Module 2 - Mathematical Language and Symbols

.
Mathematics in
the Modern
World
2020
Learning Module
STUDENT
Name:
Student Number:
Program:
Year and Section:
Mathematics in the Modern World

Home Address:
Email address:
Contact Number:
PROFESSOR
Name: Prof: Rafael J. Eusebio Jr., LPT
Academic Department: College of Education
[email protected] / [email protected]
Contact Details: (+639)17 889 4470
1|Page Universidad de Manila

Prepared by: Prof. Rafael J. Eusebio Jr.
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i. Course Code GECS004
II. Course Title Mathematics in the Modern World
III. Module Number
IV. Module Title Mathematical Language and Symbols
V. Overview of the This module introduces some of the special language that
Module is a foundation for much mathematical thought, the
language of sets, functions, relations, and binary
operations.
VI. Module Outcomes As for the outcome of the module, you are expected to:

i. discuss the language, symbols, and conventions
used in mathematics;
ii. explain the nature of mathematics as a language;
and
iii. recognize that mathematics is a useful language.
VII. General Instructions You must allow the necessary time to complete the lessons each
week. If you choose not to complete the lesson using the schedule
provided, you must understand that it is your full responsibility
to complete them by the last day of completion. Time is of the
essence.
The module is designed to assess student understanding of the

assigned lessons found within the associated content of the
midterm and final period of the course. The assessment part of
the module is composed of varied types of questions.
You may see gamified assessment tools like crossword puzzles,

scrambled puzzle figures, traditional assessments mechanical
type of tests, and authentic assessments like reflection or simple
research work. Pay attention to the answer to the assessment
questions as you move through each lesson. After each module,
you will be given a summative test. Your responses to the
assessment parts of the module will be checked and recorded.
Because the assessment questions are available within the whole
completion period and because you can refer the answers to the

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questions within the content modules, the author-professor will
not release the answers in the module. However, he is happy to
discuss the assessments with you during his consultation time,
should you have any questions.
Good luck.
You may not work collaboratively. This is independent work.

Added instruction with regards to the Progress Tracker
To track your progress in the completion of the module,

each time you completed a task in each part of the
lesson you will earn a badge. Now, to help you not to
skip one of them, you are task to color the badges
earned so that you can easily go back to the activities
you remained idle.
Budget your time wisely and effectively.
Enjoy. Good luck!

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Module Progress Tracker
Badge Title Progress Badge Information
Motivated Completed the

Badge Motivational Activity

Independent Have read the entire
Reader Badge Discussion.
Practice Answered the Application

Badge part of the Lesson
Have generalized the

Reflection
discussion through a
Badge
reflection
Quizzer Answered all the questions

Badge in the Assessment part
Lesson
Completed all tasks in the
Completer
entire Lesson.
Badge

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Lesson 1 | Language of Mathematics
Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. discuss the language, symbols and conventions used in mathematics;

2. explain the nature of mathematics as a language;
3. evaluate mathematical expressions correctly; and
4. recognize that mathematics is a useful language.
Motivation Search Me, Color Me
Situation: Your friend is tasked to color all the terms related to mathematics as a language,
Now, help him search the given terms listed below.
Task: Put a check mark beside each term and color the term to be found in the Word Search
Box.
Mathematics Expressions Equations

Element Summation Precise
Non-temporal Integer Rational
Infinity

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A Z Y T I N I F N I P T E
I F H H W R U O K P R Y Q
R E G E T N I N T E E U U
E D D H G T E Q R Q C H A
X S F K A D N Y V R I O T
P T C M R G O U H T S P I
R Y M Y A P N T J U E K O
E U J O X Y T R R F O M N

S L M A T H E M A T I C S
S W E U C T M I T N R N S
I E R M S H P L I E F F D
O R A R E S O K O M H G E
N T S F O O R D N E O S A
S U T G I N A X A L P E Y
R H G N H E L C L E E T K
Congratulations! You earned a Motivated Badge
Discussion Let us Begin!
Characteristics of Mathematical Language
1. Precise - well defined and clearly stated, lacks ambiguity unlike ordinary
language.
2. Concise - briefly stated
3. Powerful - complex ideas are well expressed
4. Non-temporal - No tenses (present, past or future)
Mathematics is a symbolic language. Some of the symbols you may encounter in this
subject are the following:

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Symbol Meaning
Σ summation
∃ there exists
∀ for every (for any)
∈ element
∉ not an element
⊆ subset of
→ If, then
↔ If and only if

N Set of natural numbers
ℝ Set of real numbers
Z set of integers
Q Set of rational numbers
∞ infinity
Expression vs Sentences
ENGLISH
NOUN (name, place, thing) SENTENCE (must state a complete

thought)
Person Place Thing True False Sometimes

(T) (F) True /
Sometimes
False
Raffy Manila Chair
The
word The The
“volume word volume
starts “volume of a
with the starts cylinder
letter with the is equal
“v”. letter to 15m3
“b”.

