaus, Berlin by KF von The Opera House, Cologne by
Schinkel (Greek-revival style, neo- J. Raschdorf (French neo-
classical) Baroque)
The Altes Museum, Berlin by Schinkel The Post Savings Bank, Vienna by
(Greek-revival) Otto Wagner (Art Noveau)
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen by
MGB Bindesboll (Greek-revival) Commercial Buildings:
The Halles Centralles, Paris by
Victor Baltard
Gare du-Nord, Paris by Hittorf (Neo-
Classical)
Gare de L’est, Paris by FA Duquesney
(Neo-Renaissance)
Turbine Building, Menier Chocolate
Works, Noiseil-sur-Marne by Jales
Saulnie
The library of St. Genevieve, Paris by

Henri Labrouste (Neo-
Renaissance)
The National Library by Labrouste
The Opera House, Paris by JLC
Garnier (Neo-Baroque)

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construction, non-load bearing
curtain wall, elevators
Produced the skyscraper, as America’s
single greatest contribution to
architecture
12.3.2. EXAMPLES
Domestic Buildings:
The Entrance Pavilion (Eiffel Tower), The White House, Washington D.C.
official residence of the president
International Exhibition 1889, Paris by James Hoban (Irish architect)
by Gustave Eiffel, extensive use of (English Palladian style)
glass and iron
The Galerie des Machines, The Robie House, Chicago by

International Exhibition, Paris by Frank Lloyd Wright
CLF Dutert (architect) & Victor
Contamin (engineer)
Metro Station, Place de la Bastille,

Paris by H. Guimard (Art Noveau)
12.3. AMERICA
3 PERIODS:
Post – Colonial (Neo-Classic elements) Monticello, near Charlottesville,
Charlottesville,
First Eclectic Phase – (Greek revival, Virginia by Thomas Jefferson (3rd
Gothic
Second and Egyptian
Eclectic Phase: styles American
style) president – Palladian
Palladian
with 2 main streams – Biltmore, Ashville, North Carolina by
• Gothic Revival by HH RM Hunt (first American architect
Richardson trained at Ecole Beaux-Artes)
Louis Sullivan (early French Renaissance
Frank Lloyd Wright chateau)
• Ecole des Beaux-Artes, Stoughton House, Cambridge,
Italian and French Massachusetts by Mckim, Mead
Renaissance, ancient and White (shingle-style)
Greek and Roman, late Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois
Gothic (more academic in (first important work of Frank Lloyd
character)
character) Wright aka Prairie House)
Structural experiment and Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin
achievement: metal frame by Frank Lloyd Wright

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Religious Buildings: The Public Library, Boston by McKim, Mead and
The First Church of Christ Scientist, White (similar in elevation to St. Genevieve,
Berkeley, California by Bernard Paris)
Maybeck
Trinity Church by HH Richardson (One
monument of American
architecture – Neo-Romanesque)
The Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C. by

Henry Bacon (Greek Doric style)
Unity Temple, Oak park, Illinois by The Chapel and Post Headquarters,
Frank Lloyd Wright U.S. Military Academy, West Point
New York by Cram Goodhue and
Educational, Civic and Public Buildings: Ferguson
The Temple of Scottish Rite,
Washington D.C. (Masonic
Temple) by John Russel Pope
(similar to Mausoleum,
Halicarnassos)
The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia

by Thomas Jefferson (first Neo-
Classical monument in America
based on Maison Caree, Nimes)
The Reliance Building, Chicago by

Burnham, and Root (from 4 – 16
storeys)
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia by
William Strickland (Greek revival)
based on Choragic Monument of
The United States Capitol, Washington D.C. Lysicrates, Athens
(seat of U.S. Government; one of the The Marshall Field Wholesale
world’s best known buildings first designed Warehouse, Chicago, Illinois by
by Dr. William Thorton, Palladian lines) HH Richardson (7 – storeys, load
The National Academy of design, New York by bearing wall construction
PB Wight (Venetian Gothic in style)
The Auditorium Building, Chicago,
Illinois by Dankmar Adler and

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Louis Sullivan (10 storeys, Neo- Empire State Building by Shreve, Lamb
byzantine interior) and Harmon (85 storeys)
13. MODERN ARCHITECTURE

