TIMBER DESIGN

BASIC CODE REQUIREMENTS

DURATION OF LOAD
Values of wood and mechanical fastenings (when the wood determines the load capacity) are subjected to the following
adjustments for various duration of loading:

1. Where a member is fully stressed to the maximum allowable stress, either continuously or cumulatively, for more
than 10 years under the conditions of maximum design load, the values shall not exceed 90 percent of those in the
tables.
2. When the accumulated duration of the full maximum load during the life of the member does not exceed the period
indicated below, the values may be increased in the table as follows:
25% for seven days duration, as for roof loads
33.33% for earthquakes
33.33% for wind (for connections and fasteners)
60% for wind (members only)
100% for impact
The foregoing increases are not cumulative. For combined duration of loading the resultant structural members shall
not be smaller than the required for the longer duration of loading.
The duration of load factors in this item shall not apply to compression-perpendicular-to grain design values based on
a deformation limit, or to modulus of elasticity.
3. Values for normal loading conditions may be used without regard to impact if the stress induced by impact does not
exceed the values for normal loading.

BENDING

SIZE FACTOR ADJUSTMENT

When the depth of a rectangular sawn lumber bending member 125 mm or thicker exceeds 300
mm, the bending values, Fb, shall be multiplied by the size factor, CF, as determined by:
1
 300  9
CF   
 d 
Where CF = size factor
d = depth of beam in mm
For beams of circular cross section that have a diameter greater than 340 mm, or 300 mm or larger
square beams loaded in the plane of the diagonal, the size factor C F may be determined on the
basis of an equivalent conventionally loaded square beam of the same cross-sectional area.
Size factor adjustments are cumulative with form factor adjustments, except for lumber I-beam and
box beams, but are not cumulative with slenderness factor adjustments. The size factor adjustment
shall not apply to visually grade lumber 50mm to 100mm thick or to machine- stress- rated lumber.

2 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY

SLENDERNESS FACTOR
When the depth of a bending member exceeds its breadth, lateral support may be required and the
slenderness factor CS shall be calculated by:

L ed
CS 
b2
Where: CS = slenderness factor
Ie = effective length of beam,
d = depth of beam, mm
b = breadth of beam, mm

The effective lengths Ie in the table are based on an Lu/d ratio of 17. For other Lu/d ratios, these
effective lengths may be multiplied by a factor equal to 0.85 + 2.55/(L u/d) except that this factor
shall not apply to a single-span beam with equal end moments (I e = 1.84Lu) or to a single span or
cantilever beam with any load (Ie = 1.92Lu).

Table : Effective Length of Beams

Type of Beam Span and nature of Load Ie
Single span beam, load concentrated at
the center 1.61Lu
Single span beam, uniformly distributed
load 1.92Lu
Single span beam, equal end moments 1.84Lu
Cantilever beam, load concentrated at
unsupported end 1.69Lu
Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed
load 1.06Lu
Cantilever beam, uniformly distributed
load with concentrated load at cantilever 1.69Lu
end
Single span or cantilever beam, any other
load 1.92Lu
Lu = unsupported length of beam, mm

Unsupported Length, Lu
When the compression edge of a beam is supported throughout its length to prevent its lateral
displacement, and the ends at points of bearing have lateral supports to prevent rotation, the
unsupported length Lu may be taken as zero.

When lateral support is provided to prevent rotation at the points of end bearing but no other lateral
support is provided throughout the length of the beam, the unsupported length L u is the distance
between such points of end bearing, or the length of the cantilever.

When a beam is provided with a lateral support to prevent rotational and lateral displacement at
intermediate points as well as the ends, unsupported length L u is the distance between such points
of intermediate lateral support.
FORM FACTOR ADJUSTMENTS
(For non-prismatic members)
The allowable unit stress in bending for non-prismatic members shall not exceed the value
established by multiplying such stress by the form factor Cf determined as follows:
Beam
Section Form Factor (Cf)
Circular 1.18
Square
(with
1.414
diagonal
vertical)

   d 2  
Lumber I     143  
 
0.811   
25.4 
beams  1Cg 
and box   d 2 
   
beams
   25.4   88  
 
Where:
 
Cg  p2 6  8p  3p2 1  q  q
Cf = form factor
Cg = support factor
p = ratio of depth of compression flange to full depth of beam
q = ratio of thickness of web or webs to the full width of beam

The form factor adjustment shall be cumulative with the size factor adjustment, except for lumber I
beam and Box Beams.

