2020 Summer Olympics

The 2020 Summer Olympics (Japanese: 2020 年夏季オリンピック , Hepburn: Nisen Nijū-nen Kaki Orinpikku),
officially the Games of the XXXII Olympiad ( 第三十二回オリンピック競技大会 , Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Games of the XXXII
Taikai) and branded as Tokyo 2020 ( 東京 2020), is an ongoing international multi-sport event that is currently being Olympiad
held from 23 July to 8 August 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, with some preliminary events beginning on 21 July.

Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 7 September 2013.[2]
Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, the event was postponed in March 2020 as a result of
the COVID-19 pandemic, and is held largely behind closed doors with no public spectators permitted under the state of
emergency.[b] Despite being rescheduled for 2021, the event retains the Tokyo 2020 name for marketing and branding
purposes.[3] This is the first time that the Olympic Games have been postponed and rescheduled, rather than cancelled.[4]
The Summer Paralympics will be held between 24  August and 5  September 2021, 16 days after the completion of the
Olympics.[5]

The 2020 Games are the fourth Olympic Games to be held in Japan, following the Tokyo 1964 (Summer), Sapporo 1972
(Winter), and Nagano 1998 (Winter) games. Tokyo was to host the 1940 Summer Olympics but pulled out in 1938 due to
war. Tokyo is the first city in Asia to hold the Summer Games twice. The 2020 Games are the second of three consecutive
Olympics to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea and preceding the Host city Tokyo, Japan
2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. Motto United by Emotion[a]
Nations 205 (+ EOR team)
The 2020 Games sees the introduction of new competitions including 3x3 basketball, freestyle BMX and mixed events in
a number of sports, and the return of madison cycling, baseball and softball. Under new IOC policies, which allow the Athletes 11,326
host organizing committee to add new sports to the Olympic program to augment the permanent core events, these Events 339 in 33 sports (50
Games see karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding making their Olympic debuts.[6] disciplines)
Opening 23 July 2021

Contents Closing 8 August 2021

Opened Emperor Naruhito
Bidding process by
Host city selection
Cauldron Naomi Osaka
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
Stadium Olympic Stadium
Qualifying event cancellation and postponement
Summer
Effect on doping tests
Winter
Postponement to 2021
Calls for cancellation
Costs and insurance
Development and preparation
Venues and infrastructure
Security
Volunteers
Medals
Torch relay
Biosecurity protocols
Ticketing
Cultural festival
The Games
Opening ceremony
Sports
Test events
Participating national Olympic committee teams
Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee
Medal summary
Calendar
Event scheduling
Marketing
Victory ceremonies
Colors
Concerns and controversies
Related to the Organising Committee
Broadcasting
See also
Notes
References
External links

Bidding process
The three candidate cities were Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid. The applicant cities of Baku and Doha were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome
was withdrawn.

Host city selection

The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7  September 2013, at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, using an
exhaustive ballot system. None of the candidate cities won more than 50% of the votes in the first round; Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place, so a
runoff vote was held to determine which of the two cities would be eliminated. The final vote was a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul. Tokyo
was selected by 60 votes to 36, gaining at least the 49 votes required for a majority.

2020 Summer Olympics host city election[7]

City NOC name Round 1 Runoff Round 2

Tokyo  Japan 42 — 60

Istanbul  Turkey 26 49 36

Madrid  Spain 26 45 —

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

In January 2020, concerns were raised about the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on athletes and visitors to the Olympic Games.[8] Tokyo
organizers insisted they were monitoring the spread of the disease to minimize its effects on preparations for the Olympics.[9] The IOC stated that in 2020,
their Japanese partners and the prime minister Abe Shinzo "made it very clear that Japan could not manage a postponement beyond next summer [2021] at
the latest".[10] Unlike the case for Zika virus during the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted directly between humans,
posing tougher challenges for the organizers to counteract the infectious disease and host a safe and secure event.[8] Also unlike the case for H1N1 "swine flu"
during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, COVID-19 has a higher fatality rate, and there was no effective vaccine until December 2020.[11] In a
February 2020 interview, Conservative London mayoral candidate Shaun Bailey argued that London would be able to host the Olympic Games at the former
2012 Olympic venues should the Games need to be moved because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[12] Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike criticized Bailey's comment
as inappropriate.[13] In early 2021, officials in the U.S. state of Florida offered to host the delayed games in their state, while John Coates the vice president of
the International Olympic Committee in charge of the Tokyo Olympics, said the Games would open even if the city and other parts of Japan were under a
state of emergency because of COVID-19.[14][15]