13.1. INFLUENCES
13.1.1. History – technological advancement:
curtain wall, steel; plate-glass
Arts and Crafts

Crafts Movement, awakened
awakened
a social conscience among
architects
Art Nouveau waswas short-lived

Famous Names
The Monadnock Building, Chicago by Walter Gropius – created proto-type of

Holabird & Roche (south half); modern architecture: free standing
Burnham & Root (north half) glass sheath suspended on a
structural framework, curtain wall –
The Second Leiter Building, Chicago Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
(metal-framed
The Gace Building,building;
Chicago 8bystoreys)
Lo uis
Louis 1918 A.D. founded the “Bauhaus”
(famous German school of Design)
Sullivan and Holabird and Roche Peter Behrens
Behrens
(8 storey) Adolf Meyer
Meyer
The Schlesinger-Mayer Store by Louis Tony Garnier, France – steel span of
Sullivan (suggestion of Art 80 m. at Lyons
Nouveau style) Max Berg – 65 m. diameter centennial
Hall at Brelau, 1912 – 1913 A.D.
Eugene Freyssinet, France – Parabolic
vaulted hangar at Orly, near Paris
Robert Maillart, Switzerland
Switzerland – flat
flat slab
method
Ludwg Mies Van der Rohe –
(German/American architect; 1919
competition – glass sheathed 20
storey skyscraper; Famous for his
dictum “Less
Less is
is more”and “God is
in the details”
etails”
Le Corbusier – (Original name is
Charles Edouard Jeanneret)
• “a house is a machine for
for living”
living”-
The Wainwright Building, St Louis by houses should be designed as
Adler and Sullivan
Sullivan (10 storeys) machines serving specific
purposes;
• Le Corbusier – 5 points for
The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo,
N.Y. by Frank Lloyd Wright contemporary architecture
• The Pillar:
The Woolworth Building, N.Y. by Cass
• Functional independence
Gilbert (241 m. high with 52
storeys; Gothic style) of skeleton and wall
• The open plan

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• The free facade
• The roof garden
JJP Oud – The Netherlands; part of “de
Stijl”(group of geometric-abstract
artists of T
Th
heo van Doesburg
Eric Mendelsohn, - Germany; dynamic
sculptural quality
Marcel Bruer
Richard Neutra – Austria Sydney Opera House by
Rudolf Schindler – Austria Jorn Utzon of Denmark
Frank Lloyd Wright – USA
Louis Sullivan – USA
CFA Voysey – UK
Charles Rennie Mackintosh – UK
13.1.3. EXAMPLES
Dulles International Airport Building by
Eero Saarinen
Einstein Tower, Potsdam by

Eric Mendelsohn
Parliament Buildings, Brasilia by
Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer
Notre-Dame-du-Haut
Ronchamp, France by Le Corbusier
Solomon Guggenheim Museum, N.Y.

Johnson Wax Co. Building by By Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright
The United States Pavilion at Expo ’67,

