KATALIS ORGANOLOGAM

KATALIS HOMOGEN
Catalytic Deuteration

Hydroformylation
Monsanto Acetic Acid Process
Wacker (SMIDT) Process
Hydrogenation by Wilkinsons Catalyst

Olefin Metathesis

KATALIS HETEROGEN
Ziegler-Natta Polymerization

Water Gas Reaction

Why should you care ?

Kimia Organologam: basis dari homogeneous catalysis,
katalis homogen, alternatif metode sintesis yang bersih dan
efisien untuk pembuatan farmasetika dan berbagai
kemikalia skala besar
plastics (polythene, polypropene, butadiene rubber, ...)
dan deterjen dibuat via katalisis organologam.
Kimia Organologam: juga basis pemahaman tahapan reaksi
heterogeneous catalysis misalnya hidrogenasi olefin dan
oksidasi CO.
Senyawa organologam digunakan dalam skala besar sebagai
prekursor semikonduktor (AlN, GaAs, etc).
Silicone rubbers are one of the few classes of organometallic
compounds used as "final products".
2

Homogeneous Catalysis - Introduction

Catalyzed rxn
proceeding through
an intermediate

Ea
Ea
catalyzed

G
Reactants

G
Products

Reaction Coordinate

the catalyst and substrates for the reaction are in the same phase in the
homogeneous, but not in the heterogeneous type, where catalysis takes
place at the surface of a solid catalyst.
Advantages/Disadvantages of Homogeneous Catalysts Relative to
Heterogeneous Catalysts
Good homogeneous catalysts are:
Good

generally far more selective for a single product

far more active

far more easily studied from chemical & mechanistic aspects (NMR)
far more easily modified for optimizing selectivity

Green Chemistry!!!
Bad

far more sensitive to permanent deactivation

far more difficult for achieving product/catalyst separations

Heterogeneous catalysts dominate chemical and petro-chemical

industry: ~ 95% of all chemical processes use heterogenous catalysts.
Homogenous catalysts are used when selectivity is critical and productcatalyst separation problems can be solved.

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous? (N/A)

There are several general ways to test whether a catalyst is homogeneous or
heterogeneous.

Exposure to elemental Hg will generally poison a heterogeneous catalyst

Exposure to polythiols will poison most homogeneous catalysts
Light scattering studies to identify the presence of colloids (heterogeneous)
Product selectivity studies:
e.g., polymer bound alkenes:
Catalyst

+ H2

Polymer

Polymer

Catalyst

Homo/Hetero

% Yield

RhCl(PPh3)3

homo

100

Ni(OAc)2 + NaBH4

hetero

--

[Rh(nbd)(PR3)2]+

homo

90

Pd/C

hetero

--

[Ir(cod){P(i-pr)3}(py)]+

homo

100

Some Catalysis Terminology (N/A)

Turnover (TO) -- one loop through the catalyst cycle. Typically one equivalent of
reactant is converted to one equivalent of product (per equivalent of catalyst).
Turnover Frequency (TOF) or Turnover Rate -- the number of passes through
the catalytic cycle per unit time (typically sec, min or hrs). This number is usually
determined by taking the # of moles of product produced, dividing that by the # of
moles of catalyst used in the reaction, then dividing that by the time to produce the
given amount of product.
Vinyl Acetate Hydroformylation

sampling from
autoclave causes
pressure glitches

0.3mM catalyst -- 85C/90 psi H 2/CO

2,000
1,800

4.5

Uptake curve

1,600

4
1,400

Equiv
Aldehyde
Prod

3.5

-1

1,200

kobs = 0.0076 min

1,000

Ln plot

800

2.5

600

Initial TOF
8 TO/min
476 TO/hr

400

2
1.5

200

0
0

10

Time (hours)

15

20

Ln P)

Turnover Number (TON) -- the absolute number of passes through the catalytic
cycle before the catalyst becomes deactivated.
Academic chemists sometimes report only the turnover number when the catalyst is
very slow (they dont want to be embarassed by reporting a very low TOF), or
decomposes quite rapidly.
Industrial chemists are interested in both TON and TOF. A large TON (e.g., 106 1010) indicates a stable, very long-lived catalyst. TON is defined as the amount of
reactant (moles) divided by the amount of catalyst (moles) times the % yield of
product.
Authors often report mole % of catalyst used. This refers to the fraction of catalyst
used relative to the amount of limiting reactant present.