FLEXURAL STRESS

When Cs < 10
The full allowable unit stress in bending Fb may be used.

When 10<Cs < Ck

 1C 
4

F' b  Fb 1   s  
 3  Ck  
 

When Ck<Cs < 50

0.438E
F' b 
C s 2
In no case shall Cs exceed 50.

Where: Ck = 0.811√E/Fb

4 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY

 E = modulus of elasticity
Fb = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending
F’b = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending, adjusted for slenderness.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ADJUSTMENT
The uses of average modulus of elasticity are appropriate for the design of normal wood structural
members and assemblies. In special applications where deflections are critical to the stability of
structures or structural components, and where exposed to varying temperature and relative
humidity under sustained loading conditions, the average values of the modulus of elasticity E
listed in the table shall be reduced to account for variability. Coefficients of variation C v in the
modulus of elasticity E for lumber as follows:
Visually graded sawn lumber,
Cv = 0.25
Machine stress-rated sawn lumber, Cv = 0.11
The average modulus of elasticity E values listed in the Table shall be multiplied by 1 – Cv, or
1 – 1.65 Cv to obtain a modulus of elasticity E value exceeded by 84 percent or 95 percent
individual pieces, respectively.

HORIZONTAL SHEAR

The maximum horizontal shear stress in a solid-sawn wood shall not exceed:
3 V 
Fv   
2  bd 

The actual unit shear fv shall not exceed the allowable for the species and the grade as given in
table adjusted for duration of loading.

When calculating the shear force, V, distribution of load to adjacent parallel beams by flooring or
other members may be considered, and all loads within a distance from either support equal to the
depth of the beam may be neglected for beams support by full bearing on one surface and loads
applied to the opposite surface.

HORIZONTAL SHEAR IN NOTCHED BEAMS

When rectangular-shaped girder, beams or joists are notched at points of support on the tension
side, they shall meet the design requirements of that section in bending and in shear. The
horizontal shear stress at such point shall not exceed:

3  V  d 
Fv 
2  bd   d' 

Where: d = total depth of beam

d’ = actual depth of beam at the notch

COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN

In application where deformation is critical, shall be used to calculate the compression-
perpendicular-to-grain design values.

F ' C   0.73FC 
Where: FC  - compression-perpendicular-to-grain values from Table.
F' C  - critical compression perpendicular-to-grain value.
For bearing of less than 150 mm in length and not nearer than 75 mm to the end of a member, the
maximum allowable load per square mm may be obtained by multiplying the allowable unit stresses
in compression perpendicular to grain by the factor given by:
l b  9.5
Cb 
lb
where Ib is the length of bearing in mm measured along the grain of the wood.

The multiplying factors for indicated length of bearing on such small areas as plates and washers
may be:

Length
150
of
13 25 38 50 75 100 or
bearing
more
(mm)
Factor 1.75 1.38 1.25 1.2 1.13 1.1 1.00

In using the preceding equation and table for round washers or bearing areas, use a length equal
to the diameter.

6 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY

 COLUMN DESIGN

COLUMN CLASSIFICATIONS

Simple Solid-Wood columns

Simple column consist of a single piece or of pieces properly glued together to form a single
member.

Spaced column, Connector Joined

Spaced columns are formed of two or more individual members with their longitudinal axes
parallel, separated at the ends and middle points of their length by blocking and joined at the
ends by timber connectors capable of developing the required shear resistance.

Built-up Columns
Built-up columns, other than connector-joined spaced columns and glued-laminated columns,
shall not be designed as solid columns.

LIMITATION ON L/d RATIO

For simple solid columns, l/d shall not exceed 50.

Simple Solid- Column Design

The effective column length, l e shall be used in design Equations given in this section. The
effective column length, le shall be determined in accordance with good engineering practice.
Actual column length, l, may be multiplied the factors given determine effective column length, i.e
(le = ke l)
 Buckled shape of column

is shown by dashed line

Design buckling factor, Ka

when ideal conditions 0.65 0.8 1.2 1 2.1 2.4

approximated
Rotation fixed and translation fixed
Rotation free and translation fixed
end conditions code
Rotation fixed and translation free
Rotation free and translation free

N
Allowable unit stresses in of cross sectional area of square or rectangular simple solid
mm 2
columns shall be determined by the following formulas, but such unit stresses shall not exceed
values for compression, parallel to grain F c in table adjusted in accordance with provision of this
section.