Estimates by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Kyoto University predicted that states of emergency may be required during the Games.[16] The
reports published at the Ministry of Health experts' panel also showed new patients increasing to 10,000 if the games were to allow spectators.[17]

Qualifying event cancellation and postponement

Concerns about the pandemic began to affect qualifying events in early 2020. Some that were due to take place in February were moved to alternative
locations to address concerns about travelling to the affected areas, particularly China. For example, the women's basketball qualification was played in
Belgrade, Serbia, instead of Foshan, China.[18] The boxing qualification tournament was originally planned to be held in Wuhan, China, the location of the
original outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, from 3 to 14 February, but instead took place in Amman, Jordan, at the beginning of March.[19] The third round
of the women's football qualification tournament was also affected, as the group matches formerly scheduled to be held in China were moved to Australia.[20]
The European boxing qualification was held in London, United Kingdom, before it was suspended and resumed in June 2021 and has moved to Paris, France,
affecting travel to the United Kingdom for its completion.[21][22] Remaining qualifying events that were due to take place in March to June 2020 began to be
postponed until later in the year and middle of 2021 as part of a wider suspension of international sporting competitions in response to the pandemic. A
multitude of Olympic sports were affected, including archery, baseball, cycling, handball, judo, rowing, sailing, volleyball, and water polo.

Effect on doping tests

Mandatory doping tests were being severely restricted by the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. European anti-doping organizations raised concerns that
blood and urine tests could not be performed and that mobilizing the staff necessary to do so before the end of the pandemic would be a health risk. Despite
the need for extensive testing to take place in advance of the Games, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) stated that public health and safety was their
topmost priority.[23] The Chinese anti-doping agency temporarily ceased testing on 3 February 2020, with a planned resumption of phased testing towards
the end of the month,[24] and the anti-doping organizations in the United States, France, Great Britain, and Germany had reduced their testing activities by
the end of March.[23]

Postponement to 2021

The Tokyo Organizing Committee (TOCOG) released a statement on 2  March 2020, confirming that preparations for the upcoming Tokyo Olympics were
"continuing as planned".[25] On 23 March, both Canada and Australia indicated that they would withdraw from the Games if they were not postponed by a
year.[26] On the same day, Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe stated he would support a proposed postponement, citing that ensuring athlete safety was
"paramount," and veteran IOC member and former vice president Dick Pound said that he expected the Games to be postponed.[27][28]

The IOC and TOCOG released a joint statement on 24 March 2020, announcing that the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics would be rescheduled to a
date "beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021". They stated that the Games could "stand as a beacon of hope to the world during these troubled times",
and that the Olympic flame could become "the light at the end of the tunnel in which the world finds itself at present".[29] Prime Minister Abe stated that IOC
president Thomas Bach responded "with 100% agreement" to his proposal to delay the Games. For continuity and marketing purposes, it was agreed that the
Games would still be branded as Tokyo 2020 despite the change in scheduling.

On 30 March 2020, the IOC and TOCOG announced that they had reached an agreement on the new dates for the 2020 Summer Olympics, which would
begin with the opening ceremony on 23 July 2021 and end with the closing ceremony on 8 August 2021.[30][31] The subsequent Winter Olympics in Beijing
are scheduled to begin on 4 February 2022, less than six months later. Shortly before the postponement was confirmed, the IOC and Tokyo 2020 organizers
formed a task force named "Here We Go" with the remit to address any issues arising from postponing the Games, such as sponsorship and accommodation.
The organizers confirmed that all athletes who had already qualified for Tokyo 2020 would keep their qualification slots.[32]

Calls for cancellation

Health experts expressed concern in April 2020 that the Games might have to be cancelled if the pandemic should persist.[33] In an interview, Organizing
Committee president and former Japanese prime minister Yoshirō Mori asserted that the Games would be "scrapped" if they could not go ahead in 2021.[34]
On 29 April, Prime Minister Abe stated that the Games "must be held in a way that shows the world has won its battle against the coronavirus pandemic".[35]
Thomas Bach acknowledged in an interview on 20 May 2020, that the job of reorganizing the Tokyo Games was "a mammoth task" and also admitted that the
event would have to be cancelled altogether if it could not take place in the summer of 2021.[36] However, both Bach and Mori expressed optimism about the
Games going ahead.