10 mole % catalyst
5 mole % catalyst
1 mole % catalyst
0.1 mole % catalyst
0.01 mole % catalyst

=
10 turnovers
=
20 turnovers
=
100 turnovers
= 1000 turnovers
= 10,000 turnovers

These represent the

theoretical maximum #
of turnovers. One also
has to note the % yield
or the % conversion of
substrate into product to
figure out the actual # of
turnovers!!

Process
Petroleum Refining
Cracking
Reforming
Hydrocracking
Hydrodesulfurization
Hydrodenitrogenation
Chemical Manufacturing
Natural Gas desulfurization
Hydrogenations
Methanol synthesis
Dehydrogenation
Oxidations
Polymerizations

Hydroformylation

Typical Catalysts

Pt/Re on alumina, Zeolites

Pt/Re/Ge/Sn on alumina (dehydrogenation)
alumina, zeolites, Pt
(Mo-Co) oxides, (Mo-Ni) oxides
(W-Ni) oxides
ZnO, Cu, Fe on activated C
Raney Ni, Raney Co, Pt, Rh
Cu-ZnO
Butadiene: Fe2O3, Pt/Re on alumina; styrene: Zn, Cr, Fe
or Mn oxides
ethylene oxide: Ag, nitric acid: Pt/Rh mesh/gauze
sulfuric acid: V2O5, maleic, phthalic anhydrides: V2O5,
formaldehyde: Ag or Cu; Mo, Fe, V oxides
Ziegler-Natta polypropylene: Al alkyls + TiCl3
Dow single site polypropylene: Ti metallocene
Phillips -- Cr oxide on silica, Polyethylene (low density):
peroxides, peresters; Polystyrene: benzoyl peroxide;
Urethanes: amines, organo-tin, phosphine oxides
Union Carbide/Hoechst/BASF: Rh/PPh3

Exxon/BASF: HCo(CO)4 , Shell: HCo(CO)4(PR3) (R =

bulky alkyl)

Rank
#4

Chemical
Ethylene
33 billion lbs

#10

Propylene
18 billion lbs

#12

#16

Production
Steam Cracking of Hydrocarbons:
larger hydrocarbon smaller hydrocarbon + H2
C2H6(g) C2H4(g) + H2(g)
Catalyst: Zeolites, Pt/Re on Al2O3 support
Conditions: 850C, 20-50 atm
Steam Cracking of Hydrocarbons:
C3H8(g) C3H6(g) + C2H4(g) + CH4(g) H2(g)

Catalyst: Zeolites, Pt/Re on Al2O3 support

Conditions: 850C, 20-50 atm
Dichloroethane Direct Chlorination:
C2H4(g) + Cl2(g) ClCH2CH2Cl(g)
15 billion lbs
Catalyst: FeCl3 or AlCl3

Benzene
10 billion lbs

Oxychlorination:
2C2H4(g) + 4HCl(g) + O2 2ClCH2CH2Cl(g) + 2H2O
Catalyst: Cu salts on SiO2 or Al2O3 supports
Hydrocarbon Reforming (dehydrogenation)
C6H14(g) C6H12(g) + H2(g)
C6H12(g) C6H6(g) + 3H2(g)
toluene benzene + methane

Endothermic!
Endothermic!

Catalyst: Pt/Re/Ge/Sn on Al2O3 support

#17 Ethyl Benzene

9 billion lbs

C6H6(g) + C2H4(g) C6H5C2H5

1. Catalyst: Liquid phase system with AlCl3
2. Catalyst: Zelolite Lewis Acid based gas phase process

#19

Classic Friedel-Crafts rxn.

Vinyl Chloride ClCH2CH2Cl(g) H2C=CHCl(g) + HCl(g)
8 billion lbs

#20

Styrene
8 billion lbs

#21

This reaction is often coupled with the oxychlorination reaction

to produce dichloroethane, this allows recycling of the HCl.
Dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene
Catalyst: Fe oxides on Al2O3 support

Conditions: 550-600C
Terephthalic Amoco Process:
Acid
p-CH3-C6H4-CH3 + 3O2 p-HOOC-C6H4-COOH + H2O
8 billion lbs

Catalyst: Co/Mn salts (with some heavy metal bromides)

Conditions: liquid acetic acid solution, 200C, 20 atm
Ti or Hastelloy C lined reactor (very corrosive)

