Heaviside's Expansion Formula
Heaviside's Expansion Formula
Heaviside's Expansion Formula
P( s) n P( k )
= e t .
−1
then L k
Q( s) k =1 Q( k )
Proof: Since P(s) is a polynomial of degree less than that of Q(s)
and Q(s) has distinct roots 1 n , we can write according to the
method of partial fraction
P( s) A1 A2 An
= + + + (1)
Q ( s ) s − 1 s − 2 s − n
Multiplying both sides of (1) by s − k and putting s = k , we find
using L. Hospital’s rule
P( s)
Ak = Lt (s − k )
s→ k Q ( s )
s − k
= Lt P( s )
s→ k Q( s )
1 P ( k ) 0
= Lt P ( s ) Lt = 0 form
s → k s → k
Q( s ) Q( s )
P(1 )
A1 = ,
Q (1 )
P ( 2 ) P ( n )
similarly A2 = An =
Q( 2 ) Q( n )
P ( s ) P (1 ) 1 P( 2 ) 1 P ( n ) 1
= + ++
Q( s ) Q(1 ) s − 1 Q( 2 ) s − 2 Q( n ) s − n
P( s ) P(1 ) 1t P( 2 ) 2 t P( n ) n t
L−1 = .e + e ++ e
Q( s) Q(1 ) Q( 2 ) Q( n )
n
P ( k ) k t
= .e . proved
k =1 Q ( k )
−1 s2
Exam-1 Evaluate : L . by using Heaviside’s
( s + 1)( s + 2)( s + 3)
expansion formula
Solution: Here P( S ) = s 2 , Q( s) = ( s + 1)( s + 2)( s + 3)
Q( s) = ( s + 1)[( s + 3) + ( s + 2) + ( s + 2)( s + 3)
= ( s + 1)( s + 3) + ( s + 1)( s + 2) + ( s + 2)( s + 3)
−1 s2 1 −t 4 −2 t 9
L = e + e + e −3t
( s + 1)( s + 2)( s + 3) 2 (−1) (−2)(−1)
e−t 9
= − 4e −2t + e −3t . Answer
2 2
For repeated roots: In the of case Q(s) has repeated linear factors,
P( s ) ( s)
we can write f ( s) = =
Q( s) ( s − ) n+1
where (s) is the quotient of polynomials P(s) and the one obtained
by removing the factor (s − )n+1 from Q(s). Then we have
( s) A0 A1 An
= + + + + g ( s)
(s − ) n+1
s − (s − ) 2
(s − ) n+1
1 1 1
where ( s) = , (−2) = =−
s−2 −2 − 2 4
1
( s) = −
( s − 2) 2
1 −1
(−2) = − =
(−2 − 2) 2 16
L−1{ f n (s)} = (−1)n t n F (t )
1 1 1 1 1 1
f ( s) = − . −
16 s − 2 16 s + 2 4 ( s − 2) 2
1 2 t 1 −2 t 1 2 t
F (t ) = e − e − te Ans.
16 16 4
2s + 3
Evaluate: L−1 2
( s + 1) ( s + 2)
2
2s + 3 A0 A1 B0 B1
f ( s) = = + + +
( s + 1) 2 ( s + 2) 2 s + 1 ( s + 1) 2 s + 2 ( s + 2) 2
2s + 3 −2 + 3
Here, ( s) = , (−1) = =1
( s + 2) 2
(−1 + 2) 2
2s + 3 −4+3
= , (−2) = = −1
( s + 1) 2 (−2 + 1) 2
2( s + 1) 2 − (2s + 3).2( s + 1) 2( s + 1) − 2(2s + 3)
( s) = =
( s + 1) 4 ( s + 1)3
−2 + 2
(−2) = =0
(−0 + 1)
1 1
A0 = ( ) = (−1) = 0
1! 1!
1 0
A1 = (−1) = 1
0!
1
B0 = (−2) = 0
1!
1
B1 = 0 (−2) = −1
0!
