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REEPRO MANUAL
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y KHMER
karplit³]sμ½ntamCnbT
KHMER
EEPROesovePAemeronrbs;
MANUAL
he Use of
esovePAemeronrbs;
REEPRO
karCMrujkareRbIR)as;edayRbsiT§PaBnUvfamBlkekIteLIgvij
Developing
REEPRO
EEPROkñPromotion
úgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_of
rbs;the Use of
karCMrujkareRbIR)as;edayRbsiT§PaBnUvfamBl
REEPRO
enewable Energies in Developing

ountriesKHMER
shRKinPaBsMrab;GñkCMnaj
nigRKUbeRgon
kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_rbs; REEPRO
hVÚtUv:ultaGiuc
famBlsULasMrab;GñkCMnaj
nigRKUbeRgon
famBlCIv³m:as;sMrab;GñkCMnaj
karBiesaFn_elI
nigRKUbeRgon
ntrepreneurship for
famBlsU L asM r ab; G ñ k bec© k eTs
LexSolar
xperts and
ers
Trainers
nigRKUbeRgon
ers famBlCIv³m:as;sMrab;Gñkbec©keTs
nigRKUbeRgon
nigRKUbeRgon
olar Energy forrab;Gñkbec©keTs
ers shRKinPaBsM
xperts and Trainers
nigRKUbeRgon famBlsULasMrab;GñkCMnaj
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kMrit 1
esovePAemeronsMrab;GñkCMnaj nigRKUbeRgon
esovePAemeronsMrab;GñkCMnaj
kMrit 1
iomass Energy for kMrit 2

anual
esovePAemeronsMrab;Gñkbec©keTs
xperts and Trainers famBlCIv³m:as;sMrab;GñkCMnaj
esovePAemeronsM r ab; G ñ k
kMrit 2
bec© keTs
nigRKUbeRgon
olar Energy for
echnicians and Trainers famBlsULasMrab;Gñkbec©keTs
nigRKUbeRgon
iomass Energy for
echnicians and Trainers famBlCIv³m:as;sMrab;Gñkbec©keTs
nigRKUbeRgon
ntrepreneurship for
echnicians and Trainers shRKinPaBsMrab;Gñkbec©keTs
nigRKUbeRgon
evel 1
xpert Training manual
kMrit 1
evel 2
echnician Training manual
kMrit 2
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_
GKÁisnIBnøWRBHGaTitü
esovePAemeron kMrit 2 sMrab;Gñkbec©keTs
eroberogeday
bNÐit xaMpn Nan;favg; énsaklviTüal½yCatiLav
Exvicäika qñaM2008
The REEPRO project receives funding from the European Commission within the COOPENER Programme.
The sole responsibility for the content of this document lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European
Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Photovoltaic
matika
1 RbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü .......................................................................................................... 11
1>1 etIRbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüCaGIV?......................................................................................... 11
1>2 PaBdUcKñarvagRbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü nigkarRtg;TwkePøóg................................................ 12
1>3 kareRbIR)as;RbB½næsULa .......................................................................................................... 14
2 GKÁisnI......................................................................................................................................... 17
2>1 mUldæanRKwHGKÁisnI .................................................................................................................. 17
2>2 rgVas;GKáisnI .......................................................................................................................... 32
3 pÞaMgkBa©k;GKÁisnIRBHGaTitü ........................................................................................................38
3>1 esckþIepþIm...............................................................................................................................38
3>2 kartbnÞHekasikaGKÁisnIRBHGaTitü........................................................................................ 39
3>2>1 kartCaes‘rI..................................................................................................................... 39
3>2>2 kartCaExñg .................................................................................................................... 41
3>3 GVIeTACalTæplGKÁÁIsnIEdlplit)an...................................................................................... 43
3>4 Pöab;pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüEdlmanlkçNHdUcKña .................................................................46
3>4>1 kartCaesrI......................................................................................................................46
3>4>2 kartCaExñg .................................................................................................................... 47
3>4>3 kartCaExñg nigtCaesrI ................................................................................................. 47
3>5 karP¢ab;pÞaMgnImYy²EdlmanlkçN³epSgKña ............................................................................48
3>5>1 tP¢ab;Caes‘rI ....................................................................................................................48
3>5>2 kartCaExñg .....................................................................................................................50
3>6 kardMeLIgpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü ............................................................................................... 51
4 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitü ...................................................................................................................... 52
4>1 esckþIepþIm............................................................................................................................... 52
4>2 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarsakGaKuy ..................................................................................... 52
Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
1
Photovoltaic
4>3 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarepÞrGaKuy....................................................................................... 53
4>4 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitü ................................................................................................................. 53
5 GaKuy .......................................................................................................................................... 55
5>1 esckþIepþIm ............................................................................................................................... 55
5>2 GaKuyGasuIt ........................................................................................................................... 55
5>2>1 lkçN³BiessénRbB½n§GaKuyBnøWRBHGaTitü................................................................... 57
5>2>2 lT§PaBpÞúkbnúÞkGKÁuisnI .................................................................................................. 57
5>2>3 kaEfTaMGaKuy ................................................................................................................ 63
5>2>4 kareFVI[GaKuymansmPaB ............................................................................................ 64
6 ExScMlg ...................................................................................................................................... 65
6>1 esckþIepþIm ............................................................................................................................... 65
6>2 TMnak;TMngén)a:ra:EmtbNþajExSePøIg nigkar)at;bg;GanuPabGKÁisnI ...................................... 65
6>3 RbePTExSrePøIg ....................................................................................................................... 66
6>4 kareRCIserIsmuxRtwmRtUvénExS ............................................................................................... 68
6>4>1 karKNnamuxkat;ExS ...................................................................................................... 69
6>4>2 kareRbIR)as;tarageRCIserIsExS..................................................................................... 71
6>4>3 eRbItarageRCIserIsExSsMrab;P¢ab;BI]bkrN_eRcIneTAGaKuy........................................... 73
6>4>4 TMhMExSsMrab;]bkrN_EdledIredaym:UT½r ........................................................................ 75
7 ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;......................................................................................................................... 80
7>1 esckþIepþIm ............................................................................................................................... 80
7>2 GMBUlGKÁisnI............................................................................................................................ 80
7>3 TUrTwkkk..................................................................................................................................81
7>4 TUrkøaes ...................................................................................................................................82
7>5 vIedGU nigTUrTsSn_ ...................................................................................................................82
7>6 viTüú nig]bkrN_esþer:GU .......................................................................................................... 83
2 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
7>7 ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;epSg² .........................................................................................................83

8 karKNnaTMhMrbs;RbBn§½sULa .....................................................................................................85
8>1 esckþIepþIm................................................................................................................................85
8>2 karKNnaTMhMxñatRtwmRtUvrbs;pÞaMgsULa ................................................................................85
8>2>1 famBlGKÁisnI)at;bg; ....................................................................................................85
8>2>2 emKuNsMrab;pÞaMgkB©ak; ................................................................................................... 86
8>2>3 karkMNt;TMhMpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü ..................................................................................89
8>3 karkMNt;TMhMGaKuy................................................................................................................ 91
8>4 karkMnt;]bkrN_RtYtBinitü³ ................................................................................................... 93
8>5 karkMnt;ExSr............................................................................................................................. 94
9 kardMeLIgRbB½n§sULa ...................................................................................................................96
9>1 ]bkrN_eRbIR)as; .....................................................................................................................96
9>2 kardMeLIgpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü ....................................................................................................96
9>3 kardak;ExSrePøIg ...................................................................................................................... 97
9>4 kartMeLIg]bkrN_RtYtBinitü ................................................................................................... 99
9>5 kardMeLIgGaKuy ...................................................................................................................100
10 karEfTaMRbB½n§pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü .............................................................................................. 101
10>1eskþIepþIm ............................................................................................................................. 101
10>2etIRtUveFVIGVIxøHkñúgGMLúkeBlEfTaM? ...................................................................................... 101
10>3c,ab;kñúgkarEfTaM (from UNESCO manual) ....................................................................... 102
10>4karkt;RtaTukBIkarEfTaM........................................................................................................105
11 rkbBaðaEdlekItmanelIRbB½næsULanigkarCusCul ................................................................... 106
11>1sckIþepIþm............................................................................................................................ 106
11>2RbePTénkarxUcrbs;RbB½næ ................................................................................................. 106
11>2>1TI1 RbB½næTaMgmUl ...................................................................................................... 106
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
3
Photovoltaic
11>2>2TI2 eRKOgeRbIR)as;mYycMnYnxUc ..................................................................................110

11>2>3TI3³ RbB½nædMeNIrkar b:uEnþvaGs;famBlelÓneBk ................................................... 112
Éksareya ....................................................................................................................................... 122

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
bBa¢IrUbPaB
rUbTI 1 RbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü (UNESCO manual) .............................................................. 11
rUbTI 2 PaBdUcKñarvagRbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü nigkarRtg;TwkePøóg A SIMILAR IDEA
(UNESCO MANUAL)......................................................................................... 12
rUubTI 3³ PaBRsedogKñarvagRbB½næpÞaMgkBa¢k;RBHGaTitünigTwkePøóg (UNESCO MANUAL) ........ 13

rUTI 4 mUldæanRKwHénRbB½næGKÁisnIRBHGaTitü nigkareRbIR)as; (SOURCE: FLORIDA ENERGY
CENTER) ............................................................................................................. 14
rUbTI 5 kareRbIR)as;famBlsULaxñattUc (KAMWORKS) ......................................................... 14

rUbTI 6 RbB½næsULatampÞHenAtMbn;KμanbNþajGKÁisnIkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn¾ ................................ 15
rUbTI 7 TUkfamBlsULa ............................................................................................................ 15
rUbTI 8 begÁalePøIgbMPøWpøÚveRbIfamBlsULa .................................................................................. 15
rUbTI 9 sßanIy_bþÚrsakGaKuypÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü (RETSCREEN.NET)................................. 16
rUbTI 10 karbUmTwkedayeRbIsULa (RETSCREEN.NET)........................................................... 16
rUbTI 11 RbB½n§pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüP¢ab;CamYybNþajGKÁisnIxñattUc (RETSCREEN.NET).... 16
rUbTI 12 RbB½n§pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüP¢ab;CamYybNþaj ............................................................ 17
rUbTI 13 PaBRsedogKñarvagsMBaFTwknigsMBaFGKÁisnI ............................................................... 18
rUbTI 14 crnþGKÁisnIenAkñúgExScMlg............................................................................................ 18
rUbTI 15 bMBg;Evg manmuxkat;tUcmanersIusþg; lMhUrx<s; (UNESCO MANUAL) ........................ 19
rUbTI 16 bMBg; nig ExSEdlmanmuxkat;epSgKñaman ersIusþg;epSgKña ............................................... 20
rUbTI 17 GnuPaBGaRs½yelIcrnþTwkhUr (UNESCO MANUAL)................................................. 21
rUbTI 18 GMBUlmUlsIuGnuPaBFMCagGMBUlPøúyGrersg................................................................... 22
rUbTI 19 ]TahrN_ GanuPaB nigfamBl (ADAPTED FROM KAMWORKS) ........................ 25
rUbTI 20 TahrN_kareRbIR)as;famBlrbs;]bkrN_epSg² (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO
MANUAL) ........................................................................................................... 27

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
5
Photovoltaic
rUbTI 21 GaKuy2 tCaes‘rI ........................................................................................................ 28

rUbTI 22 GaKuy 2tCaExñg ....................................................................................................... 28
rUbTI 23 ]TahrN_ esoKIVGKÁisnI (KAMWORKS) ....................................................................29
rUbTI 24 crnþCab; [WWW.CIPCO.APOGEE.NET] ................................................................31
rUbTI 25 bNþajEckcay famBlGKÁisnI AC (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO MANUAL) ......32
rUbTI 26 elxepSgKñarbs; m:ulTI-EmRt ..................................................................................... 33
rUbTI 27 rebobvas;crnþedayeRbImu:l-TIEmRt (ADAPTED FROM KAMWORKS) ................. 33
rUbTI 28 KNnacrnþkñúgbgÁúMCaExñg niges‘rI (ADAPTED FROM KAMWORKS) ........................... 34
rUbTI 29 karvas;tg;süúg ........................................................................................................... 34
rUbTI 30 karKNnatg;süúgcMeBaHbgÁúMCaes‘rI nigExñg (ADAPTED FROM KAMWORKS)........ 35
rUbTI 31 KNnaersuIsþg;smmUlenAkñúgbgÁúMCaes‘rI nigCaExñg (KAMWORKS) ............................. 36
rUbTI 32 TMrg;RKIsþarbs;sULa (DGS MANUAL)...................................................................... 38
rUbTI 33 ekasikasULapÞaMgkBa©k; nigkardMerobpÞaMgkBa©k; (RETSCREEN.NET) ........................ 38
rUbTI 34 kartCaes’rIrbs;3 bnÞHsULa (LEXSOLAR KIT) ....................................................... 39
rUbTI 35 karvas;tg;süúgénkartes‘rI (LEXSOLAR KIT).......................................................... 40
rUbTI 36 karvas;crnþeBltes‘rI (LEXSOLAR KIT) ................................................................. 41
rUbTI 37 kartCaExñg (LEXSOLAR KIT) ................................................................................ 41
rUbTI 38 karvas;tg;süúgkñúgkrNItCaExñg (LEXSOLAR KIT)..................................................42
rUbTI 39 karvas;crnþrbs;bnÞHsULatCaExñg (LEXSOLAR KIT) ................................................42
rUbTI 40 RbsiTæiPaBénépÞrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü ................................................................. 43
rUbTI 41 RbsiTæiPaBrbs;BnøWRBHGaTitü (UNESCO MANUAL & PV PRESENTATION) ........ 43
rUbTI 42 TItaMgrbs;RBHGaTitüEdlnwgRtUvpøas;bþÚreTAtamrdUv (SOURCE: DGS GUIDE) ............. 45
rUbTI 43 kartCaesrI nig tCaExñg ............................................................................................... 46
rUbTI 44 kartCaes‘rI-Exñg énpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü............................................................................ 48

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
rUbTI 45 tg;süúgrbs;pÞaMgtUc²EdlmanlkçN³xusKñatCaes‘rI (LEXSOLAR KIT) .....................49

rUbTI 46 crnþqøgkat;pÞaMgxus²KñakñúgkrNItCaes‘rI (LEXSOLAR KIT)........................................50
rUbTI 47 crnþbgÁúMCaExñgrvagpÞaMgtUc²EdlmanlkçN³xusKña (LEXSOLAR KIT) ..........................50
rUbTI 48 karP¢ab;CamYyEdk\tERcsrWk¾vIsmansuvtßiPaBnigRbqaMgnwgPaBERcsnigPaB FUrrlug
(ADAPTED FROM UNESCO MANUAL)......................................................... 51
rUbTI 49 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarsakGaKuy (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO MANUAL) ...... 52

rUbTI 50 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarepÞrbnÞúk (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO MANUAL) ........... 53
rUbTI 51 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitü (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO MANUAL).................................54
rUbTI 52 DIy:UtBnøWén]bkrN_RtYtBinitühVÚkUsbgðajnUvkMritbnÞúkxus²Kñarbs;GaKuy
(KAMWORKS) ....................................................................................................54
rUbTI 53 GaKuyGasuIt-sMn Twk (KAMWORKS) .......................................................................55

rUbTI 54 GaKuyEdlmanpøakdac;BIKña (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO MANUAL) .................... 56
rUbTI 55 RtYtBinitüTWkenAkúñugFug (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO MANUAL)........................... 60
rUbTI 56 RtYtBinitükMritTwkGasIutCamYy]bkrN_GIuRdUEm:t (KAMWORKS)................................ 61
rUbTI 57 RbePTExSrcMlg (UNESCO MANUAL).................................................................... 67
rUbTI 58 ExSePøIgEdlmanExScMlgBIr (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO MANUAL).................... 68
rUbTI 59 ]TahrN¾énesoKVIbMPøWFmμtamYy (ADAPTED FROM KAMWORKS)......................... 70
rUbTI 60 RbEvgExSBitR)akd (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO MANUAL) ................................ 71
rUbTI 61 ]bkrN_ # RbePTRtUv)anP¢ab;eTAExSEtmYy (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO
MANUAL) ........................................................................................................... 74
rUbTI 62 GMBUlGKÁisnI (A) GMBULMUL NIG (B) GMBULEMRT........................................ 80

rUbTI 63 dMeLIgGMBUlenAkEnøgEdlcaM)ac; ................................................................................... 81
rUbTI 64 TUrTwkkksuIePøIgeRcInCag GMBUl ..................................................................................... 81
rUbTI 65 TUrkøaes ....................................................................................................................... 82
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
7
Photovoltaic
rUbTI 66 TUrTsSn_ ..................................................................................................................... 82

rUbTI 67 viTüú nig ]bkrN_esþer:GU ............................................................................................... 83
rUbTI 68 kgðar..........................................................................................................................83
rUbTI 69 tMNExSkñúgRbB½n§crnþqøas; minGacGnuvtþn_)ansMrab;RbB½n§pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü (ADAPTED
FROM UNESCO MANUAL) .............................................................................. 98
rUbTI 70 tMNRbePTvIs CatMNl¥sMrab;RbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitü........................................................... 98

rUbTI 71 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüRbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitütampÞH ................................................................. 99
rUbTI 72 kartGaKuyminRtwmRtUv .............................................................................................. 100
rUbTI 73 karP¢ab;eGayENn rbs;GaKuyLan........................................................................... 100
rUbTI 74 bBaðaekIteLIgcMeBaHpÞaMgRbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitü ................................................................102
rUbTI 75 kartMeLIg nigkartMEhTaMpÞaMgRbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitü min)anRtwmRtUv (REEPRO SURVEY)102
rUbTI 76 kartMelIgPab;ExSnigtMelIg]bkrN_minsmRsb ......................................................... 103
rUbTI 77 kartP©ab;nigkarEfTaMminRtwmRtUvrbs;GaKuy................................................................ 104
rUbTI 78 karkt;RtaelIkarEfTaMmansarsMxan; (UNESCO MANUAL) ..................................... 105

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
bBa¢Itarag
tarag 1 EpñksMxan;²énRbB½næsULa nig TwkePøóg (UNESCO manual) .............................................. 13
tarag 2 ]bkrN_ GKÁIsnIEdleRbIkñúg RbBn½§pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitünignimitþsBaØarbs;va (KAMWORKS)29
tarag 3 taragExSsþg;da sMrab;eRbICamYyRbB½nætg;süúg !@v:ul (adapted from UNESCO manual) ... 71
tarag 4 karKNnaRbEvgExSGtibrma ................................................................................................ 73
tarag 5 krNI]bkrN_eRcInP¢ab;eTAnwgExSEtmYy ............................................................................... 75
tarag 6 RbsiT§PaBRbB½næsULa (Dolbelman, 2007)............................................................................ 87
tarag 7 karkMnt;GakasFatu nig PGF epSgeTot (UNESCO manual 2001)................................ 88
tarag 8 5CMhankñúgkarkMnt;TMhMkBa©k;RsUbBnøWRBHGaTitü edayeRbI PGF (adapted from
TTM_UNESCO 2001) ..................................................................................................... 89
tarag 9 4CMh‘ankñúgkarkMNt;TMhMGaKuy (TTM_UNESCO 2001) ................................................. 91

tarag 10 ]bkrN_sMxan;sMrab; dMeLIgRbB½n§sULatampÞH (KAMWORKS)........................................96
taragbEnßm
taragbEnßm 1 PaBCak;lak;énkarkMNt;TMhMExSEdlPöab;eTAbnÞúkeRcInrWPöab;eTA
bnÞHsULaRbB½n§tg;süúg12v:ul ..................................................................................... 115
taragbEnßm 2 TMhMExSsþg;d kñúgRbB½n§tg;süúg 12v:ul .................................................................... 116
taragbEnßm 3 PaBCak;lak;énkarkMNt;TMhMExSkñúgRbB½n§tg;süúg24v:ul ....................................... 117
taragbEnßm 4 TMhMExSsþg;dakñúgRbB½n§tg;süúg 24v:ul (adapted from UNESCO_2000) .............. 118
taragbEnßm 5 karkMnt;TMhMrbs;RbB½næsULa ..................................................................................... 119

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
9
Photovoltaic
List of Acronymes
AC Alternating current
DC Direct current
PGF Panel Generation factor
PV Photovoltaic
RE Renewable energy
SHS Solar Home System
SOC State of Charge

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
1 RbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü
1>1 etIRbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüCaGIV?
RbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitübMElgBnøWRBHGaTitüCaGKÁisnI. karbMElgenHRbRBwtþeTA edaykareRbIR)as;
bnÞHRsUbBnøWRBHGaTitü edIm,IeFIVeGaygayRsYleyIgnwgehARbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü RtwmEt
RbB½næsULa ¬rUbTI 1¦.
BnøWRBHGaTitümkb:HpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüehIybMElgeTACafamBlGKÁIsnI dUecñHBnøWRBHGaTitümkb:H
pÞaMgkBa©k;kan;EteRcIn enaHeKTTYlfamBlGKÁIsnIkan;EteRcIn. BnøWRBHGaTitüxusKñaGaRs½yelI
eBlevla éf¶ ExnigqñaM k¾dUcCalkçxNÐGakasFatupgEdr. enAeBlmanePøógeRcIn BnøWRBHGaTitü tic-
tUYcCHmkdl; pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü ehtudUcenHehIyfamBlGKÁIsnItictYcRtUv)anplit.
rUbTI 1 RbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü (UNESCO manual)

eBlEdlmanePøóg GKÁisnItictYcRtUv)anplit. eBlyb;pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüminGacplitfamBl
GKÁisnIeT eTaHbICaRBHc½nÞhak;bIdUcCabeBa©jBnøWxøaMgya:gNak¾eday. CaFmμtaeKRtUvkarfamBl

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
11
Photovoltaic
GKÁisnI enAeBlyb; dUcenHeKRtUvrkSafamBlGKÁisnIEdl)anbegáIteLIgeBléf¶TukkñúgGaKuy. eK

GaceRbIR)as;famBlBIGaKuyRKb;eBl dUcCa eRbIsMrab; bMPøW ebIkviTüú nig TUrTsSn¾.
1>2 PaBdUcKñarvagRbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü nigkarRtg;TwkePøóg
crnþGKÁisnImanclnakñúgExSePøIgdUcTwkhUrkñúgTuyeyaEdr. edIm,Igayyl;BIRbB½næGKÁisnIeyIg Gac
eRbóbeFobCamYyRbBn½æTwk TwkhUrGacemIleXIj niggayyl;.
rUbTI 2 PaBdUcKñarvagRbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü nigkarRtg;TwkePøóg a similar idea (UNESCO

manual)
brimaNTwkEdlTTYl)anGaRs½ynwgGakasFatu. éf¶xøHmanePøógeRcInnigéf¶xøHKμanePøógesaH dUecñHeK

Rtg;TwkTukéf¶EdlmanTwkeRcInehIyéf¶epSgeTotmin)anRtg;TwkTukeT. dUcKñaenHnigfamBlGKÁisnI
EdlplitedayRbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüERbRbYleTAtamGakasFatu.
éf¶EdlRBHGaTitübeBa©jBnøWxøaMg RbB½næsULaplitfamBlGKÁisnI)aneRcIn enAeBlEdlmanBBk
RbB½næsULaplitfamBlGKÁisnI)antic. eBlxøH vamanBnøWRBHGaTitüCaeRcInéf¶ eBlxøHeTot-

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
vamanBBkCaeRcInéf¶Edr. dUcenHTinñplénRbBn½æTaMgBIr RbB½næsULa nig karRtg;TwkePøógGaRs½yelI

GakasFatu. kñúgtarag 1 nig rUbTI3
tarag 1 EpñksMxan;²énRbB½næsULa nig TwkePøóg (UNESCO manual)
TwkePøóg RbB½næsULa
RbPB ePøóg BnøWRBHGaTitü
karRbmUl dMbUl pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü
karbBa¢ar va:n ]bkrN_RtYtBinitü
karpÞúk Fug GaKuy
karbBa¢Ún Tuyeya ExScMlg
eRbIR)as; ]bkrN¾eRbIR)as; ]bkrN¾eRbIR)as;
rUubTI 3³ PaBRsedogKñarvagRbB½næpÞaMgkBa¢k;RBHGaTitünigTwkePøóg (UNESCO manual)

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Photovoltaic
1>3 kareRbIR)as;RbB½næsULa
RbB½næsULaRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;elI]bkrN_EdlmanfamBltUcrhUt]bkrN_TMhMFM 2 bJ 3 emhÁava:t;
eLIgeTA. eKeRbIR)as;RbB½næsULa sRmab;bMPøW GaKarBaNiC¢kmμ bMPøWsaFarN³ pÞHenACnbT nig tamPUmi
karkMsanþtamCnbT bMPøWtammNÐlsuxPaB nig rkSava:ksaM .l. RbB½næBnøWRBHGaTitüGac dMeNIrkar-
dac;edayELkBIbNþajGKÁisnI nig karBarBIkarxVHxatfamBleRbIR)as; . RbB½næsULaGaceRbIR)as;
enAtamtMbn;x<g;rab nigtMbn;dac;Rsyal mantMélefakCagkarP¢ab;bNþaj GKÁIsnIeRbIR)as;man
tMélx<s;.
rUbTI 4 mUldæanRKwHénRbB½næGKÁisnIRBHGaTitü nigkareRbIR)as; (Source: Florida Energy center)
rUbTI 5 kareRbIR)as;famBlsULaxñattUc (Kamworks)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
rUbTI 6 RbB½næsULatampÞHenAtMbn;KμanbNþajGKÁisnIkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn¾
rUbTI 7 TUkfamBlsULa
rUbTI 8 begÁalePøIgbMPøWpøÚveRbIfamBlsULa
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
15
Photovoltaic
rUbTI 9 sßanIy_bþÚrsakGaKuypÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü (RETscreen.net)
rUbTI 10 karbUmTwkedayeRbIsULa (RETscreen.net)
rUbTI 11 RbB½n§pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüP¢ab;CamYybNþajGKÁisnIxñattUc (RETscreen.net)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
= ~
rUbTI 12 RbB½n§pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüP¢ab;CamYybNþaj
2 GKÁisnI
2>1 mUldæanRKwHGKÁisnI
RbB½næTwknigRbB½næRBHGaTitümandMeNIkardUcKña. sMBaFTwk TwkhUr maDTwk GanuPaB nigfamBl
esÞIEtmanlkçN³dUcKñanigGKÁisnI. GIVEdlCabBðacMeBaHGKÁisnIKWeyIgemIlmineXIj . b:uEnþeyIgGac
emIleXIjcMeBaHRbB½næTwk dUecñHedIm,Iyl;BIRbB½n§GKÁIsnI eyIgGaceRbobeFobeTA nwgRbB½næTwk.
tg;süúg nigTnøak;tg;süúg
sMBaFTwkCakMlaMgEdlrujRcanTwkEdlhUrenAkñúgbMBg;. sMBaFGKÁisnI tg;süúg CakMlaMgrujRcan
crnþGKÁisnIeGayrt;enAkñúgExScMlg. xñatrbs;tg;süúgKitCavu:l (V) tg;süúg CakMlaMgGKÁisnI
EdlbNþaleGayeGT,icRtugesrIpøas;BIGatUmmYyeTAGatUmmYyepSgeTot. ehIymannimitþsBaØa E
CakMlaMgGKÁisnIclkr. tg;süúgsMedAelIPaBxusKñarvagb:Utg;Esül éncMnuc 2 elIwExScMlg.
tg;süúgTab 1.5V Edlvapþl;edayfμBils¶ÜtehIyvaRtUveKeRbIkñúgBilnigviTüú. tg;süúgmFümBI 120-
240V eRbItampÞH. tg;süúgx<s;mantMélFMCag 1000V RtUveKeRbIsMrab;bBa¢ÚnfamBlEdlmancMgay
q¶ay. RbB½næsULatampÞHPaKeRcIneRbItg;süúg 12V.

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Photovoltaic
rUbTI 13 PaBRsedogKñarvagsMBaFTwknigsMBaFGKÁisnI
maD
brimaNTwkenAkñúgFug KWCamaDTwk KitCaEm:Rt rW lIRt. brimaN ¬rgVas;maD¦ GKÁisnIKW kUT,úM. fμBil
GacmanbnÞúk 1500kUT,Mú. fμsUT,aGacmanbnÞúk 360000kUT,Mú. rgVas;epSgeTot KW GMEB Em:Rt.
1 GMEBrem:ag = 3600kUT,Mú
crnþ
karpøas;TIkat;bMBg;rbs;TwkehAlMhUr. xñatmaDTwkEdlhUrkñúgbMBg; KitCalIRt rW Em:RtKUbkñúg mYy
xñateBl ¬vinaTI naTI em:ag ¦. CaTUeTAeKKitvakñúgEm:RtKUbkñúgmYyem:ag.
eBlGKÁisnIpøas;TIenAkñúgExScMlgeKehAvaCacrnþGKÁisnI. crnþGKÁisnIRtUvvas;edayGMEB (A). 1GMEB
esμIr 1kUT,úMkñúgry³eBlmYyvinaTI. lMhUréncrnþGKÁisnIekIteT,IgeBleGT,icRtugpøas;TIBIGatUmmYyeTA
GatUmmYyeTot ¬rUbTI 14¦.
rUbTI 14 crnþGKÁisnIenAkñúgExScMlg
tMéltg;süúgekIneLIgRtUvnwgGanuPaBEdlRtUvkarnigcMgayBIRbPBpÁt;pÁg;eTAbnÞúk.
• fμBil 1.5V eRbIsMrab;Bilmantg;süúgTab ehIyGacpÁt;pÁg;GanuPaB)an eRbIR)as;)an.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
• GaKuy 12V GacpÁt;pÁg;]bkrN_EdlmanGanuPaBmFüm)an

• tg;süúg 240V GacpÁt;pÁg;]bkrN_EdlmanGanuPaBx<s; nigbBa¢Ún)anq¶ay
ersuIsþg; (Ohm or Ω)
bMBg;TwkEvghUryWtCagbMBg;TwkxøIEdlmanTMhMdUcKña eRBaHBi)akrujRcanTwkeGayqøgkat;bMBg;Twk ehIy
vanwgrujRcanTwkRtlb;mkvij edaykMlaMgEdlRbqaMgnwgTwkhUr. kMlaMgEdlRbqaMgnwgTwkhUr ehAfa
lMhUrénersIusþg; rW ersIusþg;Fmμta .
ersIusþg;énTwkhUrenAkñúgbMBg;Twk vabEnßmCamYyRbEvgbMBg;Twk. dUecñHbMBg;TwkEdlmanRbEvgBIrdg
vaBi)akrujRcanTwkeGayqøgkat;bMBg;TwkBIrdgdUcKña. edIm,IrujRcanTwk eGayqøgkat;bMBg;TwktUc man
karBi)akCagbMBg;TwkFM. ersIusþg;ekIneLIgcMeBaHmuxbMBg;TwktUc. muxbMBg;Twkrbs;TueyaTwkhUrKWehAfa
muxkat; KitCasg;TIEmRt kaer: (cm2) . RbsinebIbMBg;Twikmanmuxkat; 5 sg;TIEmRtkaer vanwgman
tMélersIusþg;én TwkhUrBIrdgdUcbMBg; Edlmanmuxkat; 10sm2 ¬rUbTI 15¦.
ersIusþg;GKÁisnIpÞúyBIcrnþGKÁisnIEdlqøgkat;ersIusþg; mann½yfa ebIersIusþg;ekIn enaHcrnþfycuH pÞúy
eTAvijebIersIusþg;fycuHenaHcrnþekIn. xñatrbs;ersIusþg;KitCa GUm rW Ω. dUcKñaEdrenAkñúgkrNITwkhUr
ExSePøIgEdlmanGgát;p©ittUcvamanersIusþg;FM Cag ExSePøIgEdlmanGgát;p©itFM ehIy ExSRbEvg maner-
sIusþg;FMCagExS xøI ¬rUbTI 16¦ .
rUbTI 15 bMBg;Evg manmuxkat;tUcmanersIusþg; lMhUrx<s; (UNESCO Manual)

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Photovoltaic
rUbTI 16 bMBg; nig ExSEdlmanmuxkat;epSgKñaman ersIusþg;epSgKña

c,ab;GUm (Ohm’s law)
U = I×R
-U tg;süúgGKÁisnIelIersIusþg; KitCa v:;ul (V)

- I crnþGKÁisnIEdlqøgkat;ersIusþg; KitCa GMEB (A)
- R ersIusþg;GKÁisnI KitCaGUm (Ω)
]TahrN¾ 1
ersIusþg;mYymantMél 6Gum nigmantg;süúg 24v:ul. etIcrnþEdlqøgkat;ersIusþg;mantMél
b:unμan?
U
U = I×R⇒ I = = 24/6 = 4 A
R
]TahrN¾ 2
tg;süúg 12V nigcrnþ 4A qøgkat;ersIusþg;. etIersIusþg;mantMélb:unμanGUm ?
U
U = I×R⇒ R = = 12/4 = 3 Ω
I
]TahrN¾ 3
ersIusþg;mYymantMél 3 Ω nig mancrnþqøgkat; 2 A. etItg;süúgEdlqøgkat;ersIusþg;man
tMélb:unμan?
U = I×R =2 X 3 = 6 V

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
GnuPaBGKÁisnI
GnuPaBGKÁisnIKWCalT§PaBeFVIkargar. m:asIunmYyEdlmanGnuPaBFM vaGacpÁt;pÁg;)aneRcIn. GñkEdl
rs;enAEk,rsÞwgdwgBIGnuPaBénclnaTwk. RbsinebIGñkdak;édenATwkEdlkMBughUrenaHGñknwgman
GarmμN_faTwkkMBugrujRcanédrbs;Gñk. RbsinebIkMBs;Twkx<s;ehIyhUr elOnenaH GnuPaBrbs;
TwkhUrKWFM.
ebIKitGMBITwkEdlhUrBIk,alma:sIunedayGagsþúkTwkePøógvij RbsinebIk,alma:sIunTwkRtUv)an ebIktic²
enaHkMlaMgTwkhUrenAxageRkamédrbs;GñkKWexSay . ehIyRbsinebIGñkebIkk,al ma:sIunTwk eGayFM
enaHGnuPaBTwkhUrk_kan;EtFMEdr )ann½yfaGnuPaBekIneLIg naMeGaycrnþTwk hUrekIneLIg. dUecñHcrnþ
TwkhUrmantMélesμIBIrdg enaHGnuPaBmantMélesμIBIrdgEdr ¬rUbTI 17¦.
rUbTI 17 GnuPaBGaRs½yelIcrnþTwkhUr (UNESCO manual)

dUcKñaEdr ebIsintg;süúgekIneLIg 2dg nigcrnþenAdEdl enaHGnuPaBvaekIneLIg 2dgEdr. ebIs-
intg;süúgekIneLIg 3 dg nigcrnþenAdEdl enaHGnuPaBvaekIneLIg 3dg ehIyebIsintg;süúgekIn
eLIg 2dg nigcrnþekIneLIg 3dg enaHGnuPaBvaekIneLIg 6dg.
rYbmnþGnuPaBGKÁisnIkMnt;eday P = I ×U
- P GnuPaBGKÁisnI KitCa va:t; (W)
- I crnþGKÁisnI KitCa GMEB ()
- U tg;süg;GKÁisnI KitCa v:ul (V)

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Photovoltaic
ebIeyIgeRbIGMBUlCamYyRbB½næsULaEdlmantg;süúg 12v:ul crnþEdlqøgkat;vaman 2A enaH GnuPaB

rbs;va 24W .
rUbTI 18 GMBUlmUlsIuGnuPaBFMCagGMBUlPøúyGrer:sg;
]TahrN¾ 4
m:asuInvIedGUsIucrnþ 30Anigmantg;süúg 12V GnuPaBEdlsIuedayvIedGU³
30A X 12V = 360W
ma:sIunbUmTwksIucrnþ 10A nig mantg;süúg 48V GnuPaBEdlsIuedayma:sIunbUmTwk :

10 A X 48 V = 480 W
ebIcrnþmantMélesμI2dgnig tg;süúgmantMélesμI3dg etImanGVIekIteLIgcMeBaHGnuPaB?

naMeGayGnuPaBmantMélesμI 6dg
ebIcrnþmantMélesμI2dgnigtg;süúgmantMélesμI0.5 dg etImanGVIekIteLIgcMeBaH GnuPaB?
naMeGayGnuPaBmantMélesμI 1 nig GnuPaBdUcedIm
ebIeyIgdwgGnuPaBCa v:at; eyIgGacKNnacrnþedayEck nigtg;süúg. eyIgGacKNna tg;süúg

edayEck nigcrnþ.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
lMhat; 1 GnuPaBnig famBlrbs;]bkrN_ (RbPB: KAMWORKS)
etI]bkrN_ xageRkamsuIGanuPaBrbs;b:nμankñúg1vinaTI?
va:t; (W) GacbMElgeTAKILÚva:t; (kW): 1000W = 1Kw
lMhat; 2
etI]bkrN_ xageRkamsuIfamBlrbs;b:unμankñúg1vinaTI?
=………….. Wh = …………… kW

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Photovoltaic
=……………… Wh = ……………. kW
lMhat; 3 ]bkrN_TaMgenH sIuGanuPaBdUcxageRkam³
etI]bkrN_ xageRkamsuIGanuPaBbu:nμan?
=………….. W = …………… kW
=…………… W = …………. kW
famBl
eyIgEtgEtRclMrvagBakü GanuPaB nig famBl. dUcEdl)aneBalxagelIGanuPaBKWCa smtßPaB
sMrab;eFVI cMEnk famBlKWCakargarEdleFVI)an.
famBlGaRs½yelI GanuPaB nig ry³eBldMenIrkar. plKuN GanuPaB nig ry³eBldMenIrkar enaH
eyIgnwgTTYl)an famBl. xNHeBlEdl GanuPaB KitCava:t; famBlKitCava:t;ema:g.
famBleRbIR)as; (E)= GanuPaB (P)× ryHeBl(t)

E=P×t =I×U×t=I2×R×t ; P=I×U , U=I×R

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
]TahrN_ 5
]bkrN_GKÁIsnImYy pþl;GanuPaB 5W kñúgryHeBl 2 ema:g ³
famBl= 5W × 2h = 10Wh
]TahrN_ 6
GMBUlePIøgmYyRtUvkar 20W sMrab;dMenIrkar nig eRbIR)as; kñúgryHeBl 4 ema:g ³
GaKuy TTYlfamBl)anBIpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü ehIypþl;famBleTAeGay ]bkrN_eRbIR)as; minEmnpþl;
GanuPaBenaHeT. enHKWCalMhUénfamBl EdlkMnt;eGaydwgBIbrimaNén pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü nig Ga-
Kuy. ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;dUcCa GMBUlEd;lsIufamBltickñúgry³eBlmYyema:g enaHvaGacdMenIrkar )an-
eRcInema:gCamYynwgGaKuy. cMEnkÉ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;EdlsIufamBleRcInkñúgry³eBlmYyema:g dUcCa
TUrTsSn_MBN’FMmYyeRKOg GaceRbIR)as;)anry³eBlticem:ag CamYynwgGaKuydUcKña.
1 x 30W x 0.5h 1 x 30W x 1h 1 x 30W x 2h 1 x 30W x 5h

= 15Wh = 30Wh = 60Wh = 150Wh
= 0.015kWh = 0.03 kWh = 0.06 kWh = 0.150 kWh
1 x 30W x 1h= 30Wh 2 x 30W x 1h = 60 Wh 3 x 30W x 1h = 90 Wh

= 0.03kWh = 0.06 kWh = 0.09 kWh
rUbTI 19 ]TahrN_ GanuPaB nigfamBl (adapted from KAMWORKS)

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Photovoltaic
lMhat; 4 etIviTüúsIufamBlGs;b:unaμn Wh (Kamworks)
5W, 1 hour,
5W, 1 hour,
Energy=……… Wh =………kWh
Energy =……… …Wh =…………kWh
5W, 2 hour, 5W, 4 hour,

Energy=……… Wh =………kWh Energy =……… ….Wh =…………kWh
lMhat; 5 (Source: Kamworks)

etI]bkrN_TaMgenHsIu Wh nig KWh Gs;b:unaμn?
5W, 4 h 30W, 2 h 150W, 2 h 35W, 2 h
5W x 4h =…...Wh 30W x 2h =…...Wh 150W x 2h =…..Wh 35W x 2h =…...Wh
Total = ………………….. Wh = ……………….. kWh
etI]bkrN_TaMgenHsIu Wh nig KWh Gs;b:unaμn?
5W, 1 h 5W, 2 h 5W, 4 h 30W, 2 h

5W x 1h =…......Wh 5W x 2h =……..Wh 5W x 4h =……...Wh 30W x 2h =…...Wh
Total = ………………….. Wh = ……………….. kWh

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
GaKuymYymanfamBl 1200 Wh
rUbTI 20 ]TahrN_kareRbIR)as;famBlrbs;]bkrN_epSg² (adapted from UNESCO manual)

esóKVI
RbBn½§TwkePøógCabnSMén bMBg;nigk,alr:Ub‘Íen rW tCaExñgeRcIn ehIyP¢ab;eTAkEnøgepSg². bMBg;nigcMnuc
tP¢ab;TaMgenHehAfa esoKVIirbs;RbBn½§Twk. edIm,IeGayTwkhUrBIFugsþúk TukeTAdl;]bkrN_eRbIR)as;
RtUvmanCacaM)ac;nUvkartP¢ab;rvagKñaedaybMBg;. ebIbMBg;RtUv)ankat;pþac; rW EbkFøayxUc enaHTwkminGac
hUreTAdl;]bkrN_eRbIR)as; nigKμandMenIrkareLIy.
ebIesoKVIrbs;TwkRtUv)anKUsenaHvanwgbgðajBIRbPBTwk bMBg; kartP¢ab; nig ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;. KMnUs
enHehAfadüaRkamesoKVIrbs;RbBn½§bMBg;Twk.
esoKVIGKÁIsnIsMrab;RbBn½§pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü manTMrg;samBaØdUcCakarP¢ab;ExSePøIg edayP¢ab;BI
GaKuyeTAGMBUl. esoKVImanlkçN³sauMjaMuxN³eBlEdleyIgtP¢ab; GaKuy nig]bkrN_eRbIR)as;
CaeRcInCamYyKña. esoKVIGKÁIsnIRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlEdl]bkrN_GKÁIsnI dUcCa GaKuy ersIusþg;
m:UTr½ nig ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;epSg²eTottP¢ab;KñaedayExSePøIg. enAkñúg tarag3 )anbgðajBI]bkrN_
GKÁIsnIEdleRbIkñúgRbBn½æpÞaMgBnøWkBa©k;RBHGaTitünigsBaØasMKal;rbs;va.
kñúgesoKVIGKÁIsnImYy minGacxVH)annUvExScMlgsMrab;eGaycrnþqøgkat;BIRbPBfamBl eTA ]bkrN_
eRbIR)as; ¬pþl;tg;süúgeGay]bkrN_eRbIR)as;¦ nig BI]bkrN_eRbIR)as;eTARbPBfamBlvij. ebI
kartP¢ab;KñamankarxUcxat enaHlMhUrén crnþ GKÁIsnI nwgQb;. esoKVIcMhekItmanenAeBlEdlKμan
kartP¢ab;KñaénesoKVI kñúgkrNImankartP¢ab;enaH vanwgkøayCaesoKVIbiT. kugtak;Ca]bkrN_GKÁIsnI
GaceGayeyIg ebIk rW biT esoKVI kñúgeKalbMNg pþac; rW P¢ab; crnþGKÁIsnI.

