Aiu Thesis Final

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COURSE TITLE: THESIS

HIGH VOLTAGE (HV) SUPPLY-DISTRIBUTION-PUBLIC UTILITY SUPPLY AND LOW VOLTAGE (LV)
DISTRIBUTION.
SUBAIR AKINTAYO MUALI

UD35180SEL43754
A Final Thesis presented to

The Academic Department
Of the school of Engineering
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements
For the Degree of Doctor of Engineering (Electrical).
ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY.

HONOLULU , HAWAH
SUMMER2016
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
NUMBER OF PAGES ................................................................
COVER PAGE FOR SEMINAR ....................................................................
COVER PAGE FOR THESIS .....................................................................
STRUCTURE OF TEXT .........................................................................
IN-TEXT REFRENCES .........................................................................
FINAL THESIS OUT LINE .........................................................................
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UD35180SEL43754
COURSE NAME: HIGH VOLTAGE (HV) SUPPLY-DISTRIBUTION-PUBLIC UTILITY SUPPLY AND LOW
VOLTAGE (LV) DISTRIBUTION.
A Final Thesis presented to

The Academic Department
Of the school of Engineering

HONOLULU , HAWAH
SUMMER2016
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INTRODUCTION
HIGH VOLTAGE (HV) SUPPLY-DISTRIBUTION-PUBLIC UTILITY SUPPLY AND LOW
VOLTAGE (LV) DISTRIBUTION .
An electric power distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries
electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect
to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between
11/33 kV and 0.415 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium
voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution
transformers again STEP DOWN the voltage to the utilization voltage of household appliances and
typically feed several customers through secondary distribution lines at this voltage. Commercial
and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service network.
Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected directly to the primary
distribution level or the sub transmission level.
History
Further information: History of electric power transmission
The late 1870s/early 1880s saw the introduction of arc lamp lighting used outdoors or in large
indoor spaces such as this Brush Electric Company system installed in 1880 in New York City.
Electric power distribution only became necessary in the 1880s when electricity started being
generated at power stations. Before that electricity was usually generated where it was used. The
first power distribution systems installed in European and US cites were used to supply lighting: arc
lighting running on very high voltage (usually higher than 3000 volt) alternating current (AC) or
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Direct current (DC), and incandescent lighting running on low voltage (100 volt) direct current.
Both were supplanting gas lighting systems, with arc lighting taking over large area/street lighting,
and incandescent lighting replacing gas for business and residential lighting.
Due to the high voltages used in arc lighting, a single generating station could supply a long string
of lights, up to 7-mile (11 km) long circuits, since the capacity of a wire is proportional to the
square of the current travelling on it, each doubling of the voltage would allow the same size cable
to transmit the same amount of power four times the distance. Direct current indoor incandescent
lighting systems (for example the first Edison Pearl Street Station installed in 1882), had difficulty
supplying customers more than a mile away due to the low 110 volt system being used throughout
the system, from the generators to the final use. The Edison DC system needed thick copper
conductor cables, and the generating plants needed to be within about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the
farthest customer to avoid excessively large and expensive conductors.
Introduction of the AC transformer
Trying to deliver electricity long distance at high voltage and then reducing it to a fractional voltage
for indoor lighting became a recognized engineering roadblock to electric power distribution with
many, not very satisfactory, solutions tested by lighting companies. The mid-1880s saw a
breakthrough with the development of functional AC transformers that allowed the voltage to be
"stepped up" to much higher transmission voltages and then dropped down to a lower end user
voltage. With much cheaper transmission costs and the greater economies of scale of having large
generating plants supply whole cities and regions, the use of AC spread rapidly.
In the US the competition between direct current and alternating current took a personal turn in the
late 1880s in the form of a "War of Currents" when Thomas Edison started attacking George
Westinghouse and his development of the first US AC transformer systems, pointing out all the
deaths caused by high voltage AC systems over the years and claiming any AC system was
inherently dangerous. Edison's propaganda campaign was short lived with his company switching
over to AC in 1892.
AC became the dominant form of transmission of power with innovations in Europe and the US in
electric motor designs and the development of engineered universal systems allowing the large
number of legacy systems to be connected to large AC grids.
In the first half of the 20th century, the electric power industry was vertically integrated, meaning
that one company did generation, transmission, distribution, metering and billing. Starting in the
1970s and 1980s nations began the process of deregulation and privatization, leading to electricity
markets. The distribution system would remain regulated, but generation, retail, and sometimes
transmission systems were transformed into competitive markets.
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Generation and transmission
Simplified diagram of AC electricity delivery from generation stations to consumers' service drop.
Electric power begins at a generating station, where the potential difference can be as high as
13,800 volts. AC is usually used. Users of large amounts of DC power such as some railway
electrification systems, telephone exchanges and industrial processes such as aluminium smelting
usually either operate their own or have adjacent dedicated generating equipment, or use rectifiers
to derive DC from the public AC supply. However, High-voltage DC can be advantageous for
isolating alternating-current systems or controlling the quantity of electricity transmitted. For
example, Hydro-Québec has a direct-current line which goes from the James Bay region to Boston.
From the generating station it goes to the generating station’s switchyard where a step-up
transformer increases the voltage to a level suitable for transmission, from 44,000 to 765,000 volts.
Once in the transmission system, electricity from each generating station is combined with
electricity produced elsewhere. Electricity is consumed as soon as it is produced. It is transmitted at
a very high speed, close to the speed of light.
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Distribution overview
General layout of electricity networks. The voltages and loadings are typical of a European
network.
The transition from transmission to distribution happens in a power substation, which has the
following functions:
 Circuit breakers and switches enable the substation to be disconnected from the transmission
grid or for distribution lines to be disconnected.
 Transformers step down transmission voltages, 35kV or more, down to primary distribution
voltages. These are medium voltage circuits, usually 600-35,000 V.
 From the transformer, power goes to the busbar that can split the distribution power off in
multiple directions. The bus distributes power to distribution lines, which fan out to
customers.
Urban distribution is mainly underground, sometimes in common utility ducts. Rural distribution is
mostly above ground with utility poles, and suburban distribution is a mix. Closer to the customer, a
distribution transformer steps the primary distribution power down to a low-voltage secondary
circuit, usually in 120 or 240V, depending on the region. The power comes to the customer via a
service drop and an electricity meter. The final circuit in an urban system may be less than 50 feet,
but may be over 300 feet for a rural customer.
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Primary distribution
Primary distribution voltages are 33kV or 11 kV. Only large consumers are fed directly from
distribution voltages; most utility customers are connected to a transformer, which reduces the
distribution voltage to the low voltage used by lighting and interior wiring systems.
Voltage varies according to its role in the supply and distribution system. According to international
standards, there are initially two voltage groups: low voltage (LV): up to and including 1,000 V AC
(or 1,500 V DC) and high voltage (HV): above 1 kV AC (or 1.5 kV DC).
Network configurations
Substation near Yellowknife, in the Northwest Territories of Canada
Distribution networks are divided into two types, radial or network. A radial system is arranged
like a tree where each customer has one source of supply. A network system has multiple sources of
supply operating in parallel. Spot networks are used for concentrated loads. Radial systems are
commonly used in rural or suburban areas.
Radial systems usually include emergency connections where the system can be reconfigured in
case of problems, such as a fault or required replacement. This can be done by opening and closing
switches. It may be acceptable to close a loop for a short time.
Long feeders experience voltage drop (power factor distortion) requiring capacitors to be installed.
Reconfiguration, by exchanging the functional links between the elements of the system, represents
one of the most important measures which can improve the operational performance of a
distribution system. The problem of optimization through the reconfiguration of a power
distribution system, in terms of its definition, is a historical single objective problem with
constraints. Since 1975, when Merlin and Back introduced the idea of distribution system
reconfiguration for active power loss reduction, until nowadays, a lot of researchers have proposed
diverse methods and algorithms to solve the reconfiguration problem as a single objective problem.
Some authors have proposed Pareto optimality based approaches (including active power losses
and reliability indices as objectives). For this purpose, different artificial intelligence based methods
have been used: micro genetic, branch exchange, particle swarm optimization and non-dominated
sorting genetic algorithm.
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Rural services
Rural electrification systems tend to use higher distribution voltages because of the longer distances
covered by distribution lines (Rural Electrification Administration). 7.2, 12.47, 25, and 34.5 kV
distribution is common in the United States; 11 kV and 33 kV are common in the UK, Australia and
New Zealand, Nigeria: 11 kV and 22 kV are common in South Africa. Other voltages are
occasionally used. Distribution in rural areas may be only single-phase if it is not economical to
install three-phase power for relatively few and small customers.
Rural services normally try to minimize the number of poles and wires. Single-wire earth return
(SWER) is the least expensive, with one wire. It uses higher voltages (than urban distribution),
which in turn permits use of galvanized steel wire. The strong steel wire allows for less expensive
wide pole spacing. In rural areas a pole-mount transformer may serve only one customer.
Higher voltage split-phase or three phase service, at a higher infrastructure and a higher cost,
provide increased equipment efficiency and lower energy cost for large agricultural facilities,
petroleum pumping facilities, or water plants.
In New Zealand, Australia, Saskatchewan, Canada, and South Africa, single wire earth return
systems (SWER) are used to electrify remote rural areas.
Secondary distribution
Electricity is delivered at a frequency of either 50 or 60 Hz, depending on the region. It is delivered
to domestic customers as single-phase electric power. Seen in an oscilloscope, the domestic power
supply in North America would look like a sine wave, oscillating between -170 volts and 170 volts,
giving an effective voltage of 120 volts. Three-phase power is more efficient in terms of power
delivered per cable used, and is more suited to running large electric motors. Some large appliances
may be powered by three-phase power, such as electric stoves and clothes dryers.
A ground connection is normally provided for the customer's system as well as for the equipment
owned by the utility. The purpose of connecting the customer's system to ground is to limit the
voltage that may develop if high voltage conductors fall down onto lower-voltage conductors which
are usually mounted lower to the ground, or if a failure occurs within a distribution transformer.
Earthling systems can be TT, TN-S, TN-C-S or TN-C.
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Regional variations
Worldwide electrical voltage and frequency.
220-240 volt systems
Most of the world uses 50 Hz single-phase 220 or 230 V residential and light industrial service. In
this system, the primary distribution network supplies a few substations per area, and the 230 V
power from each substation is directly distributed. A live (hot) wire and neutral are connected to the
building from one phase of three phase service. Single-phase distribution is used where motor loads
are light. In Europe, electricity is normally distributed for industry and domestic use by the three-
phase, four wire system. This gives a three-phase voltage of 400 volts wye service and a single-
phase voltage of 230 volts. For industrial customers, 3-phase 690 / 400 volt is also available. Large
industrial customers have their own transformers with an input from 10 kV to 220 kV. In the
Nigeria a typical urban or suburban low-voltage substation would normally be rated between
415 kVA and 1 MVA and supply a whole neighborhood.
110-120 volt systems
Most of the Americas use 60 Hz AC, the 120/240 volt split phase system domestically and three
phase for larger installations. Compared to European systems, North American ones have more
step-down transformers near customers. This is because the higher domestic voltage used in Europe
(230 V vs 120 V) may be carried over a greater distance with acceptable power loss.
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Japan's utility frequencies are 50 Hz and 60 Hz
In the electricity sector in Japan, the standard frequencies for AC are 50 and 60 Hz. In Japan parts
of the country use 50 Hz, while other parts use 60 Hz. This is a relic of the 1800s. Some local
providers in Tokyo imported 50 Hz German equipment, while the local power providers in Osaka
brought in 60 Hz generators from the United States. The grids grew until eventually the entire
country was wired. Today the frequency is 50 Hz in Eastern Japan
(including Tokyo, Yokohama, Tohoku, and Hokkaido) and 60 Hertz in Western Japan
(including Nagoya, Osaka, Kyoto, Hiroshima, Shikoku, and Kyushu).
Most household appliances are made to work on either frequency. The problem of incompatibility
came into the public eye when the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami knocked out about a third
of the east’s capacity, and power in the west couldn’t be fully shared with the east, since the country
does not have a common frequency.
There are four high-voltage direct current (HVDC) converter stations that move power across
Japan’s AC frequency border. Shin Shinano is a back-to-back HVDC facility in Japan which forms
one of four frequency changer stations that link Japan's western and eastern power grids. The other
three are at Higashi-Shimizu, Minami-Fukumitsu and Sakuma Dam. Together they can move up to
1.2 GW of power east or west.
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References  Quentin R. Skrabec, The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business:
An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO - 2012, page 86
  Berly, J. (1880-03-24). "Notes on the Jablochkoff System of Electric Lighting". Journal of

