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    Periodicity: 3.1) Periodic Table

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    Mohammad Samimi
    The document discusses periodicity and periodic trends in chemistry. It explains that the periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing protons, with similar elements in vertical columns called groups. It also discusses trends in the periodic table such as atomic radius decreasing from left to right as effective nuclear charge increases. Ionization energy increases from left to right and down to up as it takes more energy to remove electrons. Electronegativity also increases from left to right and down to up as nuclei pull electrons more strongly.

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    Periodicity: 3.1) Periodic Table

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Samimi
    31 views5 pages
    The document discusses periodicity and periodic trends in chemistry. It explains that the periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing protons, with similar elements in vertical columns called groups. It also discusses trends in the periodic table such as atomic radius decreasing from left to right as effective nuclear charge increases. Ionization energy increases from left to right and down to up as it takes more energy to remove electrons. Electronegativity also increases from left to right and down to up as nuclei pull electrons more strongly.

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    Periodicity chemistry- IB

    Original Title

    Periodicity

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    The document discusses periodicity and periodic trends in chemistry. It explains that the periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing protons, with similar elements in vertical columns called groups. It also discusses trends in the periodic table such as atomic radius decreasing from left to right as effective nuclear charge increases. Ionization energy increases from left to right and down to up as it takes more energy to remove electrons. Electronegativity also increases from left to right and down to up as nuclei pull electrons more strongly.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views5 pages

    Periodicity: 3.1) Periodic Table

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Samimi
    The document discusses periodicity and periodic trends in chemistry. It explains that the periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing protons, with similar elements in vertical columns called groups. It also discusses trends in the periodic table such as atomic radius decreasing from left to right as effective nuclear charge increases. Ionization energy increases from left to right and down to up as it takes more energy to remove electrons. Electronegativity also increases from left to right and down to up as nuclei pull electrons more strongly.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Periodicity
    3.1) Periodic table
    in the periodic table the elements are arranged in order of
    increasing the number of protons

    elements with similar chemical and physical properties are


    arranged in a vertical columns called groups , there are 18
    groups and certain groups have their own names

    groups name

    Group number recommended name


    1 Alkali metals

    2 alkaline earth metals


    15 Pnictogens
    16 chalcogens
    17 halogens

    18 noble gas

    Untitled

    the horizontal rows of elements called period and there are 7


    periods and each period number is equal to quantum number of
    that period for example Calcium is in period 4 so has four
    energy levels.

    non metal gains electrons from a chemical reaction whereas


    metals lose electrons in a chemical reaction

    valence electron can be found from the group number for


    example elements in groups 17 has 7 valence electrons

    Periodicity 1
    3.2) Periodic trends
    electron are located in the atomic orbitals where are regions
    of space that is a high probability of finding an electron.

    we can not simply find out the atomic radius of an element,


    in terms of finding out the atomic radius of an element we
    need to find combine to non-metallic atomic chemically bonded
    together and then distance between two nuclei going to be d
    and to find out the bonding atomic radius we use formula:

    1
    d
    2
    the bonding atomic radius terms also sometimes called the
    covalent radius

    the non metallic atoms that bond together, they for a


    diatomic compound

    non-bonding atomic radius is happening when two argon gaseous


    atoms form together but not chemically combine and therefore
    they make a non-bonding atomic radius and it also called van
    der Waals' radius

    the differences between van der Waals' and covalent radius is


    shown in the picture bellow:

    Periodicity 2
    effective nuclear charge is
    equal to weak force or the
    force between protons and
    electrons and because there
    are inner electrons which
    acts as shield, therefore
    will make the nuclear
    charge less effective so
    therefore we calculate the
    actual or effective nuclear
    charge with: z-s, which S
    here is the amount of inner
    electrons

    inner electron is equal to all energy level from the ground


    state will one behind the outer shell or valence electrons.

    atomic radius

    Periodicity 3
    going from left to right the atomic radii decreases, because
    the effective nuclear charge increases. So, if the effective
    nuclear charge increases therefore the atomic radius
    decreases.

    Ionization energy: minimum amount of energy required to


    remove an electron from a gaseous atom from its ground state.

    the ionization energy increases when we go from left to


    right and decreases from up to down in the periodic table

    electron affinity: energy required to remove an electron from


    an anion.

    electron affinity increases from left to right and from


    the down to the up

    electronegativity: a property that help us to understand the


    bonds, ability to pull electron from the bonds.

    electronegativity is not a force

    the ability of nuclei to pull electrons is


    electronegativity

    electronegativity is related to the amount of protons

    the angel of water molecule is 104.5 degrees

    The type of bond for water molecules is covalent bond

    electronegativity increases from down to the up and also


    increases from left to the right

    it increases from left to the right because effective


    nuclear charge increases therefore the electronegativity
    also increases.

    Oxidation: loses electron

    Metals present oxidation reaction

    when lose electron it becomes cation

    Periodicity 4
    Oxidation reaction doesn't always involve oxygen

    Reduction: gains electron

    non-metals present reduction reaction

    when it gains electron it becomes anion

    Periodicity 5

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