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Photovoltaic
b:Ul
cMnuctP¢ab;kñúgRbBn½§pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü KWEpñkviC¢man (+) nig EpñkGviC¢man (-). Epñk (+)
KWCab:UlviC¢man (+) nig Epñk(-)b:UlGviC¢man (-). karkMnt; (+) nig (-) KICakarkMnt;b:Ul rbs;RbPB
ehIyb:UlCaviFIsaRsþmYykñúgkarbgðajTisedAcrnþ. cMeBaH]bkrN_eRbIR)as; Etg Etb:Ul (+)
rbs;vaCamYy nwgb:Ul (+) énGaKuy nig b:Ul (-) CamYyb:Ul (-).
esoKVIes‘rI
esoKVIes‘rIekIteLIg enAeBlEdl]bkrN_GKÁIsnIRtUv)antP¢ab;KñaBIEpñkxagcug nig Epñkxagcug.
GaKuy2 tCaes‘rI
rUbTI 21 GaKuy2 tCaes‘rI
esoKVIExñg
esoKVIExñgCaesoKVIEdleKt]bkrN_GKÁIsnI BIEpñkmYyeTAEpñkmYy ¬rUbTI22¦. edIm,ItExS CaExñg eyIg
RtUvP¢ab;cugmçagénExSTaMg2CamYyKña nigcugmçageTotk¾P¢ab;CamUyKña.
GaKuy 2tCaExñg
rUbTI 22 GaKuy 2tCaExñg

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
tarag 2 ]bkrN_ GKÁIsnIEdleRbIkñúg RbBn½§pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitünignimitþsBaØarbs;va (KAMWORKS)
esoKVIBit esoKVIdüa®kam
rUbTI 23 ]TahrN_ esoKIVGKÁisnI (KAMWORKS)

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Photovoltaic
lMhat; 6 (Kamworks)
KUsdüaRkamrbs;esoKVI
esoKVIBit düaRkamesoKVI
lMhat; 7 (KAMWORKS)
esoKVIBit düaRkamesoKVI

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
esoKVIBit düaRkamesoKVI Series or parallel
crnþþGKÁisnI DC nig AC
crnþCab;ekIteLIgeBlEdlclnaeGLicRtugrt;efrkñúgTisedAmYy . DC CaBaküsresrkat; eday-
sarcrnþCab;rt;kñúgTisedAEtmYYy sMBaFGKÁisnI rWtg;süúg manTisedAEtmYy.
bc©úb,nñenH GaKuy sULa eRbg\n§n³ nigm:asuInePøIgpÁt;pÁg;crnþCab; dUcCa tYb‘Ínxül; begáItnUvcrnþCab;.
rUbTI 24 crnþCab; [www.cipco.apogee.net]

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
crnþqøas;eKehAfa AC KWCaRbePTénfamBlEdleyIgFøab;)ansÁal;TaMgGs;Kña. eyIgeRbIR)as;famBl

crnþqøas;enAkñúgshRKas]sSahkmμ BaNiC¢kmμ nig kñúgpÞHrbs; eyIg. edaysarEtfamBlcrnþqøas;
AC KWmankarsnSMsMéceRcInCagfamBlcrnþCab; eTAelIkarplit nigeRbIR)as;eRcInCag DC.
crnþGKÁisnIrt;kñúgTisedAmYysMrab;ry³eBlxøI eRkaymkvart;Rcas;eTATisedAepSgeTot Edlman

ry³eBlxøIdUcKña. TisedAqøas;rbs;crnþGKÁisnIefr. karrt;eTAmux rt;Rtlb;eRkay dEdl²énTisedA
enHehAfamYyxYb ehIycMnYnxYbEdlekIteLIgkñúg1vinaTIehAfaeRbkg; (Hz). eRbkg;crnþqøas;KW 50Hz rW
60Hz GaRs½yeTAtambTdæanénRbeTsnimYy²
rUbTI 25 bNþajEckcay famBlGKÁisnI AC (adapted from UNESCO manual)

lkçN³dMbUgrbs;crnþqøas; AC EdlvasMnSMsMéc eRBaHeKGacbþÚrkMrittg;süúgedayeRbIRtg;sVÚm:aT½r sMrab;
dMeLIg rW bBa©úHtg;süúgtamEttMrUvkar EdlGnuBaØateGayfamBlRtÚv)anEckcay y:agFMTUlay
tamtMrUvkar.
AC xusBI DC Kμanb:Ul edaysarEt TisedAéncrnþGKÁisnIqøgkat;RbB½n§ AC mankarqøgkat;Rcas;
CaeRcIndgkñúg1vinaTI.
2>2 rgVas;GKáisnI
m:ulTIEm:t (Multi-meter)
rUbTI 26 bgÐajBIPaBepSgKñarbs; m:ulTIEm:t . m:ulTIEm:t Gacvas; crnþqøgkat; nig
tg;süúgelIesoKVI.
karvas;crnþeday m:ulTIEm:t

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
edIm,Ivas;crnþkñúgesoKVImYyGñkRtUvdak; m:ulTIEm:tenAkEnøgEdlRtUvvas;. eKGaceFVIdUcenH edaydak;

ExSviC¢man (CaFmμtaExSB’NRkhm) kñúgrn§ :10A : enAelIm:ulTIEm:t nigExS GviC¢man (B’NexμA) kñúgrn§
: COM : . bnÞab;mkbgVilb:UtugeTArkTItaMgEdlmanGkSr A CamYybnÞat;edk (
nimitþsBaØacrnþCab;) .
rUbTI 26 elxepSgKñarbs; m:ulTIEm:t
rUbTI 27 rebobvas;crnþedayeRbImu:lTIEm:t (adapted from KAMWORKS)

KNnacrnþcMeBaHbgáúMCaes‘rI nigExñg
crnþmantMélesμIKñacMeBaHbgÁúMCaes‘rI. enAkñúgbgÁúMCaExñg crnþsmmUlesμInwgplbUkcrnþral;Exñg nimYy².

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
rUbTI 28 KNnacrnþkñúgbgÁúMCaExñg niges‘rI (adapted from KAMWORKS)

rgVas;tMéltg;süúg
edIm,Ivas;tg;süúg GñkRKan;EtP¢ab;b:UlviC¢man eTAb:UlBN’Rkhm ‘red V hole’ énm:ulTIEm:t nigP¢ab;ExS
BIb:UlGviC¢man eTAb:UlBN’exμA ‘black com hole’ énm:ulTIEm:t. bnÞab;mk eyIgeRCIserIskalIb V. rUbPaB
xageRkamenHbgðajBI karvas;tg;süúg edayeRbIm:ulTIEm:t³
rUbTI 29 karvas;tg;süúg
karKNnatg;süúgcMeBaHbgÁúMCaes‘rI nigExñg

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
rUbTI 30 karKNnatg;süúgcMeBaHbgÁúMCaes‘rI nigExñg (adapted from KAMWORKS)

lMhat; 8 KNnacrnþGKÁisnIenARtg;cMnuc (KAMWORKS)
lMhat; 9 cUrbMeBjtMéltg;süúgenAcenøaHxageRkam³ (KAMWORKS)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
KNnaersuIsþg;
ersuIsþg;smmUlenAkñúgbgÁúMCaes‘rIesμInwgplbUkénersuIsþg;srub
rUbTI 31 KNnaersuIsþg;smmUlenAkñúgbgÁúMCaes‘rI nigCaExñg (KAMWORKS)

]TahrN_ 7 (KAMWORKS)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
lMhat; 10 (KAMWORKS)
• etIesoKVImYyNamancrnþTabCageK? …………………
• etIGMBUlmYyNamancrnþx<s;CageK?……………….

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
3 pÞaMgkBa©k;GKÁisnIRBHGaTitü
3>1 esckþIepþIm
kñúgRbB½n§GKÁisnIRBHGaTitü EpñkEdlbMElgBnIøRBHGaTitüeTACaGKÁisnI eKehAfa pÞaMgkBa©k;GKÁisnI
RBHGaTitü. vamantMéléføehIymankarBi)akkñúgkaplit b:uEnþvagayRsYlkñúgkareRbIR)as;. GVIEdlGñk
caM)ac; KWRtUvdak;vaenAkEnøgNaEdlmanBnøWRBHGaTitü.
pÞaMgkBa©k;GKÁisnIRBHGaTitü PaKeRcIneRbIR)as;enACnbT EdlbegáIteLIgedaycMnYn Crystalline cells
dac;edayELkBIKña. vamanragmUl kaer rW rUbrag epSgeTot ¬rUbPaBTI 32¦.
ekasikanImYy²plitfamBlRbEhl 0>% v:ul CamYynWgcrnþGKÁisnI EdlGaRs½ynWg RklaépÞrbs;va
ehIyRtUv)antP¢ab;KñaCaes‘rI rW CaExñg eTAtamtRmUvkar ¬rUbPaBTI33¦.
rUbTI 32 TMrg;RKIsþarbs;sULa (DGS manual)
rUbTI 33 ekasikasULapÞaMgkBa©k; nigkardMerobpÞaMgkBa©k; (RETscreen.net)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
ekasikanImYy²GacplitfamBlRbEhl 0>% v:ul/ ekasikaeRcInRtUv)antP¢ab;Caes‘rIedIm,I

plittg;süúgRKb;RKan;eTAsakGaKuy !@v:ul.
AMORPHOUS PANELS
eKeXIjbnÞHsULaEdlminmanekasikadac;edayELkBIKña. TaMgenaHKWCaRbePTfμImYy
EdlRtUv)anehAfa Amorphouse silicon rW Thin film panels. kareRbIR)as;bnÞHpÞaMgkBa©k; TaMg
enaHkMBugekIneLIgsMrab;RbB½n§GKÁisnIRBHGaTitüxñattUc. b:uEnþeyIgmin)andWgBIGayukal énkareRbI
R)as;rbs;va.
sMKal; ³ pÞaMgkBa©k;Edlmanekasika 34 eTA 36 RtUv)aneRbIenAtMbn;RtUBic edIm,Isak GaKuy !@v:ul.
3>2 kartbnÞHekasikaGKÁisnIRBHGaTitü
kartP¢ab;bnÞHekasikaGKÁisnIRBHGaTitüRtUv)anbgðajedayeRbI leXsolar ¬rUbTI 34¦.
3>2>1 kartCaes‘rI
kñúgkartCaes‘rI b:UlviC¢manénbnÞHsULa RtUv)anP¢ab;eTAb:UlGviC¢manénbnÞHsULamYy eTot.
rUbTI 34 kartCaes’rIrbs;3 bnÞHsULa (LeXsolar kit)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
karvas;tg;süúg
kñúgkrNI tCaes‘rI tg;süúgsrubesμInwgplbUktg;süúgénbnÞHsULanImYy².
Utotal = Uc1+ Uc2+ Uc3
lMhat; !@ rUbTI 35 tg;süúgrvageKalrbs;bnÞHsULanImYy² V 1 cell= 526mV=0.526V
etItg;süúgsrubrbs;bnÞHsULa 2 rW 3 tP¢ab;Caes‘rImanb:unμan?
VbnÞHsULa 2 tCaes‘r=
I V
VbnÞHsULa 3 tCaes‘rI = V
rUbTI 35 karvas;tg;süúgénkartes‘rI (leXsolar kit)

karvas;crnþ
kartCaes‘rI crnþsrubmantMélesμInwgcrnþrbs;bnÞHsULanImYy².
Isrub= Ic1= Ic2= Ic3=...
lMhat; !# rUbTI#^ karvas;crnþrbs;bnÞHsULamYyKW IbnÞHsULa1 = 2mA

etIcrnþRtUvmantMélbu:nμansMrab;kartes‘rIén
IbnÞHsULa2tCaes‘rI = mA
IbnÞHsULa3tCaes‘rI = mA

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
rUbTI 36 karvas;crnþeBltes‘rI (leXsolar kit)

3>2>2 kartCaExñg
kartCaExñg b:UlviC¢man nig b:UlGviC¢manénbnÞHsULaRtUv)antP¢ab;dac;edayELkBIKñaedIm,I begáItb:Ul
ecjrYmKña ¬rUbTI37¦.
rUbTI 37 kartCaExñg (LeXsolar kit)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
lMhat; !$ rUbTI#* vas;tg;süúgrbs;bnÞHsULamYyKW UbnÞHsULa1=0.55V.

etItg;süúgrbs;bnÞHsULa2tCaExñgesIμbu:nμan? : UbnÞHsULa2tCaExñg= V
etItg;süúgrbs;bnÞHsULa3tCaExñgesIμbu:nμan?: UbnÞHsULa3tCaExñg= V
rUbTI 38 karvas;tg;süúgkñúgkrNItCaExñg (leXsolar kit)

lMhat; 15 rUbTI 39 crnrbs;bnÞHsULa1 KW IbnÞHsULa1=0.6 mA
etIcrnþRtUvmantMélbu:nμansMrab;kartCaExñgén
bnÞHsULa 2³ IbnÞHsULa2tCaExñg = mA
bnÞHsULa 3³ IbnÞHsULa3tCaExñg = mA
rUbTI 39 karvas;crnþrbs;bnÞHsULatCaExñg (leXsolar kit)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
3>3 GVIeTACalTæplGKÁÁIsnIEdlplit)an
RbsiTæiPaBénépÞrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüeTAelIkarplitfamBlGKiÁsnI
eKfadMbUlFM TTYl)anTwkkan;EteRcIn dUcKñaenHEdrpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitükan;EtFM karplit GKiÁsnI
kan;EteRcIn. ebIeyIgdak;épÞpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüesμInwg3dg enaHeyIg nwgTTYl)anGanuPaB
3dgEdr KitCava:t;. ¬rUbTI 40¦
rUbTI 40 RbsiTæiPaBénépÞrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü
RbsiTæiPaBrbs;BnøwRBHGaTitüelIkarplitfamBlGKIÁsnI
ePøógkan;EtxøaMg eyIgTTYlTwkk_kan;EteRcInBIdMbUl pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüeFVIkardUcKña eTAnwgRBHGa-
TitüEdr. BnøWRBHGaTitüCHelIpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitükan;EteRcIn famBlGKÁIsnI Edlplit)ankan;
EteRcIn. ebIpÞaMgRsUbBnøWRBHGaTitü )aMg rW manmøb;enaHfamBlEdlTTYl)ank_Føak;cuHEdr. ¬rUbTI 41¦
rUbTI 41 RbsiTæiPaBrbs;BnøWRBHGaTitü (UNESCO manual & PV presentation)

RbsiTæiPaBrbs;BnøwRBHGaTitüelIkarplitfamBlGKIÁsnI
edIm,ITTYl)anfamBlGKÁIsnIGtibrima BIpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü eyIgRtUvdak;vaeGaycMBnøWRBHGaTitü.
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüeFVIkar)anläbMput eBlsItuNðPaBRtCak;. pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitükan;EtekþA Gnu-

PaBEdl TTYl)ank_kan; Ettic.
karTTUlcrnþGKÁIsnIya:geRcInBIpçaMgRsUbBnøWRBHGaTitü
edaysarEt pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitümantMéléfø dUecñHeTIbGñkeRbIR)as;cg;TTYl)anfamBl GKÁIsnIe-
Gay)aneRcInBIva.
RtUvcgcaMfa BnøWRBHGaTitüRtUvEtdak;cMpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü
BnøWRBHGaTitüPøWxøaMgKWenAeBlEdlemXRsLH. vacaM)ac;Nas;EdlfapÞaMgkBa©k;BnøW RBHGaTitüRtUvdak;
enAkEnøgEdrmanBnøWRBHGaTitü EdleyIgGacTTYl)anBnøIRBHGaTitüya:g ehacNas; enAcenøaHBIema:g
9 eTA ema:g15 resol.
enAtMbn;RtUBic RBHGaTitüeRcInrHenATisxageCIgenArgVg;Exmifuna ehIyk_rHeRcInenATisxagt,ÚgenA
rgVg;ExFñÚ. dUecñHGñkeRbIR)as;RtUvykcitþTukdak;eTAelIedImeQI nig pÞH rW GaKar FM²TaMgBIrTis KWTisxa-
geCIg nigxagt,ÚgénpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü ehIyRtUvc,as;kñúgxøÜnfa vanwgminbNþaleGay man-
møb;eTkñúgryHeBlénkardMenIrkar.
RtUvR)akdfapÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüRtUv)anEbrcMnwgRBHGaTitü
famBlGKÁisnICaeRcInRtUv)anplitBIpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü eBleKdak;eGaycMnwgRBHGaTitü. eTaHbI
Caya:gNak_edayRBHGaTitünwgpøas;bþÚrTItaMg BI eCIg eTA t,Úg Caerogral;qñaM ehIyvak_pøas;bþÚrTItaMg
BIekIt eTAlic enAeBléf¶¬rUbTI 42¦.
b:uEnþeyIgk_dwgehIyEdrfaRBHGaTitümanBnøWxøaMgenAeBléf¶Rtg;. TItaMgénRBHGaTitü enAeBl éf¶Rtg;
vaGaRsy½eTAelIeBlevla nigcMgayBItMbn;eGkVaTr½. CeRmlmMuBI 5 eTA 10 KWcaM)ac;RtUvman
edIm,IeGayTwkePøógsMGat FUlIdIEdlmanenAelI pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWBnøWRBHGaTitü.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
rUbTI 42 TItaMgrbs;RBHGaTitüEdlnwgRtUvpøas;bþÚreTAtamrdUv (source: DGS guide)

sMKal; enAtMbn;RtUBic enAeBlEdlmanryHTTwgticCag 150 GñkmincaM)ac; bEgVr
pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWBnøWRBHGaTitüeGaycM eGkVaTr½ eTogTat;eBkenaHeT. enAryHTTwg x<s;Cag 15
pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü caM)ac;RtUvdak;EbrmuxeGaycM eGkVaTr½ edIm,ITTYl)an GanuPaBFMbMput.
pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü KYrEtRtUv)andak;enAkEnøgRtCak;tamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an
edaysarEt pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüdak;enAeRkamBnøWRBHGaTitü dUecñHehIyeTIbvaBi)ak kñúgkarTb;sáat;va
mineGayRtUvkMedA. eKGacdMeLIgvax<s;bnþicBIdMbUlpÞH eFVIy:agvamineGayvaekþAeBk eRBaHfa
xül;Gacbk; BIelI nigBIeRkamva)an. vamann½yfa eyIgminRtUvdak;pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüpÞal;
eTAnwgdMbUlpÞHeT ya:gehacNas;RtUvXøat 10sg;TIEm:RtEdrBI dMbUlpÞHedIm,IeGayxül;
Gacpøas;TICMuvijpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü ehIyeFVIeGaypÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüeCosputBIkMedAd_ekþA)an.
edIm,ITTYl)anfamBleRcInBIpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü eyIgcaM)ac;RtUveKarBeKalkarN_ 3ya:gKW

TI1³ minRtUveGaymanmøb; enAelI pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü BI 09³00 eTA 15³00.
TI2³ mMuCRmalrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüesμIKñanwgryHTTwgénTIkEnøg ebIeTaHCavaminKYrman TMerticCag
5 dweRk BIGkS½edkk_eday. pçaMgRsUbBnøWRBHGaTitüKYrEbrmuxeTArkTisxagt,ÚgénTI kEnøgEdl Ca-
TisxageCIgéneGkVaTr½.
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
TI3³ RtUvdak;pçaMgRsUbBnøWRBHGaTitüeGayXøatBIépÞxageRkam ya:gtic10sg;TIEm:RtedIm,I eGay

xül;gaynwgbk;BIeRkam pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü edIm,IeGayvaRtCak;.
3>4 Pöab;pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüEdlmanlkçNHdUcKña
mnusSCaeRcIncg;)anfamBleRcInCagGVIEdlpþl;eday pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüEtmYy . edIm,IbegáIn fam-
BleGay)anRKb;RKan; pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüRbEhlRtUv)antPaöb;Kña. eyIgman 2rebob edIm,I
tPöab;pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü³ kartCaes’rI nig kartCaExñg.
3>4>1 kartCaesrI
eBlRtUvkartg;süúgx<s;CagGVIEdlpþl;edaypÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüEtmYy eKRtUvtpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü
Ca esrIRtUv)anP¢ab;. ¬rUbTI 43¦
eBlEdlcrnþpþl;edaypÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitütCaesrIKW dUcGVIEdlpþl;edaypÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü EtmYy
Edr eRBaHcrnþdUcKñart;qøgkat;pçaMgRsUbBnøWRBHGaTitü edaysarEtvaRtUv)an tP¢ab; tamExSd¾EvgmYy.
GanuPaB KitCa va:t; esμInwg plKuNrvag tg;süúg nwgcrnþ dUecñHGanuPaekIntam karbEnßmpÞaMg
kBa©k;RBHGaTitü.
rUbTI 43 kartCaesrI nig tCaExñg

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
3>4>2 kartCaExñg
eBleKRtUvkarcrnþeRcInpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüRtUv)antCaExñg. pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü tCaExñgtg;süúg
dUcKña pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüEtmYyEdr b:uEnþcrnþRtUv)anekIneT,Ig tamcMnYn pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü
RtUv)anP¢ab;.
sMKal; ³TaMgkartCaesrI nig kartCaExñgGanuPaBekIneT,IgtamEdrcMnYnpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü ekInEdr.
pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüBIrtCaExñgplit)anGanuPaBdUctCaesrIEdr KWfa tMéltg;süúg nig crnþman tMé-
lepSgKña.
3>4>3 kartCaExñg nigtCaesrI

RbB½nærbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü edIm,I[TUrTwkkknig]bkrN_FM²epSgeTotGacdMenIrkar)an CaTUeTA
eKeRbIGaKuyEdlmantg;süúg 24 vu:l CMnYseGay 12vu:l ehIyxøH 48 v:ul pgEdr.
CaTUeTA eKplitpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüeRbIsMrab;sakGaKuyEdl mantg;süúg 12vu:l dUecñH
pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü 2RtUvtCaesrI edIm,I;sakGaKuyEdlman tg;süúg 24vu:l ehIy 4 RtUvtCaesrI
edIm,I;sakGaKuyEdlmantg;süúg 48vu:l.
cMeBaHtMrUvkarcrnþeRcInCagGVIEdrpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüpþl;eGay dUcenH eKcaM)ac;tpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü
dUc)anbgðajenAkñúg rUbTI44. karbBa©ÚlKña CaesrI nigExñgenH GaceFVIeGayeyIgTTYl)an tg;süúgx<s;
dUcGVIEdleyIgRtUvkar edaybEnßmpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüCaesrI nigcrnþxøaMg eyIgRtUvkarbEnßm pÞaMgkBa©k;
RBHGaTitü CaExñg.
eKmaneRcInrebobkñúgkarteGay)anRtwmRtUvnUvcMnUnd¾eRcInénpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü edIm,I TTYl)an
tg;süúg nigcrnþ EdleKcg;)an. eKGactvaCaesrIrhUtdl;cMnuctg;süúgNamYyEdleKcg;)an
bnÞab;mkykpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüTaMgenaHtCaExñgrhUtTTYl)ancrnþNamYyEdleKRtUvkar.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
rUbTI 44 kartCaes‘rI-Exñg énpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü

KNnarkcrnþqøgkat;nigtg;süúgrvagpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü
3>5 karP¢ab;pÞaMgnImYy²EdlmanlkçN³epSgKña
kartpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüEdlmanlkçN³epSgKñaGacbgðajeday kartP¢ab;pÞaMgsULaEdlmanTMhM
xus²Kña.
3>5>1 tP¢ab;Caes‘rI
ebIpÞaMgsULamantg;süúgnigcrnþxusKñaRtUvtP¢ab;KñaCaes’rI enaHtg;süúgrbs;vaesμIrnwg plbUktg;süúg
énpÞaMgnimYy²tP¢ab;Caesr’Í.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
pÞaMgsULatUc²BIrTMhMxusKña tKñaCaesr‘Í (rUbTI 45). ebIpÞaMgkBa©k;tUcmYymantg;süúg 78mIlIv:ul nigpÞaMg

kBa©k;mYyeTotmantg;süúg 175mIlIv:ul kñúglkçx½NÐEtmYy kartP¢ab;Caesr’Í enaHtg;süúgTTYl)anKW
255mIlIv:ul EdlswgEtesμInwg 253mIlIv:ul. enHmann½yfatg;süúg rbs;vaesμIrnwgplbUktg;süúg.
rUbTI 45 tg;süúgrbs;pÞaMgtUc²EdlmanlkçN³xusKñatCaes‘rI (leXsolar kit)

b:uEnþcrnþGtibrmaesμIrnwgcrnþEdltUcCageKrvagpÞaMgTaMgBIr. kñúgrUbPaBbgðajfa pÞaMgmYyGacbegáIt
crnþ)an 193mIRkUGMEBr ÉpÞaMgmYyeTot)an 436mIRkUGMEBr eRkamsßanPaBdUcKña nwgpþl;crnþsrub
367mIRkUGMEBEdlFMCagmFüm rvagcrnþTaMgBIrbnþic (315mIRkUGMEBr) (rUbTI 46) .
cMNaM³ edIm,ITTYl)anGnuPaBGtibrma PaKeRcInénpÞaMgxusKñatCaesr‘ÍRtUvmankRmitKuNPaB RbEhlKña

enaHdMenIrkartCaesr‘Íkan;Etl¥.

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Photovoltaic
rUbTI 46 crnþqøgkat;pÞaMgxus²KñakñúgkrNItCaes‘rI (LeXsolar kit)

3>5>2 kartCaExñg
ebIpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitümantg;süúgnigcrnþxusKñaRtUvtP¢ab;CaExñg enaHcrnþsrubrbs;vaesμIrnwg plbUk
crnþpÞaMgtUc²CaeRcIntP¢ab;CaExñg.
]TahrN_ kartCaExñgrvagpÞaMgtUc²Bir EdlmanlkçN³xusKña (rUbTI 47) pÞaMgmYy bej©jcrnþ
212mIRkUGMEB ehIymYyeTot 475mIRkUGMEB crnþTTYl)anKW 578 mIRkUGMEB EdltUcCagcrnþ sru-
by:ageRcIn (687mIRkUGMEB).
rUbTI 47 crnþbgÁúMCaExñgrvagpÞaMgtUc²EdlmanlkçN³xusKña (leXsolar kit)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
cMeBaHGnuPaBGtibrmatg;süúgrbs;vakMnt;edaytg;süúgNaEdltUcrvag pÞaMgsULaTaMgBIr. kartExñg

rvagpÞaMgsULaEdlmantg;süúg 16v:ul ÉpÞaMgsULamYyeTot)an 17v:ul eRkamsßanPaBdUcKña tg;süúg
EdlTTYl)anFMCagtg;süúgEdlTabCageKbnþic.
eKalkarN_kñúgkartpÞaMgEdlmanlkçN³xusKña
1: eBltCaesr‘Í tMélGMEBrmansar³sMxan; cMnYnGMEBr)anmkBIkartesr‘Í mantMélRbEhlnwgtMél
GMEBrbs;pÞaMgNamYyEdlbej©jGMEBrtUcCageK. cMeBaHlTi§plEdll¥CageK tMélGMEBrTaMg enaHKYr
tMrUvnwgkartCaesr‘Í.
tMélGMEBrRtUvkMnt;edayTMhMpÞaMgnImYy² (minEmncMnYnpÞaMg) enaHpÞaMgEdlmanlkçN³ RsedogKñaman
dMenIrkarl¥eBltCaesr‘Í.
2: eBltCaExñg tMélv:ulKWsMxan; edaysarEtv:ulRtUvkMnt;edaycMnYnpÞaMg (minEmnTMhM) enaHpÞaMgEdl-
manlkçN³ RsedogKñamandMenIrkarl¥eBltCaExñg.
3>6 kardMeLIgpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü
kardMeLIgpÞaMgkB©ak;RBHGaTitü EtgEtRtUvhal xül; nigGakasFatuepSg² kardMeLIgpÞaMgkB©ak;
RBHGaTitü mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarTb;Tl;nwgERcssuI rW PaBrlug.
karP¢ab;pÞaMgKYrRtUveRbIEdkEfb\tERcs rWk¾vIsminEmnEdkeKaleT eRBaHGacbn§ÚreRcIndg. ebIpÞaMgRtUv
P¢ab;nwgbegáalmYyenaHRtUvdak;y:agsuvtßiPaBeTAkñúgdI nigf<k;Cab;nwgGKarebIGaceTArYc. begáalTaMg
enaHmankMBs;x<s;lμm edIm,IkarBarmnusSkMu[b:HpÞaMgkB©ak;RBHGaTitü.
rUbTI 48 karP¢ab;CamYyEdk\tERcsrWk¾vIsmansuvtßiPaBnigRbqaMgnwgPaBERcsnigPaB FUrrlug

(adapted from UNESCO manual)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
51
Photovoltaic
4 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitü
4>1 esckþIepþIm
enAkñúgRbBn½æTwkeRbIR)as; vaCakarsMxan;EdleyIgRtUvrkSakMBs;TwkkñúgFugsþúkkMu[eBjeBkehIy k¾kMu[
Gs;eBkEdr. enAkñúgkrNIenH eKeRbIv:anmYyedIm,IbiTlMhUrTwkcUlenAeBlEdlFugsþúk eBj nigv:anmYy
epSgeTotedIm,IraMgxÞb;kMu[TwkhUrecjenAeBlEdlkMBs;TwkenATab. v:anTaMgBIr enHCaGñkRKb;RKgnUv
brimaNTwkenAkñúgFugsþúk.
enAkñúgRbBn½æfamBlBnøWRBHGaTitü v:anGKÁisnICaTUeTARtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkarBarGaKuyBIkarsakeBj
hYskMNt;. v:anGKÁisnIRbePTenHmaneQμaHfa ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarsakGaKuy . v:anGKÁisnImYy
RbePTeTotmannaTIkarBarGaKuy kuMeGayGs;ePøIgeBk EdleKehAfa ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarepÞr
GaKuy. dUecñHv:anGKÁisnITaMgBIrenHCaGñkRKb;RKgnUvbrimaNGKÁisnIenAkñúgGaKuy.
4>2 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarsakGaKuy
Gvtþmanén]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarsakGaKuy nwgeFVI[pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü CMrujbrimaNGKÁisnI
elIstMrUvkarcUleTAkñúgGaKuy eFVI[karsakGaKuyelIs. enAeBlEdlGaKuyRtUvpÞúkelIskMNt; vas¶Üt
Twky:agelOn eT,IgkMedA nig GacxUc.
]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarsakGaKuyRtUvP¢ab;enAcenøaHpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü nig GaKuy (dUcbgðaj
elIrUbTI49). vaeFVIkaredayBinitüRKb;eBl nUvtg;süúgrbs;GaKuy ehIy ebItg;süúgGaKuyx<s;
bgðajfaGaKuyeBj ]bkrN_nwgraMgsÞHGKiÁsnImin[cUlGaKuyedaysV½yRbvtþi.
(a) (b)
rUbTI 49 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarsakGaKuy (adapted from UNESCO manual)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
4>3 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarepÞrGaKuy
eKeRbI]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarepÞrbnÞúk edIm,IkarBarmin[brikçarGKÁisnITajykfamBl hYskMrit
ecjBIGaKuyEdlCaehtubNþal[GaKuyepÞrelIs. kalNaGaKuymYyepÞr elIsva)at;bg;
nUvsmtßPaBmYyEpñkkñúgkarsakeT,Igvij bnÞab;mkcab;epþImcuHexSay ehIy Gayurbs;GaKuynWgkan;
EtxøIpgEdr.
eKP¢ab;]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarepÞrbnÞúkenAcenøaHGaKuy nig brikçarGKÁisnI ¬bgðajeRkam rUbTI50¦.
]bkrN_enHdMeNIrkaredayeFVIkarBinitüRKb;eBleTAelItg;süúgrbs;GaKuy ehIy ebItg;süúgGaKuy
sßitenAkMritTabEdlbgðajfaGaKuyCitGs;ePøIg ]bkrN_RtYtBinitü elIkarepÞrbnÞúknWgkat;pþac;
brikçarGKÁisnIecjedaysV½yRbvtþi edIm,IkuM[]bkrN_TaMgenaHTaj ykfamBlBIGaKuyEdlCitGs;
eTot. RKb;eBlénkartMeT,Ig eKtvaCaes‘rICamYyGaKuy.
rUbTI 50 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarepÞrbnÞúk (adapted from UNESCO manual)

4>4 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitü
Cajwkjab;]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarepÞrbnÞúk nig karepÞrbnÞúkEtgsßitenArYmKñakñúgRbGb;EtmYy. Ca
TUeTA eKdwgBIRbePT]bkrN_RKb;RKgenAkñúgRbGb;mYy)anedayBinitüemIl tMNenAkñúgRbGb;enaH. ebI
enAkñúgRbGb;mantMnP¢ab;eTAkan;pÞaMgRsUbBnøWRBHGaTitü enaHmann½yfavarYmbBa©Úl]bkrN_RtYtBinitü

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
elIkarsakGaKuyenAkñúgenaH ehIyebImantMnP¢ab;eTAkan;brikçarGKÁisnI mann½yfa vak¾rYmbBa©Úl

]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarepÞrbnÞúkpgEdr. ]bkrN_TaMgBIrRtUv)anP¢ab;eTAkan;GaKuydUcKña.
rUbTI 51 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitü (adapted from UNESCO manual)

]bkrN_bgðajkMritbnÞúk
]bkrN_RtYtBinitümYycMnYnmanGMBUlePøIg b¤ ]bkrN_bgðajepSgeTotsMrab;R)ab;GñkeRbIR)as; BIsßan-
PaB GaKuy nig RbePTdMeNIrkarrbs;RbB½næ. edIm,IPaBgayRsYl eKKYrdak;]bkrN_RtYt
BinitüenAkEnøgNaEdleKGacemIleXIj]bkrN_bgðajedaygayRsYl. b:uEnþeTaHy:agNa k¾eday
eKminRtUvdak;va[q¶ayBIGaKuyelIsBIBIrEm:Rt edIm,I[gayemIlEtmYymuxenaHEdr.
]bkrN_RtYtBinitümaneRcInRbePT ehIy]bkrN_RtYtBinitünimYy²manDIy:UtBnøWxus²Kña b¤ man
]bkrN_epSgeTotsMrab;bgðajBIsßanPaBGaKuy. rUbTI52 Ca]TahrN_mYyén]bkrN_ bgðajRbePT
DIy:UtBnøWén]bkrN_RtYtBinitü hVÚkUs (Phocos) .
rUbTI 52 DIy:UtBnøWén]bkrN_RtYtBinitühVÚkUsbgðajnUvkMritbnÞúkxus²Kñarbs;GaKuy (KAMWORKS)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
5 GaKuy
5>1 esckþIepþIm
GaKuypÞúkfamBlGKÁisnIEdlplit)anBIpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü sMrab;kareRbIR)as;. vaCaEpñksMxan;mYy
rbs;RbB½næfamBlBnøWRBHGaTitü EdlRtUvpÁt;pÁg; famBlenAeBlyb; xN³EdlpÞaMgRsUbBnøWRBHGaTitü
BMuGacplitfamBl)aneTot.
GaKuyCa]bkrN_mYykñúgcMeNam]bkrN_EdlmantMéléførbs;RbB½næfamBl. CamYyKñaenHEdr GaKuy
k¾CaEpñkmYyEdlmanGayuxøICageK nig gaynwgxUcedaykgVHkarEfTaM b¤ eRbIR)as;BMu)anRtwmRtUv.
bBaðasMxan;EdlGñkbec©keTsGaceFVI)anKW eronBIrebobEfTaMGaKuynigBnül;GñkeRbIR)as; enAeBlEdl
BYkKat;eRbIR)as;GaKuyBMu)anRtwmRtUv.
RbePTGaKuyEdleKniymeRbICageKKWGaKuyRbePTTwk EdlmanpøaksMn-GasuIt. GaKuyRbePTenH
RtUveKplity:agTUlMTUlayRsbeTAtambMerIbMras;rbs;vasMrab;karbeBaäHrfynþ mü:ageTot edaysarEt
vtßúFatuedImcMbggaynwgrkTij)an pøakGaKuyGacplit)ankñúgtMélefak.
kñúgcMeNamEpñknanaénRbBn½æfamBlBnøWRBHGaTitü GaKuyRtUvkarEfTaMeRcInCageK. eKRtUvRtYtBinitü
vay:ageTogTat; edIm,IR)akdfakMritGasuItRKb;RKan; ehIyRtUvEfmEtTwkEdlsuTæ b:ueNÑaH ebIsinGaKuy
exSay.
5>2 GaKuyGasuIt
(a) (b)
rUbTI 53 GaKuyGasuIt-sMn Twk (KAMWORKS)

RbePTGaKuyEdleKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTAenAkñúgRbBn½æfamBlBnøWRBHGaTitü KWGaKuyGasuIt-sMn. eKehA
vadUcenHedaysarEtvtßúFatuedImsMxan;rbs;KW sMn ehIyl,ayenAkñúgKWGasuIts‘ulpYric . GaKuyGasuIt
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Photovoltaic
–sMn pSMeT,IgedaypøakeRcInpÁMúKña EdlpøaknimYy²Gacplittg;süúg)an 2v:ul. dUecñHGaKuy 12v:ul

mYyRKab;)anmkBIkarpÁMúKñaénpøak 2v:ulcMnYn6 tCaes‘rI ¬rUbTI53¦.
pøaknimYy²GacRtUv)aneKdak;rYmKñakñúgRbGb;pøasÞikEtmYydUcGaKuyT,an Ca]TahrN_ ¬rUbTI 53¦ b¤
GacRtUveKdak;edayET,kBIKña ¬rUbTI54¦.
GaKuyTwk
GaKuyTwkPaKeRcInEdleKeRbIsMrab;RbB½næfamBlBnøWRBHGaTitü manKMrbbiTebIksMrab;[eKemIlpøak
GaKuy nig EfmTwkenAeBlcaM)ac;. vaRtUveKehAfaGaKuycMh b¤ GaKuyTwk ¬rUbTI53 Epñk k¦.
rUbTI 54 GaKuyEdlmanpøakdac;BIKña (adapted from UNESCO manual)

GaKuy Gel
karrIkcMerInénGaKuyGasuIt-sMnCa GaKuy Gel TaMgenHGasIuts‘ulpYricminRtUv)ancl½teT edaysarEt
PaBxab;enAkúñugCatiGn§ilEdl)anbEnßm. BYkvaRtUv)aneKehAfaGaKuy EdlmankarEfTaMtictYc (rUbTI
53 x ) . GaKuyRbePTenHrelagxagelI nig KμanKMrb. GaKuyEfTaMtictYc PaKeRcInéføCag
GaKuyGasuIt-sMnéncMnuHdUcKña.
GaKuyEfTaMtictYcminFn;dUc GaKuyGasuIt-sMnEdlEfrkSa)anRtwmRtUveT. valøbMputEdl eRbIGaKuy
EdlEfTaMtictYcedaydak;mYykEnøg eKnwgEfrkSaRbePTGaKuyGasuIt-sMnya:gRtwmRtUv .

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
5>2>1 lkçN³BiessénRbB½n§GaKuyBnøWRBHGaTitü
eTaHbICa GaKuyBnøWRBHGaTitüemIleTAdUcGaKuyeRbIenAkúñugrfynþk¾eday k¾enAkúñugGaKuymanlkçN³
xusKñaEdr GaKuyeRbIsMrab;rfynþRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,Ipþl;GanuPaBFMsMrab;ry³eBlxøI xN³Edl
GaKuyBnøWRBHGaTitü RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,Ipþl;nUvGanuPaBtUcsMrab;ryeBleRcInema:gbnþbnÞab; .
sMKal; ebIGaKuyrfynþmYyRtUv)aneRbIkúñugRbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitü vaeRbImin)anyUrdUcGaKuybegáIt
sMrab;RbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitüeT. GñkBuMKYrykGaKuyRbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitüeTAeRbIGVIeRkABIenHeT .
RbePTGaKuyEdll¥bMput sMrab;RbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitüeRcInCageKmaneQμaHfa GaKuyepÞr)anyUr
eRBaHvaRtUv)anbegáIteLIgBiesssMrab;EckcaynUvGanuPaB x<s;rbs;vaedaymin)at;bg;tam RbkarGIVmYy
eLIy . GñkGaceRbIva)anya:geTogTat;nUvGanuPaB 80% EdlRtUv)an
sþúkTukenAkúñugGaKuyedayKμankar)at;bg; (eRbobeFob 10% sMrab;GaKuyLan). dUecñH
kareRbIR)as;nUvGaKuyEdl manGayuyUrcaM)ac;RtUvBinitücMeBaHGaKuy EdlmancMnuHtUcbMput.
RbsinebIeRbIR)as;ya:geTogTat;eRcInCag 20%eTA 30% énGanuPaBEdlsþúkkúñugGaKuy vanwg minman
Gyu:EvgeT. sUm,IEtGaKuyefakCagTMhMdUcKñaénGaKuyGaKuyepÞr)anyUr k¾eday k¾vaminmanGayuEvg
Edr eBlvaRtUv)aneRbIenAkúñugRbB½næsULa nig CamUykarpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgCajwkjab;. dUecñHRbEhl
CavaéføCag eBldMeNIrkarry::eBlEvgenaH.
5>2>2 lT§PaBpÞúkbnúÞkGKÁuisnI
GaKuyRtUv)ancat;fñak; edayeyageTAtambrimaNbnúÞkGKÁisnIEdleKsþúk. karvas;xñatrbs;vaKitCa
GMEB-ema:g (Ah) . RbsinebIGaKuymYyEckcaycrnþ 1GMEBr CabnþbnÞab;sMrab;ry³eBl 100ema:g
enaHvanigpþl; 100 GMEBr-ema:g . RbsinebIGaKuymYyEckcaycrnþ 10GMEBr CabnþbnÞab;sMrab; 10
ema:g enaHvanigpþl; 100 GMEBr-ema:gEdr .