the Society of Telegraph Engineers (Institution of Electrical Engineers) IX (32): 143. Retrieved
2009-01-07.
  Garrison, Webb B. (1983). Behind the headlines: American history's schemes, scandals, and
escapades. Stackpole Books. p. 107.
  Parke Hughes, Thomas (1993). Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society,
1880-1930. JHU Press. pp. 120–121.
  Garud, Raghu; Kumaraswamy, Arun; Langlois, Richard (2009). Managing in the Modular
Age: Architectures, Networks, and Organizations. John Wiley & Sons. p. 249.
  "Power Transmission and Distribution | Hydro-Québec". www.hydroquebec.com. Retrieved
2016-03-08.
  "Extra-High-Voltage Transmission | 735 kV | Hydro-Québec". www.hydroquebec.com.
Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  "How Power Grids Work". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  Short, T.A. (2014). Electric Power Distribution Handbook. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC
Press. pp. 1–33. ISBN 978-1-4665-9865-2.
  Chan, F. "Electric Power Distribution Systems". Electrical Engineering (PDF). Retrieved 12
March 2016.
  Planning of Electric Power Distribution.
https://w3.siemens.com/powerdistribution/global/EN/consultant-support/download-
center/tabcardpages/Documents/Planning-
Manuals/Planning_of_Electric_Power_Distribution_Technical_Principles.pdf: Siemens. 2015.
  Abdelhay A. Sallam and Om P. Malik (May 2011). Electric Distribution Systems. IEEE
Computer Society Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780470276822.
  Merlin, A.; Back, H. Search for a Minimal-Loss Operating Spanning Tree Configuration in
an Urban Power Distribution System. In Proceedings of the 1975 Fifth Power Systems Computer
Conference (PSCC), Cambridge, UK, 1–5 September 1975; pp. 1–18.
  Mendoza, J.E.; Lopez, M.E.; Coello, C.A.; Lopez, E.A. Microgenetic multiobjective
reconfiguration algorithm considering power losses and reliability indices for medium voltage
distribution network. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2009, 3, 825–840.
  Bernardon, D.P.; Garcia, V.J.; Ferreira, A.S.Q.; Canha, L.N. Multicriteria distribution
network reconfiguration considering subtransmission analysis. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2010, 25,
2684–2691.
  Amanulla, B.; Chakrabarti, S.; Singh, S.N. Reconfiguration of power distribution systems
considering reliability and power loss. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2012, 27, 918–926.
  Tomoiagă, B.; Chindriş, M.; Sumper, A.; Sudria-Andreu, A.; Villafafila-Robles, R. Pareto
Optimal Reconfiguration of Power Distribution Systems Using a Genetic Algorithm Based on
NSGA-II. Energies 2013, 6, 1439-1455.
  "How Power Grids Work". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  Gordenker, Alice (2011-07-19). "Japan’s incompatible power grids". The Japan Times
Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  "Electricity in Japan". www.japan-guide.com. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
 "Why Japan's Fragmented Grid Can't Cope". spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
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Some Basic Considerations on

Power Distribution
With regard to electric power supply, the most important
task in the stage of establishing basic data is the estimation
of the power required for supply. In order to attain a
high level of efficiency, the components should work with a load
of 70 to 80% of the maximum power output. Under sizing
Causes malfunctions, while over sizing results in excess
Costs.
Network configuration and sources of supply
The network configuration is determined dependent on the
Requirements resulting from the building’s use. In line with
the specifications made by the installation company and
the intended use of the building, the required power
output must be distributed between different sources of
supply.
If redundancy is a system requirement, an additional reserve must be considered in the
planning. Besides the demand to be met by the normal power supply (NPS),
the power required from a safe and reliable source of
supply must also be estimated. This demand of safety
power supply (SPS) is divided between the emergency
Standby power system (ESPS) and the uninterruptible
power supply (UPS). When the NPS fails, the UPS shall be
Supplied from the ESPS. In addition, the power demand of
safety equipment (IEC60364-7-710 or respectively DIN VDE 0100-710, IEC60364-7-718 or
respectively DIN VDE0100-718) to be supplied by the SPS must be
considered. The dimensioning of the individual components results from the estimate of
energy and power required and their allocation to different sources of supply.
Modernisations” represent structural steps taken to sustainably increase the practical value of
a property - given they do not fall under Items 5, 6 or 98.“
Space-enclosing developments” refer to the inner design or set-up of interiors without
significant incursions made into the substance or structure; they can
come to light in conjunction with work undertaken in Items 3 to 79.“
Renovation” refers to steps for restoring the originally
intend condition (designated condition) of a property
given that they are not covered by Item 4 or by steps
envisaged under Item 710.“
Maintenance work" represents steps taken to retain the designated condition of a property11.“
Outdoor facilities” represent planned outdoor areas or
spaces and appropriately designed facilities in association with or in structures
Regarding the planning concept for power supply, it is not
only imperative to observe standards and regulations, it is
also important to discuss and clarify economic and techni-
cal interrelations. To this end electric equipment, such as
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distribution boards and transformers, is selected and rated
in such a way that an optimum result for the power system
as whole is achieved rather than focusing individual com-
ponents. All components must be sufficiently rated to
withstand normal operating conditions as well as fault
conditions. In addition, the following important aspects
must be considered, when drawing up the power supply
concept:
•
Type, use, and shape of the building (e.g. high-rise build-
ing, low-rise building, multi-storey building)
•
Load centres must be determined, as well as possible
routes for supply lines and possible installation sites for
transformers and main distribution boards
•
Building-related connection values according to specific
area loads that correspond to the building’s type of use
•
Statutory provisions and conditions imposed by building
authorities
•
Requirements by the distribution system operator (DSO)
The greatest potential for the optimisation of a project is
during the planning phase. At this stage, the course is set
for additional costs and cost increases which may incur
during the erection and subsequent use of the building.
For the purpose of integrated planning, a building is re-
garded as an entity, functionality is defined in line with the
processes running without limiting it to the individual
installations as used to be done in traditional approaches.
To this end it is necessary to define specifications compre-
hensively as early as in the planning stage. This is the only
way to implement a solution with optimally matched
systems and components. A seamless technical integration
of the different systems makes it possible to attain maxi-
mum process efficiency and reliability. At the same time,
costs weighing on building investors, users, and operators
can be reduced by exploiting synergies.
Integrated planning utilises the synergies of well matched,
intelligent, integrated systems and products from a single
supplier and implements them in cost-effective solutions.
Interfacing and elaborate harmonization of different sys-
tems and products becomes obsolete. The expense for
spare parts management and procurement is reduced.
Integrated communication systems can be used to connect
power supply/distribution systems and products to other
installations such as automated process and production systems or automated building
management systems. The wiring expense can be substantially reduced by a well
matched concept and thus the wider utilisation of the cable
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infrastructure for data transmission attained from such a
concept. These are merely some examples, how the
cost-benefit ratio can be crucially improved by integrated
planning as compared to conventional planning.
The focus of Totally Integrated Power (TIP) lies on all power
distribution components as an integrated entity. TIP offers
everything that can be expected from a future-oriented
power distribution system: openness, integration, efficient
planning tools, manifold options for communication and,
as a result, a substantial improvement in efficiency. When
regarding power distribution requirements in terms of the
building automation, fire protection and safety systems
installations, it becomes soon obvious that the better the
individual installations are networked, the greater the rise
in savings potential. Cost reductions up to 25% are feasible.
Investors and building operators can thus provide a cost-effective power supply system and
boost its efficiency.
As a rule, greater efficiency provides the investor with
benefits – arising from approval and financing simplifications – in assessing the building
project. This also enables
investors and operators to provide a more cost-efficient and
environmentally friendly energy supply system for which
potential customers can be more easily won over and the
required earnings obtained. Users benefit from high-level
electricity supply in both quality and quantity at favourable conditions.
General Planning Considerations

