See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/330661483

Trends in Digital Marketing 2019

Article · January 2019

CITATION READS
1 9,385

1 author:

Anna Tarabasz
S P Jain School of Global Management
47 PUBLICATIONS   72 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Impact of Internet of Things on customer behavior View project

Counterfeit Medicine (consumer awareness and marketing strategies) View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Anna Tarabasz on 27 January 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

012312405 6789
 9  78 92405
5,276ABBB C

D # $.E&%'F5FGH # I%$G.FGH # .&5FHG # .FHF'$J # FGG!E$'F!G # ;$%K&'FGH # L!GE&%5$'F!G5 # %&EF&M5 N

!"#$%&#$'( )*+, - ./0/123#4#5*6/23 - '7,89:#/8#./0/123#;27<,1/80#=>?@

[\]^_`ab^acbdbefgahf\i]eb^dajklm V#>

I #.%#$GG$#'$%$I$5W#!G#X$G"$% #?YZ#=>?@ .FHF'$J#4#5!LF$J

— ˜ ™ š › œ 

M/1A#28*1A,7#n,27#0*8,Z#A,29#PT33#*P#G,R#,27U:#7,:*3T1/*8:Z#6*+/80#S26<#1*#R*7<#n*T#:,21#/8#1A,#P7*81#2
32o1*oU:#:67,,8#289#2:<#n*T7:,3P#p#RA21#8*Rq#G,R#6T:1*+,7:#1*#26rT/7,Z#8,R#ST:/8,::#6*817261:#1*#S,
:/08,9#289#8,R#+27<,1/80#ST90,1:#1*#S,#627,PT33n#o3288,9B#!8,#+*7,#6*s,,#289#n*T#R/33#S,#7,29n#1*#0*B#
I,P*7,#n*TU33#9,,o#9/t,#/81*#To6*+/80#o7*u,61:Z#6A,6<#RA21U:#8,RZ#RA21U:#17,89/80#289#RA21#n*T#:A*T39#12<,#
/81*#6*8:/9,721/*8#/8#1,7+:#*P#n*T7#9/0/123#o7,:,86,Z#8*1#1*#P26,#1A,#v!;!#wv,27#*P#;/::/80#!T1x#,s,61B
%&L&G'#O!5'5
yz{|}~€‚ƒ{„…~†ƒƒ‡†…†
;28#*P#1A,#;216AQ
M/1A#,t,7nS*9n#123</80#2S*T1#$FZ#9*8U1#S,#2P72/9#$F#R/33#12<,#*t,7#1A,#R*739B#IT1#P*7#:T7,#/1#+2n#A2t,#
:/08/ˆ6281#/+o261#*8#n*T7#ST:/8,::#:**8,7#*7#321,7B#;,6A28/:+:#R/33#S,#A,3oPT3#/8#2823n‰/80#n*T7 )*R#;27<,1,7:#$7,#$31,7/80#'A,/7#'E#$117/ST1/*8
51721,0/,:
6*8:T+,7:U#S,A2t/*7#289#1A,/7#:,276A#o211,78:B#;2</80#1A,#+*:1#*T1#*P#/1Z#T1/3/‰/80#9212#P7*+#:*6/23#+,9/2
o321P*7+:#289#S3*0#o*:1:Z#n*TU33#S,#2S3,#1*#1726<#6T:1*+,7#u*T78,n#289#T89,7:1289#A*R#n*T7#T:,7:#289#27, ;&&'FGH5#$%&#$#;$G$H&%U5#;&.F";B