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MATHEMATICS
EXPRESSION (must given to SENTENCE (must state a complete

mathematical object of interest)
thought)
Number Set Matrix True False Sometimes

(T) (F) True /
Sometimes
3+5=8 False
14 {4} 2 0 3+5=9
0 2
x=5
In English:
Nouns are used to name things we want to talk about (like people, places, and things).
On the other hand, sentences are used to state complete thoughts. A typical English
sentence has at least one noun and at least one verb. For example:
Raffy loves to play volleyball.
Here, Raffy and volleyball are nouns; loves and play are verb.
In mathematics:
Expression is a mathematical analogue of a noun. Thus, an expression is a name

given to a mathematical object of interest. There are many types of expressions in
mathematics because there are many types of mathematical objects. For example:
Numbers Sets Functions
Ordered pairs Matrices Vectors
Most common types of expressions are number, sets, and functions.
In addition, sentence is also a mathematical analogue of a sentence. It also must state

a complete thought. Mathematical sentence have verbs also. For example:
3 + 5 = 8.
Here, 3 + 5 and 8 are expressions; plus sign “+” is a connective and equal sign is the
verb.

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Connective is used to connect objects of a given type to get a compound object of the
same type. As an example above, number 3 and 5 are connected to give the new
number 3 + 5.
Indeed, the equal sign “=” is one of the most popular mathematical verbs.
Congratulations! You have earned an Independent Reading Badge

Application Fact or Bluff!
Test your understanding. Each number has 2 icons, color the fact icon if the statement is
correct, and the bluff icon if otherwise. (10 points)
1. Nouns are used to state complete

thoughts.
2. Expression is a mathematical analogue of

a noun.
3. Mathematics is a symbolic language.
4. x + 5 has a complete thought.

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5. ℝ is used to represent the set of rational
numbers.
Congratulations! You have earned a Practice Badge

Generalization Reflect the use of it!
In an essay no more than 100 words, how do you think learning mathematics as
language are important in your daily lives?
Congratulations! You have earned a Reflection Badge
10 | P a g e Universidad de Manila
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Assessment: It is your turn!
Do the following:
Classify if:
 An English noun, or a mathematical expression
 An English sentence, or a mathematical sentence
a. Dog

b. -2
c. The word fog begins with the letter “p”
d. 1+2=4
e. x=1
f. This sentence is false.
g. 5–3
h. 5–3=2
i. 1*x=x
j. Hat sat bat.
Congratulations! You have earned a Quizzer Badge
List of References:
Abad, E. P. et al. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. Rex Bookstore Inc.
Icons and Images
https://www.google.com/search?q=fact+fist&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj5psnQ45TqAhU
nw4sBHVqRCAkQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=fact+fist&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoCCAA6BggAEAoQGDoEC
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AAQGDoGCAAQCBAeUJjkBFj6mgVgkpwFaAVwAHgCgAGLA4gBnA-
SAQcyLjYuMS4ymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=d03wXr
mPNaeGr7wP2qKiSA#imgrc=_nh5wNTYRGcWBM
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Congratulations! You have earned Lesson Completer Badge.
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Lesson 2 | Four Basic Concepts in Mathematics
Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. Define sets, relations, functions and binary operations;

2. Determine sets and do the operations on sets;

3. Distinguish relations and functions; and
4. Perform binary operations.
Motivation “4 PICS 1 WORD” Activity
Guess the word that represents by the given pictures
1.
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2.

3.
Congratulations! You earned a Motivated Badge
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Discussion Let us Begin!
A. Sets
A set is any well-defined list, collection, or class of objects. The objects in sets,
as we shall see from the examples, can be anything: numbers, people, letters,
etc. These objects are called the elements or members of the set.