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Photovoltaic
Q( cMnuHGaKuy KitCa Ah ) = bnúÞk / benÞrcrnþ (A) x ry:eBl (h)
lMhat; 17 : KNnary:eBleRbIR)as;rbs;GaKuy (KAMWORKS)
eKGacbMEbkvaBI GMEBema:g (Ah) eTAva:t;ema:g (Wh) edayeRbIrUbmnþdUcxageRkam:

famBl (Wh) = P(W) x t(h) =U (V) x [ I(A) x t(h) ]
Edl U(V) Catg;süúgrbs;GaKuy mann½yfa RbsinebIeyIgKuNcMnUnfamBlKitCa (Ah)
edaytg;süúgrbs;GaKuy eyIgnigTTYl)anfamBlKitCa (Wh) b¤ edayEckfamBlEdlsþúkTukKitCa
(Wh) CamYytg;süúgrbs;GaKuy edIm,IbMEbkBI (Wh) eTACa (Ah) .
]TahrN¾ 100Ah x 6V = 600 Wh

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
lMhat; 18: (KAMWORKS)

KNnacMnuHénGaKuyxageRkamKitCa GMEBema:g (Ah) nig famBlKitCa va:t;ema:g (Wh) b¤
KILUva:t;ema:g (KWh) .
lMhat;19: KNnary:eBleRbIR)as; (KAMWORKS)

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Photovoltaic
GaKuysULa vaminEmnCaGaKuyFmμtaeT eRBaHvaGacEckcayCaGMEBema:g eBlvaepÞrbnÞúkya:gyWt²

CageBlEdlvaepÞrbnÞúkelOn. dUecñH ebIvaepÞrbnÞúkelOnKW)anRtwmEt 100Ah ehIy ebIvaepÞr
bnÞúkyWtKW)an 150Ah. edIm,IdwgnUvcMnuH rbs;GaKuyCaGMEBema:g (Ah) eKRtUvdwgBIrebobEdlva
kMBugepÞrbnÞúkya:gelOn enHehAfa {GRtaepÞrbnÞúk}. Cajwkjab; vaRtUv)aneKniyayfa cMnYn
ema:gsMrab;karepÞrcb; GaKuyGacepÞr 50Ah ryeBl 10ema:g énGRtabenÞr ehIyGaKuy
dEdlenHk¾GacepÞr)an 70Ah pgEdrsMrab;ry::eBl 100h énbnÞúkrbs;. Gñkplit )anbgðaj
ya:gc,as;BIkarepÞrbnÞúkenH enAelIRkdas; C10 nwg C100 b¤ Ca C/10 nwg C/100 .
PaBxusKñarvagGaKuuyEdlmanbnúÞkeBj nigKμanbnúÞk
eKeXIjya:ggayfa FugTwkeBj b¤ mineBj (rUbTI 55) . púÞyeTAvij vamingayRsYleTebIeyIg
cg;dwgfaGaKuymYymanbnúÞkGKÁisnI b¤ KμanbnúÞkGKÁisnIenaH BIeRBaHeyIgminGacemIleXIjbnúÞk
GKÁisnI. edIm,Idwgfa GaKuymYyman b¤ KμanbnúÞkGKÁisnI eyIgcaM)ac;RtUveRbI]bkrN_sMrab;vas; .
]bkrN_vas;manBIrRbePT edIm,IdwgfaGaKuymYymanbnÞúkb:unμan
• PaKeRcInén]bkrN_vas;samBaØbMput KWRtYtBinitüTwkGasuItenAkúñugGaKuy nigvas;nUvkMritFn;
rbs;va. ebIGasIutxøaMgenAkúñugGaKuyenaH nig manbnúÞkGKÁIsnIxøaMgpgEdr. kMritFn;rbs;TWkGasIut
RtUv)anvas;eday]bkrN_eQμaHfa {GIuRdUEm:t} ( rUbTI 56) . vamanlT§PaBsMrab;EtGaKuyEdl
ebIkKMrb;)anb:uenñaH .
rUbTI 55 RtYtBinitüTWkenAkúñugFug (adapted from UNESCO manual)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
• viFITI 2 KW ]bkrN_;vas;tg;süúgrbs;GaKuy. eBlFugTwkeBjmansMBaFx<s;eBlbgÚðr ecjmk

eRkAxøaMgCagFugmankMritTwkkúñugFugTab. dUcKñaEdr RbsinebIbnúÞkGaKuyeBj tg;süúgx<s;Cag
(sMBaFGKÁisnI) bnúÞkGaKuymineBj. GaKuymantg;süúg 12V nig CaFmμtavas;eXIj 13V ebIbnúÞk
GaKuyeBj nig ticCag 11V ebIbnúÞkGaKuymineBj. kúñugkareRbIR)as;FmμtaGaKuyminRtUv)anepÞr

eBlEdltg;süúgtUcCag 11.5V eT. edaysarEt PaBxusKñaénGaKuytg;süúgTab (11.5V ) nig
GaKuytg;süúgx<s; (13.5 V) KW 2 V b:uenñaH. dUecñH lkçN:x<s;énv:ulEm:RtRtUvEt eRbIedIm,I
R)ab;BikMriténkarpúÞkya:geTogTat; .
rUbTI 56 RtYtBinitükMritTwkGasIutCamYy]bkrN_GIuRdUEm:t (KAMWORKS)

edIm,IeFVIkarRtUtBinitüfamBlEdlmanenAkñúgGaKuy[)anRtwmRtUv vaKWCakarl¥RbesIrkñúgkareRbIR)as;
TaMg GIuRdUEm:t nigvulEm:t. RbsinebIkareRbIR)as;vulEm:t nig GIuRdUEm:t bgðajeGay eXIjnUvkMrit én-
famBlGKÁisnIEdl)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgGaKuydUcKña GaKuyenaHRbEhlCaminman bBaðaGVIeT . ebI
v:ulEm:tbgðajnUv kMritmYyx<s;Cag kMritEdl GIuRdUEm:t )anbgðajRbEhlCaGaKuyenaHxUcehIy.
CMhankñúgkarRtUtBinitükMritTwkGasuItedayeRbIR)as;GIuRdUEm:t
1> ebIkKMrbGaKuy
2> RtUvRtYtBinitü[)anc,as;fapøakenAkñúgbnÞb;GaKuysßitkñúgvtßúrav
3> dak;GIuRdUEm:teTAkñúgbnÞb;GaKuy ehIykUrTwkGasuItedayRbugRby½tñ

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
61
Photovoltaic
4> PaBravsßitenAkñúgkMritmYyEdlxusKñaBwgEp¥keTAelIPaBxab;énTwkGasuIt niglT§PaBénkar

TTYlykfamBlrbs;bnÞb;nImYy²
sßanPaBénkarpÞúkrbs;GaKuy
brimaNfamBlEdlrkSaenAkñúgGaKuyRtUv)aneKehAfa sßanPaBénkarpÞúkrbs;;GaKuy (SOC).
]TahrN_ 5>1 Ca]TahrN_mYyén sßanPaBénkarpÞúkrbs;;GaKuy (KAMWORKS).
etIsßanPaBénkarpÞúkrbs;;GaKuyesμIrbu:nμanbnÞab;BIeRbIR)as;Gs;ryeBl…? ebImuneBleRbIR)as;
sßanPaBénkarpÞúkrbs;;GaKuyesμIr 100

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
5>2>3 kaEfTaMGaKuy
vamanktþa bIy:ag edIm,IEfTaMrbs;GaKuysULa³
• EfrkSaGaKuyeGay)ans¥at³ RbsinebIEpñxagelIénGaKuymansPaBkxVk; kareRcHnwgcab;epþImsuI
køayeTACabBaða ehIyfamBlGKÁisnInwgcab;epþImFøak;cuHbnþitmþg²BIkarP¢ab; rbs;GaKuyEdl

bNþalmkBIPaBkxVk;. edIm,IeFVIkarsMGatGaKuyeyIgRtUveRbIEt Twks¥at ehIynigRkdas;Tn;²
Etb:ueNÑaH minRtUveRbIR)as;TWksab‘U b¤TwkGMbileT,Iy.
• kareFVIetsþbnÞb;GaKuynImYy²CamYynwgGIuRdUEm:tbnÞb;GaKuynImYy²KYrEtRtUv)an vas;GMBI PaBdUcKañ
enAeBlvas;CamYynwgGIuRdUEm:t. RbsinebIbnÞb;mYy b¤eRcInRtUv)anvas;manPaB xusKñaxøaMgBIbnÞb;

epSg² eTot vamann½yfaGaKuyenaHcab;epþImxUc .
• rkSabnÞb;GaKuyeGaymanTwk¬kMhab;¦eBj³ bnÞb;GaKuynImYy²KYrEtRtUv)anRtYtBinitü ya:gehac
Nas; 1Exmþg ehIyrkSa[vas¥atCanicedaybEnßmTwkRbsinebI kMhab;x<s;elIskMrit .

sMKal; ³ bnÞab;BIGaKuyRtUv)aneKbBa¢ÚlGasIutrYcmþgehIy GñkminRtUvbEnßmGasuItmþgeToteT RbsinebI
GñkbEnßmluHRtaEtTwkGasuIenAkñúgGaKuyrIg .

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
5>2>4 kareFVI[GaKuymansmPaB
enAeBlEdlGaKuybgðajBIPaBepSg²KñaenAkñúgbnÞb;nimYyrbs;GaKuy vabgðajfaGaKuycab;epþIm ex-
Say. eKRtUvbBa©ÚlGaKuy[elIskMrit EdleKehAfa kareFVI[GaKuymansmPaB .
edIm,IeFVIeGaymansmPaBrvagbnÞúknImYy²enAkñúgGaKuy caM)ac;bBa©Úl[yWtedaybBa©Úl GaKuy[
elIskMrit GacbBa©ÚlePøIg)antamtMrUvkar eRBaH]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarBarkMu[ bBa©ÚlelIs. man
meFüa)aymYyedIm,IbBa©ÚlGaKuy[elIskMritP¢ab;pÞal;BIpÞaMgkB©ak;sULaeTAnwgGaKuy. kareFVI[man
smPaBenHKYrEteFVIenAéf¶manBnøW. eKGacdwgenAeBlEdl GaKuymansmPaB eRBaHmanBBuHtUc²
EdlmanCarUbragenAkñúgbnÞb;GaKuy ehIymantg;süúg RbEhlCa 14>5v:ul. GaKuyGacmankMedAtic
eKRtUveRbIeBlevlaeBjmYyéf¶ edIm,IeFVI[RbsiT§PaBsmPaBekItmaneT,Ig.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
6 ExScMlg
6>1 esckþIepþIm
mUlehtuEdleFVI[)at;bg;sMBaFKWbNþalmkBIbMBg;TwktUc EdleFVI[manersuIsþg;x<s;ehIy sMBaF
CaeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as; KWRKan;EtsMrab;rkSaTuklMhUrTwkenAkñúgbMBg;enaHEtb:ueNÑaH.
enAkñúgRbB½n§GKÁisnIRbsinebIExSePIøgtUc enaHtg;süúgRtUv)at;bg;ehIy]bkrN¾enaHGacnwgminGac
TTYl)antg;süúgRKb;RKan;sMrab;eRbIR)as;Edr. ehtuplEdleFVI[mankar)at;bg;tg;süúg KWExSePøIgman
muxkat;tUcEdleFVI[manersIusþgx<s;ehIyfamBlGKÁisnICaeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as; edIm,IrkSalMhUrcrnþ
GKÁisnIenAkñúgExSePIøgEtb:ueNÑaH .
kareRbIR)as;RbB½næmin)anl¥cMeBaHExSePøIgmanTMhMtUc edIm,Iyl;dwgBIsar³sMxan;BIkartP¢ab;bNaþjExS
ePIøgEdleKeRbIR)as;sMrab;kartMeT,IgRbB½næsULa 12vu:l b¤24vu:l RtUvEtmanmuxkat;ExSFMCag
RbB½næePIøgEdleRbIedIm,IbB¢ÚanfamBl 240vu:l.
6>2 TMnak;TMngén)a:ra:EmtbNþajExSePøIg nigkar)at;bg;GanuPabGKÁisnI
muxkat;ExS
ExSePIøgmanmuxkat;tUcpþl;famBltictYceTA[]bkrN_eRbIR)as;. edIm,Imantg;süúgx<s;eKRtUvkar pÞaMg
sULaeRcIn eFVI[karcMNayéføedImkan;EteRcIn. ebIeRbIR)as;ExSePøIgmanmuxkat;FMxaMøg eKRtUvkar
tg;süúgTab edIm,IrujGKÁisnIqøgkat;ExS b:uEnþkarcMNayéføedImeTAelIExSkan;Etx<s;. TMhMRtwmRtUvrbs;
ExSePøIgnwgpþl;[mansmPaBrvagkarcMNay elIExSFMCamYynwgkar)at;bg; nig karcMNayeRcIneTA
elIpÞaMgsULanigGaKuy .
RbEvgExS
eKeRbItg;süúgx<s;edIm,Ipþl;famBleTA[]bkrN_eRbIR)as; elIExSEdlmanRbEvg CagExSEdlman
RbEvgxøI cMeBaHmuxkat;dUcKña. ebIeKeRbIR)as;tg;süúgx<s; enaHeKRtUvcMnayelI karTijpÞaMgsULa nig
GaKuy tMéledImkan;Etx<s;. edIm,IcMNayticExSePøIgKYrmanRbEvgxøI .

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
65
Photovoltaic
TMlaktg;süúgEdlbNþalmkBIRbEvgExS
GanuPaBEdl)at;bg;elIExS KWersIusþgrbs;ExS. vaRtUvkartg;süúgbB¢ÚanfamBlqøgkat;ExS nigersIusþg
rbs;ExS tg;süúgx<s;RtUvkarCacaM)ac;. brimaNtg;süúgEdlRtUvkaredIm,IbB¢ÚanfamBlqøgkat;ExS
ehAfa TMlaktg;süúg.
c,ab;TI 1 kMueRbIExSePøIgEvgCagRbEvgEdlRtUvkar
c,ab;TI 2 tMélTMlaktg;süúgsMrab;RbB½næ 12v:ul minelIsBI 0>5v:ul. tMélTMlaktg;süúg
sMrab;RbB½næ 24v:ul minelIsBI 1v:ul.
1 brimaNGKÁIsnIrt;kñúgExSrePøIg
2 muxkat;ExSr ¬KitCamIlIEm:Rtkaer: ¦
3 RbEvgExSr ¬KitCa Em:Rt¦
c,ab;TI 3
eRbIR)as;RbePTExSrePøIgeGayRtUveTAtamkargar. ExSrePøIgeRbIsMrab;bgáb;RtUvEtmanGiusULg; EdlFn;
nwgkarkb;eRkamdI. ExSrePIøgEdlP¢ab;CamYynwgpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitüRtUvEtmanGIusULg;EdlFn;nwg
GakasFatuxageRkA)an. ExSrePøIgEdlmanGIusULg;Fn;nigGakasFatuxageRkA)anl¥ minRtUvkb; rW dak;
eGayRtUvnwgBnøWRBHGaTitükñúgkMLúgeBlyUrenaHeT.
6>3 RbePTExSrePøIg
TMhMExSCamUldæanRKwHsMxan;bMput manExSrCaeRcInRbePTxus²KñaeTAtambridæanepSg²Kña
ExSrcMlg
elahFatuEdlGaccMlgGKÁIsnI)anRtUv)aneKehAfa ExSrcMlg.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
eTaHbICaExSrePøIgeFVIBIExSrcMlgGaluymIjÚmExSrePøIgEdleRbIR)as;pÞH ehIy nigeRbIR)as;tamkEnøgeFVI

BaNiC¢kmμ CaTUeTAKW ExSrTg;Edg.
ExSrTg;EdgmanlkçNrwg CaTUeTARtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;enAtampÞH. vamanExSrcMlgTg;EdgrwgmYy
EdlsßitenAkñúgbMBg;GIusULg;mYy ¬rUbPaBTI 57>b¦. ExSrEdlmanlkçNrwgCaFmμtaman tMélefak
b:uEnþvarwg ehIyRbsinebIeyIgBt;eTA Bt;mk vanig)ak;.
rUbTI 57 RbePTExSrcMlg (UNESCO manual)

eKeRbIExSrePøIgEdleFVIeLIgBIsrésExSrtUc²CaeRcInrMubBa©ÚlKñaCa)ac;kñúgrnæGIusULg;. vaRtUv)aneK
ehAfarbMuExSrBIeRBaHvaeFVIeLIgBIsrésExSrtUc²CaeRcIn ¬rUbTI57/a¦. eTaHbICasrésnimYy²tUc
EtsrésTaMgenaHRKb;RKan;;ruMbBa©ÚlKñabegáIt)anCaExSrEtmYy Edl manTMhMesμIr nigExSrrwgmYyEdr.
]TahrN¾RbsinebIsrésnimYy² manTMhM 0>1 mIlIEm:Rtkaer:/ enaH srésExSrcMnYn 25 nigeRbI
begáIt)anExSrmYysrésmanmuxkat; 2>5 mIlIEm:Rtkaer:. GtßRbeyaCn_d¾sMxan;énExSrsþg;da KW
Gacbt;Ebn)an.
CalkçNGKÁIsnI minmanPaBxusKña rvagExSrrwg nig ExSrrbMu EdlmanTMhMb:unKña. ExSrwgmantMél
efakehIyl¥sMrab;karbMBak;CaGcié®nþ. ExSrbMuCaTUeTAl¥bMputsMrab;kareRbIR)as; NamYyEdlExSrePøIg
minRtUv)aneKbMBak;nigkEnøgNamYyCaGcié®nþ.
GuIsULg;
GIusULg;enAelIExSr KWdak;kñúgeKalbMNgsMxan;edIm,IkarBareRKaHfñak;karb:HKñaéncrnþGKÁIsnI dUecñHKμan
kar)at;bg;crnþGKÁisnItamry³karlicFøayeTAtamsMParEdlenACMvijExSr.
GIusULg;dak;edIm,IeGaymansuvtßiPaBpgEdr ¬rUbTI58¦. cMeBaHpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü mantg;süúgTab

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
eRKaHfñak;GKÁIsnIqk; KWmingaynigekIteLIgeT EtGKÁIP½y rW ePøIgeqHpÞH GacekItmaneLIg ebIExSr

manGIusULg;minl¥ ¬qøgePøIg¦.
ExSrePøIg
karrYmpSMrvagExSnimYy²EdlmanGIusULg;eGayeTACaExSrEtmYy RtUv)aneKeGayeQμaHfa ExSrePøIg.
CaFmμtakarrt;ExSrePøIgenAkñugpÞHeKeRbIExSrePøIgEdlmanExSrcMlgBIdac;BIKña ¬rUbTI58¦. ExSrePøIgman
ExSrcMlgbI rW eRcIn ExSrePøIgEdlmanExSrcMlgeRcInmanGIusULg;2RsTab;. GIusULg;RsTab;eRkA
eRsabelIExSrePøIgdak;CamYyKñaCaeRcIn ehIyGIusULg; xagkñúgCaRsTab;eRsabelIExSrePøIgnImYy²
dac;BIKña. sMrab;ExSrePøIgkñúgpÞH man2ExScMlgman KuNsm,tþieRcInCagkareRbIExSrePøIgEdlmanExSr
cMlgEtmYy cMnYnBIr.
rUbTI 58 ExSePøIgEdlmanExScMlgBIr (adapted from UNESCO manual)
6>4 kareRCIserIsmuxRtwmRtUvénExS
tamry³c,ab;énExScMlgmanlkçx½NÐ 3 kñúgkareRCIserIsExSePøIgeGay)anRtwmRtUv.
1 crnþEdlqøgkat;ExS
2 muxkat;ExS ¬KitCa mIlIEm:Rtkaer: ¦
3 RbEvgExS ¬KitCa Em:Rt ¦

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
CaTUeTA man2krNIkñúgkarKNnamuxExSeGay)anRtwmRtUvsMrab;eRbICamYyRbB½næsULatampÞH
• karKNnamuxkat;ExS
• kareRbIR)as;tarageRCIserIsExS
6>4>1 karKNnamuxkat;ExS
TMhMmuxkat;ExSePøIgGacKNnatamrUbmnþ
Lc × P
S (mm 2 ) =
ηloss × U 2 × κ 6.1
Edl³ A Camuxkat;ExS (mIlIEm:Rtkaer:)

Lc CaRbEvgExS = RbEvgExSviC¢man ÷ RbEvgExSGviC¢man/ RbEvgExSeTAehIynigmk (Em:Rt)
P famBldwkCBa¢ÚntamExS (va:t;)
V RbB½nætg;süúg (vu:l)
k emKuN ¬Tg;Edg k cu=56; GaluymIjÚm k =34, KitCa¬ Em:Rt/GUmEm:Rtkaer: ¦
Al
eKcat;Tukfa l =2 x L ¬RbEvgBitR)akd/ ]TahrN¾ ExSrvagGaKuy nig GMBUl

c
2× L× P
S (mm 2 ) = 6.2
ηloss × U 2 × κ
RbsinebI η = 3 ÷ 5% KWl¥RbesIsMrab;RbB½næbnÞHRsUbBnøWRBHGaTitü ¬kñúgkarKNnaeKyk

loss ηloss
témø 4 PaKry ¦ TMhMBitR)akdmYyénExSrcMlg Tg;Edg nig GaluymIjÚ:m RtUv)anKNna³

S (mm2) = 0.006x L (m) x P (W), sMrab;ExSrcMlgTg;Edg 6>3
S (mm2) = 0.010x L (m) x P (W), sMrab;ExSrcMlgGalumIjÚm 6>4
rW eday P=UxI
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
S (mm2) = 0.074 x L (m) x I (A), sMrab;ExSrcMlgTg;Edg

S (mm2) = 0.123 x L (m) x I (A) sMrab;ExSrcMlgGalumIjÚm 6>5
cMeBaHrUmmnþxagelI ebIeKdwgGanuPaB ¬KitCava:t;¦ ebIeKdwgcrnþ¬KitCaGMEB¦ eKeRbIrUmmn xageRkam.
enAkñúgesckþIbEnßm2bgøajBItaragénTMhMExSrCak;lak;EdleFVIGMBITg;Edg EdlbegáIteLIgedayKNna
tamrUbmnþ. dUcKñaEdr cMeBaHtaragénTMhMExSrsMrab;RbePTepSgeTot énExScMlg nig
RbBæ½ntg;süúgNamYy.
]TahrN¾ 6>1 manesoKVImYyEdlmanGMBUlRtUvkarcrnþ 4GMEB edIm,IdMenIrkar ehIyEdlman cMgay 5
Em:Rt BIGaKuy eyIgGac
rUbTI 59 ]TahrN¾énesoKVIbMPøWFmμtamYy (adapted from KAMWORKS)

KNna
S (mm2) = 0.074 X 4 GMEB X 5 Em:Rt
S= 1.48 mIlIEm:Rtkaer:
ehIycMeBaHkareRCIserIsExSlkçNsþg;daenAtamTIpSarEdlGayeRbIR)as;)anKWesμI rW FM Cag 1>48
mIlIEm:Rtkaer:. kñúgkrNIenH ExSlkçNsþg;da 1>5 mIlIEm:Rtkaer: KWGaceRbIR)as;)an.
sMKal; eyIgRtUveRbIRbEvgRtUveFVItamkarBit ¬ emIl]TahrN¾ kñúgrUb 60 ¦

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
rUbTI 60 RbEvgExSBitR)akd (adapted from UNESCO manual)

6>4>2 kareRbIR)as;tarageRCIserIsExS
tMélBitR)akdenAkñúg {TMhMBitR)akd} taragTI 3 KWRtUv)anKNnatamrUbmnþ ¬6>1 sMrab;
ExScMlgTg;Edg¦ taragénExS CaTMhMExSsþg;daEdlmanenAtamTIpSar ¬emIltaragTI3¦. taragTI !-@
sMrab;eRbICamYynwgtg;süúgGaKuy !@v:ul pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitünig]bkrN¾epSg² ehIy taragTI #-$
sMrab;eRbICamYyRbB½nætg;süúg @$v:ul .
tarag 3 taragExSsþg;da sMrab;eRbICamYyRbB½nætg;süúg !@v:ul (adapted from UNESCO manual)
Load Wire Length In Meters
4
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Watts Amperes
Standard Size Wire Needed (Square Millimeters)
5 0.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
10 0.83 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
15 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
20 1.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
25 2.08 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
30
2.50 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4
35 2.92 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4
40 3.33 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 4
]TahrN_^>@ ³ TUrTsSn_B’NeRbIcrnþCab;sIuGanuPaB#0v:at; nigeRbIeRkamtg;süúg !@v:ul. cMgay rvag

GaKuynigTUrTsSn_manRbEvg #Em:Rt.
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
71
Photovoltaic
KNnaTMhMExSEdlRtUveRbIedaydwgfa TMlak;tg;süúgenAcugExSminFMCag 0>%v:ul.

dMenaHRsay³
edayeRbItaragTI3 tamdMnak;kaldUcxageRkam³
- cUrGñkemIlenACYrQrRtg;cMnucEdlmanelx #0v:at; ¬RBYjB’NRkhm¦
- bnÞab;mkemIlcuHeRkamRtg;RbEvgExSEdlmanelx # Em:Rt ¬RBYjB’Nexov¦
- cMnucCYbéncugRBYjTaMgBIrKWCasþg;daTMhMExSEdlRtUveRbI EdlTMlak;tg;süúgenA cugExStUc-
Cag 0>%v:ul . ¬enAkñúg]TahrN_enHeyIgRtUveRCIserIsExSEdlmanTMhM !>% mI-
lIEm:Rtkaer¦
taragenHGaceRbIsMrab;eRCIserIsTMhMExSsMrab;P¢ab;BI ]bkrN_eTAGaKuy nigP¢ab;BI GaKuyeTA
pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü;.
]TahrN_ ^>#³ TUrTwkkkmYysIuGanuPaB &%v:at; nigeRbIeRkamtg;süúg !@v:ul. KNnaRbEvgExS Edl
RtUveRbIedaydwgfaExSmanTMhM @>%mIlIEm:Rtkaer ehIyTMlak;tg;süúgenAcugExStUcCag 0>%v:ul.
dMenaHRsay³
cUremIlBICYrQrRtg;cMnucEdlmanGanuPaB &%v:at; eTAxagsþaMrhUtdl;cMnucEdlExSmanTMhM
@>%mIlIEm:Rtkaer rYcemIleLIgeTAelIRtg;cMnucRbEvgExS³ eyIg)anRbEvgExSGtibrmaBIGaKuy
eTATUrTwkkkmanRbEvg%Em:RtEdlTMlak;tg;süúg enAcugExStUc CagrWesμI 0>%v:ul¬taragTI$¦ .

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
tarag 4 karKNnaRbEvgExSGtibrma
Load Wire Length In Meters
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Watts Amperes
Standard Size Wire Needed (Square Millimeters)
… … … …
65 5.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 8
70 5.83 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8
75 6.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8
80 6.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8
85 7.08 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8
90 7.50 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 10
6>4>3 eRbItarageRCIserIsExSsMrab;P¢ab;BI]bkrN_eRcIneTAGaKuy
snμtfa Gñkman]bkrN_eRbIR)as;#RbePTEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgExSEtmYydUc)anbgðajkñúgTMB½r xageRkam.
]bmafaGñkmanTUrTsSn_ ! kgðar! nigGMBUlGKÁisnI ! EdlP¢ab;eTAnwgGaKuytamExS EtmYy. ]bkrN_
TaMgenHman):ar:aEm:RtdUcbgðajkñúgrUbPaB ^! .
kñúg]TahrN_enH ExSRtUv)anP¢ab;Ca # kMnat;esoKVI ³
- kMnat;TI! P¢ab;BIGaKuyeTA ]bkrN_TImYy ¬TUrTsSn_¦ ³ ExSkMnat;enHminRtwmEtpþl;crnþ GKÁisnIeTA
eGayTUrTsSn_b:ueNÑaHeT Etvak¾pþl;eTAeGay kgðar nig GMBUlpgEdr ¬^0 ÷ @$ ÷ !# = (& v:at;¦ .
- kMnat;TI@ P¢ab;BI]bkrN_TImYyeTA]bkrN_TI@ ¬BITUrTsSn_eTA kgðar¦ ³ ExSkMnat;enHpþl; crnþ GKÁis-
nIeTA kgðar nig GMBUl ¬GanuPaBsrub #& v:at;¦ .
- kMnat;TI# P¢ab;BI]bkrN_TI2eTA]bkrN_TI3 ¬BIkgðareTAGMBUl¦ ³ ExSkMnat;enHpþl;crnþ GKÁis-
nIeTAGMBUl ¬manGanuPaB !# v:at;¦ .
dMenaHRsaysMrab;krNIEdlP¢ab;CamYy]bkrN_eRcInGaceFVI)antam @ dMnak;kal ³
- dMnak;kalTImYy ³ eRbItaragTI# sMrab;KNnaTMhMExSEdlRtUveRbIsMrab;]bkrN_ nImYy² RbsinebI
]bkrN_nImYy²RtUv)anP¢ab;KñaeTAvijeTAmk.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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- dMnak;kalTIBIr ³ pÁÜbExSTaMgenaHcUlKña eyIgsegáteXIjfaTMhMExSenaHekIneLIgesÞIrEt esμInwgTMhM

sþg;da .
rUbTI 61 ]bkrN_ # RbePTRtUv)anP¢ab;eTAExSEtmYy (adapted from UNESCO manual)

dMenaHRsayGacsegçbdUckñúgtaragTI % xageRkam ³

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
tarag 5 krNI]bkrN_eRcInP¢ab;eTAnwgExSEtmYy
dMN ak;k al v:a t; RbEvg¬Em:R t¦ mux kat;¬ Em:R tkaer¦ mux kat;¬ Em:R tkaer¦sþg ;d a
dMN ak;k alTI! karKNnasMr ab;] bkrN_m Yy
GaKuy eTATUrTsSn_ 60 2 0.80
GaKuy eTAkgðar 24 4 0.64
GaKuy eTAGMB Ul 13 7 0.61
dMN ak;k alTI@ karP¢a b;E xS

GaKuy eTATUrTsSn_ 97 2.05 2.5
TUrTsSn_eTAkgðar 35 1.25 1.5
kgðareTAGMB Ul 11 0.61 1.5
sMKal; ³
- viFIenHGaceRbIsMrab;kareRbIR)as;]bkrN_eRcIn eday EbgEckesoKVICakMnat;dUc²Kña .
-TMhMExSFmμtarbs;GWr:ub@RbePTKW !>%mIlIEm:Rtkaer nig @>% mIlIEm:Rtkaer . ExSTaMgBIrRbePTenH
mantMélxusKñabnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH ebIeFobeTAnwgtMélsrubén RbB½næGKÁisnIBnøWRBHGaTitüEtkar)at;bg;
enAelIExSFMmankMritTab . kñúg]TahrN_enH CaCMerIsd¾l¥ eyIgRtUveRCIserIsExSEdlmanTMhM @>%mIlI
Em:RtkaersMrab;RKb;esoKVITaMgGs; .
6>4>4 TMhMExSsMrab;]bkrN_EdledIredaym:UT½r
taragv:at;nigGMEBr enAelI]bkrN_GKÁisnIKWCatMélEdleRbIkñúglx½NÐdMenIrkarFmμta. ]TahrN_
TUrTwkkkmYybgðajGanuPaBRtUvkar ^0v:at; eRkamtg;süúg!@v:ul. mann½yfaenAeBl dMenIrkarvaRtUv-
karcrnþGKÁisnI %GMEBrBIGaKuy .

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edayELk m:UT½rGKÁisnIRtUvkarcrnþFMsMrab;dMenIrkardMbUg KWesμInwgeRcIndgéncrnþEdl RtUvkarkñúg

lkçx½NÑdMenIrkarFmμta. edIm,IkarBarnUvTMlak;tg;süúgEdlmantMélFM eyIgRtUv eRCIserIsTMhMExS
EdlP¢ab;eTAnwg]bkrN_EdledIredaym:UT½r ¬]TahrN_ ³TUrTwkkk m:asIune)ak exaGav nigm:UT½rbUmTwk¦
mantMély:agehacNas;esμInwg@dgénGanuPaBrWcrnþEdl]bkrN_ sIukñúglkçx½NÑdMenIr karFmμta .
sMKal;³kgðarminRtUvkarcrnþFMsMrab;dMenIrkardMbUgeTehIyvak¾minRtUvkarExSEdlmanTMhMFMEdr .
k,ÜnKNnaTMhMExSTI $
ExSEdlP¢ab;BIGaKuyeTATUrTwkkk m:UT½rbUmTwk m:asIune)akexaGav rW]bkrN_EdledIreday m:UT½repSg
eTotRtUvkarcMlgcrnþGKÁisnIy:agehacNas;esμInwg @dgéncrnþkñúgeBldMenIrkar. kñúgkareRbItarag
eyIgRtUvyktMélesμInwg @dgéntMélGanuPaBrWcrnþ EdleRCIserIssMrab; ]bkrN_EdledIredaym:UT½r .
]TahrN_ ^>$³ TUrTwkkkmYysIuGanuPaB *0v:at;¬rUbPaB $(¦. KNnaTMhMExSEdlP¢ab;BIGaKuy Edl-

mantg;süúg!@v:uleTATUrTwkkkedaydwgfa cMgayBITUrTwkkkeTAGaKuymanRbEvg#Em:Rt ehIy
TMlak;tg;süúg enAcugExSmantMél tUcCag 0>%v:ul .
dMeNaHRsay
TUrTwkkk KWCa]bkrN_EdledIredaym:UT½r dUecñH vasIuGanuPaB @x*0= !^0v:at; enAeBlcab;epþIm dMenIr
kardMbUg . tamtaragTI # eyIg)an TMhMExSsMrab; GanuPaB *0v:at; ehIy manRbEvg #Em:Rt KW
!>^mIlIEm:Rtkaer. dUecñH sMrab;GanuPaB!^0v:at;= #>@ mIlIEm:Rtkaer. b:uEnþ TMhMExSsþg;daEdl RtUveRbIKW
$ mIlIEm:Rtkaer .

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
]TahrN_ ^>5 ³KNnaTMhMExSEdlRtUveRbIsMrab;esoKVIxageRkam ¬ KAMWORKS ¦
cMgay kMrit- kMritGMEB muxkat;Ex muxkat;ExSrY muxkat;Ex

muxkat;ExS eTAGa- famBl r S S
m
Kuy (W) (A) (mm ) 2
sþg;dar
bnÞHsULa(A) 4 120 1000 3,33 4
kuMBüÚT½ryYréd (B) 8 35 2,92 1,84 2,5
GaKuy (C) 6,5 155 12,92 5,17
cMNaMTI1³ muxkat;RbePT B GacbBa¢ÚncrnþeBlpÞúkBIbnÞHsULaeTA kan;kuMBüÚT½ryYréd. dUcenHTMhM

muxkat;ExSRtUvbUkbBa©ÚlKñarvag (bnÞHsULa-GaKuy) nig(kuMBüÚT½ryYréd-GaKuy) (§6.4.3).
cMNaMTI2³kñúgkarKNnaTMhMmuxkat;ExSnImYy² RtUvEtdwgBIRbEvgBitR)akdBI bnÞHsULa-GaKuy rW bnÞúk-
GaKuy ehIykñúg]TahrN_enHvaesμI A+B= 4 + 0,5 =4,5m nig C+ B = 8,5m .
lMhat;TI21³ KNnaRbEvgGtibrima nigmuxkat;ExS? kñúg]TahrN_enH

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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va:t; (Watts) crnþFMbMput (A) TMhMExS muxkat;ExSFMbMput (sþg;dar)

24 24/12=2A 1,5
lMhat;TI22³ ( eyagtam esoePA KAMWKS)

-RbB½n§tg;süúg 24V
-GMBUl 6W
-m:asuInedr 144W
-bnÞHfamBlRBHGaTitü 48Wp
-RbEvgExS A=3m
B=0,5m
C=40m
D=5m

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
RbEv kMritGMEB muxkat;ExS muxkat;ExS

muxkat;ExS g kMritfamBl muxkat;ExSrYm
r BitR)akd
(W) sþg;dar
(m) (A) (mm2)
bnÞHsULa(A)
GMBUl (C)
m:asuIn (D)
GaKuy (B)
cMNaM³ ]bkrN_eRbIR)as; EdlP¢ab;nigmuxkat; (D) KWRtUveRbICamYynigm:UT½r ¬m:asuInedr¦

lMhat;TI23³
KNnaRbEvgExSEdlEvgbMputRtUveRbI?
TUrTsSn_ 10W,12Vmuxkat;ExS 2,5mm 2
va:t; (Watts) crnþFMbMput (A) TMhMExS muxkat;ExSFMbMput (sþg;dar)

10 2.5

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
7 ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;
7>1 esckþIepþIm
kardMeLIgRbB½n§famBlBnøWRBHGaTitükñúgeKalbMNgyk eTAeRbIR)as;kñúg ]bkrN_eGLicRtUnic
tamtMrUvkarrbs;eyIgdUcCa GMBUl/ TUrTwkkk/ ]bkrN_cak; vIedGU/ m:aej/ viTüú/m:UT½rbUmT½r ehIy
]bkrN_eRbIR)as;famBlGKÁIsnImYycMnYneTotEdleRbIfamBlRBHGaTitü.
enAeBldMeLIgRbBn§½famBlRBHGaTitüdMbUg eKRtUvKiteTAdl;famBlsrubrbs;]bkrN_ EtebIsin
Cacg;dMeLIgcMnYn]bkrN_eRbIR)as;EdlP¢ab;nwgRbBn§½famBlRBHGaTitü eyIgRtUvdMeLIgbnÞHfamBl
RBHGaTitünigGaKuyeGayFMCagmun.
ebI]bkN_eRbIR)as;fμIRtUv)aneKP¢ab;eTAnwgRbBn§½famBlRBHGaTitü edayBuM)andMeLIgTMhMrbs;va enaH
GayukaleRbIR)as;rbs;GaKuykan;EtxøI ehIydMeNIrkarrbs;RbBn§½famBlRBHGaTitürbs;eyIgBuM man
PaBRbRktIenaHeT .
7>2 GMBUlGKÁisnI
PaKeRcInén]bkrN_eRbIR)as;KW GMBUlGKÁisnI. eKmanGMBUlGKÁisnI2RbePT³ GMBUlmUl nig
GMBUlEmRt. GMBUlmUl PøWenAeBlEdlmancrnþqøgkat;mankMedA ¬rUbTI 62 a¦. GMBUlmUlx¢H
x¢ayfamBl va samBaØmantMélefak.
(a) (b)
rUbTI 62 GMBUlGKÁisnI (a) GMBUlmUl nig (b) GMBUlEmRt

GMBUlEmRtmanlkçN³sμúKsμajCagGMBUlmUlvamanBnøWxøaMgCagGMBUlmUl cMeBaHGanuPaBdUcKña. GMBUl
EmRtRtUvkarePøIg DC ecjBIsULa dUcKñanwgkareRbICamYyGaKuy.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
dMeLIgGMBUlenAkEnøgNaEdlcaM)ac; ]TahrN_ enAelIBida Rtg;cMnuckNþall¥bMput ¬rUbTI63¦.
rUbTI 63 dMeLIgGMBUlenAkEnøgEdlcaM)ac;
cUreFVIy:agNa[ExSEdleRbIxøIbMput rwtcMNgExSePøIg
7>3 TUrTwkkk
GñkGaceRbIR)as;TUrTwkkktUcmYyedaydMeLIgGaMgEvkT½rtUcEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ edIm,IbMElg ePøIgBIcrnþ
Cab;eTACacrnþqøas;. kardMeLIgRbB½næsULaBiessmYysMrab;TUrTwkkktUcmantMél efak eRBaHfaePøIg
EdlecjGaMgEvkT½reRbIsMrab;EtTUrTwkkkb:ueNÑaH ehIyTUrTwkkksuIePøIgticCag tMélFmμtarbs;va.
dUcenH eKdMeLIgRbB½næsULa nig GaKuytUcmYy.
TUrTwkkksuIePøIgeRcInCag GMBUl12 kñúgry³eBl 4em:ag. ebIsineKbEnßmTUrTwkkkeTAkñúgRbB½næsULa
RtUvKitfa etIpÞaMgsULa nig GaKuyGacpÁt;pÁg;)anrWeT.
rUbTI 64 TUrTwkkksuIePøIgeRcInCag GMBUl

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
7>4 TUrkøaes
TUkøaesmansuItNðPaBRtCak;xøaMg dUcenHvaRtUvkarfamBlCaeRcIn. edIm,I[Twkkk nigrkSa Gahar
eKdMeLIgpÞaMgkBa©k;sULanigGaKuyEdlmanGanuPaBFM ebImindUcenHvaRKan;EtRtCak;. eKdMeLIgpÞaMg
kBa©k;sULanigGaKuyEdlmanGanuPaBeTVdg sMrab;TUkøaes xusBITUrTwkkk.
rUbTI 65 TUrkøaes
7>5 vIedGU nigTUrTsSn_
eTaHbICa eyIgGacTijk,alcak;vIedGU nigTUrTsSn_EdlvadMeNIrkaredaypÞal;BIRbB½næsULa k¾eday
BYkvaminEtgEtgayRsYlnwgEsVgrkeT. PaKeRcIn vIedGU nigTUrTsSn_ TaMgenaHRtUvEtmandMeLIg
]bkrN_bMElgfamBlsMrab;bMElgtg;süúgTab crnþCab;rbs;RbB½næ eTAtg;süúgx<s; crnþqøas;tamtMrUv
karrbs;vIedGU nigTUrTsSn_. ]bkrN_bMElgenH CaFmμta eKehAfa]bkrN_ bMElgcrnþCab;eTAcrnþqøas;
GaMgEv:kT½r EdlvamantMéléfø nigRtUvkarfamBlxageRkA edIm,IdMeNIrkarbUkrYmnwgfamBlpþl;eTA
eGay]bkrN_eRbIR)as;. GaMgEv:kT½rRtUvmanTMhMRtUvKñanwg ]bkrN_eRbIR)as; edIm,IeGaykareRbIR)as;
famBlRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nigRtUv )anbiTCamYy]bkrN_eRbIR)as;.
rUbTI 66 TUrTsSn_

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
7>6 viTüú nig]bkrN_esþer:GU

CaTUeTA viTüú nig esþer:GU minGacdMeNIrkaredaypÞal;BIkarpÁt;pÁg;rbs;famBlsULaeT. BYkvaRtUv
kar]bkrN_bMElgtg;süúg. BYkvaCaFmμtaRtUvedatcUlkñúgqñab;crnþGKÁisnI Cab;CBa¢aMg]bkrN_enaH
bMElg crnþCab; eTA crnþqøas; caM)ac;RtUveRbI GaMgEv:kT½r. ebIBYkvamandMeNIrkaredayGaKuy sMrab;kar
pÁt;pÁg; enaH]bkrN_ bMElg crnþCab; caM)ac;RtUveRbI.
CaFmμta viTüú nigesþer:GU sIufamBlticCagGMBUlePøIg. Cak;Esþg esþer:GUTMhMFM sIufamBlCagGMBUlePøIg
BIr b¤bI dUecñHpÞaMgsULaCaeRcInCaRtUvkardMeLIg.
rUbTI 67 viTüú nig ]bkrN_esþer:GU

7>7 ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;epSg²
ma:sIunsVanGKÁisnI kgðar nigma:sIunbU‘mtUc²RtUv)aneRbIR)as; EteBlxøH]bkrN_bMElgfamBl mantMémø
éføEdlcaM)ac;RtUveRbI .
qñaMgGu‘tGKÁisnIBiessGaceRbIR)as;)anCamYynwgRbB½næsULab:uEnþBYkvasIufamBlGKÁisnI CaeRcIn dUecñH
pÞaMgsULad¾FM nigGaKuyd¾FMRtUvkarCacaM)ac; RbsinebIqñaMgGu‘tRtUv)aneRbICajwkjab;.
rUbTI 68 kgðar