3**</80#P*7#9,:/7,9#o7*9T61:#289#:,7t/6,:B#$33#1A/:#+2n#3,29#:172/0A1P*7R279#1*#S,11,7#T89,7:1289/80#*P#n*T7 H/33,11,#/:8U1#1A,#8,R#G/<,Q
6T:1*+,7:#wSn#Y>Šx#289#+*7,#,s,61/t,#o,7P*7+286,#*P#n*T7#6*81,81#w?‹ŠxB H/33,11,#$9#F:#2#)/1#R/1A#L*8:T+,7:
Œz{Ž‚~~‘
'A/:#$F’S2:,9#1,6A8*3*0n#628#S,#6*8:/9,7,9#2:#n*T7#t/71T23#6*86/,70,Z#/8:12813n#6*++T8/621/80#R/1A#n*T7
T:,7:#289#2::/:1/80#/8#6*+o3,1/80#1A,/7#0*23:#R/1A#/++,9/21,#28:R,7:Z#+,::20/80#/8#7,23’1/+,Z#=“”•#6A21B#$:
7,:,276A#:A*R:#@>Š#*P#1A,/7#28:R,7:#27,#6*77,61Z#1A,/7#rT23/1n#289#9,12/3,9#2oo7*26A#27,#A/0A3n
2oo7,6/21,9B#$33*R/80#P*7#+T31/’6A288,3#6*8:/:1,86n#289#<8*R3,90,#6,81723/‰21/*8Z#1A,n#27,#0,11/80#+*7,
289#+*7,#2oo7,6/21,9Z#,:o,6/233n#/8#1A,#HT3P#7,0/*8Z#RA,7,#8*1#,t,7nS*9n#628#T89,7:1289#n*T7#L233#L,81,7
,+o3*n,,:B#G*#R*89,7#1A,n#27,#S,6*+/80#:*#o*oT327B#M/1A#?B“#S/33/*8#o,*o3,#/81,7261/80#R/1A#6A21S*1:
R*739R/9,Z#–>Š#*P#:2ttn#ST:/8,::,:#27,#237,29n#T:/80#*7#o328#1*#T:,#6A21S*1:#Sn#=>=>B#$89#Sn#=>==Z
1179
981789
 9
 78 924051 01
012312405 6789
 9  78 92405
!"#$%#&'()**'!+*,'$-&).+&&+&'&"/+'%/+0'12'$)**)%.',+0'"..-34'+&,+)"**5').'#!+'$".6).7'".8'!+"*#! "0+
).8-&#0)+&9':88).7'-,'#%')#'#!+';"#4'#!"#'%3,".)+&'-&).7'&- !'&%*-#)%.'"0+',+0+)/+8'"&')..%/"#)/+4')#<&'"
&)3,*+'3-&#'!"/+'%;'#!+'&+"&%.9
=>?@ABCADEEDFGH?IJKLAFGMGNC
O%).7'&!%,,).7')&'"*("5&'+P)#).74'+&,+)"**5'(!+.'&%3+$%85'+*&+')&',"5).79'Q-#').'+/+05'%#!+0'% "&)%.
5%-0'%&#'&!%-*8'$+'0+"&%."$*5'"*-*"#+84'".8'+"!'&"/).7'()**'$+'!)7!*5'",,0+)"#+89'R!+0+;%0+4'"#'*)6+'"
,0%'()#!',0%70"33"#)'"8/+0#)&).74'(!)!'()**'3"6+'5%-0'"3,")7.&'3%0+'%&#S+T+#)/+9':.'"-#%3"#+8
$)88).7'%.'"8/+0#)&).7')./+.#%05').'0+"*'#)3+')&'"',+0;+#'%,,%0#-.)#5'#%'&!%('".'"8'#%'"'&,+)U '-&#%3+0
".8').'8+&)0+8'%.#+P#9'V%("8"5&'2WX'%;'$0".8&'".8'3"06+#).7'"7+. )+&'$-5'8)&,*"5'"8/+0#)&+3+.#').
&- !'3"..+0'".8'"*3%&#'#(%'#!)08&'8%'#!+'&"3+';%0'#!+)0'3%$)*+'"3,")7.&9'Y)#!'0+8- +8'$-87+#&'".8