#22

Methanol
7 billion lbs

CO + H2 CH3OH
Catalyst: ZnO/Cu salt
Conditions: > 100 atm, 200-300C

#24 Ethylene Oxide C2H4(g) + O2 ethylene oxide

6 billion lbs Catalyst: Ag
Conditions: 300C
#26

Toluene
6 billion lbs

#27

Xylenes
5.5 billion lbs

#28

Ethylene
Glycol
5 billion lbs

Catalytic Reforming of methyl cyclohexane and derivatives

Catalyst: Pt/Re on Al2O3 support
Conditions: 500C and 25 atm

Catalytic Reforming of 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane

Catalyst: Pt/Re on Al2O3 support
Conditions: 500C and 25 atm
ethylene oxide + H2O HOCH2CH2OH
Catalyst: H2SO4 (0.5 - 1%), 50-70C
Conditions: Thermal @ 195C and 15 atm.

#29 Butylaldehyde Hydroformylation -- Union Carbide/Celanese/BASF

5 billion lbs
propylene + H2 + CO CH3CH2CH2CHO
Catalyst: homogeneous Rh/PPh3 catalyst
Conditions: 100-125C, 8-25 atm

#31

Cummene
3.7 billion lbs

benzene + propene C6H5CH(CH3)2

1. Liquid phase catalysts: H2SO4, AlCl3, HF
2. Gas phase catalyst: H3PO4 on SiO2
Friedel Crafts reaction
Conditions: 35-40C, 7 bar (liquid); 200-300C, 20-40 bar (gas)
Cumene is mainly used to produce phenol and acetone.

#32

Acetic Acid
3.5 billion lbs

CH3OH + CO CH3COOH
Catalyst: homogeneous RhI2(CO)2(Monsanto Acetic Acid process)
Conditions: 150C, 35 atm

CATALYTIC DEUTERATION

Hydroformylation

Rh or Co

+ CO + H2

linear (normal)

side reactions

R
alkene isomerization

Aldehydes
+

branched (iso)

R
alkene hydrogenation

* Proses katalisis homogen terbesar

* > 15 billion pounds of aldehydes (alcohols) per year

Katalis komersial menggunakan kompleks Co atau Rh
Selektivitas menghasilkan aldehid linear (normal)
merupakan hal yang penting

Otto Roelen (1897-1993)

HYDROFORMYLATION

H
O C

Co

C O

C
O

18e

- CO
(disosiasi ligan)
+ alkena
(cordination
of olefin)

Co

C O

C
O

Reductive
elimination

R
O

16e

H
C O

Co
H

Co

CO

CO

C
18e

C
O

C
O

+ H2
(Oxidative
addition)

18e

1,2 migratory insertion

R
Co
C

Co

16e

16e

R
O C

alkyl migration

Co
C
O
18e

+ CO
addition of CO)

Mekanisme lain tersedia : HYDROFORMYLATION USING HRh(CO)2(PPh3)2

Sintesis asam asetat

Asam asetat berperan penting dalam industri kimia.
Proses tradisional menggunakan fermentasi : bio-oksidasi
alkohol
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O
Bukan proses yang bersih dan efisien

19

Industrial proses:
CH3OH + CO CH3COOH, 2 juta ton per tahun
Katalisis menggunakan kompleks rhodium.

MONSANTO ACETIC ACID PROCESS

O
H 3C

+ HI
CH3OH

OH
OC

+ H2O
(hydrolisis)

Rh

HI

(+ H2O)
CH3I

CO

oxidative
addition

Rh(I) 16e

O
H 3C

HI sebagai side product

dipakai lagi berikatan dengan methanol

CH3
OC

Rh
I

OC

Rh

+ CO
CH3

I
Rh(III) 18e

I
Rh(III) 18e
alkyl
migration

reductive
elimination
CO O

CO

ligand coordinaton

O
OC

Rh

CH3

I
Rh(III) 16e

The reaction is independent of CO pressure

First order in both rhodium and MeI.
Rate determining step is the oxidative addition of MeI to the [Rh(CO)2I2]- catalyst.