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
]bkrN_GKÁisnITaMgLayGacdMeNIrkaredayRbB½næsULa ebIRbBn§½vamanTMhMRtwmRtUv ehIypþl;famBl

GKiÁsnIRKb;RKan;. eRBaHEtpÞaMgsULanigGaKuymantMéléfø ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;nanaEdlsIufamBleRcIn
dUcCa ma:sIunRtCak; qñaMgGu‘tcMhayTwk nig]bkrN_cMGinmðÚb GKiÁsnICaeRcIn minRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;.
segçb
kareRCIserIs]bkrN_sMrab;kareRbIR)as;CamYyRbB½næsULa KWeRCIserIsyk]bkrN_NaEdleKbegáIt
sMrab;eRbIR)as;CamYyfamBlRbB½næsULa. tMrUvkartg;süúgrbs;vaRtUvKñaCamYynwgtg;süúgrbs;GaKuy
elIkElgEt]bkrN_bMElgfamBlRtUv)an tMeLIgpgEdr. ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;minRtUvbEnßmcUlkñúg
RbB½næsULa edayKμankarbEnßmcMnYnpÞaMgsULanigTMhMrbs;GaKuyeT edIm,IedaHRsaytMrUvkarekIneLIgén
brimaNfamBlGKÁIsnI.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
8 karKNnaTMhMrbs;RbBn§½sULa
8>1 esckþIepþIm
edIm,IeGayRbB½næsULadMeNIrkar)anl¥ karkMNt;TMhMxñatrbs;pÞaMgsULa nigGaKuyRtUvEt sIuKñaCamYy
nwgfamBlRtUvkarrbs;]bkrN_eRbIR)as;. CaFmμta pÞaMgsULa nigGaKuyman tMéléfø kñúgkarsnSMR)ak;
eyIgeFIVya:gNaeGaykartMeLIgpÞaMgsULatUcbMput nig GaKuytUcbMput. viFIenHKW minsUvGnuvtþn_ nig
vaminR)akdCasnSMR)ak; BIeRBaHRbBn§½sULaEdlmanTMhMtUceRbIsMrab;pÁt;pÁg;]bkrN_ vamandMeNIrkar
minRtwmRtUveT ehIyGaKuynwgRtUv)anCMnYs eFVIeGaymantMélx<s;.
karkMNt;TMhMxñatrbs;RbBn§½rYmmandUcxageRkam ¬sUmemIlenAtaragbEnßmTI5¦
ykarkMNt;TMhMrbs;pÞaMgsULa
ykarkMNt;TMhMrbs;GaKuy
ykarkMNt;TMhMrbs;]bkrN_RtYtBinitü
ykarkMNt;TMhMrbs;ExSePIøg
8>2 karKNnaTMhMxñatRtwmRtUvrbs;pÞaMgsULa
]bkrN_suIfamBlKitCa v:at;ema:g ¬Watt-hours¦ ehIy pÞaMgsULaplitfamBlKitCav:at;ema:g.
kñúgRbBn§½sULa ebIpÞaMgsULamanTMhMtUceBk vaminsak¬bBa©ÚlePIøg¦GaKuyRKb;RKan;Caerogral;éf¶eT
CIviteRbIR)as;rbs;GaKuynwgRtUv)anfycuH CagRbBn§½sULaEdlmansmtßPaBpÞaMgsULaRKb;RKan;.
8>2>1 famBlGKÁisnI)at;bg;
PaKeRcInénfamBlEdlTTYl)anBIpÞaMgsULaRtUv)anpÞúkkñúgGaKuy munnwgykeTAeRbIR)as; ehIy fam-
BlkñúgGaKuyEtgEtm)at;bg;. famBlEdl)at;bg;enH RtUv)anpþl;edaypÞaMgsULa ehIymin)an
ykeTAeRbIR)as;CamYy]bkrN_epSg². elIsBIenHfamBltictYc KWEtgEt)at;bg;enAkñúgExSePøIg
nig]bkrN_RtYtBinitü eTaHbICaExSePøIgmanTMhMRtwmRtUv nig ]bkrN_RtYtBinitümandMeNIrkarRtwmRtUv
k¾eday.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
kar)at;bg;kñúgExS/ karkMnt;TMhMxñatrbs;ExS eKRtUvdwgfa kar)at;bg;tg;süúg KWRbEhl ^°.

mann½yfa eKRtUvkat;bnßyTinñplpÞaMgsULaedayemKuN V =0,96 . l
kar)at;bg;kñúgkarbMElg kkarbMElgCak;EsþgénfamBlGKÁisnIeTACaKImI ehIyRtlb;vij KImI Ca-

famBlGKÁisnIEdlekIteLIgkñúgGaKuy dUcenHkar)at;bg;famBlRtUvEtman. kñúgkarGnuvtþn_ !0°
énkar)at;bg;GacTTYlyk)an. eKkat;bnßyTinñplma:suInePIøgeday emKuN V =0,90. c
kar)at;bg;EdlbNþalmkBIbMEr:bMrYl ¬kardMeLIgminRtUv¦ kar)at;bg;TaMgenH mkBIkMrittg;süúg

ERbRbYl kñúgeBldMeNIrkar. ]TahrN_ tg;süúgGaKuyGaRs½yeTAnwg sItuNðPaB nigkars‘akrbs;va.
mann½yfa ma:suInePøIg mandMeNIrkareRkABIcMNucfamBlGtibrimaEdlRsbeBlnwg dUcKñaEdrcMeBaH
RbB½næsULavaGaRs½y elIkaMBnWø nigsItuNðPaB. GefrPaBéntg;süúg RtUv)anehAfa kardMeLIgminRtUv
ehIy eKkMnt;;kar)at;bg;famBlCamFüm !0°. dUecñH emKuNénkar)at;bg;bEnßm KW V =0,90. m
emKuNkar)at;bg;srub³
V = Vl × Vc × Vm = 0.96 × 0.9 × 0.9 = 0.78; 8.1
vas½kásmbMput cMeBaH]bkrN_suIfamBl 100 v:atema:g ¬Watt-hours¦ eKRtUvkarfamBlsULa

ya:gehacNas; 130 v:atema:g. 30 v:atema:gsMrab;)at;bg; kñúgGaKuy ExSePøIg nig ]bkrN_ RtYt-
Binitü.
8>2>2 emKuNsMrab;pÞaMgkB©ak;
emKuNsMrab;pÞaMgkBa©k; (PGF)
kñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_tictYcbMput Tinñn½yerobCataraggayyl;minmaneT. edIm,I):an;sμanTinñplfamBl
rbs;pÞaMgsULaeKeRbI emKuNsMrab;pÞaMgkBa©k;(PGF)³ lT§PaBrbs;pÞaMgsULa 1Wp edIm,IbegáIt
famBlGKÁisnIRbcaMéf¶sMrab;sßanPaBGakasFatuxøH (UNESCO manual). emKuNsMrab;pÞaMgkBa©k;
rab;bBa©ÚlRbsiT§PaBTaMLayrbs;pÞaMgsULa ¬tMrg;Tisrbs;pÞaMgsULa FUlIdIenAelIva sItuNðPaB
GaRs½y nwgTinñplfamBl¦ nigRbsiT§PaBénTItaMgPUmisaRsþkñúgtMbn;¬BnWøRBHGaTitü¦.
tMélRbhak;RbEhl PGF GacKNnatamrUbmnþxageRkam³
PGF = LDSR(kWh/m 2 ) × Panel efficiency (%) 8.2

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
kñúgrUbmnþenH LDSR KWCakaMBnWøRBHGaTitüRbcaMéf¶ticbMput ¬KitCa kWh/m /day¦ éntMbn;kñúgqñaM.

2
]TahrN_ LDSR=4.58 kWh/m2/day sMrab;TIRkugevogc½nÞénRbeTsLavkñúgExsIha. CaTUeTA

RbsiT§PaBpÞaMgsULaKWRbEhl ^$° ¬sUmemIltaragTI6¦
tarag 6 RbsiT§PaBRbB½næsULa (Dolbelman, 2007)
lMdab;(%) témøTUeTA (%)
kartMrg;TisEdlminl¥ 5-10 5
FUlIdIenAelI pÞaMgsULa 5-10 5
RbsiT§PaBsItuNðPaBelIpÞaMgsULa 0-20 16 (at 60 C)
kartMerobminRtUv 5-15 10
kar)at;bg;elIpÞaMgsULasrub 36%
RbsiT§PaBpÞaMgsULa 64%
cMeBaHTIRkugevogc½nÞ³
PGF=4.58 x 64% = 2.93
mann½yfa³ 1Wp énpÞaMgsULaGacbegáItfamBlGKÁisnIya:gehacNas; 2.93 Wh v:atema:gCaerogral;

éf¶. kñúgtaragelx & bgðajBIniymn½yénGakasFatuxøH² nig tMélRtUvKñaCamYy PGF.

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tarag 7 karkMnt;GakasFatu nig tMélRtUvKñaCamYy PGF (UNESCO manual 2001)

RbePTGakasFatu lkçN³TUeTA PGF
1 manBnøwxøaMgCagGakasFatutMbn;RtUBic edaysarry³eBl éf¶ 3>86

yUrehIyemXKμanBBk rw manbnþicbnþÜcry³eBl 3 eTA 4éf¶
b:ueNÑaH.
2 CaGakasFatutMbn;RtUBicEdlmanBBkxøH²esÞIrEtral;éf¶. kar 3>43
RKb;dNþb;edayBBksuT§manry³minelIsBI 5éf¶eLIy.
3 manBBkBI 5 eTA 7 éf¶CaeTogTat; b:uEnþeBlxøHk¾manemX 3>00
RslHBI3 rw eRcInéf¶pgEdr.
4 manBBkeRcIn cab;BI 10éf¶ rw k¾eRcInéf¶ekIteLIgCaeTogTat; 2>57
nig kRmmanéf¶NaEdlemXRslHeLIy.
segçb
pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüRtUv)antMeLIgtamtMrUvkarfamBlRbcaMéf¶ tageday E (kWh/day).
E
PPV = ; 8.3
PGF × V
eday V = 0.78 dUecñH 1/V = 1.3
1,3 × E
eyIg)an P PV =
PGF
; 8.4
enAkñúgtaragTI7man 5CMhankñúgkarKNnaTMhMpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü edayEp¥keTAelIkareRbIR)as;

PGF. ]TahrN_³ karbgðajBIkarKNnatMrUvkarfamBlRbcaMéf¶ nigkarkMNt;TMhMkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü
sMrab;suxPaBsaFarN³enAkñúgRbeTsLav.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
8>2>3 karkMNt;TMhMpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü
kñúgtarag 8 man 5cMnuckñúgkarkMNt;TMhMkBa©k;famBlBnøWRBHGaTitü.
tarag 8 5CMhankñúgkarkMnt;TMhMkBa©k;RsUbBnøWRBHGaTitü edayeRbI PGF (adapted from
TTM_UNESCO 2001)
CMhanTI1 KNnatMélfamBl¬v:at;em:ag¦kñúgmYyéf¶EdlsuIeday]bkrN_eRbIR)as;nImYy²
CMhanTI2 bEnßmfamBl ¬v:atem:ag¦ EdlcaM)ac;sMrab;]bkrN_TaMgGs; edIm,ITTYl)an
famBl ¬v:atem:ag¦ srubkñúg 1éf¶ EdlfamBlEdlEfmenaH)ansuIeday
]bkrN_TaMgenaH.
CMhanTI3 KuNfamBl¬v:at;em:ag¦srubrbs;]bkrN_TaMgGs; kñúg1éf¶ nwg 1>3
edIm,ITTYl)antMélfamBl ¬v:at;em:ag¦ srubkñúg1éf¶ ehIydac;xatRtUvEtpÁt;pÁg;
edaypÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü.
CMhanTI4 EckfamBlsrubkñúg1éf¶ ¬v:atem:ag¦ nwg PGF tamtMbn;rbs;Gñk.
CMhanTI5 EcktMélGnuPaBsrubrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü nig GanuParbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;
BnøWRBHGaTitünimYy². dUecñH eyIgTTYl)ancMnYnpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü.
KNnafamBlEdlsuIeday]bkrN_eRbIR)as;sMrab;mYyéf¶
edIm,IKNnacMnYnpÞaMgBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüeGayRtUvKñanwgfamBlsMrab;éf¶nImYy² dMbUg eKRtUvdwgcMnYn
famBlCav:atem:agEdlRtUvkareday]bkrN_TaMgGs;enaHCaerogral;éf¶. bnÞab;mktMeLIgcMnYnrbs;va
edIm,ITUTateTAnwgkMhatbg;famBltamExSrnigkñúgGaKuymuneBlEdlpþl;eTAeGay]bkrN_eRbIR)as;.
]TahrN¾³ KNnaTMhMpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøwRBHGaTitü sMrab;eRbIR)as;CamYynwg]bkrN_xagelI³

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Photovoltaic
CMhanTI1: famBlRbcaMéf¶sMrab;]bkrN_nImYy²
]bkrN_ tg;süúg GanuPaB ry³eBleRbI famleRbIR)as;RbcaMéf¶ cMNaM
(V) (W)
(bnÞúk) R)as;RbcaMéf¶ (Wh=Powerxhours)
(hours)
GMBUl 12 6 4 24
TUrTsSn_ 12 48 5 240
viTüú 12 20 3 60
…… …. …. …. ….
CMhanTI2: famBleRbIR)as; 74 W 324 Wh

srubRbcaMéf¶
CMhanTI3³ famBlsrubEdlkBa©k;famBlBnøWRBHGaTitücaM)ac;RtUvpÁt;pÁg;eGayral;éf¶
PV(Wh)=CMhanTI2 x 1.3
famBlsrubEdlpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü 421 Wh
RtUvpþl;eGayral;éf¶
CMhanTI4³ cMnYnv:at;srubGtibrimaEdlkBa©k;famBlRBHGaTitüRtUvkarCMhanTI3/ PGF (Wp)
kñúgkrNIRkugevogc½nÞmantMélFM: PGF=2.93 144 Wp
CMhanTI5³cMnYnsrubénbnÞHfamBlRBHGaTitüEdl)aneRbI³ CMhanTI4³ cMnYnTMhMbnÞHfamBl
RBHGaTitüEdlGacTTYlyk)an.
tMeLIgtMéleGayxitCitelxEdlFMbMput
RbsinebI 50 Wp bnÞH)aneRbIR)as; 2.88 Æ 3 x 50 Wp =150 Wp
RbsinebI 75 Wp bnÞH)aneRbIR)as; 1.92 Æ 2 x 75 Wp = 150 Wp

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
8>3 karkMNt;TMhMGaKuy
GaKuyRtUvkareRbICacaM)ac;BIeRBaHfa ]bkrN_TaMgGs;eRbIR)as;famBlGKÁIsnIeBlxus²Kña ehIyeBl
xøHfamBlEdlplitedaypÞaMgkBa©k;BnøwRBHGaTitüminRKb;RKan;. GaKuycaM)ac;RtUvmankMriténkarsak
famBly:agCak;lak; nigmanTMhMpÞúkfamBl)aneRcIn. ebIeRbIR)as;CamYyRbB½næEdlRtUvkarfamBl
eRcIn ehIyeRbIedaymanPaBsuRkitenaH eKRtUvkarGaKuypÞúkfamBl)aneRcIn edIm,IkarBarkgVHxat
famBlenAeBlyb; rWenAéf¶NaEdlmanBBk. kñúgkarkMNt;TMhMGaKuy eKRtUvdak;GaKuyNaEdl
GacpÞúkfamBl)aneRcInya:gehacNas;k¾GaceRbIR)as;)an5éf¶edaymin)ansakfamBl. enAtMbn;
EdlmanBBkeRcInRtUvkareRbIR)as;GaKuyEdlmanTMhMFMCacaM)ac;.
KNnaGaKuyrbs;RbB½næsULaenAtampÞHGaceFVItamCMh‘andUcxageRkam ¬tarag9¦³
tarag 9 4CMh‘ankñúgkarkMNt;TMhMGaKuy (TTM_UNESCO 2001)
CMhanTI1 KNnafamBl¬v:atem:ag¦kñúgmYyéf¶EdlsuIeday]brN_nImYy²
CMhanTI2 tMélfamBl ¬v:atem:ag¦ srubkñúgmYyéf¶EdlsuIeday]bkrN_TaMgGs;
CMhanTI3 KuNfamBl¬v:atem:ag¦nwg 5dg sMrab;karepÞrfamBly:ageRcInKuNnwg 7>5dg
sMrab;GaKuyEdlmankarEfTaMtictYc rW k¾KuNnwg 10dgsMrab;GaKuyLan.
CMhanTI4 EcklT§lplEdlTTYl)ankñúgCMhanTI3 CamYynwg tg;süúgrbs;GaKuy ¬]>
12v:ul¦. lT§plEdleKTTYl)anCaGMEBrem:agEdlCaTMhMrbs;GaKuy kñúg
GRtabenÞr C10. RbsinebIGaKuyEdleyIgcg;eRbIenaHeGaymanGRtabenÞr
C100 enaHeyIgcaM)ac;RtUvKuNtMélGMEBrem:ag nwg 1>5.

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]TahrN_ eRbITinñn½yEdlTTYl)anBI]TahrN_xagelI edIm,IkMnt;TMhMGaKuysMrab;RbB½næsULa enA-

tampÞH
CMhanTI1 famBlRbcaMéf¶ KitCav:at;em:agkñúgmYyéf¶ suIeday]bkrN_nImYy²
]bkrN_eRbIR)as; tg;süúg GanuPaB (W) cMnYnem:ageRbI famBleRbIRbcaMéf¶ cMnaM
(V)
(bnÞúk) R)as;RbcaMéf¶ (Wh=GanuPaBxem:ag)
GMBUl 12 6 4 24
TUrTsSn’ 12 48 5 240
viTüú 12 20 3 60
…… …. …. …. ….
CMhanTI2: famBleRbIR)as; 74 W 324Wh

RbcaMéf¶srub
CMhanTI3: famBlsrubEdlGacsþúkTuk)an KitCav:at;em:ag dUecñH ]bkrN_GaceRbIR)as;)anry³
eBl5éf¶edayKμankarsakfamBl ehIyGaKuyTaMgGs;CaRbePTGaKuyxus²Kña
¬GMEBrem:ag=v:at;em:ag¼tMéltg;süúgRbB½n§GaKuy¦
GaKuyLanFmμta: CMhanTI2x 10 3240 Wh 270 Ah
GaKuyEdlmankartMEhTaMtictYc: CMhanTI2x 7>5 2430 Wh 203 Ah
3240 Wh 135 Ah
CMhanTI4: kMNt;cMnYnGaKuyEdl)aneRbI³ CMhanTI3¼TMhMGaKuyEdlGacTTYlyk)an KitCa GMEBr
em:ag.
dMeLIgtMéllT§pleGayxiteTACitcMnYnEdlFMbMput. benÞredayKμankarsakesμInwg 10dg.
GaKuyLanFmμta: 150 Ah 1>80 Æ2 x 150 Ah
GaKuyEdlmankartMEhTaMtictYc: 120 Ah 1>69 Æ 2 x 120 Ah
GRtarelIkarsaknigepÞrrbs;GaKuy: 150Ah or 75Ah 0>90 Æ 1 x 150 Ah rw 2 x 75Ah

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
8>4 karkMnt;]bkrN_RtYtBinitü³
]bkrN_RtYtBinitükarsakrbs;GaKuycaM)ac;RtUvEtmanGanuPaBRKb;RKan; edIm,IeGaycrnþGtibrimaEdl
TTYl)anmkBIpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüykeTAsakGaKuy. crnþEdl)anmkBIpÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü
GacKNna)an tamry³karEckGanuPaB pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitüCamYynwgtMéltg;süúgrbs;va. ]TahrN_³
RbsinebIeyIgcg;P¢ab;RbB½n§RtYtBinitüeTAnwgpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitüEdlmanGanuPaB 150v:at nig12v:ul.
dUecñH tMélcrnþEdlRtUvqøgkat;]bkrN_RtYtBinitüya:gehacNas;= 150¼12=12>50GMEBr.
]bkrN_PaKeRcInRtUvkartMélcrnþFMenAeBlEdlcab;dMenIrkardMbUg ehIyrkSatMéledImvij. CaBiess
m:UT½rGKÁisnIcaM)ac;RtUvkarcrnþcab;epþImdMbUg 3dg edIm,IdMeNIrkar. dUecñH ]bkrN_RtYtBinitücaM)ac;RtUv
EtmantMélGMEBry:agsmrmü edIm,IkarBarnwgcrnþGtibrimarbs;bnÞúkrYmbBa©Úl TaMgdMeNIrkardMbUgrbs;
m:UT½rpgEdr.
c,ab;eméd
RbB½n§EdlKμanm:UT½rGKÁisnI ]bkrN_RtYtBinitücaM)ac;RtUvmankarepÞrcrnþesμIrnigcrnþEdleRbI R)as;
TaMgGs;eGayFMCag 1.5 dg.
sMrab;RbB½n§dMenIrkarmanm:UT½r 1 bnÞúksMrab;bBa¢am:UT½rdMbUgRtUvKiteGayFMCagbnÞúk enAeBl dMenIrk-
arFmμta 3 dg .
dUecñH enAkñúg]TahrN_rbs;eyIg bnÞúksrubKW 48W+6W+20W=74W ¬emIlCMhanTI1¦ crnþdMenIrk-
arsrubKW 74/12=6.17GMEBr Kμan]bkrN_eRbICamYym:UT½r dUecñH ]bkrN_RtYtBinitü man-
crnþy:agticNas; 6.17 X 1.5 = 9.25 GMEBr.
]bkrN_RtYtBinitü
tg;süúg GanuPaB crnþ crnþGtibrma
Epñk sak 12 150 12.50 A 12.5 A
Epñk epÞr 12 74 6.17 A 9.25 A (=6.17 x 1.5)
kñúgkrNIenH TMhM]bkrN_RtYtBinitüRtUveRbI 15/15

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Photovoltaic
8>5 karkMnt;ExSr
]bmafa eyIgnwgbegáItRbB½n§sULadUcrUbxageRkam nigeRbIlT§plEdl)anedaHRsayxagelIedaydak;
pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü (150 Wp)
TMhM;ExS
Epñk RbEvg GanuPaB crnþGtibrima TMhMBit TMhMP¢ab; tambridæan
2 2
m Watts A mm mm mm2
bnÞHsULa (A) 3 150 12.50 3.70 4
GMBUl (C) 4 6 0.50 0.19 1.5
TUrTsSn_ & viTüú 3 68 5.67 1.68 2.5
(D)
GaKuy (B) 1 224 18.67 5.57 6
sMKal; ³
Epñk B KWsMrab;bBa©ÚlcrnþeTAGaKuy ¬GanuPaB¦ EdlplitedaypÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü nigsMrab;beBa©j
crnþykeTAeGay]bkrN_. ehtudUecñH TMhMExSénEpñkenH KWesμInwgTMhMExSEdleRbIkñúgEpñk A, C nig D
rYmbBa©ÚlKña .

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
c,ab;eméd³
• crnþGtibrimaBIbnÞHpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü eKEtgbgðajelIpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü b¤ lkçN³ rbs;
pÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü dUcCa Isc (crnþqøgePøIg). ebIeKmindwg crnþGtibrimaénpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü KW

RtUvcg;caMfa GanuPaBesμInwgplKuNrvagtg;süúgnigcrnþ
• ExSsMrab;]bkrN_eRbIm:UT½r ExSP¢ab;BI]bkrN_eTAm:UT½r ¬TUrTwkkk m:asIune)akexaGav m:asIun
bUmTwk…¦ KYrkMnt;eGayFMCag 2dgy:agtic TaMgGanuPaB rWcrnþeRbIR)as;kñúglkçx½NÐ Fmμta

enAeBldMenIrkar. cMNaM c,ab;enHelIkElgcMeBaHExSP¢ab;eTAkan;kgðaeT
lMhat;TI 13 KNnapÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü GaKuy nig]bkrN_RtYtBinitü ]TahrN_rUbxageRkam
lMhat;TI 14 kMnt;TMhMRbB½n§ eKeRbI]bkrN_bMElgcrnþ dUecñHkar)at;bg;elI]bkrN_enaHRtUvrab;bBa©Úl .

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
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Photovoltaic
9 kardMeLIgRbB½n§sULa
9>1 ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;
kñúgtaragxageRkam bgðaj]bkrN_sMxan;EdlcaM)ac;sMrab;dMeLIgRbB½n§sULatampÞH¬taragTI 10¦.
tarag 10 ]bkrN_sMxan;sMrab; dMeLIgRbB½n§sULatampÞH (KAMWORKS)
]bkrN_ muxgar rUbPaBén]bkrN_ nig bMerIbMras;
Rbdab;kat;ExS erobcMExS kat; citcMbk
Rbdab;sRmUtExS hUtyksMbkExS
mu:lTIEm:RtsMrab;vas; tg;süúg crnþ nig ersI-

usþg;
TulLWvIs ¬mux 2 rwtbnþwgb‘ULúg nig ex©A
nig mux 4¦
RtIvis½y EsVgrkTisedA én pÞaMgkBa©k;

RBHGaTitü
9>2 kardMeLIgpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü
kardMeLIgpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü
RbB½n§sULatampÞHCaGcéRnþy_dak;enAtamTMrg;
• pÞaMgkBa©k;RtUvdak;s‘um karBarsuvtißPaBpÞaMgkBa©k;kñúgkardMeLIg

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
• kardMeLIgpÞaMgkBa©k; RtUvFanakMu[eRcHsIu; manlMnwg nigsuvtßiPaBénkarP¢ab;. pÞaMgkBa©k; RtUvEt

GacTb;Tl;nwgkMlaMgxül;Edlmanel,Óndl; 160 km/h (100 mph) edayKμankarxUcxat.
• eKdMeLIgvaedayRtUvnwgmMumYyCak;lak; edIm,ITTYl)anfamBlGtibrimaBIRBHGaTitü; ¬]TahrN_
ExEdlmankMedACamFümticbMputRbcaMéf¶¦ mMusMrab;RbeTsLav eKGaceRCIserIsRbEhlBI
cenøaH 15-25º eFobépÞedkeday dak;EbreTATisxagt,Úg ¬tMélTabsMrab;PaKxagt,ÚgénépÞ
RbeTstMélx<s;bMputsMrab;PaKxageCIg¦.1
• pÞaMgkBa©k;Gacdak;enAelIdMbUl nig elIdI. kñúgkrNIdak;elIdMbUl karP¢ab;nwgdMbUl KWykex©A nig
b‘ULúgEdlmineRcH EdkeKalEdlGacrlugeBleRbIyUr. cMgayticbMputrvag pÞaMgkBa©k;
nigdMbUlKWRtUvXøat 10cm. cMeBaH kardak;paÞ l;dI RtUvP¢ab;ngw elah³ ebtug rW eQI¬vimaRtTUeTA
20cm) ehIydak;Xaø tBIdI 3.5m y:agtic. TMrEdlRTpÞaMgkBa©k;enHRtUvdak;kb;cUlkñúgebtug rW
dIENnl¥ y:agehac Nas;eGay)anCMerA 150 cm.

karP¢ab;pÞaMgkBa©k;
karP¢ab;pÞaMgkBa©k;k¾mansar³sMxan;Edr pÞaMgkBa©k;PaKeRcInmanex©A edIm,IeGayCab; )anl¥. e-
TaHCay:agenaHkþI ex©AGacrlugbnþicmþg² eTAtameBlevla nig CacaM)ac;Nas; RtUvEtsMGat
nigrwttMnpÞaMgkBa©k;eGay)anmþgkñúgmYyqñaMy:agtic edIm,IeGaykMritrlug manPaBtUcbMput.
9>3 kardak;ExSrePøIg
kartPöab;ExS
kartPöab;ExSkμúgRbB½n§famBlRBHGaTitüRtUvEtl¥ eRBaHtg;süúgGaceFVIeGayGKÁisnIqøgkat; TabcMeBaH
tMnminl¥bMput. enAkñúgcrnþqøas;tg;süúgKW 10 eTA 20 dgFMCagRbB½n§famBl RBHGaTitü.
dUecñH tMnExSEdll¥sMrab;crnþqøas;RbEhlminl¥sMrab;RbB½n§RBHGaTitüeT ¬rUb69¦. tMnEdl)anBI
karRt)aj;ExScUlKña tMenIrkarl¥cMeBaHry³eBlxøIb:ueNÑaH eRBaHkarRt)aj;Gacrlug nig eRcHbnÞab;BIeRbI
ry³eBlyUrenaHtMnnwgGacmankar)at;bg;famBlx<s; nig køayCabBaða.
1
ExEdlmanfamBlRBHGaTitüticbMputenALavKWkñúgExsIha TIenaHRBHGaTitükat;kñúg 85˚-90˚ cenøaH e-
nAkNþaléf¶Rtg; enaHmann½yfa PaBeTrénbnÞHsULasMrab;km<úCa KYrEt EbreTA Tisxagt,Úg
¬cat;TukExEdlmanRBHGaTitüticbMput enAkm<úCa k¾enAExsIhaEdr¦.

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rUbTI 69 tMNExSkñúgRbB½n§crnþqøas; minGacGnuvtþn_)ansMrab;RbB½n§pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü (adapted from

UNESCO manual)
kartdMNedaypSar nigmYlGgáaj;cUlKñaGacCakarRbesIrEdr RbsinCadMNenaHman PaBRtwmRtUvl¥ .

b:uEnþkareFVIEbbenH vaCakarlM)akkñúgkarrk]bkrN_sMrab;teGay)anRtwmRtUv. sMrab;kardMeLIg
RbB½n§GKÁisnIBnøWRBHGaTitü viFIEdlsmrmükñúgkartdMNExSePøIg KWeRbIR)as;dMNRbePTvIs ¬dUmINU¦
¬rUbPaB 70¦. vIsGacrwtbnþwgcMnucdMN EdlminbgáeGayman eRcH rWsñwmehIydMNnwgmansPaBl¥.
minEtb:ueNÑaH dMNRbePTenHEfmTaMggayRsYlkñúgkarsMGateTotpg . dUecñH eTaHCamansñwmekIt
mank¾eday eKGacpøas;bþÚrfμIedayKμankarlM)ak .
rUbTI 70 dMNRbePTvIs CadMNl¥sMrab;RbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitü

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
9>4 kartMeLIg]bkrN_RtYtBinitü
karP¢ab;]bkrN_RtYtBinitücaM)ac;RtUveFVIeTAtamkarENnaMrbs;Gñkplit.
rUbTI 71 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüRbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitütampÞH
vamansar³sMxan;Nas; EdlGñkRtUvtExSePøIgeGay)anRtwmRtUv ¬rUbTI71¦. b:UlviC¢manrbs;ExS
EdlecjBIGaKuy RtUvteTAb:UlviC¢manrbs;GaKuyenAelI;]bkrN_RtYtBinitü. b:UlviC¢manEdlecjBI
pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitüRtUvteTAb:UlviC¢manrbs;pÞaMgenHEdlenAelI;]bkrN_RtYtBinitü. RbsinebI;]bkrN_
RtYtBinitümin)anP¢ab;RtwmRtUv vaminGacdMeNIrkar)an ehIy]bkrN_RtYtBinitünigGaKuyvaGacxUc.
]bkrN_RtYtBinitüxøHRtUv)anP¢ab;CamYyGaKuymunnwgP¢ab;eTApÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü. eyIgRtUvGnuvtþneTA
tamkarENnaMkñúgkartMeLIgedayRby½tñRbEyg.
]bkrN_RtYtBinitüRtUvdak;kEnøgmansItuNðPaBTab EdlminzitcMBnøWRBHGaTitü nigtMnk;ePøóg ehIy
enACitGaKuy. kartP¢ab;RtUveFVIeTAtamkarENnaM ehIyral;dMNTaMgGs;RtUvCab;ENnl¥.
cMgayrvag]bkrN_RtYtBinitünigGaKuyGacbNþaleGaymanbBaðaxøH eRBaHfavamankarlM)aksMrab;
]bkrN_RtYtBinitüvas;bnÞúkkñúgGaKuyBIcMgay. vaCakarRbesIr RbsinCakarP¢ab;rvag ]bkrN_RtYt
BinitünigGaKuymancMgayminelIsBI 2Em:Rt nigmineRkam 1Em:Rt.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
99
Photovoltaic
9>5 kardMeLIgGaKuy
karP¢ab;GaKuy
karP¢ab;eTAGaKuymansar³sMxan;enAeBlEdlfamBlTaMgGs;sMrab;pÞúkkñúgGaKuy ehIysMrab;eRbIR)as;
]bkrN_GKÁisnITaMgGs;. ral;kartP¢ab;GaKuyRtUvEteRbIdMNRbePTvIs ecosvagkareRbIdMNRbePT
xÞas; rWruMExSePøIgCMuvijb:Ulrbs;GaKuyeLIy ¬rUbTI72¦.
(a) (b)
rUbTI 72 kartGaKuyminRtwmRtUv
kartGaKuyEdll¥ KWeFVIeLIgCamYyvIsEdleRbIsMrab;P¢ab;eTAb:Ulrbs;GaKuy ¬rUbTI73>k¦. karP¢ab;
eGayENnEtgEteRbICamYyGaKuyrfynþEdl minmandMeNIrkarl¥sMrab;ry³eBlyUr. vanwgbgáeGay
mansñwmehIytRmUveGaykarsMGatral; 6Ex. dUecñH kar)at;bg;KWenAkMritTab ¬rUbPaB 73 >x¦.
(a) (b)
rUbTI 73 karP¢ab;eGayENnrbs;GaKuyLan
kartMeLIgGaKuyfμI
• sMrab;GaKuyfμImYyEdlmaneGLicRtUlIt¬GasuIt¦Rsab; dMbUgeKRtUvdwgnUvkMritTwkGasuIteGayRtwm
RtUvbnÞab;mkeFVIkarP¢ab;eTAGaKuy.
• ebIGaKuyfμImanGasuItRsab; b:uEnþmanpøakmYyrWeRcInKWmankMriteGLicRtUlItminRKb;RKan; eKRtUv
bEnßmGasuItmuneBlP¢ab;eTARbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitü.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
• ebIGaKuyfμIminmanGasuItkñúgpøaknImYy²eT eyIgRtUvbBa©ÚlTwkGasuIteTAkñúgpøakTaMgGs;. eyIgRtUv

RbugRby½tñcMeBaHTwkGasuIt eRBaHvaGacbNþaleRKaHfñak;dl;EPñk Es,k nig sMelokbMBak;eyIg.
• kñúgkarbBa©ÚlGasuIteTAkñúgpøaknImYy²RtUvRbRBwtþeTAyWt² dMbUgeyIgRtUvcak;bnþiceTAkñúgpøakmYy
sin bnÞab;mkcak;bnþiceTAkñúgpøakmYyeTotrhUtdl;RKb;pøakTaMgGs;muneBl bEnßmeTAkñúgpøak

dMbUgvij. eyIgRtUveFVIrebobenHrhUtdl;kMritRtwmRtUvsMrab;pøaknImYy² . enHnwgFanafaGñkmin
bMeBjGasuIteTAkñúgpøakelOneBk.
• RKb;krNITaMgGs; GaKuyRtUvEtsakfamBlBIpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitüy:agticBIréf¶sin eTIbGacyk
eTApÁt;pÁg;eGayGMBUl rW]bkrN_GKÁisnIepSg².
10 karEfTaMRbB½n§pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü
10>1 eskþIepþIm
pÞH TUk sUm,IEtragkayrbs;GñkGacnwgenAyUrGEgVg nigRbRBwtþeTAl¥RbesIr RbsinebImankartMEhTaM.
karbnþkarEfTaMenHRtUv)aneKehAfa :tMEhTaM :. RbB½n§pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü k¾RtUvkarEfTaMEdr.
karEfTaM rYmbBa¢ÚlTaMgkarCYsCulRbB½n§ eKRtUvkarEfTaMRbB½n§munnwgvaxUcxat. RbePTénkarEfTaMenH
ehAfa :karEfTaMEbbkarBarCamun : ehIyvamansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;RbB½n§ BnøWRBHGaTitü.
karxUcxatelIRbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitüekIteLIgyWt² ehIykartMEhTaMedayminmanKuN PaBl¥ EtgEteFVI
eGayGayukalrbs;GaKuykan;EtxøI EtvaminEmnxUcxatPøam²eT.
10>2 etIRtUveFVIGVIxøHkñúgGMLúkeBlEfTaM?
• GñkKYrEtsYrGMBIdMeNIrkarrbs;RbB½n§elIbBaðaxøH²
• RKb;Epñkrbs;RbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitüRtUv)anBinitüsMrab;kareRbIR)as;RtwmRtUv karsMGat nig kart
l¥RbesIr
• ]bkrN_Edlmanlkçx½NÐminRbRktI RtUvCYsCul rWpøas;bþÚrfμI
• RtUv)anBinitüeGayc,as;fa Kμankarpøas;bþÚrNamYy EdlKμankarGnuBaØat
• Kñúgry³eBleFVIkarEfTaM RtUvkt;RtaTuknUvskmμPaBTaMgGs;

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
101
Photovoltaic
10>3 c,ab;kñúgkarEfTaM (from UNESCO manual)

karEfTaMRtUvGnuvtþ[eTogTat; karRtYtBinitüRbcaMEx CakarRbesIrsMrab;GaKuy eTAelI]bkrN_epSg²
eTaHbICaminmanbBaða eKRtUvBinitüral;6Exmþg.
rUbTI 74 bBaðaekIteLIgcMeBaHpÞaMgRbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitü
rUbTI 75 kardMeLIg nigkarEfTaMpÞaMgRbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitü minRtwmRtUv (REEPRO survey)

pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitü
• BinitüeGayc,as;nUvkardak;pÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitüeGayCab;rwgmaM
• BinitüeGayc,as;nUvpÞaMgkBa©k;minmanEbk rWxUcxat
• BinitüRbGb;dMNeGayc,as;faExSePøIgP¢ab;l¥ nigpÞaMgkarBarTwkminxUcxat ¬rUbTI74¦.
• BinitüemIlfaetImanbBaðar)aMgBnøWEdlbNþaledaysarEtrukçCati rW karsagsg;GaKar fμI. ebI
man eyIgRtUvkab;edImeQIecj rW pøas;TIpÞaMgBnøWRBHGaTitüenHeTAkEnøgRslH ¬rUbTI 75¦.