On the one hand, it is up to the planner to win an edge
over his competitors and gain unique selling points by
offering modern, innovative concepts for the layout of
power supply systems and the selection of equipment. But
on the other hand, he is also responsible for his planning
work, which means that he may be held liable for damages.
Therefore it is important to clarify the project scope and the
economic conditions with the owner/developer at an early stage.
The Planner’s Tasks
The initial project planning stages are of vital importance in
this context. They determine the basic set-up and
guidelines for the further course of the project. Wrong
assumptions and imprecise specifications may result in
system over sizing which may bring about unnecessary
costs. Under sizing may result in overload and plant
Failures. This manual about the technical principles of
planning shall assist in sizing the super ordinate
Components for technical installations in buildings
properly even in these initial project stages. Its focus is on
components, systems and processes in electric power distribution.
Contents of the Individual Project Phases
According to the German Fees Ordinance for Architects and
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Engineers (HOAI), the services of planners are divided into nine service phases:
1.Establishment of basic data
2.Preliminary planning
3.Concept planning
4.Approval planning
5.Implementation planning
6.Preparation to the contract awarding procedure
7.Participation in the awarding procedure
8.Property surveillance (construction surveillance or management)
9.Property supervision and documentation
This manual focuses on the first three planning phases and
the associated tasks of the planner involved.
Phase 1 – Establishment of basic data
•
Task definition
•
Review of the project situation
•
Site analysis
•
Operations planning
•
Preparation of a room concept
•
Preparation of a concept on the functional scope
•
Environmental impact assessment
•
Recommendations for the total power demand
•
Formulation of decision-making aids for the selection of other experts involved in the
planning
•
Summary of results
Phase 2 – Preliminary planning (project and planning preparations)

•
Analysis of the basis
•
Coordination of objectives (boundary conditions, conflicting objectives)
•
Preparation of a planning concept that also includes alternative solutions
•
Integration of services rendered by other experts involved in the planning
•
Drawing up of a functional scheme or block diagram for each plant
•
Clarification and explanation of the fundamental interrelations, processes and conditions in the
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context of urban development and design, functions, technology, building physics, economics,
energy management (for example regarding efficient power utilisation and the use of
renewable energies) and landscape ecology, as well as the impact on and sensitivity of the
affected ecosystems
•
Preliminary negotiations with public authorities and other experts involved in the planning as to
whether an official approval can be obtained
•
Cost estimation (in Germany in compliance with DIN 276 or with statutory provisions for cost
calculations of residential dwellings)
•
Compilation of all preliminary planning results
Phase 3 – Concept planning (system and integration planning)

•
Working through the planning concept which was created. Subject-specific requirements and
the specialized planning departments – which are integrated through property planning – are
now considered
•
Determination of all systems and plant components
•
Coordination of all wall/ceiling penetrations and specification of loads required for planning the
load-bearing structures (without drawing apertures or slits plans)
•
Step by step preparation of a drawing solution up to the
Final draft
•
Participation in negotiations with public authorities and other experts involved in the planning
as to whether an official approval can be obtained
•
Cost calculation (in Germany based on DIN 276) and cost controlling by comparing the
calculation with the initially prepared cost estimate Special services must be individually
negotiated between the client and the planner. The following is detailed for the first three
phases of planning technical equipment in the HOAI:
•
Establishment of basic data:– System analysis under various aspects such as feasibility,
expense, benefit, profitability and environmental compatibility– Data acquisition– Optimisation
potential with regard to energy saving and environmental compatibility
•
Preliminary planning:– Testing and model testing
– Plant optimisation with regard to energy consumption and emission of pollutants–
Preparation of optimised energy concepts
•
Concept planning:
– Preparation of data for the planning of third parties
– Detailed profitability verification
– Operating cost calculations
– Detailed comparison of pollutant emissions
– Drawing up the technical part of a room finishing schedule (“Raumbuch”)
U
I
cos o
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Totally Integrated Power –
General Planning Considerations
•
It describes the solutions which the contractor has worked out for how to implement the project
on the basis of the design specification defined by the customer
•
The questions as to “How” a project should be put into practice and "Which tools or resources"
are to be employed are dealt with in the performance specification
•
The contents of the design specification are described in more detail, completed and written
into a plausible implementation concept and combined with technical operating and
maintenance requirements
Usually, each of the requirements of the design specification can be assigned to one or more
services defined in the performance specification. This also illustrates the order of
the two documents in the development process: A requirement is fulfilled, when the
corresponding feature is implemented.
When a design or performance specification is drawn up, it must be considered that
subordinate targets such as investment, losses, reliability, quality, and much more may
mutually influence one another. Listing up such conflicting relations and weighing them in the
project context will foster planning decisions and hence the focus that is placed on the design
and performance specification.
Weighing in the context of design or performance specification must be based on different
questions posed.
Tab. 1/1 shows a simple correlation matrix in which the
Competing situation of individual sub-targets is assessed.
For example, sub-target 2 – Low line losses – is strongly
influenced by sub-target 1 – Cost of investment – whereas
sub-target 4 – High reliability of supply – has no immediate interrelation with line losses.
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TABLE 1
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Design/Performance Specification
The design specification and the performance specification are important aids in the first
phases.
Design specification
The design or product specification describes the “What?” and “For which purpose?” and
outlines the basic requirements. It is a rough target setting of the contract for the
contractor.
•
It specifies the scope of requirements defined by the contract awarding party as regards the
deliveries and services to be performed by the contractor within the
scope of the contract
•
It describes the direct requirements and the desires placed in a planned project or product
from the user's point of view
•
It serves as a basis for the invitation to tender, the tender or quotation, and the contract
•
Requirements shall be quantifiable and verifiable
•
The design specification is drawn up by the (external or in-house) awarding party, and it is
addressed to the contractors
•
In software development, the design specification constitutes the result of the planning phase
and is usually worked out by the developers as a preliminary stage to the performance
specification
Performance Specification
The performance or feature specification represents the target concept and is technically
detailed so far that it can act as the basis for a technical specification.
•
It is a detailed description of a service to be performed,
for example, the erection of a technical plant, the construction of a tool, or the creation of a
computer program
Technical equipment rooms
Besides a proper component rating, another essential planning aspect is the specification of
the size and location of the equipment rooms required for electric installations, which should
take place at the beginning of the planning considerations. The dimensions of these technical
equipment rooms depend on the dimensions of the components required and the relevant
safety regulations. Boundary conditions such as room ventilation, pressure relief in the event
of an arcing fault, ceiling loads and access ways for moving items in must also be taken into
consideration when drawing up room and building plans. Over-dimensioned rooms reduce the
profitability of a building (room utilisation). Under-dimensioned rooms may prevent that a plant
is erected in such a way that it can be approved, or at least force the use of expensive custom
solutions for the technology applied. This planning manual contains aids for determining the
room dimensions required for the individual components
20
21
SYSTEM OBJECTIVES
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
To supply electricity to the building at 11kv according to IEE voltage supply ranges for subsequent stepping
down to 400/230Volts.
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Load magnitude being in 11kv supply range, the need to reduce voltage drop
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
11kv 3-phse supply from the electric mains shall come in through an 'H' pole complete with 11kv switch,
lightning arrestors, drop fuses and other accessories as may be stated on the drawing or in the Bill of
engineering measurement and evaluation (BEME). The 11kv shall be connected to a transformer and HT panel
for control and distribution purposes and stepping it down to 415v .
CONTROL REQUIREMENTS
11kv switch, drop fuses, HT panel and step-down 11/0.415kv transformer.
LOW VOLTAGE (LV)
SYSTEM OBJECTIVES
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
To continue power distribution at LT. after transformation (step-down) and to feed the electrical loads.
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Total load demand
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
LT voltage from the step-down transformer,MCCB panel (of rating stated on the drawing) incorporating
motorized M/E interlock. The LT. Distribution system also comprises automatic mains failure/load shedding
/synchronizing panel which detects mains power failure and or abnormality and sequent starts the generators,
synchronizes them according to the power requirement before automatically transferring the load to the
generator system and simultaneously disconnecting the mains supply from the LT. Bus section. When the
mains supply is restored or free of abnormality, the automatic operation panel connects the mains voltage to the
bus section and simultaneously disconnects the generator system from the bus section and subsequently shuts
down the generators in reverse order after no load run-off time.
CONTROL REQUIREMENTS
1250KVA step-down outdoor transformer, MCCB panel (of rating stated on the drawing) incorporating
motorized M/E interlock, automatic mains failure/load shedding /synchronizing panel, and generators.
21
22
HIGH VOLTAGE (HV) SUPPLY-DISTRIBUTION-PUBLIC UTILITY SUPPLY AND LOW VOLTAGE (LV)
DISTRIBUTION
SELECTION SCHEDULES FOR REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS
2600 SURFACE AND CONDUIT
2603A CONDUIT SYSTEMS:

Type: UPVC
Application
: For enclosing the HT cable
Manufacturer and reference
Dignity;
Or approved equivalent
The conduit shall take the HT cable to their cable as shown on the circuit layout drawing.
2800 EARTHING AND BONDING OF INSTALLATIONS
2803A CONDUCTORS:
Type: Copper tape
Application
: For equipotential bonding
Manufacturer: Nigeria wire and cable,
Conductors for lightning protection system
Conductors for earthling systems to BS 7430.
Reference Y80.2010C
2805A EARTH ELECTRODES:

Type: Copper
Application
; For earthling
Manufacturer; Nigeria wire and cable,
Earth electrodes for lightning protection systems.
Rod - reference Y80.2040A
Earth electrodes for system earthling.
Rod - reference Y80.2040B
Earth electrode clamps

Reference Y80.2060A
Earth electrode inspection facilities
Reference Y80.2070A
22
23
2807A EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDS:

Application
For maintaining same potential at the points involved
Main equipotential bonds
Reference Y80.2090A
Supplementary equipotential bonds
Reference Y80.2100A
2809A EARTHING:
Type: PME
Application
For connecting the metallic/conducting frames of the electrical system to Earth
Circuit protective conductors Reference Y80.2110A
Earthling clamps - reference Y80.2120
Earth bus bars Reference Y80.2130A
Test links - reference Y80.2140
Lugs/tags - reference Y80.2150
Protective cable terminations - reference Y80.2160
Protective conductor warning notices/labels
Reference Y80.2170
Main earth conductor - reference Y80.2180
Earth bar label - reference Y80.2190
2810 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL SERVICES

2813 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING:
Incorporated equipment characteristics
Prospective short circuit current (IP)
Reference Y81.2020A
Initial verification
Reference Y81.2030A
Testing
Reference Y81.2050A
Continuity of protective conductors
Ac or dc - reference Y81.2060A
Earth fault loop impedance (ZS)
Reference Y81.2070A
Standby generators
Reference Y81.2090A
HV and LV switchgear
Reference Y81.2100A
HV power transformers
Reference Y81.2110A
Specialist installations
23
24
Fire detection and alarm systems - BS 5839.

Reference Y81.2120A
Lightning protection - BS 6651.
Reference Y81.2120B
Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises - BS 5306.
Reference Y81.2120D
Certification and reporting
Reference Y81.2140A
Completion certificates
Reference Y81.2150A
Records - reference Y81.2160
2815 WORKMANSHIP:
Conductive parts - reference Y81.3010
Phase sequence - reference Y81.3020
High voltage tests
Reference Y81.3030A
Equipment.
Cables
LV buried cables - references Y81.3040A
LV and HV buried cables - references Y81.3040B
Conduit, trucking and ducting - reference Y81.3050
2820 IDENTIFICATION - ELECTRICAL
2823 LABELS AND NOTICES:

Fit labels and notices as shown on
Panels
2825A LABELS AND NOTICES MATERIALS:
Type Engraving
Application
For identification
Material
Reference Y82.2020A
Fixing
Reference Y82.2030A
2829 EQUIPMENT SIGNS AND LABELS:

282FA INDICATOR LAMPS AND PUSH BUTTONS FOR POWER SYSTEMS:
Type: HT Panel manufacturer's type
Application
: Indication
24
25
PART 3 SPECIFICATION CLAUSES SPECIFIC.
3000 GENERAL
3010 HV SWITCHGEAR STANDARDS:

Comply with BS 159, BS 5311 and BS EN 60265, BS EN 60694 and BS EN 60298 and ESI
41-12 where applicable.
3020 TRANSFORMER STANDARDS:

Supply transformers with a no load voltage ratio of 500kva, 11000/415 volts, 3 phase to BS
EN 60076, BS 171 or BS 6436 as applicable.
3030 TYPE TEST:
Provide certificates of verification of type test for short-circuit strength of components of
each assembly. To ensure that drawings and other documents forming part of certificate
are available prior to order being placed.
Certificates issued by The Association of Short- Circuit Testing Authorities (Inc) Mines and
power and PHCN - are preferred.
3040 SITE BUILT ASSEMBLIES:

TO ensure that components of site assemblies are part of a proprietary system and type
tested as appropriate. Install assemblies in accordance with manufacturer’s drawings and
instructions.
3050 SITE MODIFICATION:

Not to make site alterations unless authorized. Where site modifications to assemblies are
authorized make in accordance with manufacturer's certified drawings and instructions.
To ensure that modifications made comply with type test certificate obtained for
arrangement of components.
25
26
4000 PRODUCTS/MATERIALS
4010 SWITCHBOARD SCHEDULE:

Supply switchboards as schedule reference:
Location
: Basement floor.
4020A ENCLOSURES:
Supply an enclosure that provides protection in accordance with BS EN 60529 category
.
Secure all removable panels with
Captive set screws.
Set studs and captive nuts.
Marking
Screw labels to outside of switchboards. Ensure that fixed panel or cubicle of
withdraw able type units are fitted with label to identify circuit with wording
identical to that on circuit breaker.
4030A ENCLOSURES FINISH:

Apply high standard finish to enclosure and supporting metalwork. Degrease metal and
remove rust prior to applying finish.
Comply with paint manufacturer's recommendations regarding preparation, stoving times,
and temperatures, mixing of finishes, application and coat thickness.
Finish
Epoxy enamel finish.
Corrosion resistant paint finish.
4040A SWITCHGEAR:
Type: HV
Application
: For control
:ABB,Siemens,GEC
Standard - BS EN 60298.
Electrical supply
Nominal voltage (kV) 11
Highest voltage (kV) .
Type of system neutral earthling.
Frequency (Hz) 50
26
27
Supply floor standing, metal clad, separately compartmented structure comprising

switchgear, control gear and components as follows.
Type
Prefabricated substation.
BS EN 61330
Switch board.
Configuration
Electrical characteristics
Uninterrupted normal current rating: 400A TPN at 11Kv
Short-time withstand current rating 63 kA
Rated insulation level 13kV
Position
Indoor.
Access
Rear.
Cable entry
Top. or
Bottom.
.
Outgoing cable
Top.
Bottom.
.
Cable boxes
Incoming cable boxes.
Outgoing cable boxes.
To Ensure all switches and circuit breakers are operated by independent mechanisms and
have a facility for manual operation.
Enclosure
Provide an enclosure to house voltage transformers and associated protection fuses
and current transformers where indicated. Secure access to enclosure by a padlock.
Provide engraved danger notices detailing the switching procedure for safe isolation
and earthing of the equipment before gaining access to the enclosure.
Mount the enclosure on the plinth provided
Earthing bar
Securely fix an earthing bar made of copper to BS 1433 through full length of
switchgear. Connect each end of bar to an earthing terminal. Bond all metalwork
other than current carrying parts to earthing bar. Make provision for armouring and
metal sheath of all incoming and outgoing cables to be bonded to the earthing bar.
Size earthing bar
As manufacturer's standard.
27
28
.
Ensure continuity of protective circuits at all times.

Provide facilities to allow future extension of switchboard .
Ensure all equipment is fully interlocked for safe operation. Fit warning notices to all
devices that can be damaged or cause harm to personnel or equipment if operated
incorrectly.
4050A BUSBARS:
Type :Copper at LT
Application
:For LT distribution
:ABB,Siemens,GEC
Busbar design
Supply triple pole, fully insulated single busbar.
Provide busbars having electrical characteristics to match switchgear and with a nominal
current rating
.
Material
High conductivity solid copper in accordance with BS 159 and BS 1433.
Tinned high conductivity solid copper in accordance with BS 159 and BS 1433.
.
Insulation
Insulate busbar unit length with non-hygroscopic insulation. Insulate busbar joints
and connections to circuit breakers and other units in accordance with BS 159.
Install busbars in separate compartment of switchgear with removable access covers
along length. Provide identification and warning labels on access covers.
4060A CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