)3,0+&&)%.&'("&#"7+'8+0+"&+8'$5'Z[X4')#'+.&-0+&'%,+0"#)%."*'+\ )+. 5'"&'(+**4'$%#!';0%3'$-5+0&<'".8
&+**+0&<',+0&,+#)/+9'V%'(%.8+04'()#!'). 0+"&+8'#"07+#).7'+T+#)/+.+&&'-,'#%'2]X').8)"#+8'$5'"8'"7+. )+&4
,0%70"33"#)'3"06+#).7'()**'$+'#!+'$+&#'&-,,%0#+0').',*"..).7'5%-0'3"06+#).7'$-87+#';%0'^[_`9
a>?bBGHL?MLDAHc
d%.&-3+0&'",,0+)"#+'.%('+/+05#!).7'#!"#'3"6+&'#!+)0'*);+'+"&)+04';"&#+04'!"&&*+S;0++'".8'+."$*+&'8"#"'#%
$+'" +&&+8'%.'#!+'7%9'e%)+'&+"0!')&'.%#'"$%-#'0+"**).7'#!+'&,)0)#'%;'d!0)&#3"&'f()#!'g+/).'!%3+'"*%.+'
"3,")7.'$5'O%%7*+h'%0'&!%( "&).7'"3"i).7'",")#5'%;'O%%7*+'j-,*+P4',0+&+.#+8'$5'k-.8"0'l)!")4
$%%6).7'"'!")080+&&+0'",,%).#3+.#9'm#')&'"$%-#'+"&+'%;'3"6).7'!".8&S;0++'"**4'"&6).7';%0'8)0+#)%.&4',*"5).7
;"/%0)#+'&%.7'%0'!+6).7';%0'3%/)+'#)3).7&9'd%.&-3+0&'%.&)8+0')#'"&'n-)6+0'".8'+"&)+04'#!".'7%).7'#%'"
(+$&)#+'%0'-&).7'",,4'(!)*+'80)/).7'"0'3"6).7'%0'&)3,*+'o3%0+';-.p'#!".'%#!+0'&+"0!'3+#!%8&9'Y%0#!
%.&)8+0).7')&';"#4'#!"#'/%)+'0+%7.)#)%.'8+/)+&'0+"**5'8%'3"##+0').',")8'&+"0!'".8'kqr9'm.'sk')#&+*;'!-7+
). 0+"&+'%;'&%*-#)%.'"8%,#+0&'%;'/%)+'+."$*+8'"&&)&#".#'8+/)+&')&'/)&)$*+9'R0+.8).7'()#!'W2X'"..-"*'70%(#!
). 0+"&+').'sk4'/%)+'&!%,,).7'()**'0)&+'#!+0+'#%'1W['$)**)%.',+0'5+"0').'#!+'.+P#';%-0'5+"0&4'"&'%.&-3+0&
("03'-,'#%'3"6).7'%T&0++.',-0!"&+&9't"/+').'3).84'#!"#'][X'%;'"**'&+"0!+&'()**'$+'/%)+'&+"0!+&'$5
#!+'5+"0'^[^[9'r.'#!+'#%,'%;')#'u'-&+'%;'/%)+'&+"0!'".'!"/+';+('3%0+'"8/".#"7+&';%0'5%-0'%3,".5'u
;0%3')3,0%/).7'5%-0'$0".8')3"7+4'#!0%-7!'$+).7'0+%33+.8+8'$5'8)7)#"*'"&&)&#".#&'".8'). 0+"&).7'5%-0
*% "*'0+*+/". +4'-,'#%'0+8- ).7'.+7"#)/+'&)7."*&';0%3'5%-0'(+$&)#+4'*)6+'$%-. +'0"#+9
v>?IwCELNFLJ?xLDyGFz?{?bGAFwDy?xLDyGFz
Y)#!'#!0++'"/")*"$*+'#+!.%*%7)+&|':}'f:-73+.#+8'}+"*)#54'+.!". ).7',!5&)"*'%$~+#&'()#!'8)7)#"*'%.#+.#h4
e}'fe)0#-"*'}+"*)#5'u'%3,*+#+*5'&)3-*"#+8'/)0#-"*'Zj'+./)0%.3+.#h'".8'}'f)P+8'}+"*)#5'u'%3$).).7'#!+
