THE PROCESS AND ELEMENTS

OF COMMUNICATION
Mr. Ronel D. Gruella, LPT.
Instructor
 Coverage
 Elements of Communication Process
 The Communication Process
 Eight Stages of Communication Process
 Introduction
Communication is to the organization as blood is to the body. The
success of all the functions of management depends upon the
effective communication. In this case, the process and elements should
be put in consideration in order to communicate effectively.
The communication process is a simple to complex process
depending on the situation. The elements should also be present in order
to successfully make a successful communication process.
 Communication process involves elements like sender,
receiver, encoding, decoding, channel/media, feedback, and
the noise.
Sender ( Encoder ) - He is the person who sends his ideas
to another person. For example, if a manager wants to
inform his subordinates about the introduction of a new
product, he is the sender.
Message - The idea, feeling, suggestion, guidelines, orders
or any content which is intended to be communicated is
message. For example, message is the introduction of new
product.
Encoding - - It is the process of how the message is to be
communicated e.g. spoken or written.
Channel - How the message is sent. There can be various
forms of media. It can be face-to-face communication,
letters, radio, television, e-mail etc. For example, the
manager informed his subordinates about the
introduction of a new product in a meeting through
presentation.
Decoding - - It is the process of translating the encoded
message into language understandable by the receiver.
Receiver ( Decoder )- He is the person to whom the
message has been sent. For example, subordinates are
receivers.
Feedback - It is the response by the receiver. It marks the
completion of the communication process.
Noise - It is the hindrance in the process of
communication. It can take place at any step in the entire
process. It reduces the accuracy of communication [e.g.
disturbance in the telephone lines, inattentive receiver,
improper decoding of a message etc.]
 Understanding the communication process can help you
to communicate your message more effectively. It can help
and ensure you that you can construct and able to present
your message to the best of your ability.
The process ends in a feedback loop, where the feedback
you receive can help you to further improve your
communications going forward.
Eight Stages of Communication
 Everything that we do and everything that we have,
communicate something to others. That means, we do not exactly
need to say something to communicate. However when we
intentionally want to start communicating, we decide to say
something.
Communication goes through a certain process. It begins when
a sender (encoder) chooses information and organises this for
transmission (encoding). The sender may pick either verbal or
non-verbal symbols that could best carry his/her message.
 The information that is transmitted to the receiver
(decoder) is called the message (decoding), and gives back a
response (feedback) to the sender. This exchange of
information passes through a communication channel which
may be a telephone line (channel), an e-mail, a text message,
or may be a face-to-face communication.
 A model describes an object, event, process or
relationship; it attempts to represent the important features
of what it models – thus, we could state the communication
model attempts to describe the process of communication
and how it functions.
Moreover, a communication model provides a holistic
picture of what actually happens when one communicates in
different circumstances.
 In addition, it wil help us understood how and why people
communicate, that assisting us to develop our own effective
communication styles and techniques.
Communication models provide representations and
perspectives regarding communication. They allow us to see
ideas and their relationships.
 Aristotelian
The Aristotelian model was developed among the Greeks in ancient
times. It is the most simple and it has basic elements: speaker, message,
and audience.
 Lasswell
It is one of the earliest models of
communication which was developed by
Harold Lasswell in 1948. It consists of five
basic elements in a linear pattern – sender,
message, channel, receiver, and the
feedback.
 Shannon-Weaver
It is one of the early models of
communication was developed by
Shannon and Weaver; thus, the name
Shannon-Weaver Communication Model.
The model was intended to assist in
developing a mathematical theory of
communication but eventually it is
applied to human communication.
 Shannon-Weaver
Communication starts from an
information source. This source
produces a message which goes
through a transmitter, which then
encodes the message into signals.
Signals are transmitted via a
channel to receiver, who decodes the
message from the signal. The message
then finds its way to its destination.