Short column (le/d<11)

F’c = Fc

Intermediate column (11< le/d<K)

 1  L / d 4  E
F' c  Fc 1   e   K  0.671
 3  K   Fc
Long column (le/d>K)
0.30E
F' c  2
L e 
 d
 

COMBINED FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOAD

FLEXURE AND AXIAL TENSION

Members subjected to both flexure and axial tension shall be so proportioned that:

8 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY

ft f
 b  1.0
Ft Fb

ft = actual unit stress in tension parallel to grain

fb = actual unit stress for extreme fiber in bending

FLEXURE AND AXIAL COMPRESSION

Members subjected to both flexure and axial compression shall be proportioned that

fc f bx
  1.0
F' c Fbx  Jf c

Le
 11
E
J d K  0.671
K  11 Fc

Where: 0< J< 1.0

COMPRESSION AT AN ANGLE TO GRAIN

The allowable unit stress in compression at an angle of load to grain between 0 to 90 shall be
computed from the Hankinson’s Equation as follows:

Fc Fc 
Fn 
Fc sin 2   Fc  cos 2 
Fc shall be adjusted for duration of load before use in Hankinson’s Formula. Values of F n and Fc 
are not subjected to duration of load modifications.
 TIMBER CONNECTORS AND FASTENERS
Timber connectors and fasteners may be used to transmit forces between wood members and
between wood and metal members. The allowable loads and installation of timber connectors and
fasteners shall be in accordance with the tables as provided at the last part of the notes.

BOLTS
Safe loads in kN for bolts in shear in seasoned lumber shall not exceed the allowable values .

Allowable shear values used to connect a wood to concrete or masonry are permitted to be
determined as one half the tabulated double shear values for a wood member twice the thickness
of the member attached to the concrete or masonry.

The loads given in Table are for a joint consisting of three members as shown in Figure (a). The
bolts are in double shear. The length of the bolt l is the thickness of the main member.

(a) The loads given in Table applies directly when the side members of wood are each one-half the
main (enclosed) member.
L/2

L (a)

L/2
(b) If the side members are more than one-half the main (enclosed) member, increase in the
tabulated loads for main member is permitted.

10 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY

(c) When the side members are less than one-half the thickness of the main member, the tabulated
loads indicated for main member that is twice the thickness of the thinnest side member used shall
apply. For example, with 75 mm side members and 200-mm main member, the tabulated loads for
150 mm main member shall apply.

(c)

(d) When the joint consist of two members of equal thickness (the bolt being in single shear), 0ne-
half of the tabulated load for a piece twice the thickness of one of the members shall apply. For
example, with 75-mm members, one-half the tabulated value for a 150 mm main member shall
apply.

(d)

(e) When members of a two-member joint are of unequal thickness, one half the tabulated load for
a piece twice the thickness of the thinner member shall apply. For example, with 100-mm and 150-
mm members, one-half the tabulated value for a 200 mm main member shall apply.

(e)

(f) The direction of the bolt pressure on the grain of the wood must be taken into consideration. If
Figure (f), the bolt pressure is parallel to the grain in the inclined member, but in the horizontal
member the load is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the grain. To find the allowable bolt load on
the horizontal member, we use the Hankinson’s Formula . See Situation 1.
P

(f)

SITUATION 1 (CE November 2002)

As shown in the figure (f), a secondary member inclined at an angle θ = 30° is compose of two
plates each 250 mm wide and 50 mm thick. The secondary member is joined by bolts to the 100-
mm thick main member. It can be assumed that the bolt capacity is the critical parameter. The load
P = 44 kN. The timber is 80% stress grade Apitong (Species group III). The allowable loads on the
bolt (double shear) are given. The 2001 National Structural Code of the Philippines provides that
the allowable load on the bolt in a connection at an angle of load θ to the grain between θ to 90
shall be computed from the Hankinson Formula
FcFc 
Fn 
Fc sin2   Fc  cos2 
Where P is the allowable load parallel to the grain and Fc  is the allowable load perpendicular to
the grain.

Problem 1. Which of the following most nearly gives the minimum required capacity of one bolt?
A. 7.33 kN C. 8.20 kN
B. 4.87 kN D. 6.15 kN

Problem 2. If a failure will occur in the secondary member, which of the following most nearly gives
the minimum diameter of the bolts?
A. 22 mm C. 16 mm
B. 13 mm D. 20 mm

Problem 3. If failure will occur in the main member, which of the following most nearly gives the
minimum diameter of the bolts.
A. 20 mm C. 22 mm
B. 16 mm D. 13 mm

Solution
P = 44 kN
Two 50-mm

Secondary
Member
Direction θ = 30°
of Grain

Main
Direction Member
of Grain

One 100-mm thk

 Load in each bolt:
(Parallel to grain) = 44/6 = 7.33 kN

Minimum required capacity of one bolt = 7.33 kN

 For failure in the secondary member:

Length of bolt in member,
use 50 x 2 = 100 mm
From the Table , the minimum diameter is 16 mm

 For failure in the main member:

Length of bolt in member = 100 mm

12 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY

 Load in each bolt at an angle
to grain = 44/6 = 7.33 kN
Angle to the grain, θ = 30°
FcFc 
Fn 
Fc sin   Fc  cos2 
2

FcFc 
Fn   7.33
Fc sin2   Fc  cos2 
From Table :
Try 13-mm bolt with P = 5.58 and Q = 4.07

FN = 5.58 x 4.07
2 2
5.58 sin 30° + 4.07 cos 30°

FN = 5.106 kN < 7.33 kN (not ok)

Try 16-mm bolt with P = 8.47 and Q = 5.41

FN = 8.47 x 5.41
2 2
8.47 sin 30° + 5.41 cos 30°
FN = 7.42 kN > 7.33 kN (ok)

Minimum diameter = 16 mm

Situation 2
Two timber members, each 400-mm wide and 75 mm thick are joined together using 25-mm
diameter bolts as shown in Figure 7. The diameter of the bolt holes is 2 mm larger than the
diameter of the bolts. The timber is 80% stress grade yakal. The allowable stress for structural
timber of Philippine woods are given. The allowable loads on one bolt (double shear) are given in
the Table. No adjustment is required for load duration, moisture, and temperature or group action.
2
Problem 4. Which of the following most nearly gives the net area of the timber member in mm ?
A. 24,000 C. 46,900
B. 18,500 D. 37,400

Problem 5. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum load such that the allowable
tensile stress of the member is not exceeded?
A. 690 kN C. 586 kN
B. 412 kN D. 375 kN

Problem 6. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum loads such that the allowable
load on the bolts is not exceeded?
A. 284 kN C. 155 kN
B. 67 kN D. 390 kN
 P P

P P
Direction
of Grain

Solutions:

Hole, 27mm

P 400 P

t = 75 mm

Net area = Net width x Thickness

Net area = (400 – 27 x 3)(75)
2
Net area = 23,925mm

P = allowable tension parallel to grain x Net area

From Table : Allowable tension parallel to grain = 24.5 MPa

P = 24.5 (23,925)

P = 586,163 N = 586.163 kN

(Yakal belongs to Species Group I)

Bolt diameter = 25 mm

This is a two member joint (single shear) of equal thickness. For this condition, one-half the
tabulated load for a piece twice the thickness of one of the members shall apply.

Length of Bolt = 2 x 75 = 150 mm

From Table : Allowable tension parallel to grain = ½ (34.6) = 17.3

P = 17.3 x 9 = 155.7 kN

Situation 3: (CE November 2003)

A simply supported timber beam has a span of 6m long and carries a uniformly distributed load of
25 kN/m over its entire span. This load already includes an allowance for beam weight. The timber
is 80% stress grade Apitong. The allowable deflection is 1/240 of the span. The properties of
Philippine woods are given in Table.

14 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY

Problem 7: Which of the following gives the smallest dimension of the beam such that the allowable
shear stress is not exceeded?
A. 220 mm x 440 mm C. 250 mm x 500mm
B. 150 mm x 300 mm D. 200 mm x 400 mm
Problem 8: Which of the following gives the smallest dimension of the beam such that the allowable
bending stress is not exceeded?
A. 220 mm x 440 mm C. 250 mm x 500mm
B. 150 mm x 300 mm D. 200 mm x 400 mm
Problem 9: Which of the following gives the smallest dimension of the beam such that the allowable
deflection is not exceeded?
A. 220 mm x 440 mm C. 250 mm x 500mm
B. 150 mm x 300 mm D. 200 mm x 400 m
Solutions: w = 25 kN/m

From Table :
3
E = 7.31 x 10 MPa
Fb = 16.5 MPa d
Fv = 1.73 MPa

Shear, v = R = wL = 25(6) = 75 kN
2 2
L = 6m b
fv = 3V < Fv
2bd

Choice B: 150 mm x 300 mm

fv = 3(75,000) = 2.5 MPa > Fv (not adequate)

2(150)(300)
Choice D: 200 mm x 400 mm

fv = 3(375,000) = 1.406 MPa < Fv (ok)

2(200)(400)
2 2
Mmax = wL = 25(6) = 112.5 kN-m
8 8
fb = 6M < F’b
2
bd
Note: F’b < Fb depending on the dimension of the beam.

Choice B: 150 mm x 300 mm

6
fb = 6(112.5 x 10 ) = 50 MPa
2
150(300)
Since Fb = 16.5 MPa and F’b is even less than 16.5, the section is inadequate.

Choice D: 200 mm x 400 mm

6
fb = 6(112.5 x 10 ) = 21.09 MPa
2
200(400)
Since Fb = 16.5 MPa and F’b is even less than 16.5, the section is inadequate.
Choice A: 220 mm x 440 mm
6
fb = 6(112.5 x 10 ) = 15.848 MPa
2
220(440)
Solve for F’b according to the code:

Cs = √le d
2
b
This is a single-span beam with equal end moments:
le = 1.84 lu = 1.84(6000) = 11,040

Cs = √11,040(440) = 10 < 10
2
220
Thus F’b = Fb = 16.5 MPa > fb (ok)
4 4 4
(δ = 5wL ) 6000 = 5(25)(6) (1000) ; I = 2,308,481,532 mm4 (required)
3
384EI 240 384(7.31 x 10 )I
3
Choice B: I = 150(300) /12 =337,500,000< 2,308,481,532
3
Choice D: I = 200(400) /12 =1,066,666,667<2,308,481,532
3
Choice A: I = 220(440) /12 = 1,561,706,667<2,308,481,532
3
Choice C: I = 250(500) /12 = 2,604,166,667>2,308,481,532 (ok)

Situation 4: (CE May 2003)

A square timber column with dimension B = 150 millimeters has height of 3.60 meters. The column
is fixed at both ends (effective length factor = 0.67). The timber is 80% stress grade Apitong. The
properties of structural timber of Philippine woods are given in Table . The provisions of the 2001
National Structural Code of the Philippines relevant to this problem is as follows:

The effective length Le shall be used in design formulas given in this section. Actual length shall be
multiplied by the appropriate effective length factor to determine the effective length Le.
Allowable unit stresses of cross-sectional area of square or rectangular solid columns shall be
determined by the following formulas, but such unit stresses shall not exceed the values for
compression parallel to the grain Fc.

Short columns (Le/d of 11 or less):

F’c = Fc

Intermediate columns (Le/d greater than 11 but less than K):

4
F’c = Fc[1-1/3(Le/d/K) ] ; where K = 0.671√E/Fc

Long columns (Le/d of K or greater but less than 50):

2
F’c = 0.30E/(Le/d) Le/D shall not exceed 50.

Problem 10: Which of the following gives the classification of this column?
A. Long C. Intermediate
B. Short D. Not allowed by 2001 NSCP

16 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY

Problem 11: Which of the following most nearly gives the allowable compressive stress, in MPa?
A. 8.19 C. 6.46
B. 7.76 D. 9.22

Problem 12: Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum compressive load, in kN?
A. 265 C. 438
B. 382 D. 175

Solutions:

Classification of column: Lu = 3.6 m = 3,600 mm

Le = Ke Lu = 0.67 (3600)
Le = 2,412mm
d = 150 mm

K = 0.671 √E/Fc
3
Given: E = 7.31 x 10 MPa
Fc = 9.56 MPa
3
K = 0.671√ 7.31 x 10 = 18.55
9.56
Le = 2,412
d 150
Le = 16.08 (greater than 11 but less than K)
d
The column is an INTERMEDIATE COLUMN

Allowable Compressive Stress:

4 4
F’c = Fc[1-1/3(Le/D/K) ] = 9.56[1-1/3(16.08/18.55) ]

F’c = 7.76 MPa

Maximum compressive load:

P = F’c A = 7.76(150) = 174,600N

P = 174.6 kN

Situation 5: (CE November 2001)

Stated in the code that the following are true for simple timber solid-column design:

Allowable unit stress in N per square mm of cross-sectional area of square or rectangular simple
solid columns shall be determined by the following formulas, but such unit stress shall not exceed
values for compression, parallel to grain Fc in Table.

Short column (le/d<11)

F’c = Fc
Intermediate column (11< le/d<K)
 1  L / d 4  E
F' c  Fc 1   e   K  0.671
 3  K   Fc

Long column (le/d>K)

0.30E
F' c  2
L e 
 d
 
Where:
Fc = allowable unit stress in compression parallel to grain, MPa
F’c = allowable unit stress in compression parallel to grin adjusted for Ie/d ratio where d is the least
dimension, MPa
E = modulus of elasticity, MPa
Ie = effective span length = Ke L

A 140 mm x 140 mm Apitong 3m long is used as a column. The column is hinged at both
ends with Ke = 1.0. The properties of Philippine woods at 80% stress grade are given in table.

Problem 13: Which of the following gives the classification of the column?
A. long column C. short column
B. intermediate column D. not approved by the code

Problem 14: Which of the following most nearly gives the value of the allowable unit stress in
compression parallel to grain adjusted for Ie/d ratio, in MPa?
A. 5.64 C. 3.21
B. 7.54 D. 4.78

Problem 15: Which of the following most nearly gives the axial load capacity of the column in kN?
A. 76.5 C. 93.6
B. 103.2 D. 83.3

Solutions:

le = Ke L = 1(3) = 3 m = 3000 mm
le = 3000 = 21.43
d 140
Fc = 9.56 MPa (from Table)
E = 7.31 (1000) = 7310 MPa (From Table)
K = 0.671 √E = 0.671 √7.31(1000) = 18.55

Since le/d > K, the column is a Long Column

F’c = 0.30E = 0.30(7310) = 4.775 MPa (Allowable Unit Stress)

2 2
(le / d) (21.43)

P = F’c A = 4.775(140 x 140) = 93,595 N = 93.595 kN (Axial Load Capacity)

Situation 6:

18 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY

A laminated beam is composed of three planks, each 150 mm by 60 mm, glued together to form a
section 150 mm wide by 180 mm high. The allowable shear stress in the glue is 0.6 MPa, the
allowable shear stress in the wood is 0.9 MPa, and the allowable flexural stress in the wood is
8MPa. Span length is 2m, simple span.

Problem 16: Which of the following most nearly give the uniformly distributed load the beam can
carry without exceeding the allowable flexural stress, in kN/m?
A. 10.58 C. 16.2
B. 12.15 D. 12.96

Problem 17: Which of the following most nearly give the uniformly distributed load the beam can
carry without exceeding the allowable shearing stress in wood, in kN/m?
A. 12.15 C. 12.96
B. 16.2 D. 16.2

Problem 18: Which of the following most nearly give the uniformly distributed load the beam can
carry without exceeding the allowable shearing stress in glue, in kN/m?
A. 12.15 C. 16.2
B. 10.58 D. 12.96

Solutions:

Flexure: Fb = 8 MPa 150 mm

C
Fb = 6M
2
bd
60 mm
8= 6M
2
150(180) B

M = 6.48 x 10 Nmm
6 180 mm 60 mm A NA
M = 6.48 kNm
2
M = wL /8 60 mm
2
6.48 = w(2) /8

w = 12.96 kN/m

Shear in wood: Fv = 0.9 MPa

Fv = 3V/2bd ; 0.9 = 3V/2(150)(180) ; V = 16200 N = 16.2 kN

V = R = wL/2 ; w(2)/2 = 16.2 ;

w = 16.2 kN/m

Shear in glue: Fv = 0.6 MPa

3 6 4
Fv = VQ/It ; I = 150(180) /12 = 72.9 x 10 mm

t = 150 mm
3
Q = Ay = 150(60)[30 + ½ (60)] = 540000 mm
6
0.6 = V(540000)/72.9 x 10 (150) ; V = 12150 N = 12.15 kN

V = R = wL/2 ; w(2)/2 = 12.15 ;

w = 12.15kN/m

20 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY

22 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY
24 COMMITMENT HARD WORK INTEGRITY