Falling Water, Pennsylvania Montreal by Buckminster Fuller

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The Chrysler New York by

William Van Alen (Art Deco style) World Trade Center N.Y. by
Minoru Yamasaki (destroyed
Lever House N.Y. by Skidmore, during the “9/11 terrorist attack”)
Owings and Merrill New World Trade Center by
Post Office Tower, London by Daniel Liebskind
architects of the Ministry of Public
Building and Works 14. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
University of East Anglia, near Norwich 14.1. INFLUENCES
in Norfolk by Dennis Lasdun 14.1.1. History – 622 A.D. year of the Hegira
Barbican Housing Project, London by when Mohammed moved from
Chamberlain, Powel and Bon Mecca to Medina; in 10 years
Mohammed made framework of
religion and military organization
charged with spreading the faith
Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic
tribes to carry Islam into Central
Asia and westward
westward to the Atlantic,
Atlantic,
along trade routes into Africa and
India, Turks and Mongols
Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics Always established
established a cultural tie with
by Kenzo Tange Arabian heartland with
with annual
pilgrimage to Mecca as a once-in-a
lifetime obligation
Tribal groups – public life was reserved
for men; women had a secondary
role – for domestic and agricultural
work
Self-contained groups of different
religions – Christians and Jews
Palazetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome “People of the Book”, beliefs were
Olympics by Pier Luigi Nervi and based on revelations and
Annibale Vitellozzi
Vitellozzi (1958) teachings contributory to Islam
The General Motors Technical Center, Freedom of worship and self-
Warren, Michigan by Eero government; spread of Islam is
Saarinen associated with military conquest
The Railway Terminus, Rome by and racial movements; Arab
Montuori and Associates expansion north and west out of
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14.1.2. RELIGION Basic conservatism discourages
Last of three great religions of the innovations and favors established
Middle East; complete philosophy forms
of life and government, one god Symmetry and balance in the concept
Allah, Mohammed is the prophet of perfect creation; centered upon
Faith is held to be god’s will for creation God
14.2.2. OPENINGS
3 Works:
Koran, revelation through Mohammed
Hadith, book of sayings and Injunctions
Law from tradition and example;
Acceptance of the transitory nature of
earthly life; personal humility and
abhorrence of image worship Ogee arch Horseshoe arch
14.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
Countries of Western and Southern
Asia and Northern Africa
Africa
Isolated communities like Zanzibar,
Madagascar and China
Lately, all over the world Cusped arch Pointed arch
Countries already rich in building
tradition 14.2.3. DECORATIONS
14.1.4. CLIMATE Variety of mouldings, friezes,
Territories fertile by virtue of irrigation crestlings, abstract and geometric
rather than rainfall; tendency to motifs, in lieu of human and animal
seek shelter from sun forms
14.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Motifs from calligraphy, floral
14.2.1. Description abstraction and geometric
Islamic architecture
architecture is a product of the interlacement
rapid conquest of diverse Carvings in bas relief
territories by a people with no Stone inlay and mosaic
architectural tradition Patterned brickwork
Synthesis of styles under one Carved stucco
philosophy but in many different Ceramic facing and mosaic
circumstances Glass mosaic
The Islamic way of life had a profound Painting
impact on its architecture: Timber inlay
No essential difference in techniques Pietra dura
between religious and non- Arabesques
religious buildings Screen or pierced grilles in marble
Important architectural endeavor is 14.2.4. ORIENTATION
normally expended on buildings Related to a principal axis, the Kibla
having a direct social or Axis extended into a formal landscape
landscape
community purpose as an integral part of the design
Decorations tend toward the abstract,
abs tract, 14.3. EXAMPLES
using geometric, calligraphic and Masjid (Persia and India) or Mesjid
plant motifs, with a preference for (Turkey) – small prayer house
a uniform field of decoration rather
than a focal element

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Calipin – successor to the prophet as
military, judicial or spiritual
leader of Islam
Kibla wall – mosque wall perpendicular
to the kibla axis
Mosque or Jami
Principal place of worship, Friday
prayer; inward-looking building
whose prime purpose is
contemplation and prayer; no
positive object of attention or
adoration; maybe used as a school
place for transactions, storage for
treasures, place for hearing official Dome of the Rock or Kubbet-es-Sakhra,
notices Jerusalem (most important Islamic
structure) great central dome covering
the summit of Mt. Moriah, from where
the prophet is believed to have made
his ride to heaven
Mihrab – niche oriented towards

Mecca The Great Mosque, Damascus
Mimber – raised platform for (earliest surviving mosque; stood
in walled temenos)
ceremonial
Iwan / IIvan
van announcements
– open-fronted vault facing
facing
a court
Bab – gateway
Sahn – courtyard of a mosque
Minaret – tower from which
which a call to
prayer is made
Harem – women’s or private
private chamber
of a house or palace
Selamlik – men’s or guest’s quarters
Kibla / kible – axis oriented towards
Mecca
Muezzin – caller who summons
summons the
faithful to prayer Dar al-Imara and mosque Ibn Tulun,
Imam – man who leads congregation in

prayer
Cairo

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The Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia
The great Mosque, Cordoba
The Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul
14.3.1. SINGLE CELL BUILDINGS

Kiosk or Chattri (India)
Used in isolation as an ornamental
pavilion emphasizing the roof or
providing a focus in a pleasure Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
garden
Chinli kiosk, Istanbul
14.3.2. Madrassah (Egypt) Medrese (Turkey)

Religious college and mosque
Madrassah and tomb of Sultan Hasan,
Cairo
Inje Minare Medrese, Konya, Turkey
14.3.3. S ARAY OR SERAI The Taj-Mahal, in Agra, India, built