Examples:
1. The numbers 1, 3, 7, and 10.
2. The people living on earth.
3. The capital cities of Europe
4. The vowels of the alphabet: a, e, e, o, u.
5. The numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, …….
Notation
Sets will usually be denoted by capital letters A, B, X, Y. The elements in our sets
will usually be represented by lower case letters a, b, x, y.
If we define a particular set by actually listing its members, for example, let A
consist of the number 1, 3, 7 and 10, then we write
A = {1, 3, 7, 10}
that is, the elements are separated by commas and enclosed in brackets {}. We
call this the tabular form of a set.
But if we define a particular set by stating properties which its elements must
satisfy, for, example, let B be the set of all even numbers, then we use a letter,
usually x, to represent the arbitrary element and we write
B = {x I x is even}
which reads “B is the set of numbers x such that x is even”. We call this the set-
builder form of a set.
Some Definition of Terms:
 Finite sets – set that consists of a specific number of different elements.

Example: Let M be the set of the days of the week. Then M is finite.
 Infinite sets - set that consists of a non-specific number of different elements.

Example: Let N = {2, 4, 6, 8, ….}. Then N is infinite.
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 Equality of sets - set A is equal to set B if they both have the same members.
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 2, 1, 4}. Then A = B.
 Unit set – is a set with only one element, it is also called singleton.
Example: I = {5}
 Null set – also called empty set which contains no elements. We denote it by
the symbol ∅.
Example: Let A be the set of people in the world who are older than 200

years. According to statistics A is the null set.
 Subsets – If every element in set A is also a member of a set B, then A is

called a subset of B. More specifically, A is a subset of B if 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 implies 𝑥 ∈
𝐵. We denote this relationship by writing 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 which can also be read “A is
contained in B”.
Example:
The set C = {1, 3, 5} is a subset of D = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, since each number 1, 3
and 5 belonging to C also belongs to D.
 Proper subset – Since every set A is a subset of itself, we call B a proper

subset of A if, first, B is a subset of A and, secondly, if B is not equal to A.
More briefly, B is a proper subset of A if 𝐵 ⊂ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ≠ 𝐴.
 Universal set – set containing all objects or elements and of which all other
sets are subsets. We denote this set by U.
Example: In human population studies, the universal set consists of all the
people in the world.
 Power set – the family of all the subsets of any set S is called the power set
of S. We denote the power set of S by 2s.
Example: Let M = {a, b}. Then 2M = {{a, b}, {a}, {b}, ∅}.
 Disjoint set – If sets A and B have no elements in common, then we say that
A and B are disjoint.
Example:
1. Let E = {z, y, z} and F = {r, s, t}. Then E and F are disjoint.
2. Let A = {1, 3, 7, 8} and B = {2, 4, 7, 9}. Then A and B are not disjoint since
7 is in both sets.
 Set of sets – A set where elements are also a sets.
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Example: The set {{2,3}, {2}, {5, 6]} is a family of sets, Its members are the
sets {2,3}, {2} and {5,6}.
 Cardinality – the cardinal number of a set is the number of elements or

members of the set, the cardinality of set A is denoted by n(A).
Example: E = {a, e, I , o u}, therefore, n(E)= 5
Operations on Sets
1. Union – the union of sets A and B is the set of all elements which belong to A
or to B or to both. We denote the union of A and B by A ∪ B which is usually

read “A union B”.
Example: Let S = {a, b, c, d} and T = {f, b, d, g}, then S ∪ T = {a, b, c, d, f, g}.
2. Intersection – the intersection of sets A and B is the set of elements which are
common to A and B, that is, those elements which belong to A and which also
belong to B. We denote the intersection of A and B by A ∩ B which is read “A
intersection B”.
Example: Let S = {a, b, c, d} and T = {f, b, d, g}, then S ∩ T = {b, d}.
3. Difference – the difference of sets A and B is the set of elements which

belong to A but which do not belong to B. We denote the difference of A and
B by A – B which is read “A difference B” or, simply, “A minus B”.
Example: Let S = {a, b, c, d} and T = {f, b, d, g}, then S ∩ T = {a, c}.
4. Complement – the complement of set A is the set of elements which do not

belong to A, that is, the difference of the universal set U and A. We denote
the complement of A by A’.
Example: Let the universal set U be the English alphabet and let T = {a, b, c}.
Then, T’ = {d, e, f, g, h, i, …..y, z}.
B. Relations
The objects of mathematics may be related in various ways. A set A may be

related to a set B if A is a subset of B, or if A is not a subset of B, or if A and B
have at least one element in common. A number x may be said to be related to a
number y if x < y, or if x is a factor of y, or if x2 + y2 = 1.
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Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of A x B. Given an
ordered pair (x, y) in A x B, x is related to y by R, written x R y, if and only if (x, y)
is in R. The set a is called the domain of R and the set B is called its co-domain.
Example: Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation from A to B as
follows:
Given any (x, y) ∈ A x B,