A member of the Japanese COVID-19 Advisory Committee on the basic action policy co-authored a British Medical Journal editorial, which stated, "holding
Tokyo 2020 for domestic political and economic purposes— ignoring scientific and moral imperatives—is contradictory to Japan’s commitment to global
health and human security."[37]

On 21 January 2021, multiple sources reported that the Japanese government had "privately concluded" that the Games would have to be cancelled.[38] The
government dismissed the claims, stating that the reports were "categorically untrue".[39] The new Japanese prime minister Yoshihide Suga confirmed on
19  February that the G7 had given unanimous support for the postponed Games to go ahead as scheduled.[40] "President Biden supports Prime Minister
Suga's efforts," the White House stated.[41] It was reported in April 2021, just three months before the start of the Games, that there was still the option to
cancel the Tokyo Olympics with the country having vaccinated less than 1% of its population, with tens of thousands of volunteers expected to take part and
athletes not being required to quarantine after arriving in Japan.[42][43] Prime Minister Suga dismissed these reports in an April 2021 press conference with
President Biden, who continues to support Suga's determination to hold the Games.[44] "We respected the decision to delay the games last summer" and "the
President proudly supports U.S. athletes," the White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki said.[45]

Public support for the Games in Japan has decreased significantly amid a 2021 surge in COVID-19 cases in the country.[46] Multiple organisations of medical
professionals have voiced oppositions to the Games,[47][48][49] while an opinion poll in April 2021 saw 40% of participants support the cancellation of the
Games, and 33% support a second postponement.[50] In May 2021, 83% of those polled supported the cancellation or postponement of the Games.[51] The
Tokyo Medical Practitioners Association is calling for the cancellation, stating that hospitals in Tokyo "have their hands full and have almost no spare
capacity" in an open letter to the prime minister.[52] At least nine out of 47 elected governors supported the cancellation of the Games.[53] Nearly 37% of
Japanese companies surveyed supported the cancellation of the Games, and 32% supported postponement.[54]

Kenji Utsunomiya, who had previously run for Governor of Tokyo, collected more than 351,000 signatures on a petition calling for the organisers to
"prioritise life" over the Olympics.[55] Japanese writers Jiro Akagawa[56][57] and Fuminori Nakamura also called for the Games to be postponed or
cancelled.[58]

On 26 May, the Asahi Shimbun newspaper, which is a local sponsor of the Games, published an editorial calling for Prime Minister Suga to "calmly and
objectively assess the situation and decide on the cancellation of the event this summer."[59] On 4 June it was reported that Japanese sponsors have proposed
to the organisers for "the Games to be postponed for several months," citing a comment by a corporate sponsor senior executive: "It just makes much, much
more sense from our perspective to hold the Games when there are more vaccinated people, the weather is cooler and maybe public opposition is lower."[60]

In July, it was announced that all events in Tokyo are to be held behind closed doors with no spectators due to a new state of emergency. A poll by the Asahi
Shimbun found that 55% of those surveyed supported the cancellation of the Olympics, and 68% felt that organisers would not be able to suitably control
COVID-19 at the Games.[61] The decision was also detrimental to local sponsors, which had planned in-person presences to promote their products during the
Games; an executive of official sponsor Toyota stated that the company had pulled a television advertising campaign it had planned for the Games in Japan,
citing that the Olympics were "becoming an event that has not gained the public’s understanding."[61][62]

Had the games been cancelled, it would have been the first time since World War II that an Olympic event had been called off, and the first games to be
scrapped due to a circumstance that didn't have to do with war. A complete cancellation would have also cost Japan ¥4.52 trillion (US$41.5 billion), based on
operating expenses and loss of tourism activity.[63]

Costs and insurance

According to an estimate conducted by professor emeritus Katsuhiro Miyamoto of Kansai University and reported by the NHK, the cost of delaying the 2020
Olympics by one year will be 640.8 billion yen (US$5.8 billion), taking maintenance expenditures for the unused facilities into account.[63]