1 1
L−1 − = te −t
− te −2 t
( s + 1) ( s + 2)
2 2
5s 2 − 15 s − 11
−1
Evaluate: L 3
( s + 1)( s − 2)
5s 2 − 15 s − 11 A B0 B1 B2
f ( s) = = + + +
( s + 1)( s − 2)3 s + 1 s − 2 ( s − 2) 2 ( s − 2)3
Here, P(s) = 5s 2 − 15s − 11
P(−1) = 5 + 15 − 11 = 9
Q(s) = (s + 1)(s − 2)3
Q(s) = 3(s + 1)(s − 2)2 + (s − 2)3
Q(−1) = (−1 − 2)3 = −27
5s 2 − 15s − 11
Q( s ) =
s +1
( s + 1)(10 s − 15) − (5s 2 − 15 s − 11)
Q( s) =
( s + 1) 2
10 s − 15 5s 2 − 15 s − 11
−
s +1 ( s + 1) 2
(2 + 1)(10) − (10 s − 15).1
Q( s) =
( s + 1) 2
( s + 1) 2 (10 s − 15) − 2(5s 2 − 15 s − 11)( s + 1)
−
( s + 1) 4
5.4 − 15.2 − 11 − 2h
(2) = = = −7
3 3
3(20 − 15) − (c − 21) 15 + 21
(2) = = =4
(2 + 1) 2
−9
25 45 + 126 225 − 45 − 126 54
= − = =
9 81 81 81
P(−1) 9 −1
A0 = Lt = =
s →−1
Q(−1) −27 3
1 1 54 1
B0 = (2) = =
2−0
( 2 − 0 ) ! 2 81 3
1 1
B1 = (2) = .4 = 4
( 2 − 1)! 1
1 0
B2 = (2) = −7 .
0!
Taking inverse laplace
−1 − t 1 2 t 4 2 t −7 2 2 t
F (t ) = e + e + te − t e
3 3 1! 2!
1 1 7
= − e − t + e 2 t + 4te 2 t − t 2 e 2 t
3 3 2
Applications
To evaluate the integrations
0 e− x dx
2
1. Evaluate:
Soln.
Let G (t ) = 0 e− tx dx
2
0
e− tx dx dt
2
= 0
0
e− st e− tx
2
dt dx
Le dx
= 0 − tx 2
= 0
1
s + x2
dx since L e − tx 2
=
1
s + x2
dx
= 0
x2 + ( s )
2
1 x
= tan −1
s s 0
1 1
= tan −1 − tan −1 0
s s
1 1
= − 0=
s2 s 2 s
Thus L{G (t )} = .
2 s
Now taking the inverse Laplace transform we have
−1 1
−1
G (t ) = L = L 1
2 s 2 2
s
1
−1 1
−
t 2
= L 1 =
2 − 2 +1 2 1
s − + 1
2
1
−
t 2
=
2 1
2
1 1
= . = .
2 t 2 t
1
0 e − tx dx =
2
Hence
2 t
0 e− x dx =
2
Putting t = 1, we have . Ans
2
0 cos x dx
2
2 Evaluate:
Slon.
Let G(t ) = 0 cos tx 2 dx
= 0
0
e− st cos tx2 dt dx
= 0 L{cos tx2 } dx
s s
= 0 dx . Since L{cos at} = , s0
s +x
2 4
.s + a
2 2
Limits x=0
x =
=0 =
2
s s 1
0 = d
2
dx 2 s sec
s +x
2 4 0
s sec
2 2
2 tan
d 1 2 −
1
= 2 = (tan ) 2
d
0
2 s tan 2 s 0
1 1
1 −
=
2 s
sin cos d
0
2 2 2
1 3
1 −1 −1
=
2 s 0
2 sin 2
cos 2
d
1 3
1 2. −1 2. −1
=
2 s 0
2 sin 4
cos 4
d
1 3
1 1 4 4
= .
2 s 2 1 3
+
4 4
[Using the formula 0
2 sin 2 m −1 cos2 n −1 d
1 mn
= (m, n) =
2 2 (m + n)
1 1
1 −
1 4 4
=
4 s 1
1
= since p (1 − p) =
4 s sin p
sin
4
1 2 2
= = L{G(t )} =
4 s 1 4 s 4 s
2
Now taking the inverse Laplace transform, we have
1 2
G (t ) = 0 cos tx dx = 2
L 1 −1
4 s 2
1
2 −1
= L 1
4 s − 2 +1
1
−
2 t 2
=
− + 1
4 1
2
1
−
2 t 2
2 1 2 1
= = .
4 1 4 t 4 t
2
2 1
0 cos tx2 dx =
4
.
t
Putting t = 1, we have
2 1
0 cos x 2 dx = = Ans
4 2 2
sin tx
3. Evaluate 0
x( x + 1)
2
dx
sin tx
Let F (t ) = 0 dx
x( x + 1)
2
1 1 1
= 0 2 2 − 2 2
dx
s −1 x +1 s + x
1 1 x
= 2 tan −1 x − tan −1
s −1 s s0
1 1 1 1
= − = −
s 2 − 1 2 2 s 2 s s + 1
Taking inverse laplace on both sides
(1 − e −t ) ( )
sin tx
F (t ) = 0 dx = 1 − e −t
Ans
2 x( x 2 + 1) 2
Evaluate the following
sin tx x sin tx
4. 0 2
dx [Ans : t ] 5. − ( x 2 + a 2 ) dx [Ans : e −a t
]
x
e− tx
6. dx [Ans : et erfc t ]
0
x ( x + 1)