ExScMlg
• BinitüeRsamExScMlgmanEbk)ak;rIeT?
• BinitüExSEdlcgeTAnwgGKar edIm,IR)akdfavaCab;l¥ nigminGackkiteTAnIgRCugRsYc enAeBl

manxSl;bk;.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
• BinitüeGayR)akdfaTMhMExSRtwmRtUvmanRbePTGIusULg;RtwmRtUv ehIyRtUv)anP©ab; RtwmRtUv e-

TAnig kEnøgfIμrbs;va.
• RbsinebImannrNamñak;bEnßmExSedayKμankarGnujati cUrdkvaecj
• BinitüemIl muxtMNrbs;ExSr nigkarP¢ab;rbs;va
(a) (b)
rUbTI 76 karP¢ab;ExSnigdMeLIg]bkrN_minRtwmRtUv
]bkN_RtYtBiinitü
• Binitüfa]bkN_RtYtBiinitüP¢ab;rIeT?
• rkSa]bkN_RtYtBiinitüeGays¥atCanic©
]bkN_eRbIR)as;
• ebIk]bkrN_eRbIR)as;nImYy²ehIyBinitüsMrab;kareRbIR)as;RtwmRtUv
• Binitü]bkN_eRbIR)as; etIdak;smRsbrWeT?
• sMGatRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;EdlemIleXIjrbs;]bkN_eRbIR)as;
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
103
Photovoltaic
kaEfTaMGaKuyEdlmankarEfTaMtictYc
• BinitüelIsñwmRtg;muxdMN sMGat nig ritbENÑnebIvacaM)ac;. labeRbgma:suInelImuxdMN. min
RtUvlabeRbgelIEpVkNamYYyénGaKuyeT elIkElgEtenARtg;muxtMN.
• sMGatGaKuyedayeRbITwks¥atnig kMNat;sMrab;CUt.
RbePTGaKuyEdlebIkKMrb;)an
• sMGatk,alGaKuy (rUb77) . BinitüPaBtwgENnnigsñImRtg;muxdMN.
• BinitüemIlpøaknImYy²edayeRbIGIuRdUEm:RtehIy kt;lTiæplTuk.
• RbsinebIpøakNamYymankMritTwkTab, cUrbEnßmTwksuTæehUtdl;kMritRtwmRtUv. minRtU-
vbEnßmGasIuteT KWRtUvbEnßmTwkEtmYymuxKt;.
• RbsinebIKMrbrbs;pøakNamYyénGaKuy)at; rW xUc cUrRKbrnæenaHCamYy)asiçk rW EkvrhUt
manKMrbRtwmRtUvsMrab;RKbva. minRtUvRKbrnæenaHCamYyRkdas; qVúkdb kMNat; rW EdkeT.
• sMGatGaKuy edayeRbITIks¥atnig kMNat;sMrab;Cut.
rUbTI 77 kartP©ab;nigkarEfTaMminRtwmRtUvrbs;GaKuy

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
10>4 karkt;RtaTukBIkarEfTaM
karEfTaMmuxtMNmantMéltUc b:uEnþvamansarsMxan;Nas;enAeBlman]bkrN_NamYyxUc. edayyk-
citþTukdak;elIkarEfTaMmuxtMN vaGaceGayeyIgedaH)anPøamCamYybBaðaNamYy Edl ekItman-
elIRbB½nærbs;eyIg.
rUbTI 78 karkt;RtaelIkarEfTaMmansarsMxan; (UNESCO manual)

karykcitþTukkarkt;RtaelIkarEfTaM bgajpgEdrfa Gñk)anEfTaM RbB½næ rbs;Gñk.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
105
Photovoltaic
11 rkbBaðaEdlekItmanelIRbB½næsULanigkarCusCul
11>1 esckIþepIþm
karerobcMdMeLIg EfTaMRtwmRtUvrbs;RbB½næfamBlBnøWRBHGaTitü GacTukcitþ)an nig GaceRbIR)as;
)anyUr. b:uEnþminyUrminqab;nwgvanwgxUc karrkmUlehtuEdlxUc eKehAfa ( Troubleshooting) . kar
eFIVeGayRbB½nædMeNIrkarvij eKehAfa}karCusCul} (Repair) .
11>2 RbePTénkarxUcrbs;RbB½næ
karxUcrbs;RbB½næsULaman 3 RbePT
TI1³ RbB½næQb; dMeNIrkarTaMgRsug. Kμan]bkrN_NamYydMeNIrkarrT.
TI2³ ]bkrN_xøHdMeNIrkarFmμta. b:uEnþ]bkrN_xøHeTotmindMeNIrkar.
TI3³ RbB½nædMeNIrkar b:uEnþvaGs;famBlelÓneBk.
karxUcrbs;RbB½næ nImYy² manmUlehtuepSg²Kña ehIymanrebobedaHRsay epSg²Kña .
11>2>1 TI1 RbB½næTaMgmUl
CaFmμtakMhUtenHbNþalmkBIExS kartExSminRtImRtUvrhUtrbs;]bkrN_RtYtBinitü kargarTI1 EdlRtUv
eFIVKWRtUvBinitüemIlkarsakGaKuyedayeRbIGIuRdUEm:RtrWvu:lEm:Rt. karBinitülTiæpl EdlGacekItman
RtUveK)aneFVItamviFI xageRkam:

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
mUlehtuepSg² GVIEdlRtUveFVI viFIEktMrUv

GaKuyminsak³ CakMhusénkar Pöab;rvagGaKuy nigbnÞHBnøWRBHGaTitü
bnÞHBnøWRBHGaTitü rWExS pþac;eCIgEdl Pöab;eTAcugbnÞHén]bkrN_ pþac;bnÞHTaMgGs;ehIyBinitü
Edl Pöab;bnÞHenH. RtYtBinitükarsakGaKuy. Binitütg; edayykcitþTukcMeBaHdMeNIr
süúgrvagcugTaMgBIénEdl Pöab;bnÞHenA karrbs;bnÞHnImYy²(tg;süúg
eBlman BnøÍRBHGaTitü. RbsinebI tg; GMEB).bþÚrbnÞHEdlmindMeNIr
süúgtUcCag 12V. manbBaðaCamYybnÞH karRtwmRtUv.sMGatRKb;cug
rWExSEdl Pöab;bnÞHenH. tMNTaMgGs;nigExS.tExSeLIg
vijeGay)anRtwmRtUv.
]bkrN_RtYtBinitü Binitütg;süúgRtg;k,alGaKuy nigRtg; bþÚr]bkrN_RtYtBinitü
eCIgbnÞHelI]bkrN_RtYtBinitübnÞHsULa
enAeBlmanBnøWRBHGaTitü. ebItg;süúg
Rtg;k,alGaKuytUcCag 13.5V ehIy
ebItg;süúgRtg;eCIgbnÞHFMCag 14V.
]bkrN_RtYtBinitüRbEhlCaxUc
Pöab;ExS rvag]bkrN_RtYt ebIkePøIg]bkrN_TaMgGs;. vas;tg;süúg pþac;RKb;ExSTaMgGs; Rsay
Binitü nig GaKuy. Rtg; cug ExSEdlPöab;GaKuy nig]bkrN_ tMNTaMgGs;ecjBI k,al
RtYtBinitünigtg;süúgpÞal;Rtg;k,al Ga GaKuy . sMGatk,al tMN
Kuy. ebItg;süúgFMCag1/2V enAelI nigExSTaMgGs;. bþÚrExSenA
]bkrN_RtYtBinitütUcCagenAelIGaKuy kñúgdegáób nig cugtMN e-
. bgðajfamanbBaðaCamYykartExS hIyritbENÑnRKb;tMN
TaMgGs;.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
107
Photovoltaic
ExStrvag]bkrN_ Binitütg;süg;rbs;bnÞúkeRbIR)as; enA elIEpñkecjén sMGatral;tMnrbþÚrExS

RtYtBinitü nig ]bkr ]bkrN_RtYtBinitü. ebItg;süg;rbs;bnÞúk KWRbhak; Na EdlxUc rW Edl-
N_eRbIR)as;)anxUc RbEhlCamYynig tg;süg;rbs;GaKuy enaHExSEdl
trvag ]bkrN_RtYtBinitünig]bkrN_eRbIR)as; )an- manminTMhMminRtwm
xUc. RtUveTAnwgRbEvgEdl
eRbI
xUckugtak; RbsinebImanEtkugtak;mYykñúgkarbBa¢aeRKOgTaMgGs; bþÚrkugtak;fμI
enaHvaGacCaktþaEdltbNþaeGayxUc. Edayyk
ExSxøImYymkP¢ab;cugsgxagrbs;kugtak; RbsinebI
eRKOgTaMgenaHdMeNIrkar vabBa¢ak;fa kugtak;)an xUc
ehIy.
PuysIub rW DIsüúgT½r Binitü ral;PuysIub nig DIsüúgT½r. ebIsinvacMh eFIVeGayl¥eLIgvij
)ann½yfaesoKVIrbs;Gñk KW KYresoKVI dUcenH RtU- nUv eRKOgeRbIR)as;
vBinitüral;ExS nig eRKOgeRbI R)as;rbs;Gñk. EdlxUc rW ExSEdl
minRtwmRtUv rYc pøas;
PuysIubfμI nig kac;
DIsüúgT½rbiTvij.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
GaKuyxUc BinitüRKb;bnÞb;rbs;GaKuy edayeRbIGIu pøas;GaKuyfμI nig Binitü

RdUEm:Rt. ebImanbnÞb;mYy rW eRcIn xusKña pÞaMgsULa ]bkrN_RtYt
xøaMg enHbBa¢ak;fa GaKuyKWxUc. CaTUeTA Binitü nig ExS. edaHExS
bnÞb;EdlxUc EtgmanCab;kMnr BN¾s ecj eFIVkarsMGat
enAelIeGLicRdUt rbs;va. ebIbnÞb; KWman eTIbP¢ab;eLIgvij.
sPaBRbEhlKña EtkMBs;minesμIKña RtUvt
pÞaMgsULa eTAnigGaKuypÞal; ryHeBl BIr
rW bIéf¶ edIm,IBinitüfaetIGaKuy pÞúk RtwmRtUv
rW Gt;. ebI vaBitCapÞúkRtwmRtUv yk
vaeTAeRbI kñúgRbBn§½sULaehIyBinitü
emIldMeNIrkarrbs;va.
GaKuymanbnÞúk³ enAeBlEdlGaKuymanbnÞúk Et eRKOgeRbIR)as;mineqH vabBa¢ak;fa kartExS rvag

GaKuy nig eRKOgTaMgenaH minRtwmRtUv

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
109
Photovoltaic
11>2>2 TI2 eRKOgeRbIR)as;mYycMnYnxUc

karxUcEbbenH KW PaKticNas;EdlbNþalmkBIpÞaMgkB©ak;rW GaKuy.
mUlehtuepSg² kargarEdlRtUveFIV vIFICYsCul

xUckugtak; edayykExSxøImYymkP¢ab;cugsgxagrbs;kugtak; bþÚrkugtak;fμI
RbsinebIeRKOgTaMgenaHdMeNIrkar vabBa¢ak;fa kug-
tak;)anxUcehIy.
eRKOgeRbIR)as; BinitüemIlkarP¢ab;rbs;eRKOgeRbIR)as;TaMgGs;. P¢ab;ExSeGay)anRtwmRtUv
Edltxus cUrR)akdc,as;faExSrbs;eRKOgTTYl KWRtUv)an
P¢ab;eTAnwg ExSrbs;]bkrN_RtYtBinitü
eRKOgTTYlxUc vas;tg;süúgrbs;GaKuy ebIvamantg;süúgTab CYsCul rW bþÚreRKOgTTYl
RbEhlCa]bkrN_RtYtBinitüxUc. EtebItg;süúg enaH.
elIsBI12v:ulvij eRbIExSfμImYyeTot EdlmanTMhM
RtwmRtUv mkteRKOgTTYledaypÞal; eTAnwg GaKuy
ebIeRKOgTTYlmineqHenaHeRKOgTTYlrbs;GñkxUc
]bkrN_RtYt vas;tg;süúgrbs;GaKuy ebIvaTabCag11v:ul bþÚr]bkrN_RtYtBinitüfμI
BinitüxUc ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüKW)anxUc.
ExSEdl)aneRbI vas;RbEvgExSBinitüfaetITMhMExSEdleRbIKWtUceBk bþÚrExSEdlmanTMhMRtwmRtUv
KWman TMhMtUc eFobnwgRbEvgrbs;varWGt;?
eBk rW RbEvg

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
mUlehtuepSg² kargarEdlRtUveFIV vIFICYsCul

EvgeBk
tExSFUreBk edaHExS rvag GaKuy nig eRKOgTTYl ecjTaMgGs;
sMGatExS nig cugsgxagrbs;GaKuy. P¢ab;ExSvij
nig rwgbNþwgmuxtMnr

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
111
Photovoltaic
11>2>3 TI3³ RbB½nædMeNIrkar b:uEnþvaGs;famBlelÓneBk

ekItmanCajwkjab;cMeBaHRbB½næsULa GacbNþaleGaymanbBaðaepSgeTot mann½fakarsakminRKb;
RKan;:
sPaBminRtwmRtUv bNþalmkBI møb;)aMgpÞaMgsULa BIBnøW bM)at;nUvral;r)aMgEdlXaMgmineGa
cMeBaHkarsak RBHGaTitü pÞaMgsULaxUc ExSEdleRbI y BnøWRBHGaTitüCHdl;pÞaMgsULa rW
manmuxkat;tUc kartExS minl¥ rW pÞaMg Ebr pÞaMgrbs;GñkeGaycM RBHGaTi-
sULarbs;Gñkmin)anEbrcMTisedA tü. RtUvbþÚrpÞaMgsULafμIebIxUc nig
EdlmanBnøW erobcM ExSeGay)anRtwmRtUvnig
sMGatpÞaMg sULarbs;Gñk
karbEnßmnUveRKOg kareFIVEbbenH eFIVeGayGaKuy epÞr bEnßmcMnYnpÞaMgsULa nig tMeLIg
TTYl rW eRbIeRKOg qab;Gs;bnÞúkrbs;va ka)a:sIuetrbs;GaKuy rW bnßycMnY-
TTYlEdl sIuePøWgxøaMg neRKOgTTYl
eRbIR)as;eRKOgTTYl kareFIVEbbenHeFIVeGayGaKuyepÞr bEnßmcMnYnpÞaMgsULa nig dMeLIg
elIsBIbnÞúkrbs;va bnÞúkrbs;GaKuy rWGñkRtUvkat;
yUr
bnßyeBleRbIR)as;rbs;Gñk
sPaBminRtwmtUvén enHGacRtUv)aneKKNnatamry³kar CMnYs]bkrN¾BinitüehIyPaBÉktþa
karEkéqñcMeBaH kar- eFVIetsCatMélGEMBem:ag. Rbsine- ehIyminKYrCYsCul.
sakbnÞúk bIEsl1rWeRcIn bgðaBa PaBxusKña
CaeRcInBIGaKuyepSg eTotrWk¾ GaKuy-
EdlmanGayu eRcInCag 4qñaM. Rbsi-
nebIGaKuymanGayu ticCag 4qñaM.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic

PaBxUc xatrbs;vaRtUv )anekIt eLIg
edaysarbBaðaepSg eTotenA
kñúgRbB½n§.enAeBlxøHGa KuymYy
EdlticCagbYnqñaMRtUvEt pøas;va Bini-
tüRbB½n§EdlenAsl; ya:gRbug
Rby½tñ.cUrR)akdfabnÞHminenAkñúg
møb;eBléf¶ehIy R)akdfaGñkeRbI
R)as;KWminEmnBüayamcMnay
PaBminRtwmRtUvén ehtuplEdlminGacPöab;eTAnwg Ga dUr]bkrN¾RtYtBinitü ehIyminKYr-
karEkéqñ]bkrN_ KuyKWbNþalmkBIGaKuymunEdlGa- CYsCul.
RtYtBinitü
ceGaypúÞukbnÞúukRtUv)an ykecj BI-
GaKuy.RbsinebIGaKuy )anbgða-
jeRcInCagBak;kNþalén tg;süúg
sakenAeBlEdlkarpÁt; pÁg;RtU)an
bBa¢b;karRtÚtBinitüepÞr bnÞúkRbEhl-
CabBa©b;énkarEkéqñ.
GaKuyexSayehIy enHGacRtUv)aneKKNnatamryH kar CMnÚsGaKuysMrab;RtÚtBinitüman
minGacpÞuk)an RKb; eFVIetsCatMélGMEBem:ag. GaKuyKYEt karCMnÚsya:gRbugRby½tñ Rbsin-
RKan;edIm,IpÁt; pÁg;)an
RKb;eBl. RtUv)aneKsgS½y RbsinebIEsl1 CabnÞab;BIExdMbUgeFVIvarmþg
rWk¾eRcInbgðaBaÜPaBxusKñaCaeRcIndBIGa hak;dUcCaminRtUv)anpþl;famBleR

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
113
Photovoltaic

KuyepSgeTotrWk¾ GaKuyEdlman- cIndUckarrMBwgTukmÚyrWk¾eRcIn kñúg-
GayueRcInCag4qñaM. RbsinebIGaKuy- cMenam5ehtuplcMeBaHPaB
manGayutic Cag4qñaM. PaBxUcxat xUcxatEdlmanehIyRtUvEtEktMrUv
rbs;vaRtUv )anekIteLIgedaysar rWepSgeTotGaKuy fμInigexSayehIy
bBaðaepSgeTotenAkñúgRbB½n§. enAeBl xUcya;:gqab;rh½spgEdl.
xøH GaKuymÚyEdlticCag4qñaMRtUv Et
pøas;vaBinitü RbB½næEdlenAesssl;
ya:gRbug Rby½tñ.cUrR)akdfabnÞHmin
manmøb;eBléf¶ehIyR)akdfaGñkeRbI
R)as; KWminEmnBüayameRbIR)as;
famBleRcInCagRbB½n§ vaminEmnCa
CMerIsedIm,IEckcayRKb;rbs; TaMgenH
RbEhlCamanxøIGayuxøI GaKuycas;²
ehIyRbsinebI crnþeRbIR)as;eTot
vanwgxUcdl;GaKuyfIμpgEdl.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
taragbEnßm
taragbEnßm 1 PaBCak;lak;énkarkMNt;TMhMExSEdlPöab;eTAbnÞúkeRcInrWPöab;eTA bnÞHsU-
LaRbB½n§tg;süúg12v:ul
pÞaMgkBa©k;
RbEvgExSBIGaKuyeTAbnÞúkKitCaEm:Rt
Wp
rW bnÞúk
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
v:at; GMEBr TMhMExSEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;TMlak;tg;süúgTab 0>5v:ul (mIlIEm:Rtkaer:)

5 0.42 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5
10 0.83 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9
15 1.25 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
20 1.67 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9
25 2.08 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3
30 2.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
35 2.92 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2
40 3.33 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.7
45 3.75 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2
50 4.17 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.6
55 4.58 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.4 3.7 4.1 4.4 4.7 5.1
60 5.00 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6
65 5.42 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.6 6.0
70 5.83 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.2 5.6 6.0 6.5
75 6.25 0.5 0.9 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.0 6.5 6.9
80 6.67 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.4 5.9 6.4 6.9 7.4
85 7.08 0.5 1.0 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.8 6.3 6.8 7.3 7.9
90 7.50 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.8 8.3
95 7.92 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 4.7 5.3 5.9 6.4 7.0 7.6 8.2 8.8
100 8.33 0.6 1.2 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.4 8.0 8.6 9.3
105 8.75 0.6 1.3 1.9 2.6 3.2 3.9 4.5 5.2 5.8 6.5 7.1 7.8 8.4 9.1 9.7
110 9.17 0.7 1.4 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.1 4.7 5.4 6.1 6.8 7.5 8.1 8.8 9.5 10.2
115 9.58 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.4 7.1 7.8 8.5 9.2 9.9 10.6
120 10.00 0.7 1.5 2.2 3.0 3.7 4.4 5.2 5.9 6.7 7.4 8.1 8.9 9.6 10.4 11.1
125 10.42 0.8 1.5 2.3 3.1 3.9 4.6 5.4 6.2 6.9 7.7 8.5 9.3 10.0 10.8 11.6
130 10.83 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.4 7.2 8.0 8.8 9.6 10.4 11.2 12.0
135 11.25 0.8 1.7 2.5 3.3 4.2 5.0 5.8 6.7 7.5 8.3 9.2 10.0 10.8 11.7 12.5
140 11.67 0.9 1.7 2.6 3.5 4.3 5.2 6.0 6.9 7.8 8.6 9.5 10.4 11.2 12.1 13.0
145 12.08 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.6 4.5 5.4 6.3 7.2 8.0 8.9 9.8 10.7 11.6 12.5 13.4
150 12.50 0.9 1.9 2.8 3.7 4.6 5.6 6.5 7.4 8.3 9.3 10.2 11.1 12.0 13.0 13.9
155 12.92 1.0 1.9 2.9 3.8 4.8 5.7 6.7 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.5 11.5 12.4 13.4 14.3
160 13.33 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 8.9 9.9 10.9 11.8 12.8 13.8 14.8
165 13.75 1.0 2.0 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.2 10.2 11.2 12.2 13.2 14.2 15.3
170 14.17 1.0 2.1 3.1 4.2 5.2 6.3 7.3 8.4 9.4 10.5 11.5 12.6 13.6 14.7 15.7
175 14.58 1.1 2.2 3.2 4.3 5.4 6.5 7.6 8.6 9.7 10.8 11.9 13.0 14.0 15.1 16.2
180 15.00 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.6 6.7 7.8 8.9 10.0 11.1 12.2 13.3 14.4 15.5 16.7
185 15.42 1.1 2.3 3.4 4.6 5.7 6.8 8.0 9.1 10.3 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 16.0 17.1
190 15.83 1.2 2.3 3.5 4.7 5.9 7.0 8.2 9.4 10.5 11.7 12.9 14.1 15.2 16.4 17.6
195 16.25 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8 6.0 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12.0 13.2 14.4 15.6 16.8 18.0
200 16.67 1.2 2.5 3.7 4.9 6.2 7.4 8.6 9.9 11.1 12.3 13.6 14.8 16.0 17.3 18.5
205 17.08 1.3 2.5 3.8 5.1 6.3 7.6 8.8 10.1 11.4 12.6 13.9 15.2 16.4 17.7 19.0
210 17.50 1.3 2.6 3.9 5.2 6.5 7.8 9.1 10.4 11.7 13.0 14.2 15.5 16.8 18.1 19.4

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
115
Photovoltaic
taragbEnßm 2 TMhMExSsþg;d kñúgRbB½n§tg;süúg 12v:ul

bnÞúk RbEvgExSKitCaEm:Rt
v:at; GMEBr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
TMhMExSsþg;daEdlcaM)ac; (mIlIEm:Rtkaer:)
5 0.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
10 0.83 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
15 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
20 1.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
25 2.08 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
30 2.50 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4
35 2.92 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4
40 3.33 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 4
45 3.75 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 4 6
50 4.17 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6
55 4.58 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6
60 5.00 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6
65 5.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 8
70 5.83 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8
75 6.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8
80 6.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8
85 7.08 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8
90 7.50 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 10
95 7.92 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10
100 8.33 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10
110 9.17 1.5 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10 12
120 10.00 1.5 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 12
130 10.83 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 14
140 11.67 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14
150 12.50 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 14
160 13.33 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16
170 14.17 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16
180 15.00 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 14 14 16 16 16
190 15.83 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 18
200 16.67 1.5 2.5 4 6 8 8 10 10 12 14 14 16 16 18 18

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
taragbEnßm 3 PaBCak;lak;énkarkMNt;TMhMExSkñúgRbB½n§tg;süúg24v:ul
pÞaMgkBa©ak;
RbEvgExSBIGaKuyeTAbnÞúkKitCaEm:Rt
Wp rW bnÞúk
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
va:t; GMEBr
TMhMExSEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;TMlak;tg;süúgTab 1v:ul ¬mIlIEm:Rtkaer:¦
10 0.42 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.22 0.23
20 0.83 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.43 0.47
30 1.25 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.37 0.42 0.47 0.51 0.56 0.60 0.65 0.70
40 1.67 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.68 0.74 0.81 0.87 0.93
50 2.08 0.08 0.16 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.47 0.54 0.62 0.70 0.78 0.85 0.93 1.01 1.09 1.16
60 2.50 0.09 0.19 0.28 0.37 0.47 0.56 0.65 0.74 0.84 0.93 1.02 1.12 1.21 1.30 1.40
70 2.92 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.87 0.98 1.09 1.19 1.30 1.41 1.52 1.63
80 3.33 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.50 0.62 0.74 0.87 0.99 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.49 1.61 1.74 1.86
90 3.75 0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.26 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.81 1.95 2.09
100 4.17 0.16 0.31 0.47 0.62 0.78 0.93 1.09 1.24 1.40 1.55 1.71 1.86 2.02 2.17 2.33
150 6.25 0.23 0.47 0.70 0.93 1.16 1.40 1.63 1.86 2.09 2.33 2.56 2.79 3.02 3.26 3.49
200 8.33 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.10 3.41 3.72 4.03 4.34 4.65
250 10.42 0.39 0.78 1.16 1.55 1.94 2.33 2.71 3.10 3.49 3.88 4.26 4.65 5.04 5.43 5.81
300 12.50 0.47 0.93 1.40 1.86 2.33 2.79 3.26 3.72 4.19 4.65 5.12 5.58 6.05 6.51 6.98
350 14.58 0.54 1.09 1.63 2.17 2.71 3.26 3.80 4.34 4.88 5.43 5.97 6.51 7.05 7.60 8.14
400 16.67 0.62 1.24 1.86 2.48 3.10 3.72 4.34 4.96 5.58 6.20 6.82 7.44 8.06 8.68 9.30
450 18.75 0.70 1.40 2.09 2.79 3.49 4.19 4.88 5.58 6.28 6.98 7.67 8.37 9.07 9.77 10.5
500 20.83 0.78 1.55 2.33 3.10 3.88 4.65 5.43 6.20 6.98 7.75 8.53 9.30 10.1 10.9 11.6
550 22.92 0.85 1.71 2.56 3.41 4.26 5.12 5.97 6.82 7.67 8.53 9.38 10.2 11.1 11.9 12.8
600 25.00 0.93 1.86 2.79 3.72 4.65 5.58 6.51 7.44 8.37 9.30 10.2 11.2 12.1 13.0 14.0
650 27.08 1.01 2.02 3.02 4.03 5.04 6.05 7.05 8.06 9.07 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1
700 29.17 1.09 2.17 3.26 4.34 5.43 6.51 7.60 8.68 9.77 10.9 11.9 13.0 14.1 15.2 16.3
750 31.25 1.16 2.33 3.49 4.65 5.81 6.98 8.14 9.30 10.5 11.6 12.8 14.0 15.1 16.3 17.4
800 33.33 1.24 2.48 3.72 4.96 6.20 7.44 8.68 9.92 11.2 12.4 13.6 14.9 16.1 17.4 18.6
850 35.42 1.32 2.64 3.95 5.27 6.59 7.91 9.22 10.5 11.9 13.2 14.5 15.8 17.1 18.4 19.8
900 37.50 1.40 2.79 4.19 5.58 6.98 8.37 9.77 11.2 12.6 14.0 15.3 16.7 18.1 19.5 20.9
950 39.58 1.47 2.95 4.42 5.89 7.36 8.84 10.3 11.8 13.3 14.7 16.2 17.7 19.1 20.6 22.1
1000 41.67 1.55 3.10 4.65 6.20 7.75 9.30 10.9 12.4 14.0 15.5 17.1 18.6 20.2 21.7 23.3

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
117
Photovoltaic
taragbEnßm 4 TMhMExSsþg;dakñúgRbB½n§tg;süúg 24v:ul (adapted from UNESCO_2000)

pÞaMgkBa©ak; rW
RbEvgBIGaKuyeTAbnÞúkeRbIR)as;KitCaEm:t
Wp
bnÞúk
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
va:t; GMEBr TMhMExSEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;TMlak;tg;süúgTab 1v:ul (mIlIEm:Rtkaer:)
10 0.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
20 0.83 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
30 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
40 1.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
50 2.08 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
60 2.50 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
70 2.92 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5
80 3.33 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
90 3.75 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
100 4.17 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
150 6.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
200 8.33 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
250 10.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
300 12.50 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
350 14.58 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.0
400 16.67 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
450 18.75 1.5 1.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0
500 20.83 1.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.0
550 22.92 1.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.0
600 25.00 1.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 14.0
650 27.08 1.5 2.5 4.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 16.0
700 29.17 1.5 2.5 4.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 16.0 18.0
750 31.25 1.5 2.5 4.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 18.0
800 33.33 1.5 2.5 4.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 18.0 20.0
850 35.42 1.5 4.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 20.0
900 37.50 1.5 4.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 22.0
950 39.58 1.5 4.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 22.0
1000 41.67 2.5 4.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 22.0

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
taragbEnßm 5 karkMnt;TMhMrbs;RbB½næsULa
I. karkMnt;TMhMpÞaMgkBa©k;
CMhan 1³ KNnafamBleRbIR)as;RbcaMéf¶rbs;]bkrN¾eRbIR)as;nImYy²
]bkrN¾eRbIR)as; tg;süúg GanuPaB cMnYnem:ag (h) famBlRbcaMéf¶ epSg²
(Wh=Pxt)
(V) (W)
]bkrN¾ 1
]bkrN¾ 2
……………
CMhan 2 srubfamBleRbIR)as;RbcaMéf¶ (Wh) Wh
CMhan 3 srubfamBleRbIR)as;RbcaMéf¶EdlnwgRtUvpþl;edaypÞaMgkBa©ak; (Wh): CMhan 2 x 1>3

srubfamBlpÞaMgkBa©ak;RbcaMéf¶ Wh
CMhan 4 srubGanuPaBpÞaMgkBa©ak;RtUvkar³ CMhan 3 / PGF (Wp)

kñúgkrNIenAevogc½nÞ PGF=2.93 Wp
CMhan 5 srubcMnYnpÞaMgkBa©ak;EdlRtUveRbI³ CMhan 4 / GanuPaBkñúg1pÞaMgkBa©ak; ehIytMelIglTæpl

eGayeTAcMnYnKt;
RbsinebI …….pÞaMgkBa©k; WpRtUveRbI
RbsinebI …….pÞaMgkBa©k; WpRtUveRbI

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
119
Photovoltaic
II. karkMnt;TMhMGaKuy
CMhan 1 nig CMhan 2 eRbITinñn½yCMhan 1 nig CMhan 2 xagelI
CMhan3 srubfamBlsþúkTuk (Wh) sMrab;eRbIR)as;ry³eBl5éf¶min)ansaknigminKitBIRbePTGaKuy
xusKña (Ah=Wh/system voltage):
GaKuyrfynþFmμta : CMhan 2 x 10 Wh Ah
GaKuyEdlRtUvkarEfTaM : CMhan 2 x 7>5 Wh Ah
GaKuyEdleRbIsMrab;RbB½n§RBHGaTitü : CMhan 2 x 5 Wh Ah
CMhan 2: kMNt;cMnYnGaKuyEdlRtUveRbI: CMhan 3 /bnÞúkGaKuy1(Ah) ehIytMelIglTæpl

eGayeTAcMnYnKt lTæplEdlrkeXIBaJKWRtUvKñanwgGRtaepÞr C10 .
GaKuyrfynþFmμta: 150 Ah
GaKuyEdlRtUvkarEfTaM: 120 Ah
GaKuyEdleRbIsMrab;RbB½n§RBHGaTitü: 150Ah or 75Ah
III. karkMnt;TMhM]bkrN¾RtYtBinitü
tg;süúg GanuPaB crnþ crnþGtibrma
sakbnÞúk
epÞrbnÞúk
TMhM]bkrN¾RtYtBinitü ……(sak)/……(epÞr) EdlRtUveRbI =

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Photovoltaic
IV. karkMnt;TMhMExS
muxkat; RbEvg GanuPaB crnþGtibrma TMhMBit TMhMpSM TMhMsþg;da
2 2
m mm mm mm2
pÞaMgkBa©k; -
]bkrN¾RtYtBinitü
]bkrN¾ 1-
]bkrN¾RtYtBinitü
.....
]bkrN¾RtYtBinitü
–GaKuy

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
121
Photovoltaic
Éksareyag
1. Herbert A. Wade. Solar Photovoltaic Technical Training Manual. UNESCO, 2002
2. Solar energy for rural Cambodia A technical training for micro-entrepreneurs in solar en-
ergy for rural Cambodia By Jony Heerink. KAMWORKS.
3. DGS guide for installer, architects and engineers: Planning and installing PV systems.
2005
4. Dobelmann Jan K., REEPRO Solar guidebook, (2008)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
karplit³]sμ½ntamCnbT
REEPRO MANUAL
nglish
y KHMER
KHMER
EEPRO KHMER
MANUAL REEPRO
he Use of
Developing
KHMER
karCM
esovePAemeronrbs;
esovePAemeronrbs;
rujkareRbIR)as;edayRbsiT§PaBnUvfamBlkekIteLIgvij
REEPRO
EEPRO Promotion
kñ ú g RbeTskM BugGPivDÆn_of
rbs;the Use of
hVhVÚtUvÚt:Uvul:ultaGi
taGiucuc
REEPRO
ountries
nigRKUbeRgon
karBi
karBiesaFn_
esaFn_eelI
nigRKUbeRgon
LexSolar
LexSolar
nigRKUbeRgon
ntrepreneurship for
famBlsUTrainers
xperts and
ers LasMrab;Gñkbec©keTs
nigRKUbeRgon
nigRKUbeRgon
nigRKUbeRgon
ers shRKinPaBsM
xperts and Trainers
l
kMrit 1
kMrit 1

anual
xperts and Trainers esovePAemeronsM r ab; famBlCIv³m:as;sMrab;GñkCMnaj
G ñ k
kMrit 2
bec© keTs
nigRKUbeRgon
olar Energy for
nigRKUbeRgon
iomass Energy for
nigRKUbeRgon
ntrepreneurship for
nigRKUbeRgon
evel 1
kMrit 1
evel 2
kMrit 2
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_
karBiesaFn_elI leXsolar
erobrageday
bNÐit xaMpn Nan;favg; énsaklviTüal½yCatiLav
tula 2008
LeXsolar
matika
1 BiesaFn_TI 1³ kartCaes‘rI nig Exñgrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k; ................................................................ 5
1>1 kargarRbtibtþi ............................................................................................................... 5
1>2 ]bkrN¾BiesaFn_man³.................................................................................................... 5
1>3 kardMeLIg...................................................................................................................... 5
1>4 karRbtibtiþ .................................................................................................................... 6
1>5 vas;crnþnigtg;süúg ........................................................................................................ 6
1>6 KUsdüaRkam .................................................................................................................. 7
1>7 karvaytMél.................................................................................................................. 8
2 BiesaFn_TI 2³ GanuPaBsULaGaRs½yelIépÞrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k; ..................................................... 8
2>1 kargarRbtibtiþ ............................................................................................................... 8
2>2 ]bkrN¾BiesaFn_man³.................................................................................................... 8
2>3 kardMeLIg.......................................................................................................................9
2>4 karRbtibtiþ .....................................................................................................................9
2>5 tMélEdlvas;)an ............................................................................................................9
2>6 düaRkam......................................................................................................................10
2>7 karvaytMél............................................................................................................... 11
3 BiesaFn_TI 3³ GanuPaBrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;GaRs½ymMurbs;BnøWEdlcaMgb:HépÞkBa©k;........................ 11
3>1 kargarRbtibtiþ ............................................................................................................ 11
3>2 ]bkrN¾BiesaFn_man³................................................................................................. 11
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
1
LeXsolar
3>3 kardMeLIg ................................................................................................................... 12

3>4 karRbtibtiþ.................................................................................................................. 12
3>5 tMélEdlvas;)an ....................................................................................................... 13
3>6 düaRkam .................................................................................................................... 13
3>7 karvaytMél ............................................................................................................... 14
4 BiesaFn_TI 3³ GanuPaBrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;GaRs½ymMurbs;BnøWEdlcaMgb:HépÞkBa©k; ........................ 14
4>1 kargarRbtibtiþ............................................................................................................. 14
4>2 ]bkrN¾BiesaFn_man³ ................................................................................................. 14
4>3 kardMeLIg ................................................................................................................... 15
4>4 karRbtibtiþ.................................................................................................................. 15
4>5 tMélEdlvas;)an ........................................................................................................ 16
4>6 karvaytMél ............................................................................................................... 16
5 BiesaFn_TI 5³ \Ti§Blrbs;møb;eTAelIsULatCaes‘rI.............................................................. 16
5>1 kargarRbtibtiþ............................................................................................................. 16
5>2 ]bkrN¾BiesaFn_man³ ................................................................................................. 17
5>3 kardMeLIg ................................................................................................................... 17
5>4 karRbtibtiþ.................................................................................................................. 17
5>5 tMélEdlvas;)an ........................................................................................................ 18
5>6 karvaytMél ............................................................................................................... 18
6 BiesaFn_TI 6³ \Ti§Blrbs;møb;eTAelIsULatCaExñg ............................................................. 19

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
LeXsolar
6>1 kargarRbtibtiþ ............................................................................................................. 19

6>2 ]bkrN¾BiesaFn_man³.................................................................................................. 19
6>3 kardMeLIg.................................................................................................................... 19
6>4 karRbtibtiþ ..................................................................................................................20
6>5 tMélEdlvas;)an .........................................................................................................20
6>6 karvaytMél................................................................................................................20
7 BiesaFn_TI 7³ bnÞHsULaCa]bkrN_vas;BIkarbBa¢ÚnfamBl ................................................. 21
7>1 kargarRbtibtiþ ............................................................................................................ 21
7>2 ]bkrN¾BiesaFn_man³................................................................................................. 21
7>3 kardMeLIg................................................................................................................... 21
7>4 karRbtibtþi ................................................................................................................. 21
7>5 tMélEdlvas;)an ........................................................................................................ 22
7>6 karvaytMél............................................................................................................... 22
Éksareyag .......................................................................................................................... 22

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
3
LeXsolar

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
LeXsolar
1 BiesaFn_TI 1³ kartCaes‘rI nig Exñgrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;
1>1 kargarRbtibtþi
eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_enHKWedIm,IKNna BItg;süúgnigcrnþrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k; eBlEdltCaes‘rI nig

Exñg.
1>2 ]bkrN¾BiesaFn_man³
bnÞH LeXsolar
pÞaMgkBa©k;sULatUc
v:ulEm:t 1
GMEBrEm:t 1
1>3 kardMeLIg

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
5
LeXsolar
1>4 karRbtibtiþ
vas;crnþ (I ) nigtg;süúg (U ) rbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;sULa ¬emIlrUbxagelI¦

s.c. o.c.
tesoKVI edayP¢ab;pÞaMgkBa©k;sULaCaes‘rI 2 nig 3bnÞH

Rsg;tMélEdlTTYl)anBI v:ulEm:tnigGMEBrEm:t dak;kñúgtarag
1>5 vas;crnþnigtg;süúg
P¢ab;pÞaMgkBa©k;sULaCaes‘rI
1 bnÞH 2 bnÞH 3 bnÞH
Uo.c
Is.c
P¢ab;pÞaMgkBa©k;sULaCaExñg
1 bnÞH 2 bnÞH 3 bnÞH
Uo.c
Is.c

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
LeXsolar
1>6 KUsdüaRkam
U-n düaRkam
n cMnYnbnÞHsULa

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
7
LeXsolar
1>7 karvaytMél
KUsdüaRkam I-n EdlP¢ab;Caes‘rI nig Exñg ¬n CacMnYnbnÞHsULa¦. KUsRkabTaMgGs;kñúg düaRka-
mEtmYy.
KUsdüaRkam U-n EdlP¢ab;Caes‘rI nig Exñg ¬n CacMnYnbnÞHsULa¦. KUsRkabTaMgGs;kñúg düaRka-
mEtmYy.
eFVIkarBnül;kñúgtaragxageRkam
lkçN³rbs;
tg;süúg crnþ
tCaes‘rI
tCaExñg
2 BiesaFn_TI 2³ GanuPaBsULaGaRs½yelIépÞrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;
2>1 kargarRbtibtiþ
eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_enHKWedIm,IKNna BItg;süúgcrnþnigGanuPaBrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k; kñúgkrNI
EpñkxøHénépÞrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;manmøb;.
bnÞH LeXsolar
pÞaMgkBa©k;sULatUc²
v:ulEm:t 1
GMEBrEm:t 1
bnÞH)aMgépÞrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
LeXsolar
2>3 kardMeLIg
2>4 karRbtibtiþ
P¢ab;esoKVItamdüaRkamxagelI
vas;crnþ (I ) nigtg;süúg (U ) rbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;sULa ¬emIlrUbxagelI¦
s.c. o.c.
vas;crnþeLIgvij kñúgkrNIEdlmanmøb; 100° 75° 50° 25° nigKμanmøb;

2>5 tMélEdlvas;)an
PaKryénépÞrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;Edlmanmøb;
0° 25° 50° 75° 100°
tg;süúg
(Uo.c.)
crnþ (I s.c.)
GanuPaB (P)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
9
LeXsolar
2>6 düaRkam

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
LeXsolar
2>7 karvaytMél
KNnaGnuPaBeTAtamPaKryénépÞrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;Edlmanmøb;
KUsdüaRkam GnuPaB crnþ nig tg;süúg CaGanuKmn_ rbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;Edlmanmøb; (0 , ¼, ½, ¾ nig
1)
rkcMnunkat;rbs;crnþ tg;süúg CamYynigpÞaMgkBa©k;Edlmanmøb;

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
cUlBnül;
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
rkcMnunkat;rbs;GanuPaBCamYynigpÞaMgkBa©k;Edlmanmøb;
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3 BiesaFn_TI 3³ GanuPaBrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;GaRs½ymMurbs;BnøWEdlcaMgb:HépÞkBa©k;
3>1 kargarRbtibtiþ
eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_enHKWedIm,Ivas; tg;süúg ¬U ¦ nig crnþ ¬ o.c Is.c ¦
¬nigKNnaGanuPaBrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k; ¦ kñúgkrNI mMurbs;kaMBnøWEdlcaMgb:HelIépÞkBa©k;ERbRbYl
bnÞH LeXsolar
pÞaMgkBa©k;sULaFM
v:ulEm:t 1
GMEBrEm:t 1

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
11
LeXsolar
3>3 kardMeLIg
3>4 karRbtibtiþ
ykbnÞH LeXsolar EdlrYmCamYy]bkrN_tMrgTiseTARBHGaTitümanykbnÞH ¬rWRbPB
énBnøWkñúgbnÞb;¦ edIm,IbgðajeGayeXIjRsemal.
tMrg;TiseTAbnÞH LeXsolar eTAnigRbPBBnøW dUcenHmuMb:Hrbs;vaesμIrnwg 900 KμanRsemal
eRCIserIsmMuEdlGacvas;)an rYcvas;tg;süúg ¬U ¦ nig crnþ ¬I ¦
o.c s.c
Rsg;lT§ipldak;kñúgtarag

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
LeXsolar
3>5 tMélEdlvas;)an
α 10o 20o 30o 40o 50o 60o 70o 75o
Uo.c
Is.c
KNna
cos α
3>6 düaRkam

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
13
LeXsolar
3>7 karvaytMél
KUsdüaRkam ¬ mMucaMgb:H ¦
I-α α
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
KUsdüaRkam P-α
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4 BiesaFn_TI 3³ GanuPaBrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;GaRs½ymMurbs;BnøWEdlcaMgb:HépÞkBa©k;
4>1 kargarRbtibtiþ
karviPaKDIdüÚtrbs;pÞaMgkBa©k;sULa
bnÞH LeXsolar
pÞaMgkBa©k;sULatUc²cMnYn3
v:ulEm:t 1
GMEBrEm:t 1

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
LeXsolar
4>3 kardMeLIg
4>4 karRbtibtiþ
dMeLIg]bkrN_BiesaFn_eTAtamesoKVIxagelIedaymanbnÞHsULatUc²cMnYn3 bnÞHsULa
TI1mantYnaTICabnÞúk KμanbnÞúkCaersuIsþg;
KNna ersuIsþg;rbs;bnÞHsULatamry³kareFVIb:Ulkmμ edaydak;bnÞHsULakEnøggwt rW ¬)aMgmøb;¦
Gnuvtþn¾dUcKñacMeBaHkardak;eGayRtUvBnøW
Rsg;tMélEdlTTYl)andak;kñúgtarag
cMnaM³ kareFVIb:Ulkmμ KWdUcKñanwgkarbgVilbnÞHsULaeGay)anmMu 1800 bnÞHsULaTI2 nig TI3 mantY-
naTICaRbPB edIm,IKNnaersuIsþg;

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
15
LeXsolar
4>5 tMélEdlvas;)an
dak;eGayggwt ¬)aMgmøb;¦ dak;RtUvBnøW
R( KNna)
cMnaM³ kareFVIb:Ulkmμrbs;bnÞHsULaTI2 nig TI3 minpøas;bþÚr

4>6 karvaytMél
lkçN³rbs;sULaenAeBlEdldak;eGayggwt ¬bnÞHsULakñúgkrNIenHmantYnaTIdUcDIyUt¦
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
lkçN³rbs;sULaenAeBlEdldak;eGayggwt
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5 BiesaFn_TI 5³ \Ti§Blrbs;møb;eTAelIsULatCaes‘rI
5>1 kargarRbtibtiþ
etItg;süúgnigcrnþERbRbYly:agdUcemþckñúgkrNIEdlbnÞHsULa 3 tCaes‘rI ehIymanbnÞHmYy
dak;eGayggwt¬)aMgBnøW¦? etItMélenHERbRbYly:agdUcemþckñúgkrNIEdlbnÞHdak;eGay ggwt RtUveKdak;
DIyUt mYyCaExñg?
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
LeXsolar
bnÞH LeXsolar
v:ulEm:t 1
GMEBrEm:t 1
DIyUt LeXsolar
5>3 kardMeLIg
5>4 karRbtibtiþ
vas;tMéledImrbs;tg;süúgnigcrnþrbs;bnÞHsULaTaMg 3 edaymin)aMgBnøW
RKb;bnÞHsULamYy kñúgcMeNambnÞHsULa3 edaymindak; DIyUt mYyCaExñgCamYy bnÞHsU-
LaEdlRKb; bnÞab;mkdak; DIyUt mYyCaExñgCamYybnÞHsULaEdlRKb;. vas;tg;süúg nigcrnþ

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
17
LeXsolar
5>5 tMélEdlvas;)an
bnÞHsULaTaMg 3 tCaes‘rI
(1) bnÞHsULaTaMgGs; (2) bnÞHsULa1 RtUv (3) bnÞHsULa1 RtUv
RtUvBnøW )aMgBnøW )aMgBnøWnigDIyUt1tCaExñg
Uo.c
Is.c
P( KNna)
eRbobeFob P ____________% ____________%
5>6 karvaytMél
KNnaPaKryénGanuPaBTTYl)ankñúgkrNIEdlbnÞHsULa 1 )aMgBnøW nigKμan DIyUt
Bnül;BItMélEdlvas;)an tamniymn½yrbs; semiconductor diode ¬eBlEdl)aMgBnøW ersIusþg;
rbs;va ekInhYsBItMélersIusþg; semiconductor diode kñúgTisedARsb¦
etI\Ti§BlenHnwgRtUveFVIdUemþc kñúgkarP¢ab;bnÞHsULa?
bNþaleGayman\Ti§BlelIlTi§plEdlvas;)an (2)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
ehtuGVI)anCa DIyUt GaceGayeyIgvas;tMélva)an (3)

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
LeXsolar
6 BiesaFn_TI 6³ \Ti§Blrbs;møb;eTAelIsULatCaExñg
6>1 kargarRbtibtiþ
etItg;süúgnigcrnþERbRbYly:agdUcemþckñúgkrNIEdlbnÞHsULa 3 tCaExñg ehIymanbnÞHmYy
dak;eGayggwt ¬)aMgBnøW¦?
bnÞH LeXsolar
v:ulEm:t 1
GMEBrEm:t 1
6>3 kardMeLIg