The Tokyo Games are protected through the commercial insurance marketplace Lloyd's of London, by global reinsurers Munich Re and Swiss Re. The IOC
takes out around $800 million of insurance for each Summer Olympics, with the total amount of loss insured for the 2020 Games likely to be more than
$2 billion. The disruption caused by postponing the Games was covered by the insurance policy; those likely to make claims for their financial losses include
local organizers, sponsors, hospitality firms, and travel providers. The total loss amount will not become clear until the Games have actually taken
place.[64][65]

Holders of tickets purchased from overseas prior to postponement will be entitled to refunds for both Olympic and Paralympic ticket purchases except for
costs for cancelled hotel bookings. Although about 600,000 Olympic tickets and 300,000 Paralympic tickets will need to be refunded, organisers said that
they would not release the costs for refunds.[66]

Development and preparation

The Tokyo Organizing Committee was originally headed by former Japanese prime minister Yoshirō Mori,[67] but he resigned in February 2021 due to
backlash from sexist comments about women in meetings.[68][69][70] Seiko Hashimoto was chosen to succeed him. Tamayo Marukawa, Minister for the Tokyo
Olympic and Paralympic Games, oversees the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has set aside a fund of ¥400 billion (more than US$3.67 billion) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese
government is considering easing airspace restrictions to allow an increased slot capacity at both Haneda and Narita airports. A new railway line is planned to
link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station, cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes, and from Tokyo
Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes; funded primarily by private investors, the line would cost ¥400 billion. The East Japan Railway Company
(JR East) is also planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport.[71]

There are plans to fund the accelerated completion of the Central Circular Route, Tokyo Gaikan Expressway, and Ken-Ō Expressway, and the refurbishment
of other major expressways in the area.[72] The Yurikamome automated transit line is also to be extended from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a
new terminal at Kachidoki Station, passing the site of the Olympic Village, although the line is not expected to have adequate capacity to serve major events in
the Odaiba area on its own.[73]

In June 2020, TOCOG CEO Toshirō Mutō stated that the committee was exploring options for streamlining the Games to achieve cost savings.[74] On 25
September, the IOC and Tokyo Organizing Committee agreed to a suite of measures to simplify the Games' logistics, including a cut to non-athlete staff, use of
online meetings, and streamlined transport, among others. The committee also outlined areas it would be exploring in order to maintain the health and safety
of all participants.[75]

Venues and infrastructure

In February 2012, it was announced that former Tokyo's National Stadium, the central venue for the 1964 Summer
Olympics, would undergo a ¥100 billion renovation for the 2019 Rugby World Cup and the 2020 Summer Olympics.[76]
In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced it was taking bids for proposed stadium designs. Of the
46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the project, which would replace the old stadium with a new 80,000-seat
stadium. There was criticism of the Zaha Hadid design—which was compared to a bicycle helmet and regarded as
clashing with the surrounding Meiji Shrine—and widespread disapproval of the costs, even with attempts to revise and
"optimize" the design.[77] The newly built Japan National
Stadium in Tokyo, will host the
In June 2015, the government announced it was planning to reduce the new stadium's permanent capacity to 65,000 in Ceremonies and Athletics.
its athletics configuration (although with the option to add up to 15,000 temporary seats for football) as a further cost-
saving measure. [78][79] The original plans to build a retractable roof were also scrapped. [80] As a result of public
opposition to the increasing costs of the stadium, which reached ¥252 billion, the government ultimately chose to reject Zaha Hadid's design entirely and
selected a new design by Japanese architect Kengo Kuma. Inspired by traditional temples and with a lower profile, Kuma's design has a budget of
¥149 billion. Changes in plans prevented the new stadium from being completed in time for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as originally intended.[81] National
Stadium was inaugurated on 21 December 2019 and will be named Olympic Stadium during 2020 Olympic Games.[82]

In October 2018, the Board of Audit issued a report stating that the total cost of the venues could exceed US$25 billion.[83]

Of the 33 competition venues in Tokyo, 28 are within 8 kilometers (5 miles) of the Olympic Village, with eleven new venues to be constructed.[84] On
16 October 2019, the IOC announced that there were plans to re-locate the marathon and racewalking events to Sapporo for heat concerns.[85] The plans were
made official on 1 November 2019 after Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike accepted the IOC's decision, despite her belief that the events should have remained in
Tokyo.[86]

Security

In December 2018, the Japanese government chose to ban drones from flying over venues being used for the Olympic and
Paralympic Games. A similar ban was also imposed for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, which Japan also hosted.[87]