#(%'$5'0+"#).7'e}'+./)0%.3+.#').'(!)!',!5&)"**5'+P)&#).7'%$~+#&'#"6+',"0#h'"0+'+&#)3"#+8'#%'70%(').#%'"
1`]'$)**)%.'3"06+#'$5'^[^]9'R!+'&#0%.7+&#'8+3".8';%0'#+!.%*%75'%3+&';0%3'0+"#)/+'+%.%35').8-&#0)+&|
7"3).74'*)/+'+/+.#&4'/)8+%'+.#+0#").3+.#'".8'0+#")*4'$-#'()8+0'",,*)"#)%.&').'!+"*#! "0+4'+8- "#)%.4'#!+
3)*)#"05'".8'0+"*'+&#"#+'"0+',0+8)#+8'%/+0'#)3+9'Y)#!'/+05',%&)#)/+'"8%,#)%.'0"#+'f̀€X').'sgh'"0+'/+05'*)6+*5
#%'$+%3+'#!+'#!)08'&%*)8'("5').'(!)!',+%,*+'!%%&+'#%'&!%,9'k%S"**+8'e %33+0+'fe)0#-"*'d%33+0+h
()**'"88'/"*-+'"&'&-,,%0#)/+'#+!.%*%754'8+U.).7'#0-+'%3.)!"..+*'+P,+0)+. +9'k++3&'*)6+'#!)&'&%*-#)%.')&
7%).7'#%'$0).7'#!+'#0-&#'7",'%;',%#+.#)"*'%.*).+'&!%,,+0&'u'"**%().7'"*3%&#'#%'#%- !'".8';++*',0%8- #&'".8
&-$&+n-+.#*5'$-)*8'#0-&#'()#!'#!+'0+#")*+09'R!+0+;%0+4'","0#';0%3')33+0&)/+'+P,+0)+. +'%;'e}4'&-,,%0#).7
,%&)#)/+').#+0"#)%.'()#!'#!+'$0".8'".8'-&+8';%0'"8/+0#)&).7',-0,%&+4'0+&+"0!'#%8"5'%,,%0#-.)#5'%;
,0"#)"*'",,*)"#)%.&'*)6+'/)0#-"*'!".7).7'0%%3'f!%('-&+;-*';%0'*%#!+&4'7*"&&+&4'("#!+&4'0)7!#‚h'%0'8)7)#"*
"&&)&#".#&'f3"6+'-,4';-0.)#-0+'U##).7h9'ƒ+&'u';-#-0+')&'!+0+4'.%('".8'5%-'&!%-*8'.%#'8+U.)#+*5'3)&&')#9
„>?…BNFLNF?EDA†LFGNC?{DE‡ˆ?@LAMBNDyG‰DFGBN
k+#!'O%8).'&")8'#!"#'.%("8"5&'3"06+#).7')&'.%#'"$%-#'#-T'#!"#'5%-'3"6+4'$-#'"$%-#'#!+'&#%0)+&'5%-'#+**9'
m.8++84'(+'8%.<#'$-5'".53%0+'&)3,*+'7%%8'%0'&+0/)+4'$-#'7%';%0'$0".8',0%3)&+'".8'%/+0"**'+P,+0)+. +'
"&&-0+8'$5'&#%05#+**).79'Y)#!'(%08&'%;'Š"5'Q"+0'u'%.#+.#')&'"'U0+‹'&% )"*'3+8)"')&'7"&%*).+9'R!+0+;%0+4
%.#+.#'-.8+0&#%%8';0%3',+0&,+#)/+'%;'&-,+0$'%,5(0)#).74'&-,,%0#+8'()#!'70+"#',)#-0+&4'0+"#+'%.*5'"
$"&)&';%0'"'#"&#5'3+"*9'R!+'*"##+0')&'7%).7'#%'$+'&+"&%.+8'()#!',0%,+0'&,)+&|'#")*%0+8S3"8+'%T+0&'&-,,%0#+8
()#!'-&#%3)i+8'3+&&"7+9':**'%3$).+8'()#!',+0&%."*)i+8'+3")*&4'0+3"06+#).7'".8')3,0%/).7'#+!.)n-+&').'
3+"&-0).7'%.#+.#'+T+#)/+.+&&4'()**'6++,'%.#+.#'3"06+#).7'0+*+/".#'".8'3%/).7';%0("084'#0)77+0).7'
,-0!"&+'3%#)/"#)%.&').#%'8+&)0+8'"#)%.9

1179
981789
 9
 78 924051 21
012312405 6789
 9  78 92405
!"#$%&'(#)#*%&'(#+%*'
,-./0123-456738517917:3-157;9<3=-.0>3?50173199>@37534937-/91301753851@0>9<-70513A3=0>953B9@?980-..C3D56,649E
-@3-39@@9170-.3F5<3C56<385G?-1C3-1>3H0=93I0>953-@3-157;9<30G?5<7-1737;0123-1>3JG6@73;-=9K35F37;93@9-@51L
M73>59@1N73G9-13O-89455/3=0>95@3-<9356735F37;93?0876<9L3P6@737;935??5@079L3Q51@0>9<37;9<93C56<3?<9@9189
R07;3.0=934<5->[email protected];3M1@7-2<-G3B9@?980-..C30F3C56<37-<2973-6>091893-<93C5612@79<@30137;93S0>>.9
T-@7E35<3H01/9>M1L3I0>95:361.0/93@7-1>-<>3>0@?.-C3->:3-..5R@3C5637530179<-873G5<93R07;3C56<3-6>091893A3R07;
0G?5<7-18935F3@75<C79..012:38<9-70123791@051:301=5.=0123G5<93@91@9@[email protected]<931573F6..C3851=0189>:3.97
7;9@9316G49<@3@?9-/3F5<3C56U3VWX35F3851@6G9<@3@-C37;-737;9C3;-=93@;-<9>3-34<-1>N@3=0>953-1>3YZX35F
851@6G9<@3->G0779>:37;-73R-78;0123?<5>6873=0>95@3G-/9@37;9G3G5<93851[>917301351.0193?6<8;-@9
>980@051@L3\673=0>9530@31573F5<3\ZQ351.C]3VZX35F346@019@@[email protected]=0>953;-@30G?<5=9>37;90<3851=9<@0513<-79:
^YX35F39_98670=9@3=0@0737;93G-</979<N@3R94@0793-1>3̀aX38-..3-3=91>5<3-F79<3=09R0123-3=0>95L3M3269@@37;9@9
16G49<@3@;5R37;930G?5<7-18935F30185<?5<-70123=0>95301753C56<3>0207-.3G-</970123@7<-792C3013ZWba:3<02;7c
d
e"#f%gh(ij(j'klm
n07;3G5>9<1386@75G9<@N3-779170513@?-135F3-325.>[@;3B̀3@9851>@351.C]E3-<93C5635F7913<-8/0123C56<34<-013F5<
-38-78;C38517917:37;-73R0..3.079<-..C31-0.37;9G3>5R1c3M730@370G93753@;0F73C56<3-??<5-8;3-1>301@79->35F38;-@0123
7;9G:3@0G?.C3>53C56<3o543R9..3-1>3493<9->C3F5<3G08<5pG5G917@L3,;0@385189?7:3>0@85=9<9>34C3q552.9:30@3
15R->-C@32-0101230G?5<7-189L3T-8;3G08<5pG5G91730@3-13017917p<08;3G5G917:3R;913-3?9<@51376<1@3753-
>9=0893753-873513-3199>:3><0=9134C3?6<8;-@9:3-870=07C:3.58-705135<3/15R.9>293.-8/L3,;9@93F56<32-G9p8;-12012
G5G917@3<9-..C3G-779<3F5<3C56<346@019@@3-1>37;93@0G?.937;<9937;0112@3C563199>3753>530@37534937;9<9:349
[email protected]>3493-885617-4.9L3r5R3073R5</@c3MG-20193A3@;[email protected]<2-1293;99.@s3;93199>@3753<9?-0<3-
>9=089s3[1>0123855/012375538;9..91201237;9C3>980>93753253567s3/0>@3-<93>501237;90<3/5G9R5</3-1>3199>
@5G93260>-189L3t561>@3F-G0.0-<c3,53;9.?3-..35F37;9G:3@0G?.C3013C56<3>0207-.3F557?<0173?<5=0>[email protected]@@
9_?0<091893<9.9=-1737538561@6G9<@N3199>@35F37;93G5G917:3-17080?-7937;9@93G5G917@3-1>38<9-793<9.9=-17
01@02;7@3-8<5@@3-..38;-119.@L3D563G-C3493@6<?<0@9>3;5R35F7913?95?.93G-C3199>3C56<3@9<=089@:3?<5>687@35<