𝑥−𝑦
(x, y) ∈ R means that is an integer.
2

a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in AxB and which are in R.
b. Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 2 R 2?
c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?
Solution:
a. A x B= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}. To determine explicitly the
composition of R, examine each ordered pair in A x B to see whether its
elements satisfy the defining condition for R.
1−1 0
(1, 1) ∈ R because = 2 = 0, which is an integer.
2
1−2 −1
(1, 2) ∈ R because = , which is not an integer.
2 2
1−3 −2
(1, 3) ∈ R because = = −1, which is an integer.
2 2
2−1 1
(2, 1) ∈ R because = 2, which is not an integer.
2
2−2 0
(2, 2) ∈ R because = 2 = 0, which is an integer.
2
2−3 −1
(2, 3) ∈ R because = , which is not an integer.
2 2
Thus, R = {(1, 1),(1, 3), (2, 2)}
b. Yes 1 R 3 because (1, 3) ∈ R.

No, 2 R 3 because (2, 3) is ∈ R.
Yes, 2 R 2 because (2, 2) ∈ R.
c. The domain of R is (1, 2) and the co-domain is (1, 2, 3).
C. Functions
A function F from a set A to a set B is a relation with domain A and co-domain B

that satisfies the following two properties:
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1. For every element x in A, there is an element y in B such that (x, y) ∈ F.
2. For all elements x in A and y and z in B, if (x, y) ∈ F and (x, z) ∈ F, then y =z.
Notation
If A and B are sets and F is a function from A to B, then given any element x in A,
the unique element in B that is related to x by F is denoted by F(x), which is read
“F of x”.
Example: Let A = {2, 4, 6} and b = {1, 3, 5}. Which of the relations R, S, and T

defined below are functions from A to B?
a. R = {(2, 5), (4, 1), (4, 3), (6, 5)}
b. For all (x, y) ∈ A x B, (x, y) ∈ S means that y = x + 1.
c. T is defined by the arrow diagram
2 1
4 3
6 5
Solution:
a. R is not a function because it does not satisfy property 2. The ordered pairs
(4, 1) and (4, 3) have the same first element but different second elements.
b. S is not a function because it does not satisfy property 1. It is not true that for
every element of A is the first element of an ordered pair in S.
c. T is a function.
D. Binary Operations
A binary operation on a set is a calculation involving two elements of the set to

produce another element of the set.
Let's take a look at some creative binary operations.
Situation 1:
It is possible to define "new" binary operations. Consider this example:
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A new math (binary) operation, using the symbol Φ, is defined to be
a Φ b = 3a + b,
where a and b are real numbers.
Question: What is 8 Φ 3 ?
Answer:
Substitute the values of a and b into the right-hand side of the definition, namely

3a + b.
8 Φ 3 = 3•8 + 3 = 24 + 3 = 27
Situation 2:
Sometimes, a binary operation on a finite set (a set with a limited number of
elements) is displayed in a table which shows how the operation is to be
performed.
A binary operation, * , is defined on

the set {1, 2, 3, 4}. The table at the
right shows the 16 possible answers
using this operation.
To read the table: read the first value from
the left hand column and the second value
from the top row. The answer is the
intersection point.
Question: What is 2 * 4 ?
Answer:
2 * 4 = 2 (where the row and column intersect)
Congratulations! You have earned an Independent Reading Badge
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Application Fact or Bluff!
Test your understanding. Each number has 2 icons, color the fact icon if the statement is
correct, and the bluff icon if otherwise. (10 points)
1. A set is any well-defined list, collection, or

class of objects.

2. Intersection of sets A and B is the set of all
elements which belong to A or to B or to
both.
3. If A and B are sets and F is a function from

A to B, then given any element x in A, the
unique element in B that is related to x by
F is denoted by F(x), which is read “F of x”.
4. A binary operation on a set is a calculation

involving two elements of the set to
produce another element of the set.
5. The cardinal number of a set is the

number of elements or members of the set
Congratulations! You have earned a Practice Badge
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Generalization Reflect the use of it!
In an essay no more than 100 words, how do you think learning the four basic concepts
in mathematics are important in your daily lives?