Palace under Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan in memory of his favorite
wife, Mumtaz Mahal

Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra, Agra
15. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

15.1. INFLUENCES
15.1.1. Succession of emperors and dynasties,
warring states
Philosophers:
Confucius, code of ethics and
The Alhambra, Granada, Spain – education
fortified palace and complex of Lao-Tzu, Taoism
buildings set in gardens; one of Shih Huang Ti, emperor
most elaborate and richly
14.3.4. H AN decorated IslamicAIpalaces

OR C ARAVANSER
ARAVANSERAI Emergence
schoolsofoftheorists, thinkers,
philosophy
Hostel Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
14.3.5. TOMBS Foreign trade by land and sea
Tomb of Ismail, the Samanid & Chinese were banned from going
Bukhara, hemispherical dome abroad
superimposed on a perfect cube 15.1.2. RELIGION
building Confucianism
Gur-i-mir, Samarkand (Tamerlane’s Code of social conduct and philosophy
family museum) of life, family and ancestor worship
Tomb of Iltumish, India Taoism
Universal love as a solution to social
disorder
Buddhism
15.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
23 provinces

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Larger than Europe in area significance, later secular nature or
1/13 of total land area of the world monuments to victory; usually
Metals, timber, bamboo, clay octagonal in plan, odd number of
15.1.4. CLIMATE stories (9 – 13), repeated roofs,
North, severe winters turned-up eaves, slopes to carry
South, warmer each storey
15.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 15.3.3. Pai-lous
15.2.1. Construction System – Mesopotamian
influence in use of arch and vault
15.2.2. Materials – timber and brick,
sometimes combined – timber
structures raised on stone or brick
platform; stone for important
edifices
15.2.3. Roof and ceiling – chief feature,
supported on timber uprights,
independent of walls; a sign of
dignity to place roofs one over the Ceremonial gateway, basic symbolic
other, up-tilted angles, with structure; serves as entrance to
dragons and grotesque ornaments temples and tombs, as
15.2.4. Openings – square headed windows monuments to eminent persons
and doors, lined with oyster shells Constructed of wood or stone
or rice paper for effective subdued consisting of two or more upright
lighting posts formed by horizontal rails
15.2.5. Decoration – colors are integral part of having one or three openings
architecture, dragons, fish and
grotesque ornaments in glazed 15.3.4. Tombs – not of great
grea t architectural
terra cotta value
15.3. EXAMPLES Xian tomb
15.3.1. Temples Tomb of Qin Shi Huandi near Xian 36
Consists of successive open courts years to build; after construction,
and porticoes; kitchens, covered with a 150 foot hill of
refectories, sleeping cells for earth, escaping detection for 22
priests, steps, gateways, bridges centuries; subterranean vault
15.3.2. Pagodas contains an army of 6000 to 8000
fully-armed terra cotta soldiers, in
battle formation, along with houses
and chariots; no two men looked
alike, all six feet tall – said to be an
exact replica of the emperor’s
emperor ’s live
honor guards, in marching position
with real weapons
Pagodas – most
building, typicalofChinese
formerly religious

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16.1. INFLUENCES
16.1.1. History – Chinese influence, feudalism
15.3.5. Palaces with castes of emperors and
Imperial palaces and official residences nobles, shoguns , military and
were isolated, 1 – storey pavilions
p avilions people; for 200 years, closed to
resembling temples outside world, isolation from
foreign influence;
1854 A.D. commercial treatise with
America and Europe entered intointo
war with China and Russia
16.1.2. Religion – Shinto, indigenous
polydemonism, Buddhism
Principal island Honshu
15.3.6. Houses Smaller islands at north and south, off
No noble country houses; generally 1 – the eastern coast of Asian
storey; governed by building mainland; prevalence of
regulations limiting the dimensions earthquakes, hilly and forested,
and number of columns; un-stratified volcanic stone –
Emperor – bays granites and porphyries
Prince – 7 16.1.4. Climate – winter and summer, heavy
Mandarin –5
Ordinary citizens –3 rainfall
16.2.1. Description – largely derived from
15.3.7. Bridges China, but always maintained its own
15.3.8. Fortifications special characteristics of lightness and
delicacy ; refined
16.2.2. Columniation, capitals – columns of
Chinese form
16.2.3. Roof and Ceiling – dominant feature,
exquisite curvature
16.3. EXAMPLES
16.3.1. Temples – Shinto temples are
distinguished from Buddhist
temples by Torii gateways; Torii
have upright posts supporting 2 or
more horizontal beams;
The Great Wall of China – most worshippers must pass under this
famous of ancient Chinese for prayers to be effective
buildings by Shi Huang Ti; 3700
miles long (1/20 of the earth’s
circumference) from Pacific Ocean
to Gobi desert; gray granite
blocks-enough building materials
to make a 2.40 m. high and 0.90
m. thick wall around the equator;
used whatever materials were
available in the locality – sand, Torii
twigs, stone, pebbles, adobe and
earth
16. JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