Type Vacuum
Application
:Protection & Control
:ABB,Siemens,MEM,GEC
Standard - BS 5311.
Characteristics
Rated voltage : 11kV
Rated frequency 50
Rated normal current :400A TPN at 11kV
28
29
Type
Vacuum circuit breaker, complete with contact wear indicators.
Contact position indicator
Provide a mechanical indicator of contacts open or closed visible through window
aperture in circuit breaker enclosure.
Fit circuit breaker with operational counter.
Trip mechanisms
Circuit breakers with manual trip facilities.
Dc shunt trip mechanism, operating voltage.
As manufacturer's standard.
.
Provide neon "live" indication.
Earthing
Provide for the earthing of the incoming and the outgoing circuit by an integral fault
making earthing switch with rated short-time withstand current as indicated for
switchboard.
Provide for the earthing of incoming and outgoing circuits via a portable earthing
device, through the circuit breaker.
Locking facilities
Provide facilities to padlock circuit breakers and switches in the ON, OFF and
EARTHED positions.
Testing facilities
Ensure the operation of the circuit breaker closing, tripping, interlocking,
intertripping, protection devices indicator lights, remote control, indication and
alarm systems can be tested.
Provide facilities for secondary circuits to be operationally tested with circuit breaker
isolated from main circuit.
4090A METERING UNIT:

Type Maximum demand at 11kV
Application
: Measurement
To Provide a dry type metering unit comprising an enclosure housing two wound primary
current transformers and two single phase voltage transformers encapsulated in a
molding and totally enclosed in a weatherproof ventilated steel chamber.
Bolt and connect the metering unit to the outgoing circuit (Tee-Off) circuit breaker.
Provide a separate enclosure to house the current transformer secondary winding blocks,
the voltage transformer output fuse cartridges, fuse bases and fuse carriers and
instruments and meters .
4100 INSTRUMENT PANEL:

Provide a panel to mount the instruments and meters with degree of protection and finish
to match the ring main unit.
29
30
4110A PROTECTION DEVICES INTERPOSING RELAYS AND INTER- TRIPPING RELAYS:

Standard
BS EN 61810.
.
Housing
Flush panel mounting type.
House all protection relays, excluding motor protection relays, in draw out cases.
Reset type
Automatic reset type.
Manual reset type.
Contacts
One normally open and one normally closed contact.
.
Over current tripping device
Provide over current tripping device with over current characteristic similar to a BS
2692 high voltage cartridge fuse, sized to protect the equipment/load.
Protection relays features
IDMT 3 Pole over current with instantaneous high set.
IDMT 3 pole over current with instantaneous high set elements - solid state type.
Under voltage Sensing (Single Pole Measuring Fixed Time Type).
Under voltage Sensing (Triple Pole Measuring Fixed Time Type).
.
4120A CURRENT TRANSFORMERS:
Type .
Application
:Transformation
Standard
BS 7626, current transformers.
BS EN 60044-1, current transformers.
BS 7628, combined transformers.
To Provide separate current transformers for each protection device and instrumentation.
Ensure current transformers provide appropriate accuracy and are compatible with over
current factors, characteristics, performance and VA rating required for satisfactory
operation of protection devices, instruments and meters indicated.
To Ensure that current transformers are capable of withstanding maximum short-time
withstand current of value and duration indicated for the switchgear
To Provide test links in secondary connections of all current transformers to facilitate
testing of instruments, meters and protection devices.
30
31
4130A VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS:

Application
: Transformation
Standard
BS 7625, voltage transformers.
BS 7628, combined transformers.
BS 7729.
Voltage transformer type
Supply fully encapsulated and impregnated dry epoxy resin type.
Supply oil filled type. Use insulating oil in accordance with BS 148.
.
Performance
To Provide transformer with accuracy class and VA rating .
Connect the secondary windings to outgoing terminals. Protect the secondary windings
with cartridge fuses located outside the transformer enclosure, in an accessible position.
Where more than one circuit is connected to the secondary winding, fuse each circuit
separately.
Connect the star point of the 3 phase and one side of the single phase secondary windings
of the transformer to the switchgear earth bar through removable bolted links.
4140A VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS ENCLOSURE:
House voltage transformers and associated protection fuses in an enclosure provided with
mechanical interlocks to prevent access at all times that the transformer is in service.
Provide engraved danger notices detailing the switching procedure to be adopted for safe
isolation and earthing of the equipment before gaining access to the fuse/transformer
compartment.
4150A INSTRUMENTS AND METERS:

Standards
Comply with BS EN 60051 for voltmeters, ammeters, watt meters, frequency indicators and power
factor indicators.
Comply with BS EN 60521 or BS 7856 for kWh meters, BS 5685 for kVA and kW
maximum demand meters and polyphase reactive kVA meters and BS EN 61268 for
VAR meters.
Protect wiring to voltmeters by separate fuses. Protect potential coils of watt meters,
frequency indicators, power factor indicators and kWh meters, kVA and kW maximum
demand meters and polyphase reactive kVA meters by separate fuses.
Supply instruments and meters suitable for flush mounting and type, size and accuracy .
Ensure that indicating scales for all other instruments comply with BS 3693. Supply so that
normal indication is 50% to 75% of full scale deflection.
Completely segregate all instruments and meters in instrument compartments.
Provide test link for energy meter testing within instrument compartment.
31
32
4160A INDICATOR LIGHTS:

Type Panel manufacturer's type
Application
: Indication
4180A TRIP/CLOSE SWITCHES AND SELECTOR SWITCHES:

Provide a panel mounted heavy duty, spring return trip/close switch on each circuit
breaker fitted with solenoid or motorized spring closing mechanisms.
Ensure contacts have a continuous rating of 10A minimum at between 30V to 250V ac and
dc, and make and break duty rating of 30A at 250V ac or dc for a minimum period of 3
sec.
Remote trip/close control
Supply a panel mounted selector switch to select circuit breaker for local or remote
closing. Ensure that selection of remote or local closing does not prevent circuit breaker
tripping under operation of local or remote trip switch.
4190A EMERGENCY TRIP, TEST AND AUDIBLE ALARM SILENCING PUSH BUTTONS:
Supply mushroom actuator latch type emergency trip push buttons to BS EN 60947-5-1,
coloured red, released by turning the actuator.
Supply flush button type test push buttons and audible alarm silencing push buttons.
4200A HV CABLE BOXES AND CABLE TERMINATION:

Standard :The Electricity Association Specification ESI Standard 12-11.
Provide terminals and rigidly fix generally in accordance with BS 5372, ensure adequate
access to the means of tightening the termination.
4210A CONTROL, INSTRUMENTATION AND INDICATION CABLE TERMINATION BOXES:

To Provide separate cable termination boxes or a segregated cable termination box for the
termination and connection of remote control, instrumentation, intercropping, alarm and
indication cabling associated with each circuit breaker. Where a segregated cable
termination box is provided ensure the terminals within the box for each system are
segregated. Ensure the terminals in each box are voltage segregated.
Locate the boxes at the back of the assemblies, ensure the boxes are clearly identified.
Group all remote control and indication wiring within the assemblies and connect to
terminal blocks in the respective box.
Supply rail mounted type terminals blocks.
Provide the boxes with undrilled removable glanding plates.
4220A COILS - VARIOUS APPLICATIONS:

Ensure coils for switching relays, contactors and other applications are capable of
operating with a 20% drop in voltage without the armature or switching apparatus
dropping out of position.
32
33
4230A BATTERY CHARGER AND BATTERY UNIT:

Supply a unit for Closing and Tripping.
Input Supply : 230 V single phase 50 Hz.
DC Output Voltage to Panel manufacturer's standard
Voltage drop at full load 2%
Operating temperature range: -10oC - 55oC.
.
Charger type
Thyristor.
Transistor.
.
Battery type
Nickel Cadmium (maintenance free).
.
Cubicle (sheet steel)
Finish
Acid and Alkaline resistant acrylic gloss paint.
Manufacturer's standard.
.
Colour
Manufacturer's standard.
.
Ventilation
Natural.
Facilities
MCB input protection.
Float charge.
Battery over-discharge protection
Fuses for battery protection.
MCB's for outgoing circuits .
Fuses for outgoing circuits .
No protection for outgoing circuits.
Manual selection of boost charge.
Automatic selection of boost charge.
.
Meters
Battery voltage.
Charging current (dual scale for float and boost).
Output current
Input voltage to the rectifier circuit.
33
34
Lamp indications
Supply on.
Supply fail (monitor input terminals).
Float charge.
Boost charge.
No charge (when supply is on).
Battery voltage low.
Battery voltage high.
Earth fault on output.
Low electrolyte level.
Alarms (connected to operate a relay with shrouded 230V 3A a.c. or 0.5A d.c. N/C volt
free contacts, closed on any alarm, for remote indication circuit)
Supply failed.
No charge (when supply is on).
Battery voltage low.
Battery voltage high.
Earth fault on output.
Low electrolyte level.
4260 TOOLS:
Supply a complete set of tools, including a torque spanner, necessary for maintaining all
the equipment, in a lockable hardwood case.
4270A< TRANSFORMER:
Type :Outdoor
Application :Voltage transformation (step-down)
Manufacturer and reference: EMO,Or approved equivalent
Duty : electrical supply HV:11kV; LV : 415V at no load,
Phases 3
Frequency (Hz) 50
Rating
Continuous rating (kVA) 1250
Transformer losses
Scheduled by manufacturer.
Load losses (W) .
Iron losses (W) .
BS 7821 tables 11 and 111.
Sound power level
BS 7821 table 111.
.
34
35
Transformer impedance
Scheduled by manufacturer.
Particulars of system
Supply transformers for systems with a highest voltage of 12kV, 3 phase, 50 Hertz,
with neutral earthed:-
Solidly.
Standard
BS 171.
BS 6436.
BS 7806.
BS 7821.
BS 7844.
BS EN 60076.
IEC 76.
IEC 726.
Transformer type
Oil immersed.
Position
Supply transformers for ground mounting in
Outdoor location.
.
Core
Construct the core from double insulated high quality, cold rolled, grain oriented,
stress relieved silicon iron alloy/steel laminations.
.
Supply the core in cruciform cross section, with mitered joints.
Supply the core in rectangular cross section, with mitred joints.
Clamp the top and bottom yoke laminations between substantial steel channel
sections and support the windings using insulation pieces sized to match duty of
transformer.
Dry and cast resin transformers
Coat assembled core with epoxy resin spray to protect the completed core
against corrosion and ingress of moisture.
Windings
Provide three phase, double wound windings, connected and marked to vector
group reference Dyn 11 of BS 171 or BS EN 60076.
.Manufacture windings from:-
aluminium or copper foil with inter turn insulation of high quality dielectric film
for dry or cast resin transformers.
aluminium or copper foil with high quality cellulose insulation for oil or synthetic
liquid immersed transformers.
insulated enamelled copper wire.
paper insulated rectangular section copper.
35
36
Tapping
Provide off-load tappings on higher voltage winding for a variation of +/-2.5% and
+/- 5% of the primary voltage.
.
Oil-immersed transformers
Control tapping switch by an externally operated hand wheel which can be locked
in any of the positions and fitted with a tap position indicator.
Terminals for external conductors
Neutral conductor size
Make terminals for neutral conductors on three-phase and neutral circuits same
size as phase terminals.
.
Connect neutral terminal to a terminal in the LV cable box.
.Cooling
Winding
Medium
Oil.
Method
Forced.
External
Medium
Air.
Method
Natural.
Cable boxes and terminal chambers
Provide a disconnect chamber on welded sealed transformers, to facilitate cable
testing.
LV terminations
Provide a four pole air insulated cable box for single core PVC or polymeric cables
of up to 630 mm2 size.
Number of cables in parallel As shown on the distribution drawing
Make provision for connection to a bus- ducting system.
Reference and type.
Dimensions as BS 7821
Roller centres :As contained in the manufacturer's manual
Distance between bushes 270T
.Accessories
Rating plate.
2 No. earthing terminals.
Lifting lugs.
Oil level indicator.
Filling hole.
Drain and sampling plug or valve.
.
Fire behavior class to BS 7844
36
37
.
4280A TANKS:
Supply tank for oil-immerse and synthetic liquid immersed transformer manufactured
from welded mild steel.
Construction
Free breathing type with gasket sealed joints.
Welded sealed type.
Transformer filling
Mineral oil.
Tank fittings
Lifting lugs.
Jacking lugs.
50mm Earthing flags.
25mm Drain Valve and Plug.
25mm Filling Plug.
Liquid level indicator.
Welded-in thermometer pocket.
Double contact dial type thermometer.
Air Vent (free breathing tanks).
Air relief device (welded sealed tanks).
Rating and connection plate.
Insulated star point neutral.
Plain skid under base with holes to take rollers.
5000 WORKMANSHIP
5010 FIXING:
Fix all equipment independently of wiring system. Use cadmium or zinc electroplated bolts,
nuts, washers and screws.
5020 ACCESS:
Ensure that clearance in front of switchgear, withdrawn circuit breaker or control gear is
Not less than 1m.
Switch mat should be provided in the electrical panel room
5030 MARKING:
Number terminals, cables and component parts to correspond with manufacturers
certified drawings.
5040 INSTALLATION OF BUSBARS:
Tighten bus bar joints and connections with a torque spanner in accordance with
manufacturers recommendations. Allow for expansion due to operating temperature
conditions and load.
5050 INSTALLATION OF TRANSFORMERS:
Install transformers in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.
37
38
38
39
LV DISTRIBUTION
PART 1 SYSTEM OBJECTIVES
1010 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES

To continue power distribution at LT. after transformation (step-down) and to feed
the electrical loads.
1020 DESIGN PARAMETERS

Total load demand
1030 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

LT voltage from the step-down transformer, MCCB panel (of rating stated on the
drawing) incorporating motorized M/E interlock. The LT. Distribution system also
comprises automatic mains failure/load shedding/synchronizing panel which detects
mains power failure and or abnormality and sequent starts the generators,
synchronizes them according to the power requirement before automatically
transferring the load to the generator system and simultaneously disconnecting the
mains supply from the LT. bus section. When the mains supply is restored or free of
abnormality, the automatic operation panel connects the mains voltage to the bus
section and simultaneously disconnects the generator system from the bus section
and subsequently shuts down the generators in reverse order after no load run-off
time.
1040 CONTROL REQUIREMENTS

1250KVA step-down outdoor transformer, MCCB panel (of rating stated on the
drawing) incorporating motorized M/E interlock, automatic mains failure/load
shedding /synchronizing panel, and generators.
SELECTION SCHEDULES FOR REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS
2600 CONDUIT AND TRUNKING
2603A CONDUIT SYSTEMS:

Type PVC
Application
:For protecting cables
Tate & Lyle
2610 HV/LV CABLES AND WIRING
40
2615A STANDARD WIRING AND POWER CABLES:

Type PVC Copper cables
Application
:Wiring
:Kabel-metal, Nigerchin
Standard power supply cables
PVC insulation and copper conductors
Sheathed - reference Y61.2020C
Sheathed and armoured - reference Y61.2020D
Standard wires for conduit and trunking
PVC insulated, with copper conductors - reference Y61.2020F
90oC PVC insulated - reference Y61.2020H
Standard flat cables 2-core or 3-core, with copper conductors; with or without
CPC
PVC insulated, sheathed - reference Y61.2020I
2617A STANDARD MEDIUM VOLTAGE POWER CABLES:

Type PVC insulated copper cables
Application
Distribution
:Kabel-metal, Nigerchin
261FA STANDARD COMMUNICATIONS CABLES:
Application
:For comm. wiring
Standard communications cables, for indoor use
Reference Y61.2070B
261HA STANDARD COAXIAL CABLES:
Type: PVC, 75 ohms impedance
Application
TV. System and audio wirings.
For broadcast receiving - reference Y61.2080A
261PA CABLE GLANDS:
Type Raychem type.
Application
:Cable protection
Raychem .
Unarmored cables, indoors - reference Y61.3010A
Unarmored cables, outdoors - reference Y61.3010B
Armored cables, indoors - reference Y61.3010D
Armored cables, outdoors - reference Y61.3010E
41
261VA CABLE TERMINATING AND JOINTING SOCKETS:

Type Raychem type.
Application
:For termination
Raychem .
Reference Y61.3040A
261XA INSULATING TAPE:

Type LVBT
Application
:Insulation
Raychem.
PVC insulating tape - reference Y61.3050C
261ZA CABLE JOINTS AND TERMINATIONS:

Type As produced by Raychem
Application
:Termination
Raychem .
Reference Y61.3060A
261dA CONNECTORS FOR COAXIAL CABLES:
Application
:For screwed jointing
Reference Y61.3080A
261jA CABLE DUCTS:
Type :Vertical
Application
For enclosing cables and for linking floors
Reference Y61.3110A
261nA CABLE COVERS AND MARKERS:

Type Concrete
Application
Indication
NCI
Reference Y61.3130A
42
261p WORKMANSHIP
Cable installation - general - reference Y61.4010
Installation of unarmoured cables.
Reference Y61.4040
Cable trenches.
Reference Y61.4050A
Cable installation in trenches - reference Y61.4060
Cable ducts.
Reference Y61.4070A
Cable installation into ducts - reference Y61.4080
Cable installation in conduit and trunking.
Reference Y61.4090A
Cable installation on tray and rack
Reference Y61.4100
Cable surface installation.
Reference Y61.4110A
Cable jointing and terminating generally.
Reference Y61.4150A
Cable jointing and terminating - paper insulated cables.
Reference Y61.4160A
Cable jointing and terminating - elastomer and plastic insulated cables -
reference Y61.4170
Communications coaxial, optical fibre and IT cable installation, jointing and
terminating.
Reference Y61.4200A
Cable sleeves - reference Y61.4210
2620 BUSBAR TRUNKING
2623A BUSBAR SYSTEM:
Type Copper (Rising mains)
Application
:For distribution
:Siemens, MEM
Current rating
:As stated on the drawing and in the BOQ
As indicated on drawings/schedules E-501
2625A BUSBAR TRUNKING:
Tap-off units
Intervals According to the floor to flooor heighs as shown on the drawings
Current rating, number of poles and phases :3-phase
Fuses - Current rating, class and type :As shown on the drawing
Isolating switch with number of poles :As shown on the drawing
Reference Y62.2030A
Protective conductors
Internal - reference Y62.2040A
43
2630 SUPPORT COMPONENTS - CABLE