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
19
LeXsolar
6>4 karRbtibtiþ
vas;tMéledImrbs;tg;süúgnigcrnþrbs;bnÞHsULaTaMg 3 edaymin)aMgBnøW
vas;eLIgtMéledImrbs;tg;süúgnigcrnþrbs;bnÞHsULa kñúgkrNIEdl)aMgBnøWbnÞHsULa 1 nig
)aMgBnøWbnÞHsULa 2
6>5 tMélEdlvas;)an
bnÞHsULaTaMg 3 tCaExñg
(1) bnÞHsULaTaMgGs; (2) bnÞHsULa1 RtUv (3) bnÞHsULa1 RtUv
RtUvBnøW )aMgBnøW )aMgBnøWnigDIyUt1tCaExñg
Uo.c
Is.c
P( KNna)
eRbobeFob Ganu
PaBEdlFøak; ____________% ____________%
cuHeTA(1)
6>6 karvaytMél
KNnaPaKryénGanuPaBTTYl)ankñúgkrNIEdlbnÞHsULa 1 )aMgBnøW nigKμan DIyUt
eRbobeFobBI\Ti§BleBlEdlP¢ab;Caes‘rI nig Bnül;BIPaBxusKña

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
LeXsolar
7 BiesaFn_TI 7³ bnÞHsULaCa]bkrN_vas;BIkarbBa¢ÚnfamBl
7>1 kargarRbtibtiþ
KNnakMriténkarbBa¢ÚnfamBltamry³kardak;Rkdas;epSg²Kña edayEp¥kelIniymn½yrbs; bnÞHsULa
bnÞH LeXsolar
v:ulEm:t 1
GMEBrEm:t 1
Rkdas;BN’RbepHmYysRmab;
7>3 kardMeLIg
7>4 karRbtibtþi
vas;crnþ I rbs;bnÞHsULaFMedaymin)aMgRkdas;BN’RbepH
sc
bnÞab;mkvas;eLIgvij crnþ I rbs;bnÞHsULaFMedayRkdas;BN’RbepHepSg²

sc

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
21
LeXsolar
Rsg;tMélEdlTTYl)andak;kñúgtarag
7>5 tMélEdlvas;)an
Rkdas;1snøw Rkdas;2snøw Rkdas;3snøw Rkdas;4snøw
KμanRkdas;
k k k k
Is.c
Føak;cuH % ______% ______%: ______% ______% ______%
7>6 karvaytMél
• KNnaPaKryénkarbBa¢ÚnfamBltamcMnYnRkdas;Edlmankúñgtarag. cMnaM³ crnþ I smamaRteTA- sc
nigBnøWRBHGaTitü
kargarRbtibtþibEnßm³ sisSGacKNnakarbBa¢ÚnfamBlrbs;sarFatuepSgeTot ]TahrN_
bg¥ÜckBa©k;…
Éksareyag
1. Student’s instructions for leXsolar-experiment. Copyright © by leXsolar GmbH 2006

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
REEPRO MANUAL
nglish
y KHMER
KHMER
MANUAL
he Use of
esovePAemeronrbs;
REEPRO
Developing
REEPRO
EEPROkñPromotion
úgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_of
rbs;the Use of
REEPRO

ountriesKHMER
nigRKUbeRgon
CIv³]sμ½n
nigRKUbeRgon
cRgáan r:ukEkt
nigRKUbeRgon
ntrepreneurship for
famBlsUTrainers
LasMrab;Gñkbec©keTs shRKinPaBsMrab;GñkCMnaj
xperts and
ers
nigRKUbeRgon
ers
karplit³]sμ½ntamCnbT nigRKUbeRgon
famBlCIv³m:as;sMrab;Gñkbec©keTs
nigRKUbeRgon
ers shRKinPaBsM
xperts and Trainers
l
kMrit 1
kMrit 1
iomass KHMER
Energy for kMrit 2
anual
xperts and Trainers famBlCI
esovePAemeronsM r ab; G ñ k vkeTs³m:as;sMrab;GñkCMnaj
kMrit 2
bec©
hVÚtUv:ultaGiuc nigRKUbeRgon
olar Energy for
karBiand
echnicians esaFn_TrainerselI LexSolar famBlsULasMrab;Gñkbec©keTs
nigRKUbeRgon
iomass Energy for
nigRKUbeRgon
ntrepreneurship for
nigRKUbeRgon
evel 1
kMrit 1
evel 2
kMrit 2
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
karpSBVpSayBIRbsiT§iPaB
énkareRbIR)as;RbPBfamBlkekIteLIgvij
enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_
CIv³]sμ½n
GñkniBn§
Phouthanouthong Xaysombath
viTüasßanRsavRCavviTüasaRsþ nigbec©keTs
GaCJaFrCatisMrab;viTüasaRsþ nigbec©keTs
mkra 2009
Biogas
bBaI¢matika
1 karENnaMTUeTA ---------------------------------------------------------- 7
1>1-buBVbT -------------------------------------------------------------- 7
1>2-karbMEbkFatutamlkçN³Kμanxül; -------------------------------------------9
1>2>1 CIv]sμ½n nig smasFaturbs;va------------------------------------------9
1>2>2 GtßRbeyaCn_BICIv]sμ½n --------------------------------------------- 10
1>3 ktþaEdlman\Ti§Bl --------------------------------------------------- 11
1>3>1 sItuNðPaB ------------------------------------------------------ 11
1>3>2 smasPaB nigrcnasm<½n§rbs;Twk ------------------------------------- 12
1>3>3 kMrit pH --------------------------------------------------------13
1>3>4 TMhMlMhr TMgn;tamTMhM nigdg;suIetmaD ---------------------------------13
1>3>5 smasPaBLpÞúk]sμ½n ---------------------------------------------- 14
1>3>6 rUbFaturwg nigbrimaNTwk -------------------------------------------- 17
1>3>7 ktþaraMgsÞH ------------------------------------------------------ 19
1>3>8 karrkSaTukCIvma:s ------------------------------------------------ 19
2 kmμviFILCIv]sμ½n (BPP) enARbeTsLav--------------------------------------- 19
3 LCIv]sμ½nCati enARbeTskm<úCa ³ ------------------------------------------- 21
4 smasPaBrbs;RbB½n§LCIv]sμ½ntampÞH ---------------------------------------23
4>1 -GagcUl ------------------------------------------------------------ 24
4>2 -TueyacUl³ ---------------------------------------------------------- 24
4>3-Lkac;lamk -------------------------------------------------------- 25

EIE-06-256 REEPRO 1
Biogas
4>4 GagpÞúkhaÁs (Storage Chamber) ----------------------------------------25

4>5 pøÚvecj {Gagpøas;} ----------------------------------------------------27
4>6 reNAþsMNl; ---------------------------------------------------------30
5 kareRbIR)as;LCIv]sμ½n ----------------------------------------------------30
5>1 kareRbIR)as;c®gáanhÁassMrab;cMGin)ay³------------------------------------ 31
5>2 kareRbIR)as;cegáógCIv]sμ½nsMrab;GucbMPøW ³ ----------------------------------- 31
5>3 dMeNIrkarm:asuIn ------------------------------------------------------ 32
6 xñat niglkçN³TUeTAénLkñúgRsuk------------------------------------------- 32
7 ]TahrN_karKNnaénLCIv]sμ½nkñúgRsuk ------------------------------------- 33
7>1 karcat;lMdab;xñatL----------------------------------------------------34
7>2 karKNnakarplit]sμ½nRbcaMéf¶ ¬G¦---------------------------------------34
7>3 karerobcM)a:ra:Em:RteRKag ------------------------------------------------34
7>4 TMhMLpÞúk]sμ½n -------------------------------------------------------35
7>5 ]TahrN_ -----------------------------------------------------------35
8 Éksareyag -----------------------------------------------------------36

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
bBa¢IrUbPaB
rUbPaBTI 1³ karplit]sμ½nCak;lak;EdlGaRs½yelIbrimaNrUbFaturwgenAkñúg digestion reactor
[Böhnke et al. 1993] ---------------------------------------------- 18
rUbPaBTI 2³ GagcUl {GagcMruH} LCIv]sμ½ntampÞH------------------------------------ 24

rUbPaBTI 3³TueyacUl -------------------------------------------------------- 24
rUbPaBTI 4³ L {GagrMlay} --------------------------------------------------- 25
rUbPaBTI 5³ LpÞúkhaÁs ------------------------------------------------------- 26
rUbPaBTI 6³ pøÚvecj --------------------------------------------------------- 28
rUbPaBTI 7³ bnÞHKMrbpøÚvecj --------------------------------------------------- 29
rUbPaBTI 8³ CIv]sμ½nsMrab;cMGin)ay----------------------------------------------31
rUbPaBTI 9³ cegáógCIv]sμ½n ----------------------------------------------------31

EIE-06-256 REEPRO 3
Biogas
bBa¢Itarag
taragTI 1³ smasPaBpSMénCIv³m:as ---------------------------------------------- 9
taragTI 2³ brimaNfamBlrbs;CIvm:as nigemtan ----------------------------------10
taragTI 3³ PaBsmRsbénsarFatusMrab;RbRBwtþikmμCIvsaRsþ [Bidlingmaier 2000] ----------12
taragTI 4³kMritTMgn;vtßúFatuedIm [Ottow and Bidlingmaier 1997] ------------------------14
taragTI 5 ³ lamkstV TinñplCIv]sμ½n nigbrimaNCICati [FNR 2004] ---------------------15
taragTI 6 ³ vtßúFatuEkécñxñat]sSahkmμ TinñplCIv]sμ½n nigbrimaNCICati [FNR 2004] --------16
taragTI 7³ sMNl;TIRkug sarFatuEkécñ TinñplCIv]sμ½n nigbrimaNCICati [FNR 2004]---------17
taragTI 8³ TMhMbnÞHKMrb ------------------------------------------------------ 29
taragTI 9³brimaNénlamkstVEdlRtUvkarRbcaMéf¶ --------------------------------- 32
taragTI 10³ karplit]sμ½n --------------------------------------------------- 33

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
bBa¢IGkSrkat;
BTU/m³ British Thermal Unit / cubic mater
B biomass ¬CIvm:as¦
C carbon ¬kabUn¦
COD chemical oxygen demand ¬tMrUvkarGuksIuEsnKImI¦

CH4 methan ¬emtan¦
CO2 carbon dioxide ¬kabUnDIGuksIud¦
C/N carbon / nitrogen ratio ¬kae)an¼ RbPaKnIRdUEsn¦
cm centimeter ¬sg;TIEm:Rt¦
dm dry meter content ¬brimaNsarFatus¶Üt¦
GGC agriculture and biogas limited company ¬Rkumh‘unksikmμ nigCIv]s½μn¦
G the gas production rate ¬GRtakarplithÁas¦
Gy specific gas yield ¬TinñplhÁasCak;lak;¦
Gp Specific gas production ¬plitplhÁasCak;lak;¦
Gt the total gas production ¬TinñplhÁassrub¦
maximum hourly gas consumption ¬kareRbIR)as;hÁaseRcInbMputkñúgÉktaem:ag¦

Gc,
max
g/l gram / liter ¬Rkam¼ lIRt¦
e.g exempli gratia
H2 hydrogen ¬GIuRdUEsn¦
HRT hydraulic retention time
i.e id est
J joule
K Gas storage coefficient ¬emKuNsþúkhÁas¦
K potassium ¬b:UtasüÚm¦
kg kilogram ¬KILÚRkam¦
kJ kilo Joule ¬KILÚs‘Úl¦
kWh/m³ kilowatt hour / cubic meter¬KILÚv:at;em:ag¼ Em:RtKUb¦

kg/d kilogram / day ¬KILÚRkam¼ éf¶¦

EIE-06-256 REEPRO 5
Biogas
LSU Standard gas yield values per livestock unit ¬tMélTinpñ lhÁasCasþgd; akñgú mYyY k,al¦
Ld Digester loading
l liter ¬lIRt¦
MJ/m³ Mica Joule / cubic meter ¬mIkas‘Úl¼ Em:RtKUb¦
mg milligram ¬mIlIRkam¦
m³/t wm cubic meter / ton ¬Em:RtKUb¼ etan¦…………….
mg/m³ milligram / cubic meter ¬mIlIRkam¼ Em:RtKUb¦
μm micromet ¬mIRkUEm:Rt¦
N2 Nitrogen ¬nIRdUEsn¦
O2 Oxygen ¬GuksIuEsn¦
odm organic dry matter ¬sarFatusrIragÁs¶Üt¦
P phosphorus ¬pUsV½r¦
PVC Polyvinyl chloride ¬b:UlIvInIl kørId¦
RT Retention time ¬ry³eBlsßitenAkñúgGag¦
Sd substrate input quantity ¬brimaNsarFatudak;cUlEkécñ¦

sm³ Square cubic meter
TS total solid conten ¬brimaNGgÁFaturwgsrub¦
Tc,max time of maximum consumption ¬kareRbIR)as;em:ageRcInbMput¦
Tz, max maximum zero consumption time ¬em:agEdleRbIR)as;sUnüeRcInbMput¦
t/m³ tone / cubic meter ratio ¬etan¼ RbPaKEm:RtKUb¦
Vg gasholder volume ¬vUlIm ]bkrN_pÞúkhÁas ¦
Vol volume ¬cMNuH¦
Vd Digester volume ¬cMNuHGagsþúk]sμ½n¦
VS Volatile solids content ¬brimaNGgÁFaturwg EdlgayehIr¦
Vc, max maximum gas consumption ¬kareRbIR)as;hÁaseRcInbMput¦
v/v Volume / volume ¬maD¼maD¦

the weight of feeding materials available per day
W
¬TMgn;]bkrN_pþl;cMNIGaharkñúgmYyéf¶¦
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
1 karENnaMTUeTA
1>1 buBVbT
GtßRbeyaCn_rbs;CIv]sμ½n bgðajnUvkarGPivDÆn_n_RbkbedayÉkraCüPaBkñúgbNþaRbeTs]sSahnIy
kmμ nigRbeTskMBgu GPivDÆn_epSg². RbvtþCi vI ]sμn½ xagTIbV GWru bu: nigGalWmø g: C; aBiessk¾dcU Ca karGPivDÆn_
kñúgRbeTsGasIubegáItRbvtþikic©Gnuvtþirbs;GaløWm:g; nigkmμviFIedIm,ICMrujbec©kviTüaCIv]sμ½n eGay)anTUlM
TUlay.
RbB½n§CIv]sμ½nEdledIrtY)anl¥GacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_TaMgRsugsMrab;GñkeRbIR)as; sgÁm nigbrisßan
CMuvijCaTUeTA:
• TinñplfamBl (kMedA BnøW GKÁisnI);
• paøs;bþÚrsMnl;srIragÁeTACaCImanKuNPaBx<s;
• begáInlkçN³Gnam½ytamry³karbnßynUvFatubgáCMgW BgdgáÚv nigruy
• karkat;bnßybnÞúkkargar CacMbgsMrab;RsIþkñúgkarRbmUlGusdut nig karcMGinGahar.
• GtßRbeyaCn_brisßantamry³karkarBar dI Twk xül; nigrukçCatiRKb;Ebbya:g
• GtßRbeyaCn_mIRkUesdæækic©tamry³karpþl;mkvijnUvfamBl nig CI nigCaRbPBcMNUlbEnßm nig
begáInnUvkarciBa©wmstVRKb;RbePT nig kareFIVksikmμ.

• GtßRbeyaCn_ma:RkUesdækic©tamry³karbegáItfamBltamEbbvimCÄkar karnaMeGaymannUvkarCMnYs
mkvij nigkarkarBarbrisßan.
ehtudUcenHbec©kviTüaCIv]sμ½nGacpþl;nUvkarGPirkS nigkarGPivDÆn_)aneRcInéRkElg RbsinebIsßanPaB
Cak;Esþg)ansMerceCaKC½y. eTaHCaya:gNak¾edayKWmankarTamTarnUvedImTunx<s; nigkarkMnt;rbs;
bec©keTsCIv]sμ½nepSgeTotKYrRtUv)anBicarNaya:gl¥itl¥n;.
kñgú RbeTskMBgu GPivDÆn_manTMnak;TnM gedaypÞal;rvagbBaðakareFIeV Gaymanpl nigkarkab;éRBecHEtekIn
eLIgCalMdab;edaysarEtkarRtUvkarGusxøaMg. kñúgtMbn;dac;RsyalCaeRcIn GñkRsukPaKeRcInGaRs½y
elIlamkstV nigsMNl;srIragÁsMrab;cMGin nigkMedA. ksikrkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_RtUvkarCI CabnÞan;
sMrab;EfrkSaTinñpldMNaM. eTaHCaya:gNak¾edayksikrxñattUc bnþnUvkarRtUvkareGayman CICatiya:g
xøaMgRbkbedayskþanuBlPaBeTaHbICaBYkeKminGacéllkTijCIKImIk¾eday. enAeBldUcKñaenHEdr
tambec©keTsenHmanGahSÚt b:UtasüÚm nig pUsVrkñúgvtßúFatuedImRbEhlcMnYn 8dg KWx<s;dUc KuNPaB
EIE-06-256 REEPRO 7
Biogas
CIKImI EdlmaneRbIR)as;enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. CaBiesssMrab;ksikrxñattUc bec©keTs CIv]s½μn

KWCaviFand¾smRsbsMrab;eRbIFnFanEdlkMreGay)aneRcIn. bnÞab;BIkardkRsg;GMBI matikasþIBIlamk
stV nigsMNl;srIragÁepSg² kaksMNl;Edl)anlT§plmkKWenAEtCaCId¾l¥ CMnYyKuNPaBdl;dIRKb;
RbePT ehIyEfmTaMgeFIVeGaydMNaMmanKuNPaBx<s;eTotpg.
RbCaRbiyPaBrbs;bec©kviTüaCIv]sμ½nRtUvEtmancMENkcUlrYmkñúgkardaMduHdMNaMkñúgcMkar.
KuNRbeyaCn_ nigPaBbraC½yrbs;bec©kviTüaCIv]sμ½nnwgKaμnmUldæanRKb;RKan; edIm,IEckcayvaeTA
RbCaCnsamBaØ ebIKμankaryl;dwgCasaFarN³. CamYyKñaenHEdrkaryl;dwkñúgRkbxNÐrdæaPi)alman
sar³sMxan;. edaysarEtplb:HBal;nigEpñkbec©kviTüaBak;B½n§sßab½nrdæaPi)alepSg²Kña (]TahrN_³
vis½yksikmμ brisßan famBl esdækic© ) vamansar³sMxan;edIm,IbBa©ak; nigsrubral;mnÞIrrdæaPi)al
EdlTTYlbnÞúkxusRtUv kñúgdMeNIrkarEckcay nigelIkkMBs;karyl;dwg.
bc©úb,nñkMritx<s;bMputéndMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_TIpSarGacRbTHeXIjenAtamtMbn;RbRBwtþikmμPk; ecjBITIRkug
karbnSútTwksMGuytam]sSahkmμ nigRbRBwtþikmμsMNl;ksikmμ. kareRbIbec©keTstamRbRBwtþikmμ
TwksMGuyecjBITIRkugbc©úb,nñCabTBiesaFn_ekItmanenAGasIu‘ ¬CaBiessenA\NÐa¦ nigGaemrikLaTIn.
RbRBwtþikmμKμanxül;énsMNl;srIragÁecjBITIRkugKWCabTBiesaFn_ EdlrIkcMerInya:grh½senAGWur:ubPaK
xageCIg. dMNaMCIv]sμ½nksikmμkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_tamFmμtaRtUv)anCMruj eGaymanvisalPaBFM
edaymanTMnak;TMngCamYyerOgbrisßan nigfamBl ehIyRtUv)andak;eGayenACaBiesskEnøg EdlTwk
kxVk;hUrkat;CIlamkravrbs;stVecjBIksikmμKWCakic©karRtwmRtUvbMput.
karekIneLIg]sμ½npÞHkBa©k; karekIneLIgkareRbIR)as;Twk nigTwkkxVk; bnßyKuNPaBCImanenAkñúgdI kar
RKb;RKgsMNl;min)anl¥ nigkarekIneLIgénkarkab;bMpaøjéRBeQIRtUvEtemIleXIjfa CaEpñkmYyén
RbB½n§eRbIFnFanminRbkbedaynirnþrPaBBaseBjBiPBelak. bec©kviTüaCIvsμ½n KWCaEpñkmYykñúg
smasFatu hardwar d¾sMxan;EdlCaynþkar \tGak;edIm,IraraMgbBaðaxagelI.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
1>2 karbMEbkFatutamlkçN³Kμanxül;
1>2>1 CIv]sμ½n nig smasFaturbs;va
CIv]sμ½nbgáBI)ak;etrIenAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarbMEbkFaturbs;vtßúFatusrIragÁeRkamlkçxNÐKμanxül;.
CIv]sμn½ KWCakarlaybBa¢lÚ rbs;]sμn½ EdlpSMeLIgPaKeRcInecjBI³ emtan (CH ), ]sμ½nkabUnic (CO ),4 2
FatuepSgeTotrYmmanGIuRdUEsn (H ), GIuRdUEsns‘ulpYric (H S) nigGamUjak; (NH ). smasPaBpSM

2 2 4
rbs;CIv]sμ½nRtUv)ansegçbenAkñúgtaragTI1.
taragTI 1³ smasPaBpSMénCIv³m:as
FatupSM lMdab; mFümPaK
Methane
45 - 70 Vol. % 52 Vol. %
Carbon dioxide
25 - 80 Vol. % 50 Vol. %
Vapour (water)
0-10 Vol.% 3/1 Vol. %
Nitrogen
0/01 - 5 Vol. % 1/0 Vol. %
Oxygen
0/01 - 2 Vol. % 0/03 Vol. %
Hydrogen
0 - 1 Vol. % > 1 Vol. %
Hydrogen sulphide
0/01-2/5 mg/m³ 0/7 mg/m³
Ammonia
0/01-2/5 mg/m³ 0/7 mg/m³
vtþmanrbs;emtanenAkñúgCIv]sμ½nGaRs½yeTAnwgsMNl;LEdldak;cUl. kabUnGuIRdatGacplitnUv
emtanRbEhlCa 50° xøaj; 70° nigRbUetGuIn 84° ¬v/v¦. emtanmanpÞúknUvkMedA 35 900
3
KJ¼m CIvm:as 65° ¬v/v¦mankMedA 23/300KJ¼m3 . taragTI2
xageRkambgðajnUvbrimaNfamBl kñúgÉktaepSgKña.
cMnYnCIv]sμ½nEdlTTYl)anGaRs½yelIvtßúFatuEdldak;cUl bec©kviTüadMeNIrkar nig lkçxNÐdMeNIrkar.
karvaytMélCamFümsMrab;sMNl;srIragÁ (karviPaKRbPB) ERbRbYlcab;BI 80 eTA 120sm³ kñúg1etan
énvtßúFatuesIm mann½yfarvagBI 300 nig 600sm³ kñúg1etanénsarFatusrIragÁs¶Üt edayTukeGay
)anRbEhlry³eBl14éf¶.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO 9
Biogas
taragTI 2³ brimaNfamBlrbs;CIvm:as nigemtan

ÉktafamBl CIvma:s (60% methane) emtan
MJ/m³
21/5 35/9
kWh/m³
6/0 9/97
BTU/m³
20 417 34 028
1>2>2 GtßRbeyaCn_BICIv]sμ½n
GtßRbeyaCn_BICIv]sμ½nkñúgRsuksnSM)anRKb;vis½ydUcCa esdækic© suxPaB brisßan nig sgÁm.
GtßRbeyaCn_esdækic©
• snSMkarcMNayeTAelIFnFanFüÚg hÁas b¤eRbg
• snSMeBledIm,IeRbIR)as;CaRbPBcMnUlsMrab;kargarepSgeTot
• elIkkMBs;TinñpldI edaykareRbIsMNl;kakLCIv³ (manbEnßmbrimaN N,P,K )
• kat;bnßybrimaNCIKImIedaykareRbIsMNl;LCIv³
• kat;bnßykarcMNayeTAelIsuxPaBedaykarkat;bnßyCMgIEdlbNþalmkBIEpSg
• begáItkargardl;RbCaCnkñúgtMbn;
• karGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCnEdlplitTMnijesdækic©GtßRbeyaCn_esdækic©
• kat;bnßyCMgWEdlbNþalmkBIEpSg (vilmux QWk,al QIEPñk karqøgeraKtampøÚvdegðIm
k¥Ütceg¥ar .l.)
• begáInGnam½ykñúgeKhdæanedaykarP¢ab;bgÁn;cUleTALCIv]sμ½n KμanERmgePIøgexμA epH Gus
lamk kñúgpÞH)ay
• bnßykardutGusGtßRbeyaCn_brisßan
• karkarBaréRBeQI
• begáInTinñpldIedaykarbEnßm NPK k¾dUcCakareRbIsMNl;kakL nigsMNl;ksikmμEdlGac
bMEbkFatu)an
• karkat;bnßy]sμ½npÞHkBa©k;CaBiess]sμ½nemtan
• karkarBarCICatidIeyagelIkareRbICIKImIhYskMrit

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
GtßRbeyan_sgÁm
• bEnßmeBlevlasMrab;kargarsgÁm
• elIkkMBs;kitüanuPaBkñúgshKmn_
• kat;bnßybnÞúkkargarCaBiessRsIþ
• pþl;BnøWc,as;edIm,ICYykñúgkarsikSa nig kargarpÞH
• begáInGRtacUleronrbs;sisSnarIedaysarEtmin)ac;cMNayeBledIrRbmUlGus
1>3 ktþaEdlman\Ti§Bl
1>3>1 sItuNðPaB
skmμPaBrbs;emtan EdlbegáIt)ak;etrITTYl\T§iBlya:gxøaMgedaysItuNðPaB. maRtdæansItuNðPaB
kñúgL KWRbEhl 35°C. karTTYlpl)anBICIv]sμ½nkat;bnßyya:geRcInenAeBlsItuNðPaBFøak;cuH nig
dMeNIrkarRbtikmμnwgQb; RbsinebIsItuNðPaBFøak;cuHdl; 10°C. kMritsItuNðPaB3Edlemtanplit³
i. kMedA Thermophilic
sItuNðPaBLsitß kñgú kMrit 45-60°C. LEdlRtUvkarkMedAGacdMeNIrkaredaysmmaRtpÞkú x<s;CalT§pl

TTYl)an]sμ½nx<s;. RbB½n§kMedA nig karEjkBitCaRtUvkar.
LEdlRtUvkarkMedARtUv)anesñeI LIg kñgú krNITwksMGyu RtUvEteFIkV arhUrbeBa©jeGay)aneRcIn. tMélTaMg
karsagsg; nig dMeNIrkarragéføbnþic.
ii. kMedA Mesophilic
sItuNðPaBrbs;vaRbEhl 10-45°C. L kMedAmFüm plit)an]sμ½nmFüm TabCag]sμ½necjBIL

EdlmankMedA.
iii. kMedA Psychrophilic
GtisuxmR)aNBiessCak;lak;GaceGayLKaμnxül;sißtkñúgsItuNðPaBTab (eRkam10) . bc©úb,nñva

dMeNIrkarenATIBiesaFn_enAeLIy.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO 11
Biogas
iv. sItuNðPaBCMuvij
sItuNðPaBLEtgEtERbRbYl edaysarEtsItuNðPaBCMuvijtamry³rdUvkalCMnYseGaysItuNðPaBefr Ca
lT§plrdUvkaleFIVeGaytYnaTILERbRbYl. vamanRbCaRbiyPaBsMrab;LtamRKYsar edaysarEtvaman
tMélTab nig gaydMeNIrkar. kñúgtMbn;RtUBic tYnaTIrbs;sItuNðPaBCMuvijLl¥.
)ak;etrIEdlekItmankñúgsItuNðPaBkMritmFüm xusBI)ak;etrIEdlekItBIsItuNðPaBekþAkñúgkMritTaMgBIrenH
GRtalUtlas;rbs;)ak;etrIekIneLIgKYreGaysMKal;ehIyfycuHeTAvij. sItuNðPaBRbEhl 35°C
RtUv)ancat;TukCaKuNtMéld¾l¥éndMeNIrkarkñúgkMritsItuNðPaBmFüm.
esIÞrEtRKb;dMNaMCIv]sμ½nkñúgRbeTsLavdMeNIrkartamry³kMritsItuNðPaBmFümcab;BI 5° - 45°C.
1>3>2 smasPaB nigrcnasm<½n§rbs;Twk
brimaNsMeNIm nigesßrPaBénTMrg;rbs;sarFaturYmpSM mansar³sMxan;sMrab;dMeNIrkarbec©keTsenAkñúg
RbB½n§rMlayEdlminRtUvkarGuksuIEsn. )a:r:aEm:RtTaMgBIrenH manPaBxusEbøkKñasMrab;sarFatuepSg²
Kña. taragTI3bgðajBt’manBIPaBsmRsbénsarFaturYmpSMsMrab;dMeNIrkarRbRBwtkiþ mμCvI saRsþ nig
]TahrN_ karrMlayEdlminRtUvkarGuksuIEsn nigkMb:uskmμ.
taragTI 3³ PaBsmRsbénsarFatusMrab;RbRBwtþikmμCIvsaRsþ [Bidlingmaier 2000]
Material Structure Moisture contents Suitable for digestion
sMNl;pÞH)ay GaRkk; x<s;Nas; l¥

sMNl;srIragÁ l¥eTACaGaRkk; BImFümeTAx<s; BImFümeTAl¥
¬mkBIRbPBepSg²¦
sMNl;BIc,ardMNaM l¥ BITabeTAmFüm BImFümeTAGaRkk;
esμAEdlkat; GaRkk; x<s;Nas;CayfaPaB l¥
MSW l¥ mFüm BImFümeTAGaRkk;
lamkmnusS GaRkk; x<s;Nas; l¥
Pk;KMnrsMram GaRkk; x<s;Nas; l¥
lamkstV GaRkk; mFüm mFüm
CIGacm_stV GaRkk; x<s;xøaMgNas; l¥
Beet sheets GaRkk; mFüm l¥
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
Material Structure Moisture contents Suitable for digestion
cMebIg GaRkk; Tab GaRkk;

sMbkeQI GaRkk; BImFümeTATab GaRkk;
søwkeQI GaRkk; BImFümeTATab GaRkk;
edImERtg mFüm eRcInTab GaRkk;
Rkdas l¥ Tab GaRkk;
Paunch l¥ BImFümeTAx<s; l¥
kakEpøeQI GaRkk; x<s; l¥
sMNl;pÞH)ay GaRkk; x<s;Nas; GaRkk;
1>3>3 kMrit pH
kMrit pH KWCaktþaeRCIserIssMxan;sMrab;RkumGtisuxmR)aN. RbtikmμGg;suImnImYy² mantMél pH

xus²Kña. karpøas;bþÚrtMél pH GaceFVIeGayERbRbYleTAdl;lkçN³EjkecjBIKñaénRkummuxgarrbs;
Gg;suIm nigman\T§iBlelIsmasPaBén substrate [Hartmann 1989] . \T§iBlTaMgBIrenHGaceFVI
eGayERbRbYleTAdl;el,ÓnénRbtikmμKImICIvrbs;Gg;smIu dUcCa catabolism and anabolism ]TahrN_
karlUtlas;rbs;srIragÁtUc².
kMritPaBsuaMsMrab; anaerobic biocoenosis CaTUeTAmantMélcab;BI pH = 6.8 to pH = 7.5 [Kapp
1984]. tMél pH )asTab CaTUeTAekIteLIgenAkñúgdMNak;kalmYyénRbB½n§rMlay mesophilic Edl-
manRBwtþikmμCamYykMnkPk;. kMrit pH GacfycuHxøaMgkñúgkrNI EdlBBYkPk; b¤rUbFatuedImman

kMritrcl;exSay edaysarEtkarekIteLIgnUvGasuItxnic EdlbNþal[ekIteLIgkarraMgsÞHdl;)ak;etrI
emtan.
1>3>4 TMhMlMhr TMgn;tamTMhM nigdg;suIetmaD
Tm¶nm; ansar³sMxan;sMrab;smtßPaBénkEnøgTukdak;myY EtvaGaRs½yeTAelIsMeNIménelah³enaH cMeBaH
Tm¶nF; n¶ v; aCabBaðasMrab;dMeNIrkarbitCit enAkñgú taragxageRkam karerobcMTiny½ñ xøHeTAelIbrimaNsMeNIm
énelah³sMrab;dMeNIrkarbitCitkñúgkarrMlayeGay)ansmrmü.

Biogas
taragTI 4³ kMritTMgn;vtßúFatuedIm [Ottow and Bidlingmaier 1997]

rUbFatuedIm briyay brimaNsMeNIm Wet weight [t/m³]
sMNl;srIragÁ sMNl;srIragÁEjkecjBIRbPB 0/4-0/7
sMNl;ébtg esμA 0/4
søwkeQI 0/2
sMNl;TIRkug Rcbl;cUlKña 0/1-0/3
sMNl;epSg² katug¼Rkdas; 0/1-0/3
kMTicRkdas; 0/8
pSitRKYs 0/8
kakEpøTMBaMg)ay 0/45
kakEpøeQI 0/3-0/5
kkrBIeragcRk 0/4-0/6
kakrukçCatieRbg 0/2-0/3
sMbkkakav 0/1
sMbklðúgeRbg 0/4-0/5
0/2-0/25
1>3>5 smasPaBLpÞúk]sμ½n
LpÞúk\sμ½neRbICaRbPBpþl;vtßúFatuedImsMrab;srIragÁxñattUc BIGVIEdlBYkva)anekIneLIgnUvfamBlEdlcaM
)ac;edIm,IkarBarkarbegáItCIvitrbs;BYkva nigsmasPaBsMrab;karbMEbkénvtßúFatuedImekasikarfμIsMrab;
karFMlUtlas;rbs;BYkva. enAkñúgkarerobcMedIm,IeFVIeGay)ansMercnUvGtibrmakarbMEbkenAkñúgLpÞúk
]sμ½n sMrab;srIragÁTaMgGs;. minEmnEtsßanPaBEdnkMNt;EdlB½T§CuMvijEdlRtUvEtlμm ¬kMedA kMrit pH
.l.¦ b:uEnþsMrab;smasPaBénLpÞúk]sμn½ pgEdr. karxVHvtßFú atuedImsMrab;CvI ti dUcCakabUn GasUt pUsVr
nigvtßúFatusMNl;epSgeTotKWk¾minGacTTYl)anEdr. dUcenHRtUvtMrUvtamtMrUvkarCak;EsþgsMrab; smas
PaBénLpÞúk]sμ½n.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
smasPaBénLpÞúk]sμ½nman\T§iBly:agxøaMgpgEdreTAelI biocoenosis . sarFatuEdlmanxøaj;

eRcInenAkñúgLpÞúk]sμ½n nigCaehtunaMeGayekIneLIgKYreGaykt;sMKal;nUvemeraKkMLúgeBl anaerobic
biocoenosis EdlGacbMEbkCatixøaj; nigbMEbkFaturbs;BYkva. y:agNak¾edayenHKWCakarRtwmRtUvEt
mYyKt;RbsinebIeBlevlaRKb;RKan;KWpþl;eGaysMrab;karpøas;bþÚr.
TinñplCIv]sμ½n nigsarFatuciBa©wmrbs;lamkstVepSg² xusKñaeTAtamRbePTstV nigEbbEpnénkar
ciBa©wm ¬kñúgRTug¼eRkARTug¦ RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtaragTI5 xageRkam. lamkfμIsMedAcMeBaHlamkstV
rav ehIylamkfIμrwgsMedAcMeBaHlamkstVduM¼rwg. brimaNsarFatuciBa©wmsßitenAdEdl kñúgkMLúgdMeNIr
karbMEbkedayKμanxül;RtUv)aneKeRbIykmkKNnanUvépÞtMrUvkarsMrab;kareRbIR)as;CI.
taragTI 5 ³ lamkstV TinñplCIv]sμ½n nigbrimaNCICati [FNR 2004]
CH4 -
sarFatuciBa©wm
vtßúFatuedIm dm odm TinñplCIv]sμ½n brimaN N NH4 P2O5 K2O Mg
[%] [% dm] [m³/t [m³/t [Vol.-%] [% dm]
wm] odm]
2/6- 0/5- 5/5- 0/3-
lamkeKa 8-11 75-82 20-30 200-500 60 6/7
1-4
3/3 10 0/7
0/6-
lamkRCUk Rb> 7 75-86 20-35 300-700 60-70 6-18 3-17 2-10 3-7/5
1/5
1/1-
lamkeKa Rb> 25 68-76 40-50 210-300 60 3/4
0/22-2 1-1/5 2-5 1/3
2/6- 2/3-
lamkRCUk 20-25 75-80 55-65 270-450 60 5/2
0/9-1/8
2/8
2/5-3 -
lamkman; Rb> 32 63-80 70-90 250-450 60 5/4 0/39 - - -
karEkécñplitplksikmμpþl;nUvsMNl;srIragÁepSgKña. BYkvaPaKeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;karbegáIt
famBlenAkñúgLCIv]sμ½n. CaBiessGnuplEdl)anmkBIkarplitRsaebor plitkmμemSAs¶Üt karduHem
rbs;Gal;kul manlkçN³smRsb. taragxageRkamenHbgðajnUvRbePTrUbFatuedImEkécñepSg²³

Biogas
taragTI 6 ³ vtßúFatuEkécñxñat]sSahkmμ TinñplCIv]sμ½n nigbrimaNCICati [FNR 2004]

CH4 -
sarFatuciBa©wm
vtßúFatuedIm dm odm TinñplCIv]sμ½n brimaN N NH4 P
[%] [% dm] [m³/t wm] [m³/t odm] [Vol.-%] [% dm]

brewers grain
20-25 70-80 105-130 580-750 59-60 4-5 - 1/5
hogwash
(grain)
6-8 83-88 30-50 430-700 58-65 6-10 - 3/6-6
hogwash (pota-
toes)
6-7 85-95 36-42 400-700 58-65 5-13 - 0/9
hogwash
(fruits)
2-3 Rb> 95 10-20 300-650 58-65 - - 0/73
Pulp
Rb> 13 Rb> 90 80-90 650-750 52-65 0/5-1 0/04 0/1-0/2
fruit water
3/7 70-75 50-56 1500- 50-60 4-5 0/8-1 2/5-3
2000
process water
1/6 65-90 55-65 3000- 50-60 7-8 0/6-0/8 2-2/5
4500
pressed
slices
spent
22-26 Rb> 95 60-75 250-350 70-75 - - -
Molasse
80-90 85-90 290-340 360-490 70-75 1/5 - 0/3
apple pomace
25-45 85-90 145-150 660-680 65-70 1/1 - 0/3
fruit pomace
25-45 90-95 250-280 590-660 65-70 1-1/2 - 0/5-0/6
vine pomace
40-50 80-90 250-270 640-690 65-70 1/5-3 - 0/8-1/7
FnFansMNl;)anEckdac;BIKñaeTAtamtMbn; CaBiesssMNl;srIragÁKWCarUbFatuEkécñEdlRKb;RKan;sMrab;
eFVILCIv]sμ½nRbsinebIminmancMnuHsmasPaB lignin. rUbFatuEkécñTaMgenHtMrUveGayenAbiTCitmunnigeFVI
RbRBwtikmμ ]> karEjkecjénFatuminsuT§dUcCa GMEbgEkv nigfg;pøasÞik. rUbFatuEkécñepSg² eTotman
dUcCa sMNl;GaharEdl)anmkBIcRgáanGahardæan sMNl;mkBI stVXat nigxøaj;mkBIkarEjkyk
ecjnUvCatixøaj; ¬ePaCnIydæan¦ Tinñpl]sμ½n nigsamasFatuepSgeTot RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg taragTI7
xageRkam.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
taragTI 7³ sMNl;TIRkug sarFatuEkécñ TinñplCIv]sμ½n nigbrimaNCICati [FNR 2004]

CH4 -
sarFatubMb:n
rUbFatuEkécñ dm odm TinñplCIv]sμ½n conten N
t
NH4 P
[%] [% dm] [m³/t wm] [m³/t odm] [Vol.-%] [% dm]
sMNl;srIragÁ 40-75 50-70 80-120 150-600 58-65 0/5-2/7

0/05-0/2 0/2-0/8
sMNl;Gahar 9-37 80-98 50-480 200-500 45-61 0/6-5
0/01-1/1 0/3-15
sMNl;TIpSar 15-20 80-90 45-110 400-600 60-65 - 3-5
0/8
karEjkyk 2-70 75-93 11-450 RbEhl 700 60-72 0/1-3/6
0/02- 0/1-0/6
xøaj;ecj 0/15
cMnuHeBaHRCUk 12-15 75-86 20-60 250-450 60-70 2/5-2/7 - 1/05
cMnuHeBaH 11-19 80-90 20-60 200-400 58-62 1/3-2/2 0/4-07 1/1-1/6
flotate sludge
5-24 80-95 35-280 900-1200 60-72 3/2-8/9 0/01- 0/9-3
0/06
sMNl;ébtg RbEhl 83-92 150-200 550-680 55-65 2-3 - 1/5-2
12
1>3>6 rUbFaturwg nigbrimaNTwk
sarFaturwg
Twk
karlaycUlKñarvagsarFaturwg nigTwk

Biogas
brimaNvtßúFaturwg CaFmμta)anRsg;Ca rUbFatus¶Üt rW brimaNrUbFatus¶Üt ¬dm KitCa % ¬w/w¦ rW g/l¦

man\T§iBlBitR)akdeTAelIkarxUcxatenAkñúg anaerobic reactor. LpÞúk]sμ½nkøaymkCamanPaBs¥it
eRcInCamYykarEdlF¶n;eLIg²énbrimaNrUbFaturwgEdlhUrekIneLIg nig karekIneLIgrgVas;cMnuHtMélén
karpÞúkén reactor.
RbsinebILpÞúk]sμ½nkøaymkCamanPaBs¥itEdlminmankarlayRKb;RKan; KWGaceFVIeTA)anenAkñúg re-
actor )ak;etrI nig)anpÁt;pÁg;RKb;RKan;CamYYyLpÞúk]sμ½n. CakarBi)akcMeBaHkarxUcxatrUbFaturwg nigkar
fycuHplitpl]sμ½nCak;lak;. RbsiT§iPaBdUcKñaEdl)anekIteLIgRbsinebIkarpÞúksrIragÁelIsBItMél
EdleRKagCabrimaNenAkñúgLpÞúk]sμ½nKwmankMritx<s;EdlGaceFVIeGayxUcedaysar)ak;etrI.
edayeyagtamkarRsavRCaveday kapp(1984) brimaNrUbFaturwgekIneLIgrhUtdl; 10 % (w/w) enA
kñúg digestion reactor Edlminman\T§iBlsMxan;eTAelI karplit]sμ½nCak;lak;. brimaNrUbFatu
rwgx<s;bNþaleGaymankarfycuHénkarplit]sμ½nCak;lak; dUcEdl)anbgðajenArUbPaBTI1.
rUbPaBTI 1³ karplit]sμ½nCak;lak;EdlGaRs½yelIbrimaNrUbFaturwgenAkñúg digestion reactor