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Buddhist temples are entered through 17.1.1. History – influence from Central Asia
an elaborate 2 – storey gateway, through mountain passes in the
surmounted by a room under an north, from Persia and Graeco-
ornate roof Roman Western Asia through
Baluchistan (Afghanistan)
Pagodas – square plan; mostly 5 Excavations at Harappa and Rajasthan
storeys, 45 m. in height, virtually (in present-day Pakistan) indicate
suspended around a central close links of Indus Valley-
timber, stable against earthquake Harappan culture with that of
shocks Mesopotamia
Successive military and economic
incursions brought art and
architecture in Aryan, Persian,
Graeco-Roman, Sassanian,
Muslim, Portuguese, French and
English
17.1.2. Religion
Hindu
Hindu
From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan
invaders
An individual act – only Brahmans can
Japanese Pagoda officiate religious practices
Palaces – simple type, principal hall 6 Buddhist

corridors to 3 different pavilions for Concentrated in monasteries and
the emperor’s family; sometimes stupas or shrines
protected by concave batter walls Salvation or Nirvana
and a moat
House – unpainted wood without any Jain
Jain
surface treatment; no other Salvation through successive rebirths
architecture reveals the structural Rigid asceticism and avoidance of
and aesthetics qualities of wood injury to any living creature
Typical 1 – storey rectangular plan,
vestibule, veranda engawa, living 17.1.3. Geography and Geology
and dining Mountain ranges in the north
Guest rooms Sea on the south and east to west
Recess for flowers and art Indus and Ganges were trade-ways
Rooms for host and hostess and sites of first cities
No distinction between living and 17.1.4. Climate – varied climate, in east,
sleeping apartments, all futon or summer and winter; very heavy
beddings are stored in closets rainfall, warm and humid country
17.2. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
during daytime
Room size determined by “Tatami 17.2.1. Architectural Character
Character – shrines
floor” coverings 1 ken x ½ ken designed for congregational use,
(1.80 m. X 0.90 m.) large groups of worshippers;
mouldings of bulbous character,
Tea Houses often heavily under-cut – strong
Bath Houses shadow lines
17.
Ornament is restrained in character
I17.1.
NDIAN IA
RCHITECTURE
NFLUENCES and extent; painted wall decorations
and bas-relief as social records

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17.2.2. Examples
Viharas – Monasteries; quadrangle

surrounded by veranda
17.3. J AIN ARCHITECTURE
17.3.1. Architectural character
Stambhas or Laths (monumental pillars standing free
Periods:
without any structural function) circular or octagonal
Early Jain
shafts
Early rock-cut caves
Exact stone copies of wood or
thatch structures
Late Jain – 1000 to 1700 A.D.
Temples in central India
Central shrine with a dome or
sphere cover
Lighter and more elegant than
Hindu temples; careful site
selection; temple cities on sacred
Stupas – shrine or domical mounds mountains
with rails, gateways, processional 17.4. HINDU ARCHITECTURE
paths, crowning umbrella; 17.4.1. Architectural Character
Character
regarded as symbols of the Small unit shrine called garbha-gira
universe Spire-shaped sikhara roof
Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing
and music
Chaityas – Assembly hall
Sikhara - a Sanskrit word translating

literally to "mountain peak", refers
to the rising tower in the Hindu
temple architecture of North India