2633A CABLE SUPPORT AND FINISHES:
Type :Cable tray on angle iron, Cable ladder
Application
:For Cable support
Cable supports and finishes
Reference Y63.2010A
2635A CABLE SUPPORT SYSTEM:
Type :Cable tray on angle iron, Cable ladder
Application
:For Cable support
Perforated tray - reference Y63.2020A
Cable rack - reference Y63.2020B
Cable cleats - reference Y63.2020C
Proprietary cable ties - reference Y63.2020D
Cable clips - reference Y63.2020E
Two way saddles - reference Y63.2020F
2710 LV SWITCHGEAR AND DISTRIBUTION BOARDS
2711 GENERAL:
Comply with work section Y71 clauses detailed below.
Supply switchboards and distribution boards as schedule reference: See D.B
drawings
Location
As shown on the D.B drawings
2715A SWITCHBOARD:
Type MCCB
Application
For distribution and control
: Siemens, Merlin Gerin,Terazaki
Electrical supply
Three phase - reference Y71.1020A
Single phase - reference Y71.1020B
LV switchgear and control gear assembly
Cubicle switchboard - reference Y71.2010A
Cubicle control panel - reference Y71.2010B
Multi-box switchboard - reference Y71.2010C
Multi-box control panel - reference Y71.2010D
Details of equipment
As shown on drawing/schedules :E-501
Rated current and rated prospective short- circuit withstand current for
indicated seconds .
Provide facilities to allow future extension of switchboard .
44
Assembly construction
Floor mounted - reference Y71.2020A
Wall mounted - reference Y71.2020B
Access for cabling - Front, top, bottom or rear
Enclosures finish
Reference Y71.2030A
271PA INDICATOR LIGHTS:

Type :Manufacturer's standard
Application
For indication
Details
As shown on drawings/schedules .
Lamp wattage :Manufacturer's standard
271XA DISTRIBUTION BOARDS:
Type :MCB
Application
:For distribution and control
Siemens, MEM, Federal Electric
Electrical supply
Three phase - reference Y71.1020A
Single phase - reference Y71.1020B
Reference Y71.2210A
Provide spare ways
As shown on drawings/schedules .
271bA MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS:
Type :MCB
Application
:For protection and control
Siemens, MEM, Federal Electric
Reference Y71.2230A
271dA RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICE:
Type ELCB
Application
EL Protection
:As supplied by M.K
45
271f CABLE TERMINATIONS: Reference Y71.2250
As shown on the power distributing drawing see figure VI
2740 ACCESSORIES FOR ELECTRICAL SERVICES
2747A INTERIOR LIGHTING SWITCHES:

Type Tenby, M.K, Volex
Application
:For switching
Switch details
As indicated on drawings/schedules .
Gangs :As shown on the drawings
Pole characteristics :As shown on the drawings
274HA ISOLATING SWITCHES:

Type MEM or approved equal
274LA SOCKET-OUTLETS:
Type Tenby, M.K, Volex
Application
:Connection points
Single, switched - reference Y74.2090A
Details
274TA TELEPHONE AND DATA OUTLET SOCKETS:
Type :Telephone-generals purpose, Data-8pins per outlet
Application
: Connection points
General purpose - reference Y74.2130A
Details
Circuit configurations :As shown on the drawings
274hA INDICATOR LAMPS:
Type As supplied by panel manufacturer
Application
:For Indication
46
2800 EARTHING AND BONDING COMPONENTS
2803A CONDUCTORS:
Type :Copper tape
Application
:For earthing and bonding
Manufacturer Furse
Conductors for earthing systems to BS 7430.
Reference Y80.2010C
2805A EARTH ELECTRODES:

Type :Copper:
Application
:For connecting the earthing network to the earth
Manufacturer Furse
Drawing/schedule :See earthing drawing
Earth electrodes for lightning protection systems.
Earth electrodes for system earthing.
Earth electrode clamps
Earth electrode inspection facilities
2807A EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDS:

Type Copper tape
Application
:For providing same potential at interconnected points
2809A EARTHING:
Type PME
Application
Earthing
2810 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL SERVICES

2813 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING:
Incorporated equipment characteristics
Prospective short circuit current (IP)
Test equipment and consumables
Continuity of protective conductors
Earth fault loop impedence (ZS)
Standby generators
HV and LV switchgear
Specialist installations
Fire detection and alarm systems - BS 5839.
Reference Y81.2120A
Lightning protection - BS 6651.
Reference Y81.2120B
Certification and reporting
Completion certificates
47
2820 IDENTIFICATION - ELECTRICAL
2823 LABELS AND NOTICES:

Fit labels and notices as shown on
contract drawings.
schedules .
drawings .
282J CABLE IDENTIFICATION:
Cable identification
Reference Y82.2190A
Terminal marking and conductor identification
Reference Y82.2200A
Underground cable identification
Reference Y82.2210A
Cable conductor colour coding
Reference Y82.2220A
Cable jointing and termination - reference Y82.2230
282LA ADDITIONAL SAFETY SIGNS:
Type :Exit light
Application
Emergency movement direction indication
Thorn
Reference Y82.2260A
48
49
50
LE GE ND
DE TA ILS
NOTE
C EI LI NG MOU TE D
S QU RE MO UT ED
1 5A SO C KE TO U TLE T
1 X1 3A SO R KE TO U TLE T
S EC UR IT Y LIG HT
56 "C E IL IN GF AN
C O OK ER C O NT RO LU NIT
1T EN NIS COURT FL OOD D IST R IB UT IO N B OA RD
LIGHT P LAN 2X 40WF LO U RIS CE N TF IT TIN G
4 X4 0WD IFU SE R -FL OU RI SC EN T FI T ING
T EL EP HO N ES SO 1
L IG HT ING MET E RC ON T RO LK IO SK WIT H

P H OT O CE L
2BASKET BAL L CO URT

FL OOD LIGHT LAYOU T
L EG EN D
S YM B OL S D ET AI LS
CE IL IN GMO UT ED
ex tra ct orfa n
15 AS OC KE T O UT LET
2X 13A S OR K ET OU T LE T
56 "C E IL IN GF AN
CO O KE R C ON TR OL UN IT
D IS TR IB U TI ON B O AR D
EL EC TR IC AL WAT ER H EA TE R
SOC C ER F IE LD

1
TETE LELIV PHIS IOON NE SS OSO
LIG HT IN G ME T ER CO N TR OL KI OS K WITH
1SO CCER FIE LD FL OOD

L IGHT LAYOUT
COLLEGE
walk wa y wa lkw ay
ROAD
walk wa y
DR A IN AG E C OV ER ON
Rou nd about wa lkw ay
AGTE 1 HT E EX I STI N G DR I AN GE
RE ST AU R AN T/ HA LL
R51 8
R51 8
Flo od Lig ht
walk wa y
Com . B ox
Drai nage PUBLIC SEATING PUBLIC SEATING PUBLIC SEATING

COLLEGE ROAD
Walk wa y 350° 58'
MU LTI PU R P OSE
HA LL 141 .0 0m
RES T AU R A N T /H AL L
Vec hi cula r Ro ad
148°
(Intr el oc king Pa ve )
rGas s
MU L TI PU R P O SE
HAL L
iDsp la y Board
Green G arden
94.70m
aPrki ng
walk wa y
SO CC E R FI ELD SOC C E R FI EL D
L EGEN D
SY MBO LS DETAILS
BAS K E T BA L LC O U RT
22. 20m
27'
Deman cat ed
CEILLING MOU TED
Fen ce Wir e 240° 230° 39. 80m
ex tractor fa n
BA SK ET BA LL CO U RT
PUBLIC SEATING PUBLIC SEATING
Mec hni cal Y ard
VIP SEATING
SIT E P LAN
walk wa y
SQU RE MOUTED
walk wa y
E CH
M
234 S Q M
16m x 1 1. 10 m
1 5A S OCKET O UTL ET
OF FI CE BL OC K
aPrki ng
Close Road Flo od Lig ht
1X13A SOR KET OUT LET
2 X13A SO RKET O UTLET
SECU RIT Y LIG HT
1 SITE LAYOUT
56" CEIL LIN G FAN
1 5X 12 5W HALOGEN LAMP MOUNTED

ON 1 5M GAL VANIZED POL E W ITH CONTROL PANNEL
CO OKER CON TROL UNIT
ex tra ct orfa n
SQ UR E MO U TE D
D IS T RIBUTIO N BOARD
EL EC TRICAL WAT ER H EATER
L EG EN D
SE CU R ITY L IGH T
LE GE ND DE TA ILS
SY MBO LS
C EI LI NG MOU TE D
C EI LI NG MOU TE D
2 X40 W F LOUR IS CENT FITTIN G
e xt rac tor fan
S QU RE MO UT ED
D IST R IB UT IO N B OA RD
S QU RE MO UT ED
2X 40WF LO U RIS CE N TF IT TIN G
4X40W DIFUSER -FL OUR ISCENT F IT TING
4X 40WD IF US E R-F LO UR IS CE NT F IT TIN G 2 X1 3A SO R KE TO U TLE T
S EC UR IT Y LIG HT
TE LE PH ON E S SO
56 "C E IL IN GF AN
5 6" CE IL LI NG FA N 1
T EL IV IS ON S O
4X 12 5W HAL OGEN LAMP MOUNTED
C O OK ER C O NT RO LU NIT ON 15 M GALVANIZED POLE WITH CON TROL PANNEL
TEL EPH ONE SS O
E LE CT RI CA LWA TE R HE AT ER
2 X4 0WF LO UR ISC E NT FI T ING
1
TEL IVISION SSO
T EL EP HO N ES SO
T EL IV IS ON S O
L IGH TING MET ER C ONTR OL KIOS KWITH
PL HIG OTHT OING CEMELT E RC ON T RO LK IO SK WIT H
P H OT O CE L PH OTO C ELL
2
LE GE ND
L EG EN D
SY MBO LS DE TA ILS
D ET AI LS
C EI LI NG MOU TE D
C EI LI NG MOU TE D e xt rac tor fan
ex tra ct orfa n
SQ UR E MO U TE D
T Y P IC A L D IS TR I B UT IO N B O AR D F OR R E ST A UR A NT A ND H A L 1 5A SO C KE TO U TLE T
TYP ICA L DI STR IBUTI ON BOARD FO R OFFI CE BLO CK 2 X1 3A SO R KE TO U TLE T
2 X1 3A SO R KE TO U TLE T L EG EN D
S EC UR IT Y LIG HT SY MBO LS DE TA ILS
56 "C E IL IN GF AN
56 "C E IL IN GF AN C EI LI NG MOU TE D
e xt rac tor fan C O OK ER C O NT RO LU NIT