[Böhnke et al. 1993]

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
1>3>7 ktþaraMgsÞH
LpÞúk]sμ½nCaeRcInGacham rW skmμPaBénkarrlaymankaryWt dUcenHmankarekInénmIRkUsrIragÁ.
dUcCasmasFatu)an)at;bg;nUvRTnab;kMNt;ekasikar rcnasm<½n§énmIRkUsrIragÁ (e.g. emSAsab‘U) rW
Gg;sIum sMrab;CamUldæansMrab;karrMlay ¬]³ elah³F¶n;). \T§iBlEdlnaMeGaymankarxUcxatxøaMgén
sarFatuTaMgenHmanBiessKW GaRs½yelIkarRbmUlpþúM [Schlegel 1974], i.e. GtßPaBénsarFatuGacmin
hamcMeBaHPaBskmμEdlnaMmux rWkarbMpøaj. karhamcab;epþImCamYykarRbmUlpþúMBitR)akd. kar-
hamsarFatusMrab; dMeNIrkarGakasCIv rYmTaMgGuksuIEsn s<an;F½r GasuItsrIragÁ nIRtat Gam:UBaJÚm nig-
Gam:Uja:t EdlCaelah³F¶n;l¥.
1>3>8 karrkSaTukCIvma:s
karRbmUlpþúMrbs;CIvma:sd¾skmμkñúgRbB½n§GacRtUv)anekIneLIgtamry³karrkSarnUvCIvma:s b¤ k¾dMeNIr
karvilcuHeLIgmþgeTot. GtßRbeyaCn_d¾sMxan;KWCakarbMEbkFatud¾elOnEdlnaMeGaycMnuH Reactor tic
CageRcIn ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg Reactor ecj.
karrkSaCIvma:skññúglkçxNÐsuBaØakasGacRtUv)anbeBa©jecal edaytMelIugeRKOgdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlsrIragÁ
GtisuxumR)aNGacenA)an (enAmineRcIn). karrkSaCIvma:sRtUv)anGnuvtþedaydMeNIrkarCaeRcIn. tam
n½yenHsarFaturwgecjBI Reactor tamlkçxNÐsuBaØakasRtUv)anEckehIyRtlb;eTA Reactor vij.
2 kmμviFILCIv]sμ½n (BPP) enARbeTsLav
eKaledACacMbg KwedIm,IbegáInCIvPaBciBa©wmCIvit nigelIksÞÜyKuNPaBrs;enArbs;ksikrCnbT ehIy
kat;bnßy plb:HBal;BIkar)at;bg;FnFanCIv]sμ½nenARbeTsLav tamry³karekgcMenjEpñkTIpSar
RbeyaCn_epSg²eTot énLCIv]sμ½ntampÞH.
vamaneKalbMNgkñúgkarsßabnaRbB½n§skmμPaBBiesaFn_mYy edIm,IbegáItmUldæanRKwHénkmμviFIxñatFMna
eBlGnaKt EdlnwgsßabnaLCIv]sμ½ntampÞHmanlkçN³GaCIvkmμEdlGacRbRBwtþeTA)an.
sar³RbeyaCn_EdlrMBwgTukBIkmμviFIenH mandUcxageRkam³
• karkat;bnßyGRtabMpøicbMpøajbrisßan nigkarkab;éRBeQI cMeBaHkareRbIR)as;GusCMnYsedaykar
eRbIR)as;kaksMNl;ksikmμ ehIykrNIxøHeRbIlamk edIm,IeqøIytbnwgtMrUvkaréncMnYn RbCaCn

CnbT.
• elIkkMBs;lkçxNÐGnam½y nig suxPaBrbs;RbCaCntamCnbT

Biogas
• begáInhirBaØvtßúry³eBlEvg rbs;RbCaBlrdæedaykarkat;bnßykarcMnayelIGus Edlman

tMéléfø
• begáInplitplksikmμedayeRbIkaksMnl;EdlhUrecjBIL eFVICaCIFmμCati smasPaBKMerag
smasPaBTI 1³ karKaMRT nigTIpSar ³

CMruj nigCMrabdl;RbCaBlrdæ GMBIplRbeyaCn_ nigtMélénLCIv]sμ½ntampÞH nigpSBVpSayCasaFarN³
cMeBaHkmμviFIenH
smasPaBTI 2³ hirBaØvtßú ³
kat;bnßykarcab;epþImEpñkhirBaØvtßú nigbegáInCMnYyEpñk\NTan nigkarsgvijedIm,ICYysMrYldl;kar
sagsg;LCIv]sμ½ntampÞH sMrab;Pñak;garEdlmanskþanuBlkñúgkarRbtibtþi CaBiessepþateTAelICn
Bikar nig®sþI.
smasPaBTI 3 ³ karsagsg; nig esvakmμlk;bnÞab; ³
sMrYldl;karsagsg; nigRbtibtþikarCabnþbnþab; énLCIv]sμ½n cMnYn 6600 kEnøg
smasPaBTI 4 ³ karRKb;RKgKuNPaB ³
begáInRbsiT§iPaBeGay)anx<s;bMputénkarvinieyaK EdleFVIeLIgedaym©as;LCIv]sμ½n nigkarrkSaTMnukcitþ
BIGñkeRbIR)as; kñúgbec©kviTüaLCIv]sμ½ntampÞH.
smasPaBTI 5 ³ karhVwkhVWn ³
pþl;nUvCMnaj sMrab;GñkCMnYj edIm,IdMeNIrkar CIv]sμ½n SMEs nigGñkeRbIR)as;CIv]sμ½neGayman
lT§PaBeRbIR)as;LCIv]sμ½neGaymanRbsiT§iPaB.
smasPaBTI 6 ³ visalPaB ³
pþl;B½tmandl;GñkeRbIR)as;CIv]sμ½n eGayGaceRbIR)as;Gs;lT§PaBnUvral;sarRbeyaCn_énCIv]sμ½n.
smasPaBTI 7 ³ sßab½nKaMRT ³
begáInsmtßPaBdl;sßab½nEdlBak;B½n§nwgCIv]sμ½n eGaymanlT§PaBpþl;esvakmμ nigkarKaMRTEdlRtUv
karBIEpñkCIv]sμ½nedIm,IsMrYldl;CIv]sμ½ntampÞH nigkarGPivDÆn_KuNPaBénplitplCIv]sμ½n.
smasPaBTI 8 ³ karRtYtBinitü nigkarvaytMél ³
kMnt;karrIkcMerInénKMerag nigplb:HBal;elIGñkeRbIR)as; rWEpñkepSg²eTotedIm,IsMrYldl;karEckcay
cMeNHdwg.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
smasPaBTI 9 ³ karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_ ³

begáIncMeNHdwgGMBI bBaaðCIv]sμ½ntampÞH edIm,IbegáInRbsiT§iPaBeGay)anx<s;bMput TaMgKuNPaB esvakmμ
dwkCBa¢ÚnénkmμviFICIv]sμ½n.
smasPaBTI 10 ³ karRKb;RKgKMerag ³
KaMRT nig sMrbsMrYlskmμPaBEdlCYydl;karGPivDÆn_CIv]sμ½nEbbGaCIvkmμEdlGaceFVIeTA)an.
3 LCIv]sμ½nCati enARbeTskm<úCa ³
kmμviFILCIv]sμ½nfañk;Cati (NBP) KWCakmμviFIrYmKañrvagRksYgksikmμ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT km<úCa
(MAFF) nigGgákarGPivDÆn_RbeTshuløg; (SNV). CMhanénKMeragKWcab;epþImBI qañM2005 dl; ExFñÚ
qañM2009 edayRKbdNþb;TUTaMgextþEdlmanskþanuBlEpñkLCIv]sμ½n. RbsinebIlT§plecjmk)anl¥

kmμviFInwgBRgIkeTAkan;RKb;extþRkugkñúgCMhan TI2.
eKaledArYmrbs;CMhanTI1 énkmμviFIkarpSBVpSayénLCIv]sμ½ntampÞH CaRbPBfamBleRbIR)as; Edl
Gacrk)anenAkñúgRsuktamry³karGPivDÆn_LCIv]sμ½nsMrab;eFVIGaCIvkmμ nigtMrUvkarTIpSar enAbNþaextþ
Edl)aneRCIserIskñúgRbeTskm<úCa.
RksYgksikmμ)ancat;eGaymnÞIrplitkmμ nigbsustV (DAHP) CaPñak;garpþl;RbwkSa nigsMrbsMrYlsMrab;
kmμviFI> GgákarGPivDÆn_RbeTshuløg; (SNV) pþl;CMnYybec©keTsdl;kmμviFIeBl EdlGKÁnaykdæan
shRbtibtþkarGnþrCati (DGIS) énRksYgkarbreTsRbeTshuløg; pþl;nUvCMnYyEpñkhirBaØvtúß enAkñúg
RkbxNÐkmμviFICIv]sμ½nenAGasuI.
eKaledACak;lak;mYycMnYn EdlrYmcMENkcMeBaHTisedArYménkmμviFI KWmandUcxageRkam³
• begáIncMnYnLCIv]sμ½nEdlmanKuNPaB nig TMhMtamcMnYnsmaCikkñúgRKYsar cMnYn 17 500
kEnøg kñúgbNaþextþeRCIserIs
• FananirnþrPaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;énLCIv]sμ½nTaMgGs;EdleFVIeLIgenAkñúgkmμviFI
• elIkkMBs;sarRbeyaCn_ énLCIv]sμ½nkMBugeRbIR)as; CaBiesskareRbIlMhUrecjrbs;
LCIv]sμ½neGay)anRbesIrbMput
• karGPivDÆn_smtßPaBbec©keTs sMrab;eRbIkñúgRTg;RTayFMénbec©kviTüaLCIv]sμ½n
kñúgRbeTskm<úCa

Biogas
• BRgwg nigsMrYlkarsßabnaviTüasßan sMrab;karGPivDÆn_Cabnþ énEpñkLCIv]sμ½n

kmμviFIeFIVskmμPaB kñúgEpñkTIpSar nigkarKaMRT karsagsg; karCYsCul nig karEfrkSa RBmTaMgkarRtYt
BinitüKuNPaB karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆn_ karhVwkhVWn visalPaBCIvsaRsþ karRtYtBinitü nig kar
vaytMél.
karKaMRTEpñkTIpSar KWeFVIeLIgedayGñkcuHkugRta nigRkumCageFVI k¾dUcCaGgÁkareRkArdæPi)al nig
kariyal½y kmμviFIRbcaMextþ.
kariyal½y NBP CaGñkeFVIskmμPaBKaMRT dUcCakarGPivDÆn_ nigkarbegáItb:UesIÞr xitb½NÑ DVDs nigkar
pSBVpSaytamRbB½n§pSBVpSayCati. karsßabna nigkarEfrkSaRbcaMqañM nigkarCYsCuleFVIeLIgedayRkum
Cag. RkumCagenHRtwmEtGnujatieGayeFVeI RkayBI)anbBa©be; dayeCaKC½y nUvkarbNþHú bNþalEpñk
bec©keTs nigeRkamkarRtYtBinitüy:agm:t;ct; énkariyal½ykmμviFILCIv]sμ½nenAtamextþ. RkumCageFVI
RtUv)anelIkTwkcitþeGaybegátI CaRkumkñgú eyHeBlEvgedaymanTisedAGPivDÆn_kgúñ RkumcuHbBa¢rI bs;xnÜø .
karpþl;hirBaØvtßúkñúgkarsagsg;LCIv]sμ½n rYmmanfvikabMrugxageRkA nigkarrYmcMENkrbs;ksikr.
bEnßmelInwgeTot mankarbBa©úHtMélsMrab;ksikr EdlmanskþanuBlEpñkbec©keTs b:uEnþmanR)ak;tic
R)ak;bMrugkaøyCa]bkrN_sMxan; edIm,IFanadl;bTdæanKuNPaBénkarksagLCIv]sμ½n nigesvakmμlk;
bnÞab;mk.
fvikae)aHTun 100USD KWlμmGacTak;TajksikrEdlmanskþanuBl eTaHCaminRKb;RKan;bribUrk¾eday.
tamkarpþl;tMélsrubsMrab;TMhMLksikrTMhMtUcTTYlPaKryénfvikax<s;Cag elIkare)aHTunrbs;BYkeK
cMENkÉkarRKbRKgmanlkçN³samBaØ.
fvika KWepJIrtamFnaKareGsIulIda (ACELIDA )nigtamFnaKarsMxan;²tamtMbn;déTeTot.
KuNPaBTMnij nigesvakmμ Bt’manmuneBlsagsg; karsagsg; visalPaB nigkarhVwkhVWn EdlRtUv
pþl;eGayGtifiCn KWCacMnucsMxan;bMputéneCaKC½yrbs;kmμviFI. KuNPaBénkarsagsg; nigesvakmμ
lk;bnÞab;eTot KWRtUv)anRtYtBinitü ehIyebIrkeXIjfamindUcGVIEdl)anRBmeRBogeT karEktMrUvRtUveFVI
eLIgPaøm. KuNPaBénRbtibtþikar nigkarEfrkSa RtUv)anRtYtBinitüya:gm:t;ct;Edr.
karGnuvtþn_epaþteTAelIkarGPivDÆn_ nigeFVIetsþL nigkarEkERbRbdab;RbdaeRbIR)as; edIm,Ikat;bnßy
tMél nigbegáInPaBeCOCak; nigPaBrak;Tak;rbs;GñkeRbIR)as;. varYmTaMgskmμPaB edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða
bec©keTsénKMrU EdlekItmaneLIg.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
dUcCakarENnaMxagedIm énkarCYsCuledaménLCIv]sμ½n KWBitCafμIcMeBaHkm<úCa/ smtßPaBkñúgkarsßabna

enAkñúgRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;EdlBak;B½n§kñúgkmμviFImansarsMxan;Nas;. enHrYmTaMgkarhVwkhVWndl;BYkCag
nigbuKÁlikkariyal½ykmμviFIenAtamextþ kñúgkarsagsg; karEfrkSa karRKb;RKgKuNPaB karcat;Ecg
TIpSar CaedIm. FnaKar nig GgÁkar NGO nig INGO RtUv)aneKhVwkhVWn EpñkvisalPaB nigkarelIksÞÜy
GñkeRbIR)as; sþIBIRbtibtþikar nig karEfrkSa.
visalPaBd¾sMxan; KWkareRbIR)as;kaksMNl; EdlbgðÚrecjBILCIv]sμ½nCaCI. Epñkd¾BiesssMrab;
eKalbMNgenH KWkarsaßbnaenAkñúgkariyal½ykmμviFIfñak;Cati edIm,IkMnt;kareRbIR)as;lMhUrecjenAkñúg
bribfRbeTskm<úCaehIyeFVIya:gNaeGay)anRCYtRCabeTAdl;RbCaksikr. bTBiesaFn_kareRbIR)as;
enAbNaþRbeTsmYycMnYnenAkñúgtMbn;CamYynwgkmμviFIenH RtUv)aneKykeTABicarNa nigshRbtibtþikar
ya:gCitsñiT CamYynwPñak;gar nigKMeragEpñkksikmμEdlmankñúgRbFanbTenH.
bEnßmeTAnwgkarRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÄn_ karRtYtBinitü nigkarvaytMélekIteLIg edIm,IsikSanUv
RbsiT§iPaBkarelIksÞÜykarhVwkhVWn nigskmμPaBelIkeLIg .
eTaHbICakmμviFImanry³eBlkMnt;k¾eday kmμviFIenHmanTisedAkñúgkarsaßbnaviTüasßan EdlcaM)ac;sMrab;
PaBEdlGacKg;vgS)anyUrénskmμPaBCIv]sμ½nputBIry³eBlkmμviFIrbs;xøÜn.
karsßabnasmtßPaBenAkñúgviTüsaßnEdlman KWCaskmμPaBmYyénkmμviFI. enHsrbBa¢ak;faskmμPaB
Edl)anerobrab;mkxagelInigGaceFVIeTA)antamry³GgÁkarrdæTaMgfñak;extþ nigfñak;Cati EpñkÉkCn nig
GgÁkar NGO nig INGO.
4 smasPaBrbs;RbB½n§LCIv]sμ½ntampÞH
KMrUCIv]sμ½n EdleFVIeLIgenARbeTsLav KWEkécñBIbec©keTs GaløWm:g; nigcin ehIyvaRsedogKñaCamYy
nwgRbeTs\NÐa nigen)a:l;. smasPaBrbs;RbB½n§LCIv]sμ½ntampÞH KWman6 EpñksMxan;²³
1> pøÚvcUl {GagcMruH } (Mixing Chamber) sMrab;GagciBa©wmedaylamkeKa nigRCUk
2> L { GagrMlay } (Digestion Chamber)
3> kEnøgpÞúkhaÁs {GagpÞúk }
4> pøÚvecj {Gagpøas;} (Displacement Chamber)
5> RbB½n§CBa¢ÚnhaÁs (Gas Conveyance System)
6> reNþAkMb:us (Slurry Compost Pit)

Biogas
KMrU GGC énLCIv]sμ½nrYmmandUcxageRkam³

4>1 GagcUl
GagcUl {GagcMruH} KWeFVIeLIgedayebtug. vaCaGagciBa©wmedaylamkeKa nigsMrab;lamkRCUkbMEbk[
sBVsin. karlaycMruHrvaglamkeKanwgTwk {RtUv)anlayenAkñúgGagcMruH} rWk¾lamkRCUk Edl)aj;
ecjBIeRkalhUrtamTueyaeTAkan;L.
rUbPaBTI 2³ GagcUl {GagcMruH} LCIv]sμ½ntampÞH

4>2 TueyacUl³
cugmçagénTueyacYl Pa¢b;nwgGagcMruH ehIymçageTot Pa¢b;eTAxagkñúgL énCBaa¢Mgx½NÐedayeRbITueya
PVC EdlTueyacUlmanBIr. TueyanaMlamkstVcUl nigTueyaP¢ab;BIbgÁn; RtUvdak;P¢ab;nwgCBaa¢MgdUm
enAeBlsg;)andUm)ankMBs; 35s>m. TueyacUlBIbgÁn;RtUvdak;eGayekoknwg TueyanaMlamkstVcUl

edayKMlatCaGtibrima 45dWeRk.
rUbPaBTI 3³ TueyacUl

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
4>3 Lkac;lamk
Lkac;lamkmanragsuILaMg rW rageGlIbsUGIut EdlkarrMlayénBBYkemekIteLIg. vasg;eLIg
eday\dæ nigl,aysIum:g; nigenACBaa¢Mgxagkñúg KW)a:tedaysIum;g;layxSac;. CBaa¢MgLGaceFVIBIfμenA
kEnøg EdlGacrk)an ehIymantMélefak edayeRbIvaCMnYs\dæ. ExS nige)a:leQIRtUv)aneKeRbIkñúg
krNIenH. cMnucxageRkamKYrEteFVIeBlEdlsagsg;L nigkEnøgpÞúkhaÁs. RtaM\dæenAkñúgTwkry³eBl
10-15 naTI muneBleRbI. erobcM)ayGrsMrab;eFIVCBaa¢Mg\dæ kñúgkMritsIum:g; 1PaK xSac; 3PaK.
cMkNaþlreNþA TueyaEdk rWTueyahaÁsTMhM 0/5Gl RtUv)andak;enATItaMgbBaÄrRtg;. enA)atépÞdI Tueya
b£begÁaleQI mYyRtUv)andak;enATItaMgepþkcMkNaþlreNþA. TueyabBaÄrGacFanasuvtßiPaBdl;Tueya
edk. eRkayBIFana)anehIy RtUvemIlTueyabBaÄr etIvazitenATItaMgRtwmRtUveT. \LÚvenHRtUvkMNt;kaM
énCBa¢aMgenAÉ)atreNþA edayeRbIExSP¢ab;nwge)a:lQr rWTueya. \dæ rWfμnImYy² EdlerobCBaa¢MgLrag
mUl enaHRtUverobeGay)anl¥CamYynwg)ayGr. eRkayBIkMnt;BIkaMénLrgVg; RtUvEtKUredayeyag eTA
tamv½NÐénkMeNag.
rUbPaBTI 4³ L {GagrMlay}
4>4 GagpÞúkhaÁs (Storage Chamber)
enAeBlcak;dIbMeBjreNþAedIm,IeFVIBum<sMrab;edam EpñkxageRkAénCBaa¢MgmUlKYreFVieLIgedaybgðab;eGay
)anRtwmRtUv. Gacm_dIEdl)anmkBIkarCikreNþAkMb:usþGacykmkeRbIsMrab;cak;bMeBjeFIVTueyacUlnig
ecjénGag ehIycak;bMeBjxagelIénedam.eBlbBa©b;karcak;dI eyIgGacdkTueyabBaÄredayTaj
eLIgelIRtg;. vaRtUv)andak;CMnYsedayTueyamanmuxkat; tUcCag 0/5 : edaymanRbEvg 0/5m:
enAkñúgdI enAcMkEnøgdEdl. xñatKMrURtUveRbIedIm,IeFVIragedam. kMBUlCBaa¢MgmUlRtUvEts¥ateBl EdlKMrU

Biogas
RtUv)aneRbI. xñatKMrUGacykmkBinitüemIlEpñkkMBUledayR)akdfa vamanragedk nigQr. EpñkénKMrU

dak;elICBaa¢Mg mUlRtUvsßitelITItaMgEtmUyenAelICBaa¢MgmUl.
rUbPaBTI 5³ LpÞúkhaÁs
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;EdldIBum<RtUvbgðab;eGay)anl¥. RbsinebIdITTYl)ankarsgát;bEnßeTotenAeBl
cak;Bum<edamenaHtamry³TMgn;sIum:g;rbs;vavaGacbNaþleGaymansñameRbHenAkñúgedam. enAeBldI
Bum<manTMrg;dUc)aneRKagehIy RsTab;esþIgénxSac;l¥itRtUv)aneKerayelIdMbUledamedayfñm²enAelIépÞ
rbs;va. dI rW xSac;EdlenAsl; Faøk;tamCBaa¢MgRtUvykecj. dIEdleKykmkeRbIsMrab;Bum< RtUveFVI
eGayesIm edIm,IkarBardIs¶Üt BIkarRsUbCatiTwkBIBum<EdleTIbcak;fμI. muneBlcab;epþImkarcak;Bum<
kMlaMg Blkmμ nigsMPar³sagsg;dUcCa xSac; fμl¥it sIum:g; nig Twk EdlRtUvEtRbmUlenAEk,renaH.
karcak;Bum< RtUveFVIkan;Etqab;kan;Etl¥ nigedayKμankarrMxanepSg² ebImindUecñHeTvanwgCH\T§iBl
GviC¢mandl;KuN PaBénBum<. karpÁt;pÁg;eGayRKb;RKan; nigx¢ab;x¢Ünénl,aysIum:g; {lay 1>sIum:g;
2>xSac; 3>fμlti¥ } RtUveFVeI LIgsMrab;RkumCag. cMeBaHl,aysImu g: k; TuM ku yUrCag 30naTI. karEfTaMBiess
KYrEteFVI edIm,IrkSakMras;énedameBlEdlkMBugcak;Bum< ]>kMras;xagkñúg nigenAEk,rRCug KYrEteFVIeGay
Rkas;CagEpñkkNaþl sMrab;kEnøgpÞúkhaÁsxñat 4/ 6/ 8/ 10m3 kMras;xagkñúgKYrEt 25s>m ÉkMras;
enAcMkNþalKW 7s>m. RsedogKñasMrab;xñat 15 nig 20m3.
sMrab;kMras;enAxagkñúgKW 8 nig9s>m erogKña ehIyRCugmankMras; 25s>m. TueyatUcenAelIkMBUlBum<
RtUvTukcUlTIenaHrhUtdl;Teu yahÁasRtUv)aneKtMelIg. eRkayRbEhlCamYys)aþh_ GaRs½yelIstI N u ð
PaB dIBum<GacRtUv)aneKsMGattamRbehag. enAeBlsMGatdIGs;ehIy épÞxagelIénGagpÞúkhaÁs
RtUvsMGat edaykarduHlagCamYyTwknigRcasEdk. épÞTaMgmUlénedamRtUvEtsMGatecjmuneBl

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
)a:tsIum:g;. eRkayBIsMGatehIykar)a:tsIum:g;eRcInRsTab;RtUv)aneFVIeLIg edIm,IeGay]bkrN_pÞúkhaÁs

GackarBar haÁsRCabecj. karduslag nigekasxat;edamcMnYn5 RsTab;dUcxageRkam³
• RsTab;TI1³lagedayTwksIum:g; ¬sIum:g; 1 PaK/ Twk 3-5 PaK¦)a:tedayeRbIRcas
• RsTab;TI2³ )a:tsIum:g;eGay)ankMras; 10m>m edayeRbIl,ayxSac;laysIum:g; ¬sIum:g; 1PaK/
xSac; 3 PaK¦bUkedayeRbIsaøbRBa.
• RsTab;TI3³ FIvsIum:g;kMras; 3-5m>m sIum:g;layxSac; ¬sIum:g; 1 PaK/ xSac; 2 PaK¦ bUkeday
eRbIsaøbRBa.
• RsTab;TI4³ bUkedayeRbIsIum:g;nigfñaMlayGaRKIlIk acrylic emulsion ¬fñaM 1 PaK/ sIum:g;
10-12 PaK¦ kMras; 10m>m bUkedayeRbIsaøbRBa.
• RsTab;TI5³ labfañMeGayRkas;edayeRbIfñaM acrylic emulsion CamYysIum:g; ¬fñaM 1 PaK/
sIum:g2 PaK¦labedayeRbIRcaslab ¬TMhM 10s>m¦
RsTab;bUkxageRkA ya:gticRtUvTukmYyéf¶muneBlbUkRsTab;mYyeTot. enAeBlbUk kargarcaM)ac;RtUv
eFIVeLIgedaykarRbugRby½tñnigKaμnkarrMxan. RsTab;nImYy²RtUvEtrelagesμI. karEktMrUvRtUveFVIeLIg
edayRtwmRtUvkñúgépÞnImYy²muneBlbUkRsTab;mYyeTot. LGacdMeNIrkar)anl¥ KWGaRs½yedaykar
minRCabhaÁsecjBIedam. karbUkRsTab;nImYy²RtUveFVIeTAtamsþg;daredaykarRbug Rby½tñkMritx<s;.
4>5 pøÚvecj {Gagpøas;}
b:mtUcRtUveFVIedIm,IkarBarTueyahaÁsedam.karsßabnavaKWeFVIenAeBlkarbUkenARsTab;xageRkAénGagpÞú
khaÁss¶Ütl¥.b:mtUcGacCaragbYnRCug rWragmUl.TMhMragbYnRCugKWRbmaN 20s>m. RbsinebIragmUl
Ggát;p©itvaRbEvg 20s>m kMBs;vaRbmaN 40s>m. edIm,IeFVIGagpøas; (Displacement Chamber) kar
CIkdI KWeFVIeLIgenABIeRkayKMrb. CasMxan;RtUvEtsIuKñanwgRCigénGagedayvakMnt;cMeBaH smtßPaBpÞúk
rbs;GagpÞúkhaÁs.CMhanxageRkamKYreFVItamenAeBlsagsg;GagenH ³
• CMerAd¾Cak;lak; KWCMerAxagkñúgénpøÚvecj bUknwgkMras;énkar)a:tsIum:g; bUknwgkMras;énkarcak;ebtug
(CMerAxagkñúg +1.2+7.5cm) BIkMBs;dI. eBlEdlCIk)anCMerAenHnIvU:rbs;vaKYrEtdl;kMBUl énKMrb.
dI enAxageRkampøÚvecj enABIeRkayKMrbRtUvEtbgðab;eGay)anl¥ mindUecñaHeTnwgmansñameRbHelc

eLIgkñúgcg¥ÚrpøÚvecjenAeBleRkay. ehIyTMhMxagkñúgénGagecjGacrkeXIjelIrUbman beNaþy/

Biogas
TTwg nigCMerA (A, B and D) . beNaþy nigTTwgénkarCIk KYreFVIeLIgedayTMhMxagkñúg bUknwg

kMras;CBaa¢Mg bUknwgkMras;sIum:g;Edl)a:tBIeRkA. R)akdfacMgayBI)atKMrb eTA)aténpøÚvecj esμInwg
CMerAénGagpøÚvecj bUknwgkMras;ebtug ¬7/5s>m¦.
• eBlbBa©b;karCIk RkalsIum:g;elIépÞeGay)anRtwmRtUv. GRtaénl,ayKW 1³2³3 (sIum:g³xSac;³
fμl¥itlay¦. épÞsIum:g;enaHRtUvEtrabesμIehIys¥at.épÞenH eBlEdlsIum:g;enaHkkehIy eyIgGac
eFVICBaa¢MgpøÚvecj. TMhMxagkñúgrbs;pøÚvecjmanbgðajkñúgrUb ¬beNaþy nigTTwg¦. eBlCYsCulTMhM
Tuk 2/5s>m sMrab;kar)a:tsIum:g; ¬TaMgsgxag¦)a:t)ayGrRsTab;TI1 ¬sIum:g; 1 PaK/ xSac;
3PaK¦ ehIycab;eFVICBaa¢Mg. dak;\dæenARCugTaMgbYnénCBaa¢MgGag EdleFVIeGaygayRsYldl;kar
sagsg;. CBaa¢MgRtUvEtbBaÄrehIyeBleFVIehIyRsTab;sIum:g;RtUvEtrelags¥at ¬sIum:g; 1PaK/
xSac; 3PaK¦ EpñkxageRkAénCBaa¢MgRtUvEtbgðab;eGay)anl¥ edIm,IeCosvageRbHEbkedaysMBaFBI
xagkñúg.
rUbPaBTI 6³ pøÚvecj
kMritehorecjBIpøÚvecjya:gehacNas; 10s>m x<s;CagkMBs;dI. kareFVIdUcenHKWedIm,IeCosvagkarhUr
TwkcUlBICMuvijCaBiesseBlrdUvePøóg. vaCakarl¥tMrg;vatamrebobenHedayeGaybeNþay sIunwgbnÞat;.
RbsinebIdImankMnt;ehIyminGaceFVItamrebobepSgeTot. caMfaRtUvsg;kMritehorecjkñúgCBaa¢MgEvg.
• bnÞHKMrbpøvÚ ecjRtUvcak;Bm
u e< BlkMBugcak;smuI g: é; n)atpøvÚ ecj. ÉbnÞHenaHRtUvcak;paÞ l;nwgkMrti dIsMrab;
TMhMnImYy²sMrab;smtßPaBpÞúkénGagnImYy². ykcitþTukdak;eBlbgðab;l,aysIum:g; eBlkMBugcak;
Bum<bnÞ HedayTukRbehagtUcmYy EdlbgðajeGayeXIjEdkEdlsIuedaycMhayTwkecjBIGag
tampøÚvecj. cMhayehHnwgeFVIeGayvaeRcH ehIyyUreTAvanwgEbk)ak;. eTaHCamaneFVIRbehag
k¾KYrEt biTvaedayKMrbsIum:g;. eyIgRtUvBinitüemIlbnÞHenHral;éf¶ya:gehacNas; 5éf¶ muneBl

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
dak;vaenAkEnøgedImvij. bnÞHtUvmankMras; 7/5s>m edaymankMlaMgRtwmRtUv nigmanRbEvg 2-

2/5s>m BIxageRkam. TMhMrbs;va KWmnusS 3-4nak; GacEsgrYcedayminBi)ak. KMrbtampøÚvhUr
ecjmansarsMxan;Nas; sMrab;karBarekμg² nigstVmineGayFøak;. müa:geTotvakarBarTwk ePøóg
mineGayhUrcUlkñúgL nigeCosvagcMhayeRcIneBkenArdUvekþA.
TMhMbnÞHKMrbmanbgðajenAkñúgtaragTI8xageRkam.
taragTI 8³ TMhMbnÞHKMrb
Plant size in Slab size in cm No. of Diameter Weight of steel to
M³ Length Breadth slabs of MS rod be procured in kg
4 145 55 3 8 10
6 145 58 3 8 12
8 155 65 3 8 13/5
10 155 68 3 8 15
sMrab;bnÞHTaMgGs;
kMras; ³ 5-7/5s>m (2-3”)
KMrb xageRkam ³ 2-2/5s>m (1”)
cenøaHEdkdak;tambeNaþy ³ 15 s>m (6”)
cenøaHEdkdak;ExVgKña ³ 30s>m (12”)
GRtal,aysIum:g; ³ sIum:g; 1 PaK/ xSac; 2 PaK/ l,aylay 4 PaK
ry³eBlBinitü ³ ya:gehacNas; 5 éf¶
rUbPaBTI 7³ bnÞHKMrbpøÚvecj

Biogas
4>6 reNAþsMNl;
reNaþAsMNl;KWCaEpñkrYmbBa©ÚlénLCIv]sμ½n. Ldac;xatRtUvEtmanva. ya:gehacNas;manreNþA
kMb:usBIrEk,rnwgpøÚvecj EdlkaksMNl;GachUrecjedayesrIBIL. eTaHCay:agNak¾edayBICBaa¢Mg
dl;reNþAkMb:us RtUvTukcenøaHya:gehacNas; 20s>m ebImindUcenHeTCBaa¢MgvaGaceRbHEbk. reNþA
TaMgBIrRtUveRbIqaøs;evnKñaedIm,Idak;kaksMNl;ecjBIL brimaNpÞúkrbs;reNþAkMb:usþya:gehacNas; RtUv
esμIbrimaNrbs;L. CMerAénreNþAminRtUv;elIsBI 1m: eTehIycMgayrvagreNþATaMgBIr KWminelIs 50s>m.
beNþay nigTTwgEpñkxagelIRtUvFMCagEpñkxageRkam 10s>m nigRtUvEfmdIbEnßmCMuvij edIm,IkarBar
TwkePøógcUlkñúgreNþA. taragxageRkambgðajBIB½tmanlMGiténRCugTaMgbIrbs;reNþAsMrab;brimaNpÞúk
epSg²Kñarbs;L. edIm,IeFVICIEdlgayRsYleRbI nigmanfamBl reNþAkMb:usþRtUvbMeBj edaykak
sMNl;ksikmμ rYmCamYysMNl;)anmkBIL.eyIgGacksagdMbUlRKbBIelIreNþA edIm,IeCosvag BnøWRBH
GaTitü. dMbUlenHeyIgGacdaMBBYkbEnøvar.
5 kareRbIR)as;LCIv]sμ½n
CIv]sμ½nGacykeTAeRbIsMrab;eKaledA 3 ya:gKW³
• cMGinGahar
• bMPøW
• cak;ma:sIun
c®gáanCIv]sμ½nFmμtamYy sIu 350 eTA 400 lIRt énhaÁskñúgmYyema:g.eyIgGacniyaymüa:geTotfa

lamkeKa 10KILÚ KWRKb;RKan;sMrab;begáIthaÁsrbs;c®gáanry³eBl 1 ema:g. cegáógCIv]sμ½n sIutic
CagBak;kNþalénc®gáan KW 150 eTA 175 lIRténhaÁs kñúgry³eBl 1ema:g. mYyxaM (Cum) én
CIv]sμ½nesIμnwg
• Gus 5 KILÚ
• FüÚg 1/6 KILÚ
• kerosene0/75 lIRt
• LPG cMnYn0/45 KILÚ
• famBlGKÁisnI 1/6-1/7 KILÚva:t;ema:g

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
5>1 kareRbIR)as;c®gáanhÁassMrab;cMGin)ay³
haÁsEdl)anmkBILCIv]sμ½nGacykmkeRbI)an. ]bkrN_ebIk GacTajhaÁs edayGaRs½yelIsMBaF
enAkñúgL. enAkñúgc®gáanhaÁssMBaFbriyakasCaGñkeFVIeGaymandMeNIrkaredaykarEktMrUvRkvilEdl
dak;enAcugbMBg;)aj;haÁsEdlmanRbehag2manGgát;p©it 8m>m. Rkvil nig]bkrN_ebIkhaÁs eyIg
GacEktMrUveGayeRbI)anRsYl.
rUbPaBTI 8³ CIv]sμ½nsMrab;cMGin)ay
5>2 kareRbIR)as;cegáógCIv]sμ½nsMrab;GucbMPøW ³
haÁsEdl)anmkBILCIv]sμ½nGacykmkeRbIsMrab;bMPøWpgEdr. cegáogCIv]sμ½nmaneRcInRbePT Edl
GacTij)anenATIpSar. rbs;cinKWeKeRbIeRcInCageK. RbePTenHeKeRbICamYyfμBilsMrab;beBäaHva. eBl
cuckugtak; vanwgeqH. vagayRsYleRbI. KYrykcitþTukdak;tMelIgvaeGayputBIédkUnekμg. cegáóg
CIv]s½μnrbs;cin sIuzamBl 150-175 lIRténhaÁs kñúgmYyema:g. karRtYtBinitüRtUveFVIeGay)an
eTogTat;eTAelIk,albeBaäHva. maMgsug rWGMpUgrbs;vaRtUvdUrecj enAeBlvaEbk rWFøúHFøay.
rUbPaBTI 9³ cegáógCIv]sμ½n

Biogas
5>3 dMeNIrkarm:asuIn
vaminsMedAeTAelILCIv]sμ½ntampÞHeT.
6 xñat niglkçN³TUeTAénLkñúgRsuk
KMrULCIv]sμ½n GGC )anEkERb KWTTYl)anCaR)ak;]btßmÖBIrdæaPi)alénRbeTsLav eRkamkmμviFI
LCIv]sμ½nKMrU. vaminmanTMhM nigKMnUsbøg;sagsg;NaepSgTTYlR)ak;eRkamkmμviFIenHeT. tamtarag
bgðajBt’manRKwHxøH² EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgTMhMepSg²KñaénLCIv]sμ½n Edl)anENnaMBIeBlmun.
taragTI 9³ brimaNénlamkstVEdlRtUvkarRbcaMéf¶
TMhMLCIv]sμ½ kardak;vtßúFatu vtßúFatuedIm TwklayCamYy kareRbIcRgáan kareRbIGMBUl
n edImdMbUg (la lamk lamk ¬lIRt¦ CIv]sμ½n CIv]sμ½n
mkeKa RkbI rW dak;RbcaMéf¶ ¬em:ag¦ ¬em:ag¦
lamkRCUk) ¬K>Rk¦
4 1500 20 - 40 20 - 40 3/5 - 4 8 - 10
6 2300 40 - 60 40 - 60 5/5 - 6 12 - 15
8 3000 60 - 80 60 - 80 7/5 - 8 16 - 20
10 3800 80 - 100 80 - 100 9/5 - 10 21 - 25
* cMNuHénLmann½yfa tMélsMNl;Edlrlay nigGagpÞúk]sμ½n
** mFümPaKeBlevlaénkarrg 40éf¶
pÞHsEm,gRtUvmanlamkEdlGaceRbI)aneGayeRcInCagtMrUvkar nigbnÞab;mkTMhMLCIv]sμ½nGacRtUv)an
eRCIserIsedaykarvaytMélnUvmFümPaKénkareRbIR)as; ³ 0>33m3 kñúgmnusSmñak;kñúg1éf¶.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
taragTI 10³ karplit]sμ½n

TMhML ]sμ½nbeBa©jRbcaMéf¶ ¬m3¦ TMhMRKYsar (mnusS)
4m3 0/8 - 1/6 2-5
6 m3 1/6 - 2/4 5-7
8 m3 2/4 - 3/2 7 - 10
10 m3 3/2 - 4/0 10 - 12
sMKal; ³ sMNl; Edl)anmkBILCIv]sμ½n EdleFVIehIymanRsab;enACitGacbEnßm RbsinebIGac ¬50-
60K>Rk¦.
7 ]TahrN_karKNnaénLCIv]sμ½nkñúgRsuk
edayeyageTAtamKMrU karpÁt;pÁg;CIvm:asGackMNt;EtmþgeTAelImUldæanRKwHénkareFVIsareBIP½NÐstV
Bahn³. Tak;TgnwgTinñn½y faetIlamkb:unμanRtUv)anplitedayRbePTstVxus²Kña nigkñúgmYyTMgn;stV
Edlrs;énRkumstVBahn³EdleKcg;)an.
Tinñpllamk= TMgn;stVEdlrs; x cMnYnstV x brimaNCak;lak;énlamk
Cajwkjab; brimaNCak;lak;énlamk)anpþl;Ca PaKry énTMgn;stVEdlrs;sMrab;1éf¶
enAkñúgTMrg;énCa duMEdlesIm cMnuHsarFaturwgsrub rwcMnuHrwgEdlehIr.
TMgn;énvtßúFatuedImsMrab;ciBa©wmLRKb;RKan;sMrab;1éf¶ ¬w¦ nigedaysnμt;faplit]sμ½ntageday ¬G¦
cUrKNnakarplit]sμ½nsrub ¬Gt¦. karplit]sμ½nsrub nwgmantMélesμIeTAnigbrimaNEdlGacekIn
edaytMélénkarplit]sμ½n ¬Gt = W x G¦. tamtaragbgðajnUvtMélénkarplit]sμ½nBIvtßúFatu
srIragÁxus²Kña.
RbsinebIplitpl]sμ½nsrub RtUvEtmanbrimaNefrenAkñúgL edayeyageTAelIcMnYnsmaCikRKYsar
enaH eKk¾GacKNnabrimaNlamkRtUvkar. edaysnμtfa CaFmμtaeKRtUvkar]sμ½n 0/3-0/4m3 kñúg
mYynak; kñúgmYyéf¶.