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18. FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean
18.1. INFLUENCES Strategic position – in the path of Far
18.1.1. History East trade
Volcanoes, mountains, seas
PRE-COLONIAL Forests: molave, guijo, yakal, narra,
Immigrants of Malay origin, primitive pine
food gatherers and hunters Bamboo, coconut palm, cogon, grass,
In 3000 B.C., joined by more advanced rattan, nipa,
race from Indonesia Clay, limestone, adobe, marble,
Barangays as tribal system gypsum, granite, coral stone
Converted to Islam in 1300 A.D. Metals
Trade center of the Orient
18.2.Examples
SPANISH RULE 18.2.1. PRE-COLONIAL DWELLING FORMS /
1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed HOUSES
1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Caves –
Caves – basic amenities
amenities found in the
Christianity cave are the paga (sleeping board)
Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, and hearth used for cooking and
unsuccessful revolt by Emilio providing warmth during cold
Aguinaldo seasons
Lean-to (2
Lean-to (2 types)
AMERICAN RULE
AMERICAN a. wind shield or one sided lean-to
Islands cede to America, as a result of w/ or w/o flooring
defeat in war with the USA, b. single-pitched roof w/ rafter
fighting, self-government support
JAPANESE INVASION
December 1941
Puppet government
Liberation by the US under Gen.
McArthur in July 1945
INDEPENDENCE in 1946
3rd largest English speaking nation in
the world
Citadel of Christianity and democracy
in East Asia
Mixture of races; Malay, Chinese, Tree-house
Spanish Generally built in the forked branches
of high trees (6-18 m.) or high
18.1.2. Religion stumps (4.5 - 6 m.) w/c serves as
Roman Catholics foundations houses are anchored
Islam to nearby trees by means of rattan
Protestants
Aglipayan Cordillera Region
Iglesia ni Kristo Isneg
Kalinga
18.1.3. Geography and Geology Bontoc
Archipelago of 7100 islands
islands Ifugao
3 main island groups – Luzon, Visayas Panay Region
and Mindanao Mindanao & Sulu Region

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Badjao Vigan Houses
Samal Antillan Houses
Houses
Yakan Ivatan Houses
Maranao
Ivatan First floor
Mangyan Zaguan – for caroza
Subanun Quadra – horse stable
Mandaya Bodega – store room
Second floor
18.2.2. Spanish Churches Stairway
Calasiao, Pangasinan Caida – ante-sala from stairs
2nd best bell tower by Fr. Ramon Sala – living room
Dalinao Comedor – dining room
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte Dispensa – pantry
By Fr. Joseph Ruiz Letrina or comun – toilet
Sinking bell tower Baño – bath
Las Piñas Church Azotea – open terrace
By fr. Diego Cera Aljibe – water cistern
cistern
Loboc, Bohol Cuarto, alcoba – dormitorio
Biggest number of murals on walls Entresuelo – vault
and ceilings Balcon – balcony
Manila Cathedral Patio – courtyard
By Bishop Domingo Salazar
Miagao Church, Iloilo Early American Period
By Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Notable architects:
Morong Church, Rizal Daniel Burnham – (“Father of City
Exquisite Spanish Baroque style Beautiful Movement” - city
By Fr. Blas dela Madre plan of Manila and Baguio
Panay Church William Parsons
Largest bell from 30 sacks of coins Juan Arellano
donated by townspeople Tomas Mapua
Quiapo Church 1st registered architect in the
Restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose country
Maria Zaragoza Alejandro Legardo
San Agustin Church Antonio Toledo
By Fr. Juan Macias Carlos Baredo
San Sebastian Church
One first steel building Masonic Temple, Escolta – 1st
Steel from Belgium by Eiffel concrete building in Escolta
Taal Church, Batangas Philippine Normal School
By Fr. Martin Aguirre Philippine Normal University
Biggest church University of the Philippines
Sta. Ana Church Padre Faura
By Fr. Vicente Ingles National Museum
Restored by Juan Nakpil Intendencia Building – adjacent to
Sto. Domingo Church, Quezon City Manila Cathedral
By Jose maria Zaragoza Luneta Hotel – 2nd hotel in Asia
Sto. Niño Church, Cebu French Baroque style
By Diego de Herrera Army and Navy Club – rest and
recreation for American
18.2.3. Spanish Houses soldiers

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De La Salle College – by Tomas
Mapua Commonwealth Period
Commonwealth
Rizal Monument Obelisk Notable architects:
Sta. Isabel College Juan Nakpil
1st National artist for
architecture
Pablo Antonio
2nd National artist for
architecture
Enrique Bautista
Gonzalo Baretto
Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro
Pedro
Leandro Locsin
3rd National artist for
architecture
Philippine General Hospital by William Parsons
Far Eastern University Main Building by

Pablo Antonio (Art Deco)
UST Main Building by Roque Rueno
The Metropolitan Theater, Manila

By Juan Arellano (1931)
The Manila Hotel (1st hotel in Asia; 1st with

elevator) by Parsons, renovated by Locsin
Lo csin
in 1975
The Quezon Institute by Juan Nakpil (1930)

The Post Office Building, Manila by Juan Arellano

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IVERS
Agriculture & Finance Building
Crystal Arcade, Escolta
Lyric Theater, Escolta by Juan Nakpil
Ideal Theater by Pablo Antonio
Jai Alai Building – demolished in 2001
Art Deco, streamline
streamline style
style
Ambassador Hotel by Fernando Palma Hall Melchor Hall
Ocampo – 1st skyscraper in the Both by Cesar Concio
country (4 storeys)
Syquia Apartments, Malate by Pablo
Antonio
Natividad Building, Escolta by Andres
Luna y San Pedro
Regina Building, Escolta by Andres
Luna y San Pedro
Rizal Provincial Capitol by Ruperto Gaite
The Quezon Monument (Art deco) by

Federico Ilustre Church of the Holy Sacrifice by Leandro Locsin
UP (thin shell structure)
Philippine Atomic Research Center, Quezon City by

The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio
Cresenciano De Castro

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EAST ERN
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IVERS
World Health Organization Building, Taft Avenus by

Alfredo Luz
Commercial Bank & Trust Building by Juan Nakpil
(Folded Plate Construction)
Insular Life Building, Makati City by Cesar Concio

Church of St. Andrews by Locsin
Philamlife Building, Manila by Carlos Arguelles

Iglesia Ni Kristo Cathedrals by Carlos
Santos Viola
The Meralco Building by Jose Zaragoza
Engineering and former architecture building at

UST by Julio Victor Rocha (using “Brise-
Soleil” – sun breaker)

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San Miguel Corporation Headquarters by Mañosa

Brothers and Landscape architect I.P.
I.P. Santos Ramon Magsaysay Center, Manila by Alfredo Luz
Cultural Center of the Philippines by Locsin

Development Academy of the Philippines by
Felipe Mendoza
Benguet Corporation Building by Locsin Sulu Hotel by the Mañosa Brothers
Philippine Stock Exchange

Building, Makati
GSIS Building (Senate Building) by Jorge Ramos

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Ateneo Professional Pearl Farm Resort

Schools
San Agustin Church by Fr. Juan Macias
Mary Immaculate
Immaculate Church Coconut Palace or
“Tahanang Filipino”
By Francisco Mañosa
Churches: Quiapo Church restored by Juan Nakpil and

Jose Maria Zaragosa
Las Piñas Church by Fr. Diego Cera Sta. Ana Church, Manila by Fr. Vicente
V icente Ingles
restored by Juan Nakpil
Manila Cathedral by Bishop Domingo Salazar Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
(sinking bell tower)

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Loboc Church, Bohol (biggest number of Morong Church, Rizal (Spanish Baroque style by Fr.
murals on walls and ceilings) Blas dela Madre
VERNACULAR TERMS:
Abang –
Abang – dowel
Alahado –
Alahado – flush
Alero –
Alero – eaves
Alulod o kanal –
kanal – gutter
Andanyo –
Andanyo – scaffolding
Asinta –
Asinta – laying of CHB
Asolehos –
Asolehos – wainscoating
wainscoating tiles
Bagad –
Bagad – wall post
Calasiao Church, Pangasinan (2nd best bell tower) Balangkas –
Balangkas – framework
by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Baral de Kadena – chain bolt
Barandillas – baluster
Batidura – astragal
Batidura – fillet
Baytang – tread
Biento – spacing
Biga – beam
Bisagra –hinge
Bolado – projection
Caida
Canal –– hall
groove
De Bandeha – panel door
Miagao Church, Iloilo by Dish rack – bangguerahan
Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Dos aguas – gable roof
Dotal – floorboards
Dulang – low table
Dutcha – shower
Escombro – earth fill
Escondro – crushed stone
Estanyo – Nikolite bar
Estanyo – soldering bar
Estopa – oakum
Guililan – floor sill
Taal Church, Batangas by Fr. Martin Aguirre Hamba