TY PICA LDIS TRIB UTIO N B OAR
D FOR RE STAU RAN TAN DHA L
D IS TR IB U TI ON B O AR D 1 5A SO C KE TO U TLE T E LE CT RI CA LWA TE R HE AT ER
2 X4 0WF LO UR ISC E NT FI T ING 2 X1 3A SO R KE TO U TLE T 4 X4 0WD IFU SE R -FL OU RI SC EN T FI T ING
TE LE PH ON E S SO
5 6" CE IL LI NG FA N TE LIV IS IO N S O
TE LE PH ON E S SO
ex tra ct orfa n L IG HT ING MET E RC ON T RO LK IO SK WIT H
PH O TO CE L
D IS TR IB U TI ON B O AR D 15 AS OC KE T O UT LET

4 X4 0WD IFU SE R -FL OU RI SC EN T FI T ING SE CU R ITY L IGH T
56 "C E IL IN GF AN
TE LE PH ON E S SO
TE LIV IS IO N S O

TE LE PH ON E S SO
TE LIV IS IO N S O
LE GE ND
MINI- STADIUM
SY MBO LS D ET AI LS
CE IL IN GMO UT ED
SQ UR E MO U TE D
SE CU R ITY L IGH T
5 6" CE IL LI NG FA N
L EG EN D D IS TR IB U TI ON B O AR D
L EG EN D
SY MBO LS
C EI LI NG MOU TE D 2 X4 0WF LO UR ISC E NT FI T ING
C EI LI NG MOU TE D
e xt rac tor fan e xt rac tor fan
S QU RE MO UT ED
S QU RE MO UT ED
TE LE PH ON E S SO
ENGR. M. A.SUBAIR
T YP IC A L D IS T R IB U T IO N BO A R D F O R GA T EH O U SE A N D FE N CE
1 X1 3A SO R KE TO U LET T
S EC UR IT Y LIG HT
ENGR. M.A. SUB AIR
56 "C E IL IN GF AN
56 "C E IL IN GF AN
1 : NTS
2 X4 0WF LO UR ISC E NT FI T ING
ELECTRICAL
4 X4 0WD IFU SE R -FL OU IR SC EN T FI T ING
                  
2 T EL IV IS ON S O
P H OT O CE L
TE LIV IS IO N S O
PLIGH OHT TOIN CEG LME T ER CO N TR OL KI OS K WITH JUNE. 2016
UD35180SEL43754
51

UD35180SEL43754
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR TYPICAL TRANSFORMER

FROM MANUFACTURAL
52
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING
FEEDERS INTERLOCKING
RMU
CONCRETE SLAB
RMU
CONTROL ROOM
F1 (1- 11)
F2( 1-11) RMU F5(1-11) F6(1-11) S F6/500M AV C/B
V OLT.TRA NS.
F3(1-8)
F4(1-9) GANGE ISO
SW
11KV,HTIND
ONTRO
ITC
H
F1 11
LRO
INGPAN
DISTRIBUTION BOARD(DB)
OM
OO
CU RRE NT TRAS
R
EL
F2 11
F3 8
SPARE SPARE 1x 10-50 mm2 armoured cable
F4 9
15MVA TRANSFORMER
11 KV BREAK ERS F5 11 . BUS BAR OR CONTROL PANNEL
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
F6 11
1X300MMXLPE
11 KV B US BAR
TRENCH LAYOUT 15 MVA TRANSFORMER. 4 X 70mm2 armoured cable
500 KVA 11/ 0.415KV 500 KVA 11/ 0.415KV
4 X 50mm2 armoured cable
SW
11KV,HTIN
33 KV NETWORK CHANGE OVER PANNEL
ON
ITCH
TR
11 KV NETWORK 11 KV NETWORK
O
INGPAN
SECTIO N INJECTION SUB STATION LAYOUT 11KV RMU 11KV RMU
LR
D
O
FLY STAY
O
O
HV SWITCHGEAR STANDARD
O
M
T2 15MVA 33/ 11 TRANSFORMER T1 3 X 185mm 11KV XLPE 3 X 185mm 11KV XLPE
R
EL
SAND FIL L 3 X 300mm XLPE 4 X 95mm2 armoured cable
SET OF LIGHTNIN G ARRESTER 12mm HT POLE
100
CONCRE TE SLAB
& D FU SE
10 . OOmm HT POLE 10 . OOmm HT POLE
ARM CABLE
100
100
3No 1c x 35mm2 XLPE CABLE
CROSS SECTION 0F TYPCAL
CABLE TRENCH
800
A,4W
500KVA,11/0.415KV
AYSFEED
E
ISOLATOR
ERPILLAR
3
4No 1cx500mm2PVC / PVC CABLE.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING FEEDER INTERLOCKING
AND NO OF TR ANSFORMERS ON EACH FEEDER

TRANSFORMER
4X150MM2 ARMOURED CABLE UP RISERS
INJECTION SUB-STATION
3X185MM2XLPE I NJECTI ON SUB-STATION
RMU
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING
IR ON GATE SUB STATION LAYOUT FEEDER INTERLO CKING FEEDER INTERLOCKING
1 : NTS 1 : NTS
FEB.20 16 FEB.20 16
53
CONCLUTION
HIGH VOLTAGE (HV)
11kv 3-phse supply from the electric mains come in through an 'H' pole or RMU to 50kva-
500KVA or equivalent with 11kv switch, lightning arrestors, dropout fuses and other
accessories as stated above. The transformer output was connected to an HT panel for
control and distribution purposes having stepping it down to 415V for consumer use. E.G.
FEEDER PILAR OR Gear switch.
LOW VOLTAGE (LV)
Low voltage from the step-down transformer, MCCB panel (of rating stated on the drawing)
incorporating motorized M/E interlock. The Lv. distribution system also comprises automatic
mains failure/load shedding /synchronizing panel which detects mains power failure and or
abnormality and sequent starts the generators, synchronizes them according to the power
requirement before automatically transferring the load to the generating system and
simultaneously disconnecting the mains supply from the LV bus section. When the mains
supply is restored or free of abnormality, the automatic operation panel connects the mains
voltage to the bus section and simultaneously disconnects the generator system from the bus
section and subsequently shuts down the generators in reverse order after no load run-off
time; it may be manually operating using mechanical interlock change over switch.
54
Bibliography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electric_power_distribution
https://www.wbdg.org/ccb/NAVFAC/OPER/mo201.
www.electrical-installtion.org.

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1

COURSE TITLE: THESIS

SUBAIR AKINTAYO MUALI

A Final Thesis presented to

ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY.

NUMBER OF PAGES ................................................................

COVER PAGE FOR SEMINAR ....................................................................

COVER PAGE FOR THESIS .....................................................................

STRUCTURE OF TEXT .........................................................................

IN-TEXT REFRENCES .........................................................................

FINAL THESIS OUT LINE .........................................................................

ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY.

SUBAIR AKINTAYO MUALI

A Final Thesis presented to

ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY.

Introduction of the AC transformer

Generation and transmission

Substation near Yellowknife, in the Northwest Territories of Canada

Worldwide electrical voltage and frequency.

220-240 volt systems

110-120 volt systems

Japan's utility frequencies are 50 Hz and 60 Hz

  Berly, J. (1880-03-24). "Notes on the Jablochkoff System of Electric Lighting". Journal of

Some Basic Considerations on

General Planning Considerations

Phase 2 – Preliminary planning (project and planning preparations)

Phase 3 – Concept planning (system and integration planning)

LOW VOLTAGE (LV)

SELECTION SCHEDULES FOR REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS

2600 SURFACE AND CONDUIT

2603A CONDUIT SYSTEMS:

2800 EARTHING AND BONDING OF INSTALLATIONS

2805A EARTH ELECTRODES:

Earth electrode clamps

2807A EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDS:

2810 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF ELECTRICAL SERVICES

Fire detection and alarm systems - BS 5839.

2820 IDENTIFICATION - ELECTRICAL

2823 LABELS AND NOTICES:

2829 EQUIPMENT SIGNS AND LABELS:

PART 3 SPECIFICATION CLAUSES SPECIFIC.

3010 HV SWITCHGEAR STANDARDS:

3020 TRANSFORMER STANDARDS:

3040 SITE BUILT ASSEMBLIES:

3050 SITE MODIFICATION:

4010 SWITCHBOARD SCHEDULE:

4030A ENCLOSURES FINISH:

Supply floor standing, metal clad, separately compartmented structure comprising

Ensure continuity of protective circuits at all times.

4060A CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

4090A METERING UNIT:

4100 INSTRUMENT PANEL:

4110A PROTECTION DEVICES INTERPOSING RELAYS AND INTER- TRIPPING RELAYS:

4130A VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS:

4150A INSTRUMENTS AND METERS:

4160A INDICATOR LIGHTS:

4180A TRIP/CLOSE SWITCHES AND SELECTOR SWITCHES:

4200A HV CABLE BOXES AND CABLE TERMINATION:

4210A CONTROL, INSTRUMENTATION AND INDICATION CABLE TERMINATION BOXES: