TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

BY

IDRIS AHMED SARDAUNA

(16/05/03/131)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI, MAIDUGURI, BORNO STATE

AT

PHYSICAL PLANNING DIRECTORATE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC,

MUBI ADAMAWA STATE.

NOVEMBER 2020.

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 DEDCATION

I would happily dedicate this report to the almighty Allah, who has been my

ultimate source of wisdom, Strength and guidance, good health and sustenance for

visually perceiving me through and for the prosperous completion of my SIWES

program in one piece. Would additionally want to dedicate this report to my

parents late BABA SARDAUNA and HAJIYA HAUWA, my elder brother

IBRAHIM, ACC BELLO THE POWERFULL P.A my respect colleagues

(YUSUF, MMD, ZIYA’U And YAYA BABBA SHAFI’U) and my best friend

who is always remembered AUWAL AHMED (MY MAN) Lastly my late

colleagues ABDULWAHAB USMAN AND ISMAIL GARBA GAIDAM who

provide for me, and to my sublime site engineer Engr. SANUSI, Engr. ABAKAR

And ARC BOBBO.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There is no compendium text of this nature that starts on its own without

standing upon the existing body of knowledge that is already available. The writing

of this report was made possible as a result of encouragement from different

experts.

First my gratitude for this effort goes to Almighty Allah and to those who

contributed for the success this technical report (SIWES).

I also which to acknowledge my colleagues, friends for their consisting

support in the course of writing this technical report. My profound gratitude also

goes to my beloved parent late ALHJI AHMADU SARDAUNA AND HAJIYA

SALTI, thank you for your support. I render my appreciation to my industrial

based supervisor in person of ENGR. SANUSI GARBA AND ENGINEER

ABUBAKAR for their intellectual guide and advice. And also express my regard

to architect BOBBO and all staff of physical planning directorate federal

polytechnic Mubi.

My deepest gratitude goes to the H.O. D of civil and water resources

Engineering department ENGR. DR ALFRED NDAHI JONES and the entire staff

of our great department. Finally, I will not forget my SIWES coordinator ENGR.

NURA ALKALI for the concern he shows to me.

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 ABSTRACT

This report is based on the experience gain during six (6) months

attachment, which covers all the experience gain. The write up

comprises the various aspects in civil engineering works acquired at the

physical planning of federal polytechnic Mubi during my SIWES. We

covered some aspect like site clearance, setting out, excavation of

foundation trench, block work, column, ground beams, staircase, slab

etc.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication…………………………………………………………………………2
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………3
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….4
Table of content……………………………………………………………………5
CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………7
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………7
1.1. SIWES………………………………………………………………………7
1.2. Objective of SIWES………………………………………………………...9
1.3. Relevance of SIWES to civil and water resources Engineering student…...10
1.4. Brief history of organization……………………………………………….12
1.5. Chart of the organization ………………………………………………….13
CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………...………...14
1.6. Pre-construction phase…………………………………………………….14
1.7. Site clearance……………………………………………………………….14
1.8. Setting out.…………………………………………………………………15
1.9. Method of setting out………………………………………………………17
1.10. Excavation …………………………………………………………………18
CHAPTER THREE……….…………………………………………………….19
SUBSTRUCTURE………….…………………………………………………….19
1.11. Introduction (substructure)…...…………………………………………….19
3.1.0 Blinding ……………………………………………………………………19
3.2.1 Foundation…………………………………………………………………21
3.2.2 Types of foundation and their uses……………………………………...…22
3.3.0 Mounting of reinforcement basket and columns to foundation …………...25
3.4.1 Column base starter (foundation footing) …………………………………25
3.4.2 Casting of foundation trench ………………………………………………27
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3.4.3 Laying of block work to D.P.C……………………………………………27
3.4.4 Ground beam………………………………………………………………28
3.5.1 Laterite…………………………………………………………………….29
3.5.2 Hardcore ………………………………………………………………….29
3.5.3 Casting of D.P.C ………………………………………………………….30
3.5.4 Backfilling ………………………………………………………………...31
3.6.0 Columns ………………………………………………………………….32
CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………………...33
4.0 MANSORY WORK…………………………………………………………33
4.1 Block laying ……………………………………………..……………….35
4.2 Lintels …………………………………………………………………….35
4.2.1 Types of lintels …………………………………………………………...36
4.2.2 Concrete of lintels…………………………………………………………37
4.3 Beam slab ……………………………………………………………………38
4.3.1 Concrete slab ……………………………………………………………..39
4.4 Stairs ……………………………………………………………………...44
4.4.1 Types of stairs …………………………………………………………….45
4.5 Super structure ……………………………………………………………47
4.5.1 Types of super structure ……………………………………………….….47
4.6 Formwork …………………………………………………………………48
4.6.1 Formwork types (by shape) ………………………………………………..49
4.7 Finishing ……………………………………………………………….….51
CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………………………...52
5.0 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………...52
5.1 CONCLUTION……………………………………………………………...52
5.2 RECOMMENDATION …………………………………………………….53
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………....55
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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 SIWES