260>-189:3-@/0123@0G?.93J;5R375K35<39_?<9@@0123JM3R0@;3J3-@37;90<3>9@0<9L3u9G9G49<:39-<.C340<>38-78;9@37;9
R5<G]
v"#w'h(ixyhlz#&yly#'g(k(jz
ZWb{3856.>34931-G9>3-F79<3JC9-<35F37<[email protected]/KL3|1F5<761-79.C:3-F79<3Q-G4<0>293}1-.C708-3@8-1>-.3-1>3S-</3
~68/9<49<238-..9>3F5<3;9-<012:3017<5>68705135F3q€u3Bq919<-.3-7-3€<579870513u926.-7051E3498-G93-157;9<3
0G?5<7-1737;<9@;5.>:3@7-<7012319R3-2935F3?<0=-8CL3n07;3G-</979<@38<C0123-1>3R9-101237;9G@9.=9@3537;0<>p3
?-<7C3>-7-3@97@:3-319R3>-C30@3>-R1012:3R07;37;93@;0F73753‚9<5p?-<7C3>[email protected];9301F5<G-70513017917051-..C3
@;-<9>34C386@75G9<3-1>319=9<301F9<<9>L3D5638-13851@0>9<3-@3@68;3F5<39_-G?.9386@75G9<@N3?6<8;-@9
017917051@:3[..9>3?<9F9<9189@3?<5[.9@:3@0G?.C3><0=9134C3R0..01219@@35F30G?<5=9>3?9<@51-.0‚-70513F5<3?<5>687@
-1>3@9<=089@[email protected]/937;0@3C9-<3R0..3493G-</9>3R07;38;-@93F5<3?<0=-8C3>9G-1>:3@6??5<79>3-737;93@-G9
70G93R07;3G6.70?.93<9ƒ69@[email protected]‚9<5p?-<7C3>-7-3><0=91359<@L
„…"#†z‡'h#lˆh'ylm#yk&#&yly#xh%*ygz#jyky‰'j'kl
n9N=93-.<9->C37568;37;934-@93R07;3q€u3<926.-7051:31989@@07-79361-G402656@3851@9173F5<3>-7-385..987051
-1>385G?9..012385G?-109@37539<-@9301>0=0>6-.3>-7-3513<9ƒ69@7:3R07;37;937;<9-735F3-3[1935F36?3753ŠX35F37;90<
2.54-.3-116-.376<15=9<3F5<34<9-8;9@L3‹53G5<93855/09@:3>-7-3=9<0[8-7051:3>-7-4-@932-7;9<0123-1>3@91>012
9G-0.@:361.9@@3?9<G0779>L3D5637;01/[email protected]?3@-F9:[email protected]<1@3T|c3‹573<9-..CL3MF3C563-<93|}T
4-@9>385G?-1C35?9<-70123013T6<5?9:3;-=0123T6<5?9-1386@75G9<@:35<3@0G?.C3->=9<[email protected]
T6<5?9-1@:3C563199>375L3\6737;0@3@;0F73G9-1@3G68;3G5<9L3Q51@6G9<@3-<93G5<93-R-<935F37;90<3<02;7@:3-1>307
[email protected]@349779<3753?<9=917:37;-1386<9L3Œ137;9375?35F37;-73519:3C563199>3753;-=93013G01>37R537<91>@L3O0<@730@
@580-.3G9>0-35=9<@;-<012:3@9851>3A37553G68;3<6@;:3R;0.93R5</0123513>0207-.37<-1@F5<G-7051L3\57;3G-C3.9->
753>-7-34<9-8;3-1>3192-70=93851@9ƒ69189@3F5<3C56<34<-1>:37;9<9F5<93@91@070‚0123C56<386@75G9<@3-1>
R5</012351391;-189>3-R-<919@@30@3->=0@9>L
(hh'ml#Žjx#my%&#+%‘'#%m#+%’'#y#‡(“#(‘#gˆ(g(+yl'"#”(#k'*'h#’k(•–#•ˆyl#z(—h'#‰(kky#‰'l"˜#™gg(h&%k‰
l(#%l–#z(#jyz#k(l#xh'&%gl#lˆ'#‘lh'–#‡l#‘(h#mh'#lˆ'm'#lh'k&m#•%++#ˆ'+x#z(#l(#‡'#h'y&z#‘(h
gˆy++'k‰'m#y•y%l%k‰#z(h#‡m%k'mm#%k#š…„v"
1179
981789
 9
 78 924051 1
012312405 6789
 9  78 92405
m
noopqrstuvtwxqyzt{rzts|v}t~vx|w|{rzx€qrstuot‚v|ƒotv‚ƒvr€x„o|tqr€qsu…t€u|{uosqƒt‚v|o€qsu…tƒ|o{uq†o
zq€|x‡uqvr{rzuoƒrvyvs~t‡|v}o€€ˆ‰{yptuvtx€t{uŠ‹ŒŽt‘ŒŒ’v|t„{qy“qr‚v”s|vx‡q€z•ƒv„v|
†q€qu}}}•s|vx‡q€z•ƒv„