 Shannon-Weaver
As the message travels along the
channel, there may be noise or interference
which may lead to a distortion of the
message. This model takes an approximation
of the human communication process. Its
primary weakness lies in the way it sees
communication as being linear, with the
receiver regarded as taking only a
‘secondary role’ – that which receives the
message or information.
 Berlo
This model is essential y an
adaptation of the Shannon-
Weaver model. The model shows a
source who encodes a message
through a channel to a receiver
who decodes the message. The
source may be spoken, written,
electronic, or any other possible
“generator” of message.
 Berlo
The message is the central
element. Notice that the source
(sender) and the receiver encode
and decode a message
respectively, based on their
communication skil s, attitudes,
knowledge, social status, and
cultural orientation.
 Schramm
This model puts emphasis on
the process of encoding and
decoding a message. He sees
communication as a two-way circular
communication, as opposed to the
linear models of Shannon-Weaver and
Berlo, between the sender and the
receiver.
 Schramm
He adds the concept of
feedback which is the response of the
receiver to the message of the sender.
Schramm also includes the concept of
“field of experience” which refers to
the interlocutors’ (people who take
part in communication) beliefs, values,
experiences, and learned meanings.
 White
Eugene White focuses on the eight
stages of communication.
 thinking - a desire, feeling, or an emotion
provides a communicator or stimulus to
communicate
 White
 symbolizing - before a communicator can
utter a sound(s), s/he has to know the code
of oral language with which to represent
his/her ideas in order to make his/her
selection.
 expressing - the communicator then uses
his/her vocal mechanism to produce the
sounds of language accompanied by his/her
facial expression, gestures, and body stance
 White
 transmitting - when sound waves spread
at 1,000 ft. per second and light waves travel
at a speed of 186,000 miles per second carry
the speaker’s message to his/her listeners
 receiving - when the sound waves make
an impact upon the listener’s ears after which
the resulting nerve impulses reach the brain
via the auditory nerve; light waves strike the
listener’s eyes after which resulting nerve
impulses reach the brain via optic nerve
 White
 decoding - the communicator interprets
the language symbols s/he receives and
thinks further
 feedbacking – the communicator may
show overt behaviour like a nod, yawn or smile
or s/he may not show any behaviour at all
 White
 monitoring - when the communicator
watches signs or understanding of his/her
message among his/her listeners, s/he is also
attuned to what is going on inside him/her; the
communicator is receiving and decoding
messages about himself/herself from
his/her audience in order to adjust to the
particular situation.
 Communication is not always successful. As interlocutors
engage in oral interactions, some factors make it difficult for them
to achieve their purpose. These things that make communication
difficult are the barriers to communication.
 competition for attention
 differences in background (age, gender, education,
culture, religion)
 differences in perception
 distractions We should remember
that no one can be spared from
 lack of interest the barriers to communication.
 lack of knowledge However, an effective
 language communicator knows how to
 message complexity overcome the barriers so as to
 poor listening skil s achieve the end for which s/he
 stage hogging communicates.
 defensive listening
 QUIZ 2
A. Directions: Complete the following by supplying the missing information. Write
your answer on a separate sheet. [5pts.]
Communication follows a certain process which is compose or done by the
elements. To start the conversation, the .___[ 1 ]____ formulates the message
which wil be transmitted to the .___[ 2 ]____. The sender‘s job is to .___[ 3 ]____ or
translate his message and he has to choose the media where wil be the
conversation wil be grounded.
 After .___[ 4 ]____. the message, the receiver wil then give .___ [ 5
]____. to complete the communication process. This process wil cycle
through until the purpose of the conversation is met
B. Directions: In 3-5 sentences, answer the following questions below in a
scholarly manner. [15pts.]
 Which among the models of communication il ustrates best your beliefs
about communication? Why? Explain.
 Do interlocutors usually achieve their purpose for communication? Why or
why not? Elucidate.
 What problems do you encounter when you communicate? How wil you deal
with those problems so you can communicate better? Explain.