Congratulations! You have earned a Reflection Badge
Assessment: It is your turn!
Evaluate each of the following:
1. Let U = {1, 2, 3….9} and the sets

A = {1, ,2, ,3 ,4, 5} C = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} E = {2, 4, 6, 8}
B = {4, 5, ,6 7} D = {1, 3, ,5 ,7 ,9} F = {1, 5, 9}
Find: a. A U B f. (B ∩ F) U (C ∩ E)
b. D U F g. A\B
c. B ∩ D h. F\D
d. E ∩ E i. A ∩ (B U E)
e. A’ j. (B\A)’
2. State if f is a function.
a. {(a, b), (b, c)}
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b. {(2, 3), (-2, -3)}
c. {(1, 2), (-1, 2)}
d. {(2, 1), (2, -1)}
3. Let Y = {0, 1, 2} and Z = {0, 1} and define a relation R from A to B as follows:

Given any (x, y) ∈ Y x Z.
𝑥+𝑦
(x, y) ∈ R means that is an integer.
2
a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in Y x Z and which are in R.

b. Is 1 R 0? Is 2 R 0? Is 2 R 1?
c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?
4. Let X = {a, b, c} and Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Which of the relations A, B, and C defined
below are functions from X to Y?
a. A = {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3)}

b. For all (x, y) ∈ X x Y, (x, y) ∈ B means that x is a vowel and y is even.
c. C is defined by the arrow diagram
a 1
b 2
c 3
4
d. a * b = ab + a + b, look for 2 * 3 and -1 * 4.

e. a ∅ b = a2 - b, find -3 ∅ 4 and 5 ∅ -4.
Congratulations! You have earned a Quizzer Badge
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List of References:
Aufmann, R. N. et al. (2013). Mathematical Excursions, 3rd Edition. Cengage Learning.
Lipzchuts, S.(1964). Schaum’s Outline Series, Theory and Problems of Set Theory and
related topics. Mc- Grawhill Publishing Company.
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra1/RealNumbers/RNBinary.html#:~:text=The%20

most%20widely%20known%20binary,another%20element%20of%20the%20set.
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Mathematics in the Modern World

1|Page Universidad de Manila

Mathematics in the Modern World

The module is designed to assess student understanding of the

You may see gamified assessment tools like crossword puzzles,

2|Page Universidad de Manila

You may not work collaboratively. This is independent work.

Mathematics in the Modern World

To track your progress in the completion of the module,

Budget your time wisely and effectively.

Enjoy. Good luck!

3|Page Universidad de Manila

Motivated Completed the

Mathematics in the Modern World

Practice Answered the Application

Have generalized the

Quizzer Answered all the questions

4|Page Universidad de Manila

1. discuss the language, symbols and conventions used in mathematics;

Mathematics in the Modern World

Motivation Search Me, Color Me

Mathematics Expressions Equations

5|Page Universidad de Manila

Mathematics in the Modern World

Congratulations! You earned a Motivated Badge

Discussion Let us Begin!

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

6|Page Universidad de Manila

Mathematics in the Modern World

NOUN (name, place, thing) SENTENCE (must state a complete

Person Place Thing True False Sometimes

7|Page Universidad de Manila

EXPRESSION (must given to SENTENCE (must state a complete

Number Set Matrix True False Sometimes

Mathematics in the Modern World

Expression is a mathematical analogue of a noun. Thus, an expression is a name

Most common types of expressions are number, sets, and functions.

In addition, sentence is also a mathematical analogue of a sentence. It also must state

8|Page Universidad de Manila

Congratulations! You have earned an Independent Reading Badge

Mathematics in the Modern World

1. Nouns are used to state complete

2. Expression is a mathematical analogue of

3. Mathematics is a symbolic language.

4. x + 5 has a complete thought.

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Congratulations! You have earned a Practice Badge

Mathematics in the Modern World

Congratulations! You have earned a Reflection Badge

Mathematics in the Modern World

Congratulations! You have earned a Quizzer Badge

Icons and Images

Mathematics in the Modern World

1. Define sets, relations, functions and binary operations;

Mathematics in the Modern World

Motivation “4 PICS 1 WORD” Activity

Guess the word that represents by the given pictures

Mathematics in the Modern World

Congratulations! You earned a Motivated Badge