˜ ™ š › œ  ž

J*1+5-+)8(E,1'88+=',-' (J6=2',1'4(Y')8+10(G*),4H,'A (K)2B*+4='(J,)801+-) (K;)1B.1/(

L)1)(b*+>)-0(L+=+1)8(N)*D'1+,= (dLbY (EML(d8.B)8(N)*D(–6-D'*B'*= (N+-*.(N.2',1/(
b*.=*)22)1+-(J4>'*1+/+,= (M.-+)8(N'4+) (—+4'. (—+4'.(e+>' (—+*16)8(Y')8+10(—.+-'(M')*-;
Z[\]^_Z]^`\a

L*(J,,)(:)*)B)/P
L*(J,,)(:)*)B)/P(+/(J//+/1),1(b*.3'//.*()1(M(b(c)+,(M-;..8(.3(d8.B)8(N),)='2',1<(L6B)+(),4
J//+/1),1(b*.3'//.*()1(O,+>'*/+10(.3(e.4P9(M;'(+/()(N)*D'1+,=<(L+=+1)8(2)*D'1+,=(),4(fg
K.22'*-'(/7'-+)8+/1<(),4(A.*D'4(7*'>+.6/80(+,(1;'(B),D+,=<()61.2.1+>'(),4(-./2'1+-/
/'-1.*9(M;'()8/.()/(),(+,4'7',4',1(2)*D'1+,=(-.,/681),1(),4(=6'/1(/7')D'*9