WACKER (SMIDT) PROCESS

(Nucleophilic addition of H2O at ethylene)
untuk sintesis asetaldehida dari etilena, dimana melibatkan siklus katalitik menggunakan
PdCl42- dimana Pd mampu mengubah sifat kimia alkena sehingga mampu mengadakan
reaksi kimia pada saat terikat pada Pd

Nucleophilic attack at ligand

Nucleophilic:
requires an electron-poor ligand atom
(acidic proton, coordinated C=X bond)
Cl
H2O

23

Pd

Cl

+ OH

Cl
H2O

Pd

Cl

OH

6/6/2012

The Wacker process (N/A)

karakteristik Wacker process:
Oksigen pada produk berasal dari air bukan dari oksigen
langung sebagai oksidan
4 juta ton aldehid per tahun
Olefin rantai lebih panjang menghasilkan keton, bukan
aldehid
Korosif karena perlu banyak halida
Produk sampingan dihasilkan dari proses serangan
nukleofilik halida pada olefin
No longer important for acetic acid synthesis
Several variations (with more complicated nucleophiles)
used in organic synthesis
25

The Wacker process (N/A)

Characteristics of the Wacker process:
Alkena dapat menyerang nukleus membentuk kompleks logam
alkil, lalu menata ulang membentuk produk lainnya. Hal ini
adalah dasar pengetahuan penting bagi proses industri
Fakta bahwa PdCl2 (aq) dapat mengoksidasi etilen menjadi
asetaldehid telah diketahui sejak abad 19 meski mekanismenya
belum dimengerti saat itu
Reaksinya mengkonsumsi PdCl2 menghasilkan Pd(0), Pd Cl2
cukup mahal jika hanya digunakan sebagai reagen stoikiometri
J.Smidt pada Wacker Chemie (1950) menyadari bahwa Pd(0)
dapat dihalangi pengendapannya menggunakan CuCl2 yang
mengoksidasi Pd sementara tereduksi menjadi CuCl.

Catalytic olefin hydrogenation (N/A)

Many chiral variations

available.

H
H

enantioselectivity mechanism

For achiral hydrogenation,

27

coord

red elim

can be very subtle

heterogeneous catalysts ("Pd

black") are often a good
alternative.
Extremely high turnovers
possible.

H
H
M

H
M

ins

ox add
H2
M

Katalis Wilkinson, RhCl(PPh3)3 Ligan

phosphine mempunyai peranan
penting yang membuat kompleks ini
selektif
Rh hanya akan bereaksi dengan
senyawaan olefin yang tidak
mempunyai hambatan sterik.
Sehingga katalis wilkinson digunakan
untuk hidrogenasi selektif dari ikatan
C=C dengan tidak ada hambatan
sterik.
.

Catalytic olefin hydrogenation (N/A)

M

Alternative mechanism

for metals not forming

a "stable" hydride.
M

M
H
H

not observed for

early transition metals.

mechanisms using
29
H2/D2 mixtures or PHIP.

ox add

coord

Requires oxidative addition,

Distinguish between

H2

ins

red elim
H

M
H

Wilkinsons Catalyst

Ph3P

Rh

Ph3P

PPh3

+ H2

Cl

Ph3P

Rh

PPh3

- PPh3

Rh

Ph3P

PPh3

- PPh3

Cl
+ H2

R
H

H
Rh

Ph3P

PPh3

Cl

Rh

Cl

Ph3P

H
H

Rh

Ph3P
R

PPh3
Cl

PPh3

PPh3
Cl

OLEFIN METATHESIS

M C
+
C C
.

M C

C C

ALKYNE METATHESIS

C
C

Metathesis
Reaksi antara dua substrat tidak jenuh (biasanya

alkena atau alkuna) yang menggabungkan kedua

gugus pada kedua ujungnya yang mempunyai ikatan
rangkap
+
C8

C8

+
C14

C2

 The proposed mechanism for this involves metal-alkylidenes

and is shown below:

M

migratory
insertion

elimination

ethylene
dissociation

diene
addition

elimination

migratory
insertion

N/A

N/A

N/A

Polymerization Catalysis
Polymerization is the reaction of an unsaturated organic reactant, typically a C=C,
with itself over and over again to produce a polymer chain:

*
n

When only a few alkenes couple together to make a short chain, we refer to that
as oligomerization (oligomers are very short polymers).
Initiation: generating the active catalyst from a less active catalyst

precursor:
LnM-Cl + AlR3

LnM-R

+ AlR2Cl

+ MAO (methylalumoxane)
+ ZnR2
LnM-Cl + H-

LnM-H

+ Cl-

Applications of oligomers and polymers

Ethene and propene come directly from crude oil "crackers"
Primary petrochemical products, basic chemical feedstocks

Dimerization rarely desired

Making butene costs $$$ !

Oligomers: surfactants, comonomers

High added value, but limited market

Polymers: plastics, construction materials, foils and films

Very large market, bulk products

45

Propagation: the polymer chain growth portion of the reaction that occurs

over and over again:

H3C

H3C
-

CH3

CH3

CH3

Termination: a reaction step that stops the polymer chain growth:

CH3

H2

CH3

CH3

Cossee (migatory insertion) Propagation Mechanism

The commonly accepted mechanism for polymer chain growth on a transition metal
catalyst is the very simple migratory insertion mechanism initially proposed by Piet
Cossee (Royal Shell labs) in 1964.
H3C

H3C
-

CH3

CH3

CH3

Green-Rooney (alkyidene metallacycle) Propagation Mechanism

However in 1978 Malcolm Green and John Rooney proposed a rather different
mechanism based on the recently reported Schrock alkylidenes:

ZIEGLER-NATTA POLIMERIZATION

CO2 and CO activation

Berbagai reagen organik saat ini dibuat secara komersial dari

etilena, turunan proses pemurnian minyak bumi

Di masa depan perlu mencari sumber karbon lain
Batu bara atau natural gas (metana) dapat diubah menjadi
campuran CO/H2 (water gas/synthesis gas/syn gas) dengan udara
dan uap yang nantinya dapat diubah menjadi metanol dan bahan
bakar alkana melalui berbagai katalis heterogen.

WATER GAS REACTION

H2O + C H2 + CO

T & P tinggi

Fischer-Tropsch process
H2 + CO alkana
;
3H2 + CO CH4 + H2O ;
2H2 + CO CH3OH
;
Steam reforming, pada P & T tinggi
CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2
Water gas shift reaction
CO + H2O CO2 + H2

Co catalyst
Ni catalyst
Co or Zn/Cu catalyst
;

Ni catalyst, 700-10000C
Fe/Cr or Zn/Cu catalyst, 4000C

Solusi Green Chemistry : Chem.Rev. 2007, 107, 40224047

Hydrogen Production by Molecular Photocatalysis
Arthur J. Esswein and Daniel G. Nocera fotokatalisis dengan bantuan katalis
organologam dll. untuk mengubah berbagai substrat kimia menjadi sumber
hidrogen

 Misal reaksi FischerTropsch mengubah syn gas menjadi campuran

alkana rantai panjang dan alkohol dengan katalis heterogen( biasanya

Co, Fe atau Ru)

Rasio CO:H2 syn gas dapat diubah melalui watergas shif treaction,

yang terkatalis heterogen (Fe3O4 or Cu/ZnO) atau berbagai katalis

homogen Fe(CO)5 atau Pt(i-Pr3P)3.

Baik reagen maupun produk mempunyai energi bebas yang serupa

maka reaksi dapat berjalan kedua arah sehingga dapat dianggap sebagai
aktivasi CO maupun CO2.

Homogeneous Catalysis of Water Gas shift reaction

Pd-Catalyzed C-C Coupling Rxns

alkene

Heck reaction:

R-X

organotin
R-X

+ HX

R'

aryl or
vinyl halide

Stille coupling:

Pd(0)

R'-SnR3

R'

Pd(0)

R-R' + XSnR3

aryl or
vinyl halide

organozinc

Negishi coupling:

R-X

R'-ZnR

Pd(0)

R-R' + XZnR

aryl or
vinyl halide

organoboron

Suzuki coupling:

R-X

R'-B(OH)2

Pd(0)

R-R' + XB(OH)2

aryl or
vinyl halide
alkyne

Sonogashira coupling:

R-X

aryl or
vinyl halide

R'

Pd(0)

R' + HX

Why the Heck Bother with the Heck Reaction:

Applications in Industry and Total Synthesis

Sunscreen Agents
Flavourings
Cosmetic Additives

Key Steps in Total Synthesis

Non-Steroidal
O
Anti-inflammatory drugs

COOH

O
O
MeO

Taxol

CH3

MeO

Skeleton

(s)-Naproxen

2-Ethylhexyl
trans-4-methoxycinnamate

MeO
Heck reaction
Br

Isoamyl
trans-4-methoxycinnamate

O
O
J.J. Masters, D.K. Jung,
W.G. Bornmann and
S.J. Danishefsky,
Tetrahedron Lett., 1993, 34, 7253