Haspe –pintuan – door jamb
wood grain
(biggest church)

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Hiero – iron Suelo – flooring
Hulog – plumb bob Sombrero pintuan – door head
Kaballete – ridge roll Tabike – exterior siding
Kabilya – reinforcing bars Tabla – wood plank
Kalinya –aligned Takip silipan – riser
Kantero – mason Tambak – fill
Kanto mesa – miter Tapon –plug
Kanto – corner Tirante – bottom chord
Kapatas – foreman Trabe anzo – horizontal stud
Kilo – truss Trankilya – barrel bolt
Kisame – ceiling Tuerka – nut
Kontratista – constructor Tubo de Banada – downspout
Kostilyahe – ceiling joists Unosinotra – alternate/staggered
Kostura – mortar joints Vaciada – rabbet
Krokis – sketch plan
Kuling – girder
Ladrillo – brick
Larga masa – concrete slab
Lastillas – sand & gravel
Latero – tinsmith
Lingueta – GI strap
Liyabe – anchor
Madre de Escalera – closed stringer
Masilya – putty
Media Cana – quarter round
Medya Agua – awning
Palitada, plaster
Pasamano – window sill
Paupo – mortar
Pendulum – king post
Pergola – trellis
Pie de Gallo - brace
Pilarete – vertical stud
Pitsa – washer
Piye – feet
Piyon – laborer
Plantsuela – wrought iron strap
Poleya – wiring knob
Poste – column
Prigadero – sink
Pulgada – inches
Rebokada – scratch coat
Reostra – purlins
Rimatse – rivets
Rodapis – baseboard
Senepa – fascia board
Sepo – girt
Sibe – lean-to-roof
Sinturon – collar
Soleras – floor joists
Staka – stake

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65

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FEU – ALE Review 1

FEU – ALE Review 2

Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex,

3.3.2. PYRAMIDS Khufu

FEU – ALE Review 3

3.3.3. ROCK-CUT or ROCK HEWN TOMBS

granite, monolithic, square

Great Temple of Abu Simbel

FEU – ALE Review 4

4. NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE

FEU – ALE Review 5

Archipelago and islands:

Wall: Cyclopean wall – large

FEU – ALE Review 6

FEU – ALE Review 7

Cyma Recta Cyma Reversa

Reconstructed drawing of the Athenian acropolis in

FEU – ALE Review 8

In-antis – between anta and the front

FEU – ALE Review 9

Temple of Hera, Paestum

DORIC COLUMN: stands without base

IONIC COLUMN: remarkable for its volute

FEU – ALE Review 10

Temple of Athena Nike by Callicrates 427-424 B.C. Temple of Artemis, Ephesus

The Erechtheion, Acropolis by Mnesicles, 421-405 B.C.

Ionic building named after a mythic

FEU – ALE Review 11

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens

THEATERS: An open-air structure in the

FEU – ALE Review 12

FEU – ALE Review 13

6.3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE : M ATERIALS: Marble, mostly white

FEU – ALE Review 14

ROOF AND CEILING: wagon/ barrel/

W ALL: The Maisson, Carree, Nimes; Best

Opus Reticulatum Opus Quasi-Reticulatum

Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum

OPUS QUADRATUM – rectangular

FEU – ALE Review 15

The Theater, Orange

FEU – ALE Review 16

The Circus Maximus, Rome

TOMBS: classes of Roman Tombs

AQUEDUCTS: artificial channel for

FEU – ALE Review 17

FEU – ALE Review 18

7.3.2. CHURCH COMPLEX

7.3.4. TOMBS: burial up to the end of the 4th

Old St. Peter’s, Rome (erected by Constantine near the

Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna

FEU – ALE Review 19

FEU – ALE Review 20

FEU – ALE Review 21

FEU – ALE Review 22

St. Sernin, Toulouse

Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral

Worms Cathedral, Germany

FEU – ALE Review 23