ahiZ^hj_k\l^l

cJµOJY¶(·¸<(·¹º» ¼(¹ cJµOJY¶(ºÆ<(·¹º» ¼(¹ cJµOJY¶(ºÐ<(·¹º» ¼(¹

Ÿ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨¢©ª«¦§¢¬­¢® ª¢̄ª° ½ ª¢±³¤¾³§¿¿§®¦¥¢¿§³Àª®ª³Á­ Ǥ°¢®¤¢©§Àª¢È¤É³¢Ê¤²®ª²®
Ÿª§±¤²¢¦²¢©¤«ª³²¢Ÿ§³´§³ª ÂÃÄÅ¢¥ ª¥À¨¦­® Ÿ¤³À¢Ç§³«ª³Ë¢£ªÌª²¢Í§®®¡
Π³§­ª­¢®¤¢Ï̤¦«¢¦²¢È¤É³
Ÿ³¦®¦²¾

K.22',1/()*'(-8./'49

!"#$% Q!%RS#TURV WRX$

&'()*'(+,(),('-.(/0/1'2(.3(4'5-+1(),4(/6*786/9(:;'*' J4>'*1+/+,= @.2'
+/(4'5-+1(.3(1*6/1<(1+2'<()11',1+.,(),4(*'/.6*-'/9(:;'*'
+/(/6*786/(.3(7*.46-1/<(=..4/</'*>+-'/(?(+,3.*2)1+.,9 G*),4+,= Y'>+'A/
@.A(4.(B*),4/(/1),4(.61(),4(-*')1'(1;'()88 K.,>'*/)1+.,/ K.,1)-1
+27.*1),1('2.1+.,)8(-.,,'-1(A+1;(-.,/62'*/C(&;)1
4.'/(+1(1)D'(3.*()(B*),4(1.(',/6*'(-6/1.2'*(8.0)810(+, L'/+=,
),(.>'*(-.22.4+1+/'4(A.*84C(E,(),('*)(A;'*'(,'A
)='(B*),4/()*'(='11+,=(>)86)1+.,/(/'>'*)8('F7.,',1+)8 L+=+1)8(?(M.-+)8
1+2'/(.>'*(3)*(2.*'('/1)B8+/;'4<.84(A.*84(B*),4/<
A;)1(+/(0.6*(/1*)1'=0C(@.A(4.(0.6(1)-D8'(-6/1.2'* E,,.>)1+.,
+,54'8+10C(G*),4H,'A(+/(),()2)8=)2(.3(1;'(>'*0
5,'/1<(4+/1+88'4('//',-'(3*.2()88(.>'*(1;'(A.*84(761 N)*D'1+,=
1.='1;'*(+,(),(')/0(1.(-.,/62'<(*'I'-1<()7780
2),,'*9(E1()*1+-68)1'/<(/6=='/1/<(4+//'2+,)1'/<(/;)*'/< O,-)1'=.*+P'4
'46-)1'/<(7*.>.D'/<(+,/7+*'/(B*),4(.A,'*/(),4(B*),4
7*.3'//+.,)8/(1.(1)D'(1;'(,'F1(8.=+-)8(/1'7(+,(*')8+/+,=
1;'+*(B*),4+,=(=.)8/9

1179
981789
 9
 78 924051 1
012312405 6789
 9  78 92405
!"##$%"#&'!()*!+,-./,!/01!2345367893!/:7;-24<!6-0728.:7-24=!>,,!983?4<!-5808-04!/01!6-07307!-0!7;84!.,-@!23A/804!52-5327B!-C!2345367893!/:7;-24!/01!-?0324=!>,,!28@;74!23432931=

1179
981789
 9
 78 924051 1
View publication stats