SIWES was established by ITF in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of

adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian

graduates of tertiary institutions.

The Scheme exposes students to industry-based skills necessary for a

smooth transition from the classroom to the world of work. It affords students of

tertiary institutions the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the needed

experience in handling machinery and equipment which are usually not available

in the educational institutions.

Participation in Industrial Training is a well-known educational strategy.

Classroom studies are integrated with learning through hands-on work experiences

in a field related to the student’s academic major and career goals. Successful

internships foster an experiential learning process that not only promotes career

preparation but provides opportunities for learners to develop skills necessary to

become leaders in their chosen professions.

One of the primary goals of the SIWES is to help students integrate leadership

development into the experiential learning process. Students are expected to learn

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and develop basic non-profit leadership skills through a mentoring relationship

with innovative non-profit leaders.

By integrating leadership development activities into the Industrial Training

experience, we hope to encourage students to actively engage in non-profit 2

management as a professional career objective. However, the effectiveness of the

SIWES experience will have varying outcomes based upon the individual student,

the work assignment, and the supervisor/mentor requirements. It is vital that each

internship position description includes specific, written learning objectives to

ensure leadership skill development is incorporated. Participation in SIWES has

become a necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree

certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in the

country, in accordance with the education policy of government.

Operators - The ITF, the coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE, NBTE), employers

of labor and the institutions.

Funding - The Federal Government of Nigeria

Beneficiaries - Undergraduate students of the following: Agriculture, Engineering,

Technology, Environmental, Science, Education, Medical Science and Pure and

Applied Sciences.

Duration - Four months for Polytechnics and Colleges of Education, and Six

months for the Universities

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1.1 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The following are some of the objectives of SIWES:

1. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to test their interest in a particular

career before permanent commitments are made.

2. SIWES students will develop skills in the application of theory to practical work

situations.

3. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to test their aptitude for a

particular career before permanent commitments are made.

4. SIWES students will develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their

careers.

5. SIWES will aid students in adjusting from college to full-time employment.

6. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive to

effective interpersonal relationships.

7. SIWES will increase a student's sense of responsibility.

8. SIWES students will be prepared to enter into full-time employment in their area

of specialization upon graduation.

9. SIWES students will acquire good work habits.

10. SIWES students will develop employment records/references that will enhance

employment opportunities.

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11. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to understand informal

organizational interrelationships.

12. SIWES will reduce student dropouts.

13. SIWES Students will be able to outline at least five specific goals with several

staff members by comparing performance with job duties and develop a draft plan

with staff to accomplish performance needs, supervision plan and rewards.

14. SIWES Students will be able to develop a draft agency or project budget and

will be able to identify methods of obtaining revenue to support the budget.

15. SIWES Students will be able to provide tools to use in prioritizing tasks of an

assigned project and create with staff a tentative schedule for completion based on

these tasks.

16. SIWES Students will be able to develop a model policy that gives current

front-line leaders the permission and expectation to work with other staff on

conflict resolution and explain how this works to current front-line leaders.

17. SIWES Students will be able to describe different skills leaders can use to

Foster commitment and collaboration with both internal and external constituents.

1.2 RELEVANCE OF SIWES TO CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCES

ENGINEERING STUDENTS

SIWES is relevant to civil and water resources engineering students in many

areas, but a few of these areas are touched by this report.

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1. Civil engineering students acquire more ideas and experience about their chosen

field.

2. Practical sight what has been taught in theory helps to see them in the real form.

3. Broad ideas, mind and intelligence are gotten by students with regards to the

opportunity offering them during and after their study.

4. It offers them the opportunity of getting closer to senior colleagues in their fields

that are doing well, this has the tendencies of spurring their determination and

commitment to their chosen career.

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1.3 BRIEF HISTORY OF PHYSICAL PLANING DIRECTORATE

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC MUBI ADAMAWA STATE

The physical planning directorate of the federal polytechnic Mubi Adamawa State

was established in the year 2009 with sole Aim of planning design, construction

and supervision of new projects in the polytechnic be it in contract or direct labour.

And also, procurement and preparation of tender documents.

The physical planning directorate current has 21 staff as follows:

1. Architects – 4

2. Civil engineers – 2

3. Builder- 1

4. Town planners – 3

5. Quantity surveyor – 1

6. Craft men – 3

7. Admin staff – 7

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 1.4. CHART OF THE ORGANISATION

Director Architect

Architects Town planner Engineers Admin

Chief Assistance Chief campus Principal

Architects Chief Tech. planner Executive
Principal Officer
Tech. Civil Building Engineer
Engineer higher
officer Principal
Senior Confidential
town Principal
Senior Tech. Assistance
secretary
Architect Chief Building
Principal Engineer Engineer Clark
Senior Tech.
Principal Tech. Foremen
Tech. officer I Lab. attendance
officer II officer I

Higher Tech. officer Senior Tech.

Officer

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Pre-construction phase, it’s a phase in which it comprises of activities been

carried out before construction. Such activities are;

 Site clearance

 Setting out

 Excavation

2.1 SITE CLEARANCE

This is the first task of site preparation. The site should be in a cleared and

graded condition. It involves the removal of trees, demolishing buildings,

removing any and all old underground infrastructure, and any other obstacles that

might affect the construction process in the future or hinder the project to be done.

The main purpose of site clearance is to remove existing buildings, waste,

and vegetation and, most importantly, the surface layer of soil referred to topsoil.

The topsoil also contains various chemicals that encourage plant growth, which

may adversely affect some structure over time. Top/vegetable soil excavation;

topsoil, trees and shrubs that are not necessary were removed from the construction

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area, and this exercise was carried out by the used of manually (cutlass, hoe,

mattock, rake etc.) in order to achieve firm subsoil that is strong enough to support

the over site concrete and withstand the building. After site clearance, there are

certain factors to be considered. Factors like: Store, Conveniences (toilets),

Refreshments (availability of food and drinks), bore hole etc.

2.2 SETTING OUT

Setting Out- begins in a plan and ends up with some particular project

correctly positioned on the area. It is important to realize that setting out is simply

an application of surveying.

Definition: - Setting out is the establishment of marks and lines to determine the

position and level of the elements for construction project so that works may

proceed with reference to them.

Aims of Setting Out

The new structure must be correct in all three dimensions both relatively and

absolutely.

I) That is at correct level, size, plan and position.

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II) Once setting out begins it must proceed swiftly with little delay so that costs

can be minimized.

Important Considerations in Setting Out.

1. Recording and filling information, booking etc. for easy accuracy.

2. Care of instruments; check instruments before work commences and at regular

intervals.

3. Maintaining accuracy, design points must be set from the control network and

from other points to avoid cumulative errors.

4. Regular site inspections, to detect missing pegs i.e. a peg may be

disturbed or replaced without the surveyor being informed, control should

permanently and clearly mark and protected.

5. Error detection-apply independent checks.

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2.3 METHODS OF SETTING OUT OF BUILDINGS

A. 3-4-5 method

B. Builders square method

C. Theodolite method

A. 3-4-5 METHOD

Using the 3-4-5 rule. Understand the 3-4-5 method. If a triangle has sides

measuring 3, 4, and 5 feet’s (or any other units), it must be a right-angle triangle

with a 90° angle between the short side. If you can “find” this triangle in your

corner, you know the corner is a square. Pegs, line and profile board are used.

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2.4 Excavation: Excavation was carried out manually. Adequate precautions are

taken to see that the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining structures.

Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and dressing of

excavation bottom.

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 CHAPTER THREE

SUB-STRUCTURES AND SUPER-STRUCTURES

3.0 INTRODUCTION (Substructure)

A substructure is an underlying or supporting structure to superstructure. It

is below ground level. Foundation is part of substructure. Substructure is the lower

portion of the building which transmits the dead load, life loads and other loads to

the underneath sub soil. Apart from foundation, we have substructures like:

 Blinding concrete

 Foundation footings

 Masonry work

 Short-column of foundation etc.

3.1 BLINDING

Blinding concrete is a layer of (usually) lower grade, possibly unreinforced

concrete placed on the ground. It serves to isolate the structure and provide or users

above it from the soil below, and also to provide a stable potentially flat surface

above which to launch the construction of a structure.

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FIG 1.0 Blinding detail

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3.2 FOUNDATION

Foundation is the most essential part of the structure which transmits the

load acting on the structure and the self-weight of the structure, safely to the

ground/subsoil.

The functional requirement of foundation is- strength and stability

Strength: -The foundation should be strong enough to bear the combined dead,

imposed and wind loads.

Stability: The foundation should transmit all loads without causing any

movements in the soil, which will compromise the stability of the structure. It

should provide a level base for the superstructure.

Soils have bearing capacities; a more appropriate term will be ‘safe bearing

capacity (SBC)’. The area of the foundation should be sufficiently large enough, so

that the pressure on the ground does not exceed the SBC. Swelling and shrinking in

the soil causes ground movement which affect the stability of the building. So, they

need to be considered.

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3.2.1 TYPES OF FOUNDATION AND THEIR USES

Following are different types of foundation used in construction:

1. Shallow foundation

a) Individual footing or isolated footing:

Individual footing or an isolated footing is the most common type of

foundation used for building construction. This foundation is constructed for single

column and also called as pad foundation.

The shape of individual footing is square or rectangle and is used when loads from

structure is carried by the column. Size is calculated based on the load on the

column and safe bearing capacity of the soil.

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 FIG 2.0 Plan and sectional view of an isolated footing

b) Combined footing

Combined footing is constructed when two or more columns are close

enough and their isolated footing overlap each other. It is a combination of isolated

footing, but their structural design differs

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the shape of this footing is rectangular or trapezoidal and is used when loads from

structure is carried by the columns.

N.B sometimes two or more footings may be combined because the adjacent

footing might be closer where formwork or shuttering is not possible at fore the

given procedure like in fig.3.0

FIG 3.0 PLAN AND SECTIONAL VIEW OF COMBINED FOOTING

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c) Strip foundation

Strip foundation consists of a continuous longitudinal strip of concrete or

masonry, which provide a firm and level base on which the walls can built. They

are more common in load-bearing structures.

The width of the foundation depends on the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

The thickness of the foundation depends on the strength of the foundation material.

A general rule is that the projection of the concrete strip each side of the wall

should be not greater than the thickness of the concrete. Strip foundation are

suitable for continuous loads. The building load is evenly distributed along the

length of the foundation.

3.3 MOUNTING OF REINFORCEMENT BASKET AND COLUMNS TO

FOUNDATION

This stage requires preparation of the reinforcement to meet up with the

design detailing. Once the reinforcement basket and columns has being prepared to

detailing, make sure during placement of the basket to the column base the surface

area is free from red mud. You can as well use water to flush away any sand to

keep the surface clean.

3.4 COLUMN BASE STARTER (FOUNDATION FOOTING)

Foundation is the base for any structure, without a firm foundation the

structure cannot stand, because the strength of the foundation determines the life

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span of the structure Design of foundation depends on the type of the soil, the type

of the structure and its load, because the entire structure is resting on the

foundation.

Therefore, the column base starters consist of 6Y160 -200c/cB as the main bar

and 7Y1602-200C/CT as the distribution bars, 4Y1603 as main column starter bars

and 18R1004.20C/C as the stirrup. Column base serve as the lower end of column

which enlarge with the projecting starter bars so as to distribute load. The

foundation footing will be design to sustain the applied load moment and forced.

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 The casting of column base is the second stage after the mounting of the

reinforcement basket and columns to their respective position. This process

involves the mixing of sand, cement, gravel and water. Care must be talking to

ensure that there is adequate provision for cover to bottom and sides of

reinforcement before placement of the mixed concrete to position. During

placement ensure not to pour the mix concrete from a high distance to avoid

separation of materials which can lead to poor concrete strength.

3.4.1 CASTING OF FOUNDATION TRENCH

Once the column base casting has being completed it is time to cast the

whole foundation trench. The thickness of concrete required for the foundation

trench depends on the nature of structure for the design house plan. The foundation

trench is those excavated areas below ground level connecting the column base.

These areas need to be concrete to a particular thickness depending on the nature

of the house plan structure in other to avoid time. Proper care should be taken to

ensure that the proper mix ratio from the structural design details of concrete the

concrete should be placed at a level closer to the foundation trench to avoid of

coarse aggregates.

3.4.2 LAYING OF BLOCK WORK TO D.P.C

After the blinding and foundation footing is completed, block work for the

foundation wall begins. These may be four or five courses depending on the level

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of the building. This is also known as setting out of block work on leveled and

blinding foundation trenches. The mix ratio for mortar can be taken to be 1:4. It is

also advisable to ensure that both top side of block work are at 90 degree to the

foundation trench.

3.4.3 GROUND BEAM

This is rectangular reinforce concrete structure member which transmit the

super imposed load to the ground Reinforce ground beam can be classified into

two which are single reinforced and double reinforced ground beam.

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3.5.0 LATERITE

Laterite filling is the process of filling, the apartment of the structure with the

laterite in order to avoid shrinkage of the structure. The laterite must be compacted

after filling and before laying a hardcore.

3.5.1 HARDCORE

DEFINATION: - Can be define as the infilling of loose inert particles such as

Brocken blocks, stones or bricks placed to form a compacting bed for over site

concrete. This stage is optional for the Nigeria system due to the high cost of hard

core but if your house plan project is a structure that will be used for heavy

machinery I will advise you not to skip this stage. Placing hard core on the well

compacted literate will help to resist heavy loads on the structure which can cause

damages to ground floor or D.P.C.

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3.5.2 CASTING OF D.P.C

The D.P.C is also known or call the damp proof course in structure. Its

function is to provide a stable floor and stop water rising through the walls.

The casting of D.P.C requires preparation of wood form work around the edges of

the house plan project to the required thickness of D.P.C. the D.P.C an important

stage in house plan project but many home owners ignore this aspect of the project

for personal reasons.

Used of D.P.C to discourage ground water rising through the wall and causing

dampness which can result to health-related issues.

Once the form work is ready, casting of D.P.C can be done by pouring the

mixed concrete gradually until you arrived at the required thickness. Ensure that

the concrete is properly vibrated and thickness level is properly followed.

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3.5.3 BACK FILLING

This is the process of filling the block wall with the excavated materials in

sub-structure around the foundation spread where the block wall is being

constructed.

DAMPROOF COURSE (D.P.C)

Dam proof course is the process by which moisture rise from the ground into

the building Dam proof course is a barrier to the passage of moisture from an

external source into the fabric of the building or from one part of the structure to

another.

Dam proof course is usually casted on top of hardcore and its concrete

mixing ratio is (1:2:4) is constructed over an opening to transmit load safety to the

abutment, jambs or pier on both sides. Since a lintel need to be reinforced so as to

cope with tensile stress, reinforcement rods are also prepared and place

appropriately in the formwork before casting.

3.6.0 COLUMN

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 These are vertical rectangular reinforcement concrete structural member that

transmit the super-imposed load directly to the ground and distribute the load

through the column base.

First reinforcement rods from the base may not be sufficient in length, if so

more reinforcement rods are added like-wise for structural column (i.e. column at

corners of the building and carries load) the reinforcement is added as the block

goes up. Structural columns are sort of depended when it comes to casting, hence

they do not require independent formwork. In case where two walls cross, no

formwork is needed except prevention of leaks. While in case where the column

forms the edge of two walls, just a right-angled formwork is needed.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 MASONRY WORK

Block masonry is built with blocks bonded together with mortar. For temporary

sheds mud mortar may be used but for all permanent buildings lime or cement

mortars are used. The various types of bonds in masonry are:

1. Stretcher bond

2. Header bond

3. English bond and

4. Flemish bond.

1. Stretcher Bond: A stretcher is the longer face of the brick as seen in the

elevation. In the block of size 460 mm × 230 mm face is the stretcher. In stretcher

bond masonry all the blocks are arranged in stretcher courses care should be taken

to break vertical joints.

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 FIG 4. REALISTIC VIEW ON STRETCHER TYPE OF BOND.

2. Header Bond: A header is the shorter face of the block as seen in the elevation.

In a standard block it is 230mm × 230mm face. In header bond block masonry all

the blocks are arranged in the header course.

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3. English Bond: In this alternate coursesthese alternate courses consist of headers

and stretchers. This is considered to be the strongest bond. Hence it is commonly

used bond for the walls of all thicknesses. To break continuity of vertical joints a

block is cut lengthwise into two halves and used in the beginning and end of a wall

after first header. This is called queen closer.

4. Flemish Bond: In this type of bond each course comprises of alternate header

and stretcher Alternate courses start with stretcher and header. To break the

vertical joints queen closers are required, if a course starts with header. Every

header is centrally supported on the stretcher below it.

B4.1 LOCK LAYINGBLOCK LAYING

This is the arrangement of blocks to form what is called”wallcalled” wall”

Every block is to be plumed and aligned using the spirit level, the plum gauge and

the rope line to ensured straight and leveled walls. The 9”inch9” inch (225mm)

block are used almost throughout except for W.C(partition) wall which is 6” inch

(150mm) block are used.

Nine (9) courses of block (height of about 225mm) are laid to get to the

lintel level from the floor slab. The type of bond used in block laying is stretcher

bond, and any point a window is located the appropriate space is left out and not

build.

4.2 LINTEL

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 Can be defined as the straight beams made over openingsover openings to

carry the loads above the opening s and transmit them safely to the abutment,

jambs or piers on both sides. The area of wall on which the end of a lintel bears is

termed its bearing at ends.

4.2.1 TYPES OF LINTEL

There are types of lintel available in building work such as follows;

1. Timber lintels

2. Concrete lintels

3. Composite lintels

4. Non –composite prestressed lintels

5. Boot lintels

6. Steel lintels

7. Brick lintels.

The type of lintels used in the construction of VSGH was reinforced

concrete lintels; it refers to lintels that are reinforced with steel rods. Concrete is a

reasonably cheap material, it can easily be mouldedmolded or cast when wet and

when it hardens it has very good strength in resisting crushing and does not lose

strength or otherwise deteriorate when exposed to the weather. Concrete is strong

in resisting compression stress but weak in resisting tension stress, and to give the

concrete lintel the strength required to resist the tension at its lower surface, steel is

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added to it because steel is strong in resisting tension stress. This is the reason why

rods or steel are cast into the bottom of the lintel when it is being mouldedmolded

in its wet state.

4.2.2 CONCRETE OF LINTELS

Concrete consist of sand, cement, gravel and water which are thoroughly

mixed together to give a uniform colourcolor and consistency of the concrete.

MIXING CONCRETE OF LINTELS

Before mixing concrete, the component or ingredients that make up the

concrete are measure out called (batching) using adequate proportion like 1:2:4

(meaning) 1part of cement to two part of find aggregate (sand) to (4) four parts of

gravel or course aggregates. The sand is measured first when using manual method

and placed on the mixing plate form.

- Then cement is measured out after the sand is spread and placed on the sand.

- The material is gathered into a heap and mixing commences turning from one

heap to other using shovels at least three (3) times till it is uniform in colour.

- The mixing is then spread uniformly and the gravel is placed on it.

- Sufficient or enough water is then introduced into the mix as the mixing

continues simultaneously with the transportation and the casting at the same times.

METHOD OF CASTING

There are two method of casting lintel viz

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 - Precast lintel

- Situ-cast lintel

SITU-CAST LINTEL: The words” situ cast” indicate that the lintel is cast in

position inside a timber mold fixed over the opening in walls. Casting of the lintel

(situ cast) was done manually. That is when the 12mm diameter rod for lintels up

to 1.8span was placed inside a timber mold fixed over the opening of the wall

(door) and thereafter the concrete was poured directly in between the rods. The

timber mold was not removed until 48 hours of age casting. This is when the lintel

has finally set ready for use.

4.3 BEAM SLAB

This is a reinforced concrete structural member which is placed horizontally

to transmit load crosses over openings. Beam has its depth greater than the width

“while” slab the depth is smaller than its width in constructing the formwork for

the beams and slabs (decking) 1”x12” (25mm*300mm) planks of soft wood are

2”x3” (50mm x150mm) wood are braced across the plank” bush polls” used as

wedge to prevent sagging.

Reinforcement is placed in the formwork as specified in the structural

drawing. For the beams is Y16 steel rods are used. When casting the beam and the

slab, are casted simultaneously with a concrete mixed ratio of 1:2:3 and the casting

need to be done once to avoid concrete jointing.

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4.4 CONCRETE SLABS

A slab is a structural element, made of concrete that is used to create flat

horizontal surfaces such as floors, roof decks and ceiling. A slab is generally

several inches thick and supported by beams, columns, walls, or the ground.

Concrete slabs can be prefabricated off-site and lowered into place or may be

poured in-situ using formwork. If reinforcement is required, slabs can be pre-

stressed or the concrete can be poured over rebar positioned within the formwork.

There are several different types of slab these includes:

1. Flat slab

2. Conventional slab

3. Hollow core ribbed slab

4. Waffle slab

5. Solid slab raft

6. Composite slab

1. FLAT SLAB

This is a typically a reinforced slab supported directly by columns or caps,

without the use of beams. This type of slab is generally easy to construct and

requires little formwork.

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 2. CONVENTIONAL SLAB

This type of slab is supported with beams and columns, with the load

transferred to those elements. A conventional slab is classified as either:

 One –way: supported by beams on two way opposite sides, carrying the

load along one direction.

 Two-way: supported by beams on all four sides, carrying the load along

both directions.

3. HOLLOW CORE RIBBED SLAB

This type of slab has longitudinal voids/cores running through it, which

decrease the weight of the slab, as well as the amount of concrete required. They

can also function as service ducts. This type of slab is generally reinforced with

longitudinal rebar, and can achieve long spans, making it suitable for office

buildings, multi-story car parks, and so on.

4. WAFFLE SLAB

This type of slab contains square grids with deep sides, resembling a waffle

shape, often used where large spans are required without the interference of

columns. Waffle slabs can be capable of supporting a greater load than

conventional slabs.

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 5. SOLID SLAB RAFT

This type of shallow foundation, typically formed by a reinforced concrete slab

that covers a wide area, often the entire footprint of a building. It spreads the load

imposed by a number of columns, walls, and so on, over a large area, and can be

considered to float on the ground in a similar way to a raft floating on water. It is

often used for lightly loaded building on weak or expansive soil such as clays or

peat.

6. COMPOSITE SLAB

Composite slabs are typically constructed from reinforced concrete cast on top

of profiled steel decking, (re-entrant or trapezoidal.) slabs are most commonly

made of concrete because of its mass and stiffness which can be used to reduce the

floors deflections and vibrations, and achieve the necessary fire protection and

thermal storage. Steel is often used as the supporting system underneath the slab

due to its superior strength- weight and stiffness-weight ratio and ease of handling.

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4.4 STAIRS

DEFINITION: Stairs can be defined as the series of steps which facilities walking

access from one level to another or from one floor to another. Stairs may be

constructed of wood, stones, metals and reinforced concrete.

REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRS

All materials used for building stairs, reinforced concrete is probably the

most commonly used, hence this section is entirely devoted to the detailing of its

construction. A reinforced stair is not more than a simply supported slab or beam

held on the slope. Its reinforcement is determined by how and where is supported

and provided. The main reinforcement steel is placed in the direction of the span at

the bottom. The distribution steel is placed above the main steel at right angled to

it.

TERMS USED IN STAIRS CONSTRUCTION

 STAIR CASE: this term most appropriately applies to wooden stairs because

they have a case like construction where by the ends of the treads and risers

are fixed into stringer on both sides forming a case containing steps in a

flight.

 FLIGHT: This is an uninterrupted series of steps between two floors or

between a floor and the landing.

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  RISER: this is a vertical or near vertical face of a step in a stair.

 TREAD: this is the upper surface of a step on which the foot is placed.

 GOING: this is the horizontal distance between two consecutive risers.

 NOISING: this term refers to the horizontal projection of the tread over the

risers.

 LANDING: This is a level platform between two floors where the stair

change direction or to serve as a break in an extra ordinary long flight of

steps.

 RISE: the vertical height between two consecutive treads.

 HEADROOM: this is permissible distance, measured vertically or at right

angles, from the lines of nosing of a stair to the landing of the next flight

above or any similar obstruction.

 HANDRAIL: this is a protecting member usually parallel to the string and

spanning between newels.

 BALUSTER: this is a space where stairs and landing are housed.

4.4.1 TYPES OF STAIRS

Stairs are classified according their geometrical form. The three most

common types are;

1. Straight stairs

2. Quarter-turn (landing or spacing)

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3. Half-turn (landing or spacing)

1. STRAIGHT FLIGHT:

A straight flight stair connects between two floors with a landing nor a

change of direction, hence the term straight flight. Stairs may have a landing at the

middle without change in direction, to effort a breathing space for the user.

2. QUARTER-TURN STAIRS:

These have a landing midway to the next floor and from the landing turn

through 90 degree and rises to the next floor the landing is square having it side,

the same length as the width of the flight.

3. HALF –TURN STAIRS:

These has a landing in between two floors where it turns through 180degree

and rise to the next, the two flight are next to each other and may be planned to

have a well in between them. A half –turn stairs is sometimes refers to as a dog leg

stair because it looks in section somewhat like the back leg of dog. The landing is

equal in width to one flight and extends across two flight.

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4.5 SUPER STRUCTURE

A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a

baseline called ground level in general and it usually serves the purpose of the

structures intended to use. Superstructure consist of such: ground beam, hard-core,

concrete floor slab, columns, lintel, beams etc.

4.5.1 TYPES OF SUPER STRUCTURE

1. Load Bearing Structures

2. Framed Structures.

1. Load Bearing Structures: In this type of structure the load on the structure is

transferred vertically downward through walls. Loads from roof and floors gets

transferred to wall and then wall has to transfer these loads as well as self-weight.

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Such constructions are used in residential buildings where dimension of rooms is

less. Residential buildings up to ground +2 floors can be built economically with

such structures.

2. Framed Structures: In this type of structures a framework of columns, beams

and floors are built first. Then walls are built to partition the living area. The walls

are subjected to self-weight only. This type of super structures are required when

number of stories in a building is more and also when larger areas are to be

covered free from walls.

4.6 FORMWORK

 Formwork is a would or open box, like container into which fresh concrete

is poured and compacted.

 When the concrete is set, the formwork is removed and a solid mass is

produced in the shape of the inner face of the formwork.

 The top of the formwork is normally left open.

 False work is the necessary support system that holds the formwork in the

correct position.

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 FORM WORK FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES SHOULD BE:

1. Strong enough to resist the pressure or the weight of the fresh concrete plus any

constructional live loads.

2. Rigid enough to retain the shape without undue deformation.

3. Economical in terms of the total cost of the forms and the concrete surface

finishing when required.

FORMWORK MATERIALS:

Formwork materials can be classified as:

1. Timber

2. Metals

3. Plastics

4.6.1 FORMWORK TYPES (BY SHAPE)

Considering shapes, formwork types can be classified as:

• Column Formwork

• Beam formwork

• Slab Formwork

• Wall Formwork

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4.7 FINISHING

The floor was finished using 25mm cement and sand screed of 1:3 to

produce a smooth surface. And for walls, external and internal surface wore

rendered and plastered respectively using a cement/sand screed. The surface is

painted emulsion paint it required.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY

The students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was successful

programmed which did give exposition on industries ethics on various practical

aspect especially, the field of civil engineering with respect to building

constructions, which of course did contribute to the practical development of the

communicative competence of students in the field of engineering.

During the attachment, gained in tremendous and appreciated the role of civil

engineering in building construction

5.1 CONCLUSION

It was concluded that no time was wasted for the period of my attachment at

physical planning directorate fed poly Mubi Adamawa state.

The student Industrial Work Experience Scheme has really exposed me to

the practical aspect of my field of discipline. I have learnt and experience what

was writing in this report such as exaction of foundation trench, sand filling,

blinding, laying of reinforcement bars, striking of formwork, casting of foundation

footing (beams), laying of foundation wall, back filling, compaction and spraying

of hardcore etc. is the summary of all experienced acquired.

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5.3 RECOMMENDATION

In view of the relevance of the SIWES program, it is important that it is

sustained by the government through the industrial training fund (ITF) as it

exposes the student to work tools, facilities, and equipment that may not be

available in their respective institutions in relation to their course of study. To this

end, I recommend that the following under-listed point should be implemented:

1. Student Industrial Works Experience Scheme (SIWES) needs to be

strengthened by all concerned stakeholders in order for its objectives to be fully

realized.

2. Regular monthly allowances for students on attachment should be paid

promptly.

3. Organization should always accept students for SIWES and subsequently

assign them to relevant jobs.

4. Experience staff should always be made to train the student on attachment.

5. There should be more funding of the scheme by the government in order for

it to be more effective.

6. The companies should put in place all the necessary facilities needed to

enhance the knowledge of the student in industrial attachment.

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7. It will be of great if the institution can create a platform where by student

can obtain pre-siwes knowledge or excursion programs, before student embark for

general 6 months industrial training programme.

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 REFERENCES

1. Bungey. J. H and W.H Mosley (1990) Reinforced concrete design

Macmillan press London, fourth edition.

2. Neil Jackson and Ravidra K Dhin (1996) Civil engineering material, Macmillan

press London, limited fourth edition.

3. Loading for buildings. (1997). London: British Standards Institution.

4. Ekpenyonggg, L.E (2011). Foundation of technical and vocational education:

evolution and practice for Nigerian student in TVE and adult education, policy

makers & practitioners.

5. Lecture note on construction technology by Engr. Bukar Kadai. CWE 302

faculty of engineering, university of Maiduguri, 2018 session (unpublished).

6. website (www.itf.ng.com)

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