MeO

SO2Ph

CC-1065
N
H

Skeleton
O

MeO

Anorg. Chem. Inst. der Technischen Universitt Mnchen

L.F. Tietze and T. Grote,

J. Org. Chem., 1994, 59, 192

The Heck reaction

For most systems,

Ar

alkene
R-X

aryl or
vinyl halide

+ HX

R'

R'

H+

we don't know the

R
coordination environment
of Pd during catalysis.
+
H
Ar
Pd
At best, we can detect
one or more resting states.
The dramatic effects of
R
ligand variation show
-elim
that at least one ligand
+
is bound to Pd for
Pd
at least part of the cycle.
59

Pd(0)

ArX

Pd
ox add

Ar
Pd
X
subst
+
Ar
ins
Ar

Pd
R

X-

The Heck reaction

Works well with aryl iodides, bromides

Slow with chlorides

Hardly any activity with acetates etc
Challenges for "green chemistry"
Pt is ineffective
Probably gets "stuck" somewhere in the cycle

60

Oxidative addition, reductive elimination

Suzuki and Stille coupling

The oxidative addition and

reductive elimination steps RAr

have been studied extensively.

RX

Pd

ox add

red elim

Much less is known about

the mechanism of
the substitution step.
The literature mentions

"open" (3-center) and

"closed" (4-center) mechanisms
This may well be different
61

for different electrophiles.

Pd

Pd

Ar
subst
EX

ArE

Cross-Coupling of Organometallics and Halides

R-X

R'-M

Pd(0)

R-R' + MX

M = MgX, ZrCp2Cl, ZnX, SnR3, B(OR)2, AlMe2, SiR3, Cu,

The mechanism involves oxidative addition of the halide or triflate to the initial Pd(0) phosphine
complex to form a Pd(II) species. The key slow step is a transmetallation, so called because
the nucleophile (R') is transferred from the metal in the organometallic reagent to the palladium
and the counterion (X = halide or triflate) moves in the opposite direction. The new Pd(II)
complex with two organic ligands undergoes reductive elimination to give the coupled product
and the Pd(0) catalyst ready for another cycle.
The halide partner (RX)
L
Pd L
must be chosen with care,
as -hydride elimination
R'-R
would decompose the first
+ R-X
intermediate during the
slow transmetallation step.
The choice for R is
L
L
restricted to substituents
R
R
Pd
Pd
without -hydrogen atoms:
vinyl, allyl, benzyl, and
L
R'
L
X
polyfluoroalkyl halides,
triflates, and phosphates
R'-M
M-X
have all been coupled
successfully.
transmetallation

alkene

Heck reaction:

R-X

R'

aryl or
vinyl halide

+ [HBase]X

R'

R 3P

Pd

+X+ Base

+ R-X

H
R3P

oxidative
addition

R 3P

Pd
X

R 3P
R'

PR3

R'

H
R'

R'

H
R3P

R
R 3P

-hydride
elimination

migratory
insertion

migratory
insertion

R 3P

Pd
PR3

R'

Pd

R'

H
R

+ Base

Pd
X

elimination

PR3

- PR3 +

R3P

-X- +

Pd

R'

PR3

Pd

-hydride

R3P

+ PR3

Pd

R'

+ [HBase]X

PR3

+ Base-HX

Base

PR3

Pd(0)

Pd
X

H
R
H
R'

R'

Big Summary
Dari keseluruhan kuliah MRA anda telah mendapatkan (setidaknya

salah satunya):
+/- 3 bab dari buku teks kimia anorganik
Pengetahuan tentang berbagai mekanisme reaksi baik stoikiometrik

maupun katalisis kimia koordinasi dan khususnya kimia organologam

Bekal tambahan ketika anda menghadapi kuliah kimia tingkat
advance: kimia bioanorganik, sintesis kimia organik,+ anorganik
(organologam)!
(sintesis kimia merupakan kajian terpenting ilmu kimia !)
gambaran bagaimana sebagian besar reagen kimia yang anda kenal
dihasilkan melalui proses katalisis dari source minyak bumi (syn-gas)
oleh perusahaan terkemuka dunia
Gambaran bagaimana mempelajarinya dalam skala laboratorium
Mengetahui perkembangan terakhir katalisis dan sintesis kimia (eq.
nobel: ziegler-natta 1963, ferrocene1973, sintesis L-DOPA 2001)

Aplikasi kimia dalam industri

Sintesis kimia organik!

KIMIA BIOANORGANIK, MEDISINAL

BIOKIMIA

KIMIA LINGKUNGAN GREEN CHEMISTRY