Biogas
7>1 karcat;lMdab;xñatL
TMhMénLCIv]sμ½nGaRs½yelIbrimaN KuNPaB nigRbePTCIvm:asGacrk)an nigGaRs½yelIsItuNðPaB
sMrab;karkac;. TMhMénLkac;Fatu ¬dUm¦ kMNt;edaymaDLkac; (Vd) GaRs½ynwg karkMNt;ykezr
evlarg (RT) nigbrimaNvtßúFatuedImsMrab;dak;bBa¢ÚlLRbcaMéf¶ (Sd).
Vd = Sd x RT ¬m3¼éf¶ x cMnYnéf¶)
• vtßúFatuedImGaRs½yelI etImanTwkb:unμanEdl)anbEnßmeTAkñúgvtßúFatuenAkñúgkarerobcMedIm,IeGay
)anenA cMnuHrwg 4-8 °.
vtßúFatuedImdak;cUl (Sd) = brimaNCIvm:as (B) + brimaNTwk (W) (m3¼éf¶)
enAkñgú LCIv]sμn½ rbs;ksikrPaKeRcIn eKeFVkI arlaysMrab;lamk ¬eKaRkbI nig¼rWRCUk¦ nigTwkkñgú brimaN
1³3 nig 2³1.
7>2 karKNnakarplit]sμ½nRbcaMéf¶ ¬G¦
cMnYnénCIv]sμ½n)anplitkñúgéf¶nImYy² (G, m3 ]sμ½n/éf¶) RtUv)anKNnaeTAelImUldæanRKwHénTinñpl
]sμ½nBitR)akd (Gy) énvtßúFatu nigvtßúFatuedImdak;cUlRbcaMéf¶ (Sd) karKNnaGacEp¥kelImUldæanRKWH³
a./ cMnuHrwgEdlehIr
G = kg VS- input x spec. Gy (solids)
b./ TMgn;énduMEdlesIm
G = kg biomass x spec. Gy (moist mass)
c./ tMélsþg;daTinñpl]sμ½n kñúgmYyRkumstVBahn³ (LSU)

G = no. of LSU x spec. Gy (species)
7>3 karerobcM)a:ra:Em:RteRKag
kMritTMhMsuvtßiPaBEdlBitGacRtUv)anekIneLIgedaykarkMNt;)a:ra:Em:RteRKagmYycMnYndUcCA karplit
]sμ½n (Gp) ]> tMélkarplit]sμ½nRbcaMéf¶kñúg 1m3 brimaNkarrlay (Vd) nigbrimaNEdlpÞúk (Ld)
RtUv)anKNnaedayeyageTAtamsmIkardUcxageRkam ³
Gp = G : Vd (m³ gas / m³ Vd x d)
Ld = TS (VS) input / m³ digester volume (kg TS (VS) / m³ Vd x d)

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Biogas
7>4 TMhMLpÞúk]sμ½n
TMhMLpÞúk]sμ½n eday]bmamaDLpÞúk]sμ½n (Vg) GaRs½yelItMélminERbRbYlénkarplit]sμ½n nigkar
eRbIR)as;]sμ½n. LpÞúk]sμ½nRtUvEterobcMy:agNa edIm,IGacpÁt;pÁgmaDtMrUvkareRbIR)as;x<s;bMput (Vg1)
nigGacsþúk]sμ½nplit)ankMLúgeBlevlaEdlminmankareRbIR)as;ry³eBlEvgbMput (Vg2).
Vg1 = gc, max x tc, max = vc, max
Vg2 = G x tz, max
Gc, max = kareRbIR)as;]sμ½nx<s;bMputRbcaMema:g

Tc, max = ry³eBleRbIR)as;]sμ½nx<s;bMput ¬em:ag¦
3
Vc, max = brimaNeRbIR)as;]sμ½nx<s;bMput ¬m ¦
3
G = brimaNplit]sμ½n ¬m ¼em:ag¦
Tz, max = kMLúgeBlevlaminmankareRbIR)as;EvgbMput ¬em:ag¦
tMélmaDLpÞúk]sμ½n (Vg) kMNt;nUvTMhMLsþúk]sμ½n. kMritRbhak;RbEhlbMrugsMrab;suvtßiPaB KYrEt

bEnßm 10-20°. tambTBiesaFn_Cak;Esþgbgðajfa 40-60° énkarplit]sμ½nRbcaMéf¶ RtUvEtman
sþúkenAkñúgL. maDLkac;smamaRtpÞúyeTAnwgmaDsþúk]sμ½n (Digester volume vs. gasholder vol-
ume) (Vd : Vg-ratio).
7>5 ]TahrN_
RKYsarmYymanRCUk 12k,al. etImaDLRtUvmanTMhMb:unμansMrab;RCUkTaMg 12k,alenH?
cMelIy³ edayeyIg)andwgfa lamkRCUkplit)anmanTMgn; 2-4K>Rk¼éf¶. karKNnaKW
12RCUk x 4K>Rk¼éf¶ = 24K>Rk¼éf¶
dUecñHTMhML KWRbEhlTMhM 6m3.

Biogas
8 Éksareyag
Bastioli, C.; Cerutti, A.; Guanella, I.; Romano, G.C.; Tosin, M. (1995): Physical State and
Behaviour of Starch-Caprolactone Systems. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degra-
dation, 3 (2), pp. 81-95.
Bidlingmaier, W. (2000): Biologische Abfallverwertung. 1st Edn. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co.
Stuttgart, Germany.
EPA (2002): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - EPA. http://www.epa.gov
Yagi, T.; Irimajiri, T. (1997): Studies on Degradation of Polylactic Acid in Compost. Proc. of
the International Conference on Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment into the
Next Millennium ORBIT, Harrogate, UK. E.I. Stentiford (Ed.) Leeds, UK pp. 127-130.
Ghimire, Prakash C, Handbook for Domestic Biogas Construction, Vientiane, 2002

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
REEPRO MANUAL
nglish
y KHMER
KHMER
MANUAL
he Use of
KHMER
karCM
Developing
esovePAemeronrbs;
REEPRO
rujkareRbIR)as;edayRbsiT§PaBnUvfamBlkekIteLIgvij
REEPRO
EEPRO Promotion
kñ ú g RbeTskM BugGPivDÆn_of
rbs;the Use of
REEPRO
CIv³]sμ½n
ountries
nigRKUbeRgon
cRgáan r:ukEkt
nigRKUbeRgon
karplit³]sμ½ntamCnbT shRKinPaBsMrab;GñkCMnaj
nigRKUbeRgon
ntrepreneurship for
famBlsUTrainers
LasMrab;Gñkbec©keTs
xperts and
ers
nigRKUbeRgon
nigRKUbeRgon
nigRKUbeRgon
ers KHMER
shRKi
xperts and
nPaBsM
Trainers
l
hV Ú t U v : u l taGi u c
esovePAemeronsM r ab; G ñ k
kMrit 1
CMnaj nigRKUbeRgon
kMrit 1

anual
xperts and Trainers famBlCI
esovePAemeronsM r ab; G ñ k vkeTs³m:as;sMrab;GñkCMnaj
kMrit 2
bec©
karBiesaFn_elI LexSolar nigRKUbeRgon
olar Energy for
nigRKUbeRgon
iomass Energy for
nigRKUbeRgon
ntrepreneurship for
nigRKUbeRgon
evel 1
kMrit 1
evel 2
kMrit 2
EIE-06-256 REEPRO
karpSBVpSayBIRbsiT§PaB
énkareRbIR)as;RbPBfamBlkekIteLIgvij
enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_
c®gáanr:uEkt ¬emeronsMrab;bNþúHbNþalvKÁ 2¦
GñkniBn§
Sengratry Kythavone
saklviTüal½yCatiLav
mkra 2009
Rocket Stove
matika
1> esckþIENnaMcRgáanru:Ekt ----------------------------------------------- 5
1>1 GVIeTACac®gáanr:uEkt ------------------------------------------------- 6
1>2 viFIcMGinGahartamEbbTMenomTMlab;buraN -------------------------------- 6
2> eKalkarN_temøIgc®gáanr:uEkt -------------------------------------------7
3> vtßúFatuedImsMrab;temøIgc®gáanru:Ekt --------------------------------------- 9
4> karerobcMeFVInigdutdMu\dæ ------------------------------------------------ 9
4>1 smamaRténkarlayvtßúFatuedImeFIV\dæ ----------------------------------- 9
4>1>1 kMTicGacm_rNa nig dI\dæ ¬b¤dIdMbUk¦ ----------------------------------10
4>1>2 lMhat; ------------------------------------------------------- 13
4>1>3 lMhat;sMrab;c®gáanr:uEkt-------------------------------------------14
4>2 TMhMduM\dæ --------------------------------------------------------16
5> kartmøIgc®gáan ---------------------------------------------------- 17
5>1 karerobcMbnÞHEdkeRKag ---------------------------------------------18
5>2 EdkGkSrG‘uy-----------------------------------------------------18
5>3 RsTab;TI1énkMNl;duM\dæ --------------------------------------------19
5>4 RsTab;TI2énkMNl;duM\dæ ---------------------------------------------20
5>5 RsTab;cugeRkayénkMNl;\dæ -----------------------------------------20
5>6 rnæLcMehH ------------------------------------------------------ 21
5>7 karbMeBjcenøaHrn§kñúgeRKagEdkedayRsTab;GuIsULg; ----------------------- 21
5>8 cak;bMeBj)ayGrEpñkxagelIRsTab;GuIsULg;[esμInwgkMBs;RsTab;duM\dæ EpñkxagelI - 21
5>9 dak;bMBg;EdkeTAkñúgcenøaHEpñkxageRkaméntYc®gáan------------------------- 22
5>10 karbBa©b;karsagsg;c®gáanr:uEkt ------------------------------------ 22

EIE-06-256 REEPRO 1
Rocket Stove
6> vtßúFatuedImcMehHsMrab;c®gáanr:uEkt-------------------------------------- 23
7> KuNsm,tþi --------------------------------------------------------24
7>1 snSMsMécGus-----------------------------------------------------24
7>2 kareRbIR)as;manEpSgtic --------------------------------------------24
7>3 gay®sYlkñúgkareRbIR)as; -------------------------------------------24
7>4 tMélsmrmü -----------------------------------------------------24
7>5 mansuvtßiPaBkñúgkareRbIR)as; -----------------------------------------24
8> Éksareyag ------------------------------------------------------25

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
bBa¢IrUbPaB
rUbTI 1 cRgáanru:EktEkécñedayRkumnisSitsaklviTüal½yCatiLav ------------------- 6
rUbTI 2 c®gáankMNl;fμ3duM ------------------------------------------------7
rUbTI 3 KMnUseRBogénc®gáanr:uEkt------------------------------------------- 8
rUbTI 4 vtßúFatuedImsMrab;eFVIduM\dæ ¬ Twk dI\dæ Gacm_rNa¦ -------------------------10
rUbTI 5 karbMEbkdI\dæ ¬b¤dIdMbUk¦ ------------------------------------------10
rUbTI 6 karErgdI\dæEdlbMEbkehIy --------------------------------------- 11
rUbTI 7 karlaydI\dæ CamYynwgkMeTcGacm_rNa ------------------------------ 11
rUbTI 8 cak;TwkeTAkñúgl,ay dI\dæ nigkMeTcGacm_rNa -------------------------- 11
rUbTI 9 layRcbl;l,ayedayRc)ac;eGaycUlKñaCasac;mYy -------------------- 12
rUbTI 10 cak;l,ayPk;eTAkñúgBum<eQI -------------------------------------- 12
rUbTI 11 duM\dæEdlmanRCugbBaäit2RCug nigRCugbBaäit1RCug ---------------------- 12
rUbTI 12 kardut\dæenAsItuNðPaB 1000 GgSaesnigkarrYmmaDén\dæ -------------- 13
rUbTI 13 \dæEvgcMnYn6duM \dæxøIcMnYn5duM ------------------------------------16
rUbTI 14 TMhM\dæedIm nigkartMerob -----------------------------------------16
rUbTI 15 karkMNt;TMhM\dæedayRkumsaklviTüal½yCatiLav TMhM\dæ nigragerArbs;duM\dæ - 17
rUbTI 16 bnÞHeRKagEdk -------------------------------------------------18
rUbTI 17³ EdkGkSrG‘uypáab; ---------------------------------------------19
rUbTI 18³ RsTab;TI1énRsTab;\dæ -----------------------------------------19
rUbTI 19³ RsTab;TI2énRsTab;\dæ -----------------------------------------20
rUbTI 20³ RsTab;cugeRkayénkMNl;\dæ nigtYLcMehH---------------------------20
rUbTI 21³ rn§cMehHenAEpñkxagkñúgénbnÞHeRKagEdk ---------------------------- 21
rUbTI 22³ bnÞHeRKagEdkbMeBjedayRsTab;GuIsULg; --------------------------- 21
rUbTI 23³ cak;bMeBj)ayGrrhUtesμIkMBs;RsTab;duM\dæ éntYLcMehH---------------- 21
EIE-06-256 REEPRO 3
Rocket Stove
rUbTI 24³ dak;bMBg;EdkeTAkñúgcenøaHdak;Gus --------------------------------- 22

rUbTI 25³ karbBa©b;karsagsg;c®gáanr:uEkt---------------------------------- 22
rUbTI 26 CIvma:ssMrab;dutkñúgcRgáanru:ekt ----------------------------------- 23

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
1> esckþIENnaMcRgáanru:Ekt
c®gáanr:uEkt KWCaRbePTc®gáanEkécñeRbIR)as;RbPBfamBlCIvm:as. lkçN³Biessénc®gáan
ruE: kt KWkarkat;bnßybrimaNénkareRbIR)as;RbPBfamBlCIvm:as nigCMrju [manPaBRbesIr
eLIgelIlkçxNÐénkarrs;enAsMrab;RbCaCneRbIR)as;c®gáanGus EkERbBITMlab;samBaØ eday
eRbIfμkMNl; 3 dMueFIVcRgáan mkeRbIc®gáanr:uEktvij. lkçN³sm,tþiBiessrbs;c®gáanr:uEkt
KWkarkat;bnßykarcMNay pþl;RbeyaCn_dl;sgÁm nigbrisßan. c®gáanenHCYysnSMsMéceBl
evla nigfvika sMrab;GñkeRbIR)as;. enAtamTIRbCuCM n RbCaCnTij\nÞn³CIvm:as GaceRCIserIs
eRbIc®gáanr:Eu ktman KuNPaB GaceRbIeBlevlaxøICagmunkñgú kardaMsø nigGacsnSMsMécR)ak;elIkar
cMNayelIRbPBfamBl. cMeBaHenAtamTICnbT c®gáanEdlmanRbsiTP§ aBx<s; Gackat;bnßy
eBlevlasMrab;rkGus GacykeBlevlaEfTaMknU ecA nigRbkbGaCIvkmμepSg²
edIm,IbegánI cMNlU . karEklMGrbec©kviCa¢ c®gáanfamBlCIv³m:aseGaymanRbsiTP§ aBCagmun
®tUv)aneFVkI arGPivDÆn_ tamry³kareFV[I RbesIreLIgnUvRbsiTP§ aBénkareRbIR)as;famBl
tamlMenAsßan.
c®gáanEklMGrrYceRkayeKenHmanRbsiTP§ aBRbesIrCagmunCamFümdl;eTA 30°. ehIyebI
eRbobeFobeTAnwgRbePTc®gáankMNl;fμ3duM ¬ebIkcMh¦ EdlCakareRbIR)as;tamTMlab;knøgmk
manRbsiT§PaBCagdl;eTAkMrit 15>6° kñúgkarBiesaFn_daMTwk.
eKalbMNgcMbgkñúgkarGPivDÆn_c®gáandutGus KWKiteTAelIRbsiT§PaBcMehHGusenAkñúgL nig
karRbmUlpþúMkMedAsMrab;cMGinGahar)andl;kMritGtibrima.
karEklMGrc®gáansMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúglMenAsßan GacCYyGñkeRbIR)as;GacsnSMsMécGusBI 50°
eTA 60° eFobnwgc®gáankMNl;fμ 3 duM. karEkéqñc®gáanru:EktelIkenH eyIgBüayameRbIvtúßu
FatuedImmankñúg®suk dUcCadI\dæ nigGgáam EdlCasmasFatumankarcmøgkMedAticbMput.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO 5
Rocket Stove
c®gáanEdlmanRbsiTP§ aBx<s; kalNafamBlkMedARtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;cGM ni Gahary:agtic

bMptu 90 PaKry . mann½yfakarkarBarkar)at;bg;keM dACuvM ji LcMehH nigkarbBa¢nÚ GNþatePøgI
mandMeNIreTA)anl¥.
1>1 GVIeTACac®gáanr:uEkt
c®gáanr:uEkt KWCac®gáancMGinGaharEdlsamBaØ sg;eLIgBIvtßúFatuedImmanRsab;kñúgmUldæan.
lkçN³Biessrbs;c®gáanKWkarcMNayticenAeBleRbIR)as; maneQμaHc®gáanr:Eu kt edaysarva
manRTg;RTayCabMBg;bBaÄr ehIyral;EpñknimyY ²P¢ab;Kañ TaMgGs;. c®gáanr:uEktGaceRbIsMrab;
kMedA kñúgpÞH cMGinGahar ehIyGacykeTAtameRbIR)as;enAkEnøge)aHCMrMudak; enAeRkApÞH
cMGinGahar RKb;RbePTenATIval)anRsYl.
rUbTI 1 cRgáanru:EktEkécñedayRkumnisSitsaklviTüal½yCatiLav
1>2 viFIcMGinGahartamEbbTMenomTMlab;buraN
eRbIc®gáanr:uEktminnaMeGaybMBulbrisßan. ebIeyIgeRbIc®gáanCIkdI sMrab;kMedApÞH b¤cMGinGahar
KuNPaBxül;kñúgpÞHnwgmanPaBGab;GYr. RbPBfamBlCIv³m:asnwgbeBa©j]sμ½nbMBuly:ag
eRcIn. karbMBulkñúgpÞHedayeRbIc®gáanCIkreNþAtamEbbburaN ehAfabMBulbrisßanxagkñúg
PasaGg;eKøsmann½yfa indoor environment.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
cMNuc®BYy)armÖepSgeTotKWRbsiT§PaBfamBlkMedA. kareRbIc®gáanCIkreNþAduttamEbb
TMenomTMlab;buraN karbBa¢ÜnkMedAsMrab;eRbIR)as;minmanRbsiT§PaBx<s;eT.
famBlkMedAEdl)anmkBIceM hHGus vamankar)at;bg;eTAbriyakasCuvM ji eRcInCagkMedA Edl)an
sMrab;cGM ni Gahar. karKμanRbsiTP§ aBénkarbBa©nÜ kMedA tMrUv[eRbIbrimaNGusy:ageRcIn Edl
GusTaMgenaH)anmkBIkar kab;RbmUlBIbrisaß nCuvM ji EdlCamUlehtueFVI [xUcbrisaß n.
regIkGussl;BkI arduttamEbbTMenomTMlab;bru aN KWGaceFVeI GaymaneRKaHfñak;dl;kmu ar eRBaH
c®gáancMhsßti enAelIdI kñgú lMenAsßan GacbNþal[kumarFøak;clU eTAkñgú c®gáan)an.
rUbTI 2 c®gáankMNl;fμ3duM
2> eKalkarN_temøIgc®gáanr:uEkt
k> c®gáanr:Eu ktl¥ KWGac[xül;eFVcI racrN_l.¥ mann½yfaCasar³sMxan;rbs;c®gáanr:Eu kt KWxül;
qøgkat;cRgáanenAeBldutRbRBwtþeTA)anl¥. bMBg;EpSg rn§GNþatePøIgqøgkat; nigRTnab;cRgáan
EdkCuMvij®tUvsßitenAelIbøg;EkgdUcEtmYy.
x> GuksuIEsnmantYnaTIRTRTg;cMehH mann½yfaedIm,IeGayGNþatePøIgminrlt; enAeBlcRgáan
kMBugEteRbIRtUvmanxül;qøgkat;Canic©. dUcenHenARtg;kEnøgdak;GusRtUveFIVTMrEdkmYyragGkSr
G‘uypáab; ehIyenATMrragGuyenaHmanecaHrn§CaeRcIn GaceGayxül;qøgkat;sMrab;RTRTg;cMehH.
EIE-06-256 REEPRO 7
Rocket Stove
K> rn§EpSg®tUvEk[tUc enACab;pÞal;nwg)atqñaMg sMrab;]sμ½nekþAGacPayqøgkat;b:³qñaMg)an

l¥ehIymü:ageTot KWedIm,IeGay]sμ½nekþAGaceFVIcracrN_qøgkat;RbB½n§)anelÓn.
X> edIm,ITb;saá t;kar)at;bg;keM dAEdlPayecjBItLY CBa¢agM CMvu ji tYLcMehH®tUvEtmankMrti cMlg
kMedAy:agticbMput.
EpSgnigGNþatePøIgrt;RsbKñaeLIgeTAelI
GuseQIkMBugeqH)anl¥edaysar
manxüs;qøgkat;
rn§sMrab;s‘kGus
xül;)aj;cUlCamnþbnÞab; edayvaeqHGs;
TMrGkSrG‘uypáab;
pøÚvsMrab;xül;rt;cUl
rUbTI 3 KMnUseRBogénc®gáanr:uEkt

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
3> vtßúFatuedImsMrab;temøIgc®gáanru:Ekt
taragxageRkambgðajBIvtßúFatuedIm ¬b¤sMPar³¦ sMrab;temøIgc®gáanr:uEkt
taragTI1³ tMrUvkarsMPar³sMrab;karsagsg;c®gáanr:uEkt
l>r sMPar³ CMerIsepSg² brimaN
1 dI\dæ dIdMbUk 10 KILÚRkam
2 kMeTcrNa kMeTcGgáamtUc b¤kMeTcesμA 6 KILÚRkam
s¶Üt ciRBa¢aMg
3 Twk - 13 lIRt
4 suIm:g; dI\dæ 1 KILÚRkam
5 xSac; - 0>500 KILÚRkam
6 Edksnøwk ¬bnÞHEdkkin¦ kMb:ugeRbg¬20 lIRt¦ b¤ 1bnÞ³ manbeNþay 1>2m
bnÞ³EdksnøwkkMras;0>3mm nig TTwg0>38m
7 epHGgáam - 5 KILÚRkam
8 Edksrés - 3 kg; manTMhM0>05 EmRt
nig RbEvg 0>40 EmRt
4> karerobcMeFVInigdutdMu\dæ
\dæ®tUv)anEkERbedayRkumkargarnisSitsaklviTüal½yCatiLav EdleRbIBumÖGacEktMrUvtam
xñat)an. kareFVI\dævamanPaBgay®sYl eRBaHeyIgmanBum<maneRKagmaM manxñatmYyCaeKal.
kareFVI\dæ®tUv[manxñatdUcCa ¬TMhMb:unKña TaMgTTwg beNþay nigkMBs;¦ manEtbeNþay\dæduM
xagelIeTEdlmanRbEvgxuseK dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI13.
4>1 smamaRténkarlayvtßúFatuedImeFIV\dæ
vtßúFatuedIm nigkarkMNt;smamaRtlay sMrab;eFVIduM\dæeGaymanTMgn;Rsal dUcbgðaj xag
eRkamenH

EIE-06-256 REEPRO 9
Rocket Stove
• dI\dæ 900 Rkam

• kMeTcrNa 500 Rkam
• Twk 1>2 lIRt
rUbTI 4 vtßúFatuedImsMrab;eFVIduM\dæ ¬ Twk dI\dæ Gacm_rNa¦

dMNak;kalénkareFVIGa®s½yelIkarpSMvtßúFatuedImdUcerobrab;xageRkam³
4>1>1 kMTicGacm_rNa nig dI\dæ ¬b¤dIdMbUk¦
vaybMEbkdI\dæ ¬b¤dIdMbUk¦ [EbkCaRKab;tUc² ehIyErgnwgkERBa¢gEdlmanrn§TMhM 4mIlIEmRt.
rUbTI 5 karbMEbkdI\dæ ¬b¤dIdMbUk¦

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
rUbTI 6 karErgdI\dæEdlbMEbkehIy
• eRbIkERBa¢gErgdI\dæ b¤dIdMbUkyk Gacm_rNaykEtRKab;l¥it.
• laykMeTcGacm_rNa nigdI\dæ ¬b¤dIdMbUk¦ EdlErgrYckñúgsmamaRtdUcbBa¢ak;xagelI.
rUbTI 7 karlaydI\dæ CamYynwgkMeTcGacm_rNa

• EfmTwkmþgbnþic² eTAkñúgl,ayxagelI ehIysUnvaCaduM.
rUbTI 8 cak;TwkeTAkñúgl,ay dI\dæ nigkMeTcGacm_rNa

• layRcbl;l,ayedayeRbIéd

Rocket Stove
rUbTI 9 layRcbl;l,ayedayRc)ac;eGaycUlKñaCasac;mYy
• cak;l,aycUleTAkñúgBum<eQW
rUbTI 10 cak;l,ayPk;eTAkñúgBum<eQI
rUbTI 11 duM\dæEdlmanRCugbBaäit2RCug nigRCugbBaäit1RCug

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
duM\dæ®tUvdutenAsItuNðPaB 1000 GgSaes. dg;suIetCamFümén\dædutehIyKW 0>6 Rkam

kñúgmYysg;TIEm:Rtkaer: vaGacGENþtelITwk)an.
rUbTI 12 kardut\dæenAsItuNðPaB 1000 GgSaesnigkarrYmmaDén\dæ

4>1>2 lMhat;
KNnarkbrimaNdI\dæ kMeTcGacm_rNa EdlGñk®tUvkarsMrab;eFVI\dæ 5dMu 10dMu 25dMu nig40duM.
edayeyIgdwgfa\dæ1duM ®tUvkardI\dæ900Rkam Gacm_rNa 500Rkam nigTwk1>21 lIRt.
dI\dæ kMeTcrNa Twk
1duM 900 Rk 500 Rk 1>2 l
5duM
10duM
25duM
40duM

Rocket Stove
4>1>3 lMhat;sMrab;c®gáanr:uEkt
rUbmnþsMrab;KNnaRbsiT§PaBkMedArbs;c®gáan ¬karBiesaFn_tamry³daMTwk[BuH¦.
⎡ m C (T − Ti ) ⎤
rUbmnþ ¬1¦ η=
Useful heat
= ⎢ W PW B
Heat of fuelwood ⎣ m F (LHV)F ⎦
⎥ x100
η RbsiT§PaBkMedA ¬°¦
m m:as;Twk kñúgmYy KILÚRkam
Cpw brimaNkMedATwk ¬KILÚs‘Ul kñúgmYyKILÚRkam kñúgmYyGgSares¦
Cpw = 4187 KILÚs‘Ul kñúgmYy KILÚRkam kñúgmYyGgSares
TB sItuNðPaBTwkBuH eRkamsMBaFbriyakas ¬GgSares¦
TB 100 GgSares ¬cMNucsItuNðPaBTwkBuHeRkamsMBaFbriyakas¦
Ti sItuNðPaBéncMNuccab;epþIm ¬GgSares¦
m f m:as;rbs;famBlEdleRbIsMrab;cRgáan ¬KILÚRkam¦
LHV tMélkMedAEdlTabbMputénfamBl ¬KILÚs‘UlkñúgmYyKILÚRkam¦
Useful Heat kMedA)ankar
Heat of Fuelwood kMedAsrubénGusKitCaKILÚRkam

rUbmnþenHeyIgkMNt;edayminrYmbBa©Úlm:asTwkEdlPayeT eRBaHbnÞab;BIdaMTwkBuHmYyEPøteyIg
bBaÄb;Pøam.
dg;sIuetTwkKW 1000 KILÚRkam kñúgmYy m3 ¬1 KILÚRkamTwk = 1lIRt¦
tMélkMedAEdlTabénGus KW 15000 KILÚs‘Ul kñúgmYyKILÚRkam
• kMedA)ankar KWCakMedAEdl)anmkBIkardutGus bBa¢ÚneTAeGayTwkkñúgqñaMgBuH
• kMedAsrubénGus KWCatMélEdlbeBa©jedaykarcMehHGusTaMgGs;.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
]TahrN_ eRbIc®gáanr:uEktsMrab;daMTwkenAkñúgsMBaFbriyakas ehIym:as;rbs;TwkKW10lIRt.

bMErbMrYlsItuNðPaBénTwkRbEhl 25 GgSaes. KNnaRbsiT§PaBkMedArbs;c®gáan? GuseRbI
sMrab;dutmanRbEhl 0>65KILÚRkam ehIymancMehHtMélTabbMputRbEhl15000 KILÚs‘Ul
kñúgmYyKILÚRkam.
dMeNaHRsay³
smμtikmμ KNna
mv = 10 liters = 107Kg η =?
o
CPW = 4.187 KJ/Kg C
TB = 100oC at p = 1.01325 bar
o
Ti = 25 C
mF = 0.65Kg
(LHV)F = 15,000KJ/Kg
tamrUbmnþ ¬1¦ eyIg)an³
⎡ m C (T − Ti ) ⎤
= ⎢ W PW B ⎥ X 100
⎣ m F (LHV )F ⎦
η=⎢
(
⎡10 Kg * 4.187 KJ / Kg o C * 100 o C − 25 o C )⎤ *100 = 32.2%
⎥
⎣ 0.65 Kg * 15,000 KJ / Kg ⎦
lMhat;1³ cRgáanr:uektmYymanRbsiT§PaBkMedA η = 35% eRbIEmM keQIsrM ab;dtu daMTkw 7lIRt

eRkamsMBaFbriyakasFmμta nigmansItuNðPaB 25GgSaes. tMélkMedAEdlTabbMputén
famBl 13500 kJ/kg. cUrKNnabrimaNEmkeQIEdlykmkdut.
cemøyI = 0>35 KILÚRkam
lMhat;2³ RbsinebIeyIgeRbIGsu dutkñgú lMhat;TI1 elIkElgEtRbsiTP§ aBc®gáan. cUrKNna
brimaNGusEmkeQI? RbsinebIRbsiT§PaBc®gáanKW RbEhl 16°.
cemøIy = 1>1 KILÚRkam

Rocket Stove
4>2 TMhMduM\dæ
TMhM\dæedImmandUcbgðajkñúgrUbxageRkam³
TMhMénduM\dæRsal
rUbTI 13 \dæEvgcMnYn6duM \dæxøIcMnYn5duM
rUbTI 14 TMhM\dæedIm nigkartMerob

eKalkarN_énc®gáanr:uEkt KWmanRsTab;EdlmankarcMlgkMedAtictYcbMputenACuMvijLcMehH.
dUecñHehIyeTIbc®gáanr:UEktEdlerobcMeLIgeday®kumnisSitsaklviTüal½yCatiLav Edlman
GkSrkat;fa NUoL KWsagsg;edaykartMerobBI\dæRsalbBaäitmçagcMnYn2duM nig \dæRsalbBaäit
enAsgxagcMnYn9duM. TMhM\dæTaMgenaH bgðajkñúgrUbTI13CaTMhM\dæmundut.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
9duM ¬\dæbBaäwtTaMgsgxag¦
RsTab;TI1
2duM¬\dæbBaäitmçag¦
RsTab;bnÞab;
Bum<ragRb‘ÍsEdlGacdkecj)an
10cm
11.5 cm
6.5cm
23cm 23cm
rUbTI 15 karkMNt;TMhM\dæedayRkumsaklviTüal½yCatiLav TMhM\dæ nigragerArbs;duM\dæ

5> kartmøIgc®gáan
\dæ®tUv)antMerobKgelIKñadUcrUbxageRkamrUbTI18. vamankMBs; 30s>m nigTMhMrbs;LcMehH
KW 10 s>m x 10s>m. bnÞab;mkBt;EdksnøwkCargVg; EdlmanrgVas;RbEhlcMNuH 30lIRt
sMrab;tMerobduM\dæxagkñúg EdlCaRsTab;GuIsULg; ¬rYcpSMBIkardutGgáam/ RKab;®sUv/ dI\dæ nigTwk¦
nigcak;l,ay suIm:g;bMeBjrn§rhUtesμIkMBs;RsTab;\dæxagelI ehIyTukva[s¶Üt. eTaHCay:ag
Namin ®tUveFVI[l,ayraveBk.

Rocket Stove
5>1 karerobcMbnÞHEdkeRKag
Bt;bnÞHEdksnøwkragrgVg; nigecaHrn§dak;GuscMkNþalxageRkam énbnÞHeRKagEdk ¬TMhM 12
s>m x10s>m¦ nigecaHrn§EpñkxagelIsMrab;s‘kEdksrés3edImsMrab;CakMNl;c®gáan.
31.2 cm
12 cm
10 cm
rUbTI 16 bnÞHeRKagEdk
5>2 EdkGkSrG‘uy
bMBg;EdkG‘uysMrab;s‘kbBa©Úlkñúgrn§dak;Gus ecaHeGaymanrn§tUc². eBlskEdkenaHcUl
cRgáanRtUvdak;CaGkSG‘uypáab;. enAxagelIénEdkG‘uyenHsMrab;dak;GuseBldut nigrn§xag
eRkamrbs;EdkCapøÚvxül;cUl.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
26 cm
10 cm
3 cm
14 cm
rUbTI 17³ EdkGkSrG‘uypáab;

5>3 RsTab;TI1énkMNl;duM\dæ
rUbTI 18³ RsTab;TI1énRsTab;\dæ

Rocket Stove
5>4 RsTab;TI2énkMNl;duM\dæ
10 cm
10 cm
rUbTI 19³ RsTab;TI2énRsTab;\dæ

5>5 RsTab;cugeRkayénkMNl;\dæ
rUbTI 20³ RsTab;cugeRkayénkMNl;\dæ nigtYLcMehH

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
5>6 rnæLcMehH
rUbTI 21³ rn§cMehHenAEpñkxagkñúgénbnÞHeRKagEdk

5>7 karbMeBjcenøaHrn§kñúgeRKagEdkedayRsTab;GuIsULg;
rUbTI 22³ bnÞHeRKagEdkbMeBjedayRsTab;GuIsULg;

5>8 cak;bMeBj)ayGrEpñkxagelIRsTab;GuIsULg;[esμInwgkMBs;RsTab;duM\dæ
EpñkxagelI
rUbTI 23³ cak;bMeBj)ayGrrhUtesμIkMBs;RsTab;duM\dæ éntYLcMehH

Rocket Stove
5>9 dak;bMBg;EdkeTAkñúgcenøaHEpñkxageRkaméntYc®gáan
bMBg;EdkG‘uysMrab;dak;GusxagelI nigrn§xageRkamsMrab;[xül;cltqøgkat;tYLcMehH.
30 cm
rUbTI 24³ dak;bMBg;EdkeTAkñúgcenøaHdak;Gus

5>10 karbBa©b;karsagsg;c®gáanr:uEkt
EdksréscMnYn3edIm ®tUvs‘kcUlkñúgrn§énbnÞHeRKagEdk KgelIépÞxagelIéntYLcMehH
EdlmankMras;RbEhl12m>m sMrab;EpSghuyecj.
Fugc®gáan
rUbTI 25³ karbBa©b;karsagsg;c®gáanr:uEkt

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
ktþasMxan;énkareFVI[RbesIreLIgénRbsiT§PaBcMehHénc®gáanr:uEkt KW®tUveFVI[RbesIreLIgnUv
karbBa©ÜnkMedABIcMehHeTAkan;)atqñaMg. cMNucsMxan;bMputenaHKWxül;ekþA b¤]sμ½nEdlPayecjBI
cMehH®tUvEtb:HRbsBVépÞ)atqñaMg. enHKWCacMENkcUlrYménbnÞHeRKagEdkEpñkxagelI EdleFVI
eGay manRbelaHtUc sMrab;xül;nig]sμ½nqøgkat;b:H)atqñaMg nigEKmCMuvijqñaMg. karbBa¢ÚnkMedA
GacekIneLIgedayeRbIqñaMgEdlFM. karbegáInel,Ónxül;ekþAeGayqøgkat;CMuvij)atqñaMg Gac
CYyCuMrujkar bBa¢ÚnkMedA)anl¥.
6> vtßúFatuedImcMehHsMrab;c®gáanr:uEkt
kareRbobeFobCamYyc®gáanebIkcMhr EdlmanenAeRbIR)as;CaeRcInkEnøgenAelIBiPBelak
¬dUcCaRbePTc®gáankMNl;f3μI duM b¤c®gáanCIkdI¦ kareRbIR)as;vaGacsnSMséM cGus)anBak;kNþal
nig manEpSgtic. CagenHeTAeTot KWkarsikSabøg;c®gáantMrUv[GaceRbIR)as;GusxøI² EdlCa
lkçN³Biess GaceRbICamYyEmkeQWtUc²)an. CaBiessCagenHeTAeToteRbIeBlxøI nigkat;
bnßykarkab;bMpøajéRBeQW.
rUbTI 26 CIvma:ssMrab;dutkñúgcRgáanru:ekt

Rocket Stove
7> KuNsm,tþi
7>1 snSMsMécGus
c®gáan)anBiesaFn_sakl,gbBa¢ak;fa mankarkat;bnßyelItMrUvkareRbIR)as;GusCamYy RbsiT§PaB
mFümRbEhl30° ebIeFobnwgc®gáankMNl;duMfμ RbEhl15>6°. enH)anesckþIfakarEklMG
c®gáan GñkGacTTYl)anfamBleTVmYyCaBIr edaykarepÞrfamBlBIGuseTAqñaMg)anl¥.
7>2 kareRbIR)as;manEpSgtic
c®gáanbMPayEpSgticbMputkñúgeBleRbIR)as;. karPayEpSgeRcInbnþicenAeBlcab;epþImeRbI
edayePøIgminTan;eqHsBVl¥.
7>3 gay®sYlkñúgkareRbIR)as;
ePøIgkñúgc®gáaneqHCanic© RbsinebIbnþdak;GusCab;. min®tUvkarCYypøúMxül;edIm,IbeBaäHGNþat
ePøIg dUcc®gáankMNl;fμ3duMeT eRBaHxül;®tUvbk;cUlkñúgLcMehHedaysV½yRbvtþi.
7>4 tMélsmrmü
c®gáansagsg;BIvtßúFatuedImtammUldæandUcCa dIdMbUk/ xSac;sMrab;sagsg;tYc®gáan rIÉkMeTc
rNa Ggáam.l. GaceRbICaRsTab;GuIsULg;karBartMedA.
7>5 mansuvtßiPaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;
c®gáanGaceRbIR)as;edaysuvtßiPaBtamlMenAdæan. kardutGusCaRbPBénkarbMBul eTaHCa
minxøaMgkþI. tYc®gáanbit)aMgGNþatePøIgmin[b:HeTAdl;kumar nigGñkeRbIR)as;.
7>6 mitþsMlaj;brisßan
c®gáaneRbIR)as;GustictYcCYykat;bnßykarkab;éRBeQW. c®gáanbMPayFatuBultictYceRBaH
eBleRbIR)as;esÞrI EtKμanEpSghuyedaykarsnμtx; ül;EdlcUleTAkñgú tYLcMehH manGRta cMehH
sBVl¥.

EIE-06-256 REEPRO
Rocket Stove
8> Éksareyag
1. Available online: http://www.bioenergylists.org/en/designprinciples
2. Winiarski, Larry: The Institutional Rocket Stove. Cooking with less fuel: Breathing
with less smoke. Available online:
www.crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/apro/Institutional_Rocket.pdf
3. Scott Peter (2005): Stove Design and Performance Testing Workshop. Available
online: www.who.int/indoorair/interventions/kampala41.pdf
Other useful Contact Sites
http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/Smith/Primer/Primer.html
http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups
4. Making light weight refractory ceramic from perlite and clay. Available online:
http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/Ogle/Clay/MAKING LIGHT
WEIGHT REFRACTORY CERAMIC.pdf
5. Rocket Stoves -Controlling Draft. Available online:
http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/Ogle/DOStovetest.html
http://faculty.washington.edu/~yark/stoves.html
www.aprovecho.org

Rocket Stove

EIE-06-256 REEPRO

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cRgáan r:ukEkt

over page Solar Energy

enewable Energies in Developing

iomass Energy for kMrit 2

2 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

7>7 ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;epSg² .........................................................................................................83

11>2>2TI2 eRKOgeRbIR)as;mYycMnYnxUc ..................................................................................110

4 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

rUubTI 3³ PaBRsedogKñarvagRbB½næpÞaMgkBa¢k;RBHGaTitünigTwkePøóg (UNESCO MANUAL) ........ 13

rUbTI 5 kareRbIR)as;famBlsULaxñattUc (KAMWORKS) ......................................................... 14

Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

rUbTI 21 GaKuy2 tCaes‘rI ........................................................................................................ 28

6 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

rUbTI 45 tg;süúgrbs;pÞaMgtUc²EdlmanlkçN³xusKñatCaes‘rI (LEXSOLAR KIT) .....................49

rUbTI 49 ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüelIkarsakGaKuy (ADAPTED FROM UNESCO MANUAL) ...... 52

rUbTI 53 GaKuyGasuIt-sMn Twk (KAMWORKS) .......................................................................55

rUbTI 62 GMBUlGKÁisnI (A) GMBULMUL NIG (B) GMBULEMRT........................................ 80

rUbTI 66 TUrTsSn_ ..................................................................................................................... 82

rUbTI 70 tMNRbePTvIs CatMNl¥sMrab;RbB½n§BnøWRBHGaTitü........................................................... 98

8 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

tarag 9 4CMh‘ankñúgkarkMNt;TMhMGaKuy (TTM_UNESCO 2001) ................................................. 91

Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

10 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

rUbTI 1 RbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü (UNESCO manual)

Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

GKÁisnI enAeBlyb; dUcenHeKRtUvrkSafamBlGKÁisnIEdl)anbegáIteLIgeBléf¶TukkñúgGaKuy. eK

rUbTI 2 PaBdUcKñarvagRbB½næpÞaMgkBa©k;RBHGaTitü nigkarRtg;TwkePøóg a similar idea (UNESCO

brimaNTwkEdlTTYl)anGaRs½ynwgGakasFatu. éf¶xøHmanePøógeRcInnigéf¶xøHKμanePøógesaH dUecñHeK

12 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

vamanBBkCaeRcInéf¶Edr. dUcenHTinñplénRbBn½æTaMgBIr RbB½næsULa nig karRtg;TwkePøógGaRs½yelI

rUubTI 3³ PaBRsedogKñarvagRbB½næpÞaMgkBa¢k;RBHGaTitünigTwkePøóg (UNESCO manual)

rUbTI 4 mUldæanRKwHénRbB½næGKÁisnIRBHGaTitü nigkareRbIR)as; (Source: Florida Energy center)

rUbTI 5 kareRbIR)as;famBlsULaxñattUc (Kamworks)

14 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

rUbTI 9 sßanIy_bþÚrsakGaKuypÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitü (RETscreen.net)

rUbTI 10 karbUmTwkedayeRbIsULa (RETscreen.net)

rUbTI 11 RbB½n§pÞaMgkBa©k;BnøWRBHGaTitüP¢ab;CamYybNþajGKÁisnIxñattUc (RETscreen.net)

16 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

q¶ay. RbB½næsULatampÞHPaKeRcIneRbItg;süúg 12V.

Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

18 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

• GaKuy 12V GacpÁt;pÁg;]bkrN_EdlmanGanuPaBmFüm)an

rUbTI 15 bMBg;Evg manmuxkat;tUcmanersIusþg; lMhUrx<s; (UNESCO Manual)

Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

rUbTI 16 bMBg; nig ExSEdlmanmuxkat;epSgKñaman ersIusþg;epSgKña

-U tg;süúgGKÁisnIelIersIusþg; KitCa v:;ul (V)

- R ersIusþg;GKÁisnI KitCaGUm (Ω)

20 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

rUbTI 17 GnuPaBGaRs½yelIcrnþTwkhUr (UNESCO manual)

- I crnþGKÁisnI KitCa GMEB ()

- U tg;süg;GKÁisnI KitCa v:ul (V)

Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

ebIeyIgeRbIGMBUlCamYyRbB½næsULaEdlmantg;süúg 12v:ul crnþEdlqøgkat;vaman 2A enaH GnuPaB

ma:sIunbUmTwksIucrnþ 10A nig mantg;süúg 48V GnuPaBEdlsIuedayma:sIunbUmTwk :

ebIcrnþmantMélesμI2dgnig tg;süúgmantMélesμI3dg etImanGVIekIteLIgcMeBaHGnuPaB?

ebIeyIgdwgGnuPaBCa v:at; eyIgGacKNnacrnþedayEck nigtg;süúg. eyIgGacKNna tg;süúg

22 Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

lMhat; 1 GnuPaBnig famBlrbs;]bkrN_ (RbPB: KAMWORKS)

va:t; (W) GacbMElgeTAKILÚva:t; (kW): 1000W = 1Kw