Volunteers

Applications for volunteering at the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were accepted beginning on 26 September
2018. By 18 January 2019, a total of 204,680 applications had been received by the Tokyo Organizing Committee.[88]
Interviews to select the requisite number of volunteers began in February 2019, with training scheduled to take place in
October 2019.[89] The volunteers at the venues are to be known as "Field Cast", and the volunteers in the city are to be Police patrolling and watching from
a rooftop near the tennis venue
known as "City Cast". These names were chosen from a shortlist of four from an original 150 pairs of names; the other
three shortlisted names were "Shining Blue" and "Shining Blue Tokyo", "Games Anchor" and "City Anchor", and "Games
Force" and "City Force". The names were chosen by the people who had applied to be volunteers at the Games.[90]

As of early June 2021, approximately 10,000 out of the 80,000 registered volunteers resigned from the Games. Media attributed the rise in pandemic cases as
the reason for massive quitting.[91] More volunteer assignments are expected to be cancelled due to the spectator ban.[92]

Medals

In February 2017, the Tokyo Organizing Committee announced an electronics recycling program in partnership with Japan Environmental Sanitation Center
and NTT Docomo, soliciting donations of electronics such as mobile phones to be reclaimed as materials for the medals. Aiming to collect eight tonnes of
metals to produce the medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, collection boxes were deployed at public locations and NTT Docomo retail shops in
April 2017.[93][94] A design competition for the medals was launched in December of that year.[95]

In May 2018, the organizing committee reported that they had obtained half the required 2,700 kilograms of bronze but were struggling to obtain the
required amount of silver; although bronze and silver medals purely utilize their respective materials, IOC requirements mandate that gold medals utilize
silver as a base.[96] The collection of bronze was completed in November 2018, with the remainder estimated to have been completed by March 2019.[97]
On 24 July 2019 (one year ahead of the originally scheduled opening ceremony), the designs of the medals were unveiled.[98][99] The medals for the Olympic
and Paralympic Games were designed by Junichi Kawanishi following a nationwide competition.[100] A new feature shared with the Paralympic medals is that
the ribbons contain one, two, or three silicone convex lines to distinguish gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively.[99]

Due to COVID-19 protocols, athletes will be presented with their medals on trays and asked to put them on themselves, rather than have them placed around
their necks by a dignitary.[101]

Torch relay

The slogan of the 2020 Summer Olympics torch relay is "Hope Lights Our Way".[102][103]

As determined by a 2009 IOC ruling that banned international torch relays for any future Olympic Games,[104] the 2020 Summer Olympics torch was
scheduled to only visit the two countries of Greece and the host nation Japan. The first phase of the relay began on 12 March 2020, with the traditional flame
lighting ceremony at the Temple of Hera in Olympia, Greece. The torch then travelled to Athens, where the Greek leg of the relay culminated in a handover
ceremony at the Panathenaic Stadium on 19 March, during which the torch was transferred to the Japanese contingent.[102] The flame was placed inside a
special lantern and transported from Athens International Airport on a chartered flight to Higashimatsushima in Japan. The torch was then expected to begin
the second phase of its journey on 20 March, as it traveled for one week around the three most affected areas of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami—
Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima—where it would go on display under the heading "Flame of Recovery". After leaving Naraha on 26  March, the torch would
commence its main relay around Japan, incorporating all 47 prefectural capitals.[103]

After the decision to postpone the Games was made, the torch was placed again in a special lantern on display in the city of Fukushima for a month. After
that, the lantern was transferred to the Tokyo prefecture, where it was kept safe until the restart of the relay in 2021.[105] On 23 July 2020 (one year ahead of
the rescheduled opening ceremony), a promotional video was released featuring Japanese swimmer Rikako Ikee carrying the lantern inside Japan National
Stadium, drawing comparisons between emergence from the pandemic and her own return to sport after being diagnosed with leukemia.[106] On 20 August
2020, it was announced that the torch relay would begin again in Naraha, Fukushima on 25 March 2021, nearly a year later than originally planned.[105][107]

The relay ended at Tokyo's National Stadium on 23 July, with tennis player Naomi Osaka lighting the Olympic cauldron at the finale of the opening
ceremony.[108]

Biosecurity protocols

In February 2021, the IOC began releasing "playbooks" containing details on planned COVID-19 biosecurity protocols for
athletes, officials, the press, and other staff, including standard protocols such as practicing social distancing, hygiene, the
wearing of face masks (outside of training and competition for athletes), and being restricted from visiting bars,
restaurants, shops, and other tourist areas, or using public transport unless otherwise permitted. Participants will be
asked to use Japan's COCOA Exposure Notification app and will be tested at least every four days. Athletes who test
positive will be unable to compete and may be quarantined at a government facility (although leeway will be given in the
event of false positives). Close contacts must also test negative in order to be cleared for competition. As the actions could
spread infected droplets, athletes will be discouraged from "excessive" celebrations.[109][110][111] The playbooks were
criticised in a paper published by The New England Journal of Medicine in May 2021, for lacking "scientifically rigorous
Temperature check and COVID-19
risk assessment" and failing to "distinguish the various levels of risk faced by athletes".[112] countermeasures at the tennis
venue
The IOC is recommending the vaccination of athletes if they are available, but vaccines will not be required, and the IOC
is recommending against athletes "jumping the queue" in order to obtain priority over essential populations.[113] On 12
March 2021, Thomas Bach announced that in nations where they are approved for use, the Chinese Olympic Committee
had offered to cover the costs of the Chinese CoronaVac and Sinopharm vaccines for athletes competing in the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter
Olympics, and purchase two doses for their nation's general public for each vaccinated athlete.[114] On 6 May 2021, Pfizer announced that it would donate
doses of its vaccine to NOCs competing in Tokyo.[115]

Approximately 93,000 athletes and officials are exempt from the quarantine rules upon arriving to Japan, provided that they remain in areas separated from
the local population. With around 300,000 local staff and volunteers entering and exiting these bubbles, and 20,000 vaccines doses allocated for this group,
it has led to concerns of COVID-19 spreading both during the games and when teams return to their countries.[116][117]

Due to international travel restrictions, the organising committee announced that no international guests (including spectators) would be allowed to attend
the Games. As per existing guidance for spectator sports in Japan, spectators would be asked to refrain from cheering or shouting.[111] On 19 June 2021,
Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike announced that plans for public viewing events for the Games had been scrapped, in order to use the planned venues (such
as Yoyogi Park) as mass vaccination sites instead.[118] On 21 June, it was announced that all venues would be capped at a maximum of 10,000 ticketed
spectators or 50% capacity, whichever is lower.[119]

On 2 July 2021, President of the Tokyo Organising Committee Seiko Hashimoto warned that there was still a possibility that the Games could be held behind
closed doors due to rising cases in the country.[120][121] Of particular concern has been Japan's slow vaccination rate.[122][123] A University of Toktyo
simulation projected that a new wave of infections could peak in mid-October if the Games went on after the existing state of emergency in Tokyo
expired.[124][125]

On 8 July 2021, after Tokyo recorded 920 new COVID-19 cases (its highest increase since May), Prime Minister Suga declared a new state of emergency in the
Tokyo area from 12 July through 22 August (ending only two days before the Paralympics' opening ceremony), and announced that all events at venues in the
area will therefore be held behind closed doors with no spectators permitted. Hashimoto stated that "it is extremely regrettable that the Games will be staged
in a very limited manner in the face of the spread of novel coronavirus infections." President of the IOC Thomas Bach stated that "we will support any
measure which is necessary to have a safe and secure Olympic and Paralympic Games for the Japanese people and all the participants."[122][123][126]

The announcement stated that spectators will still be allowed at events being held outside of Tokyo, subject to the approval by local health authorities and the
aforementioned 50%/10,000-spectator limit. The prefectures of Fukushima and Hokkaido stated that they will prohibit spectators at events held in the
areas.[127] The opening ceremony is expected to be limited to fewer than 1,000 VIP guests, including IOC representatives and dignitaries.[128] On 16 July, it
was reported that Bach had asked Prime Minister Suga about the possibility that restrictions on spectators could be eased later on if COVID-19 conditions
improve in Tokyo.[128]
Ticketing

The opening ceremony tickets were expected to range from ¥12,000 to ¥300,000, with a maximum price of ¥130,000 for the finals of the athletics track and
field events.[129] The average ticket price is ¥7,700, with half the tickets being sold for up to ¥8,000. A symbolic ticket price of ¥2,020 is expected for families,
groups resident in Japan, and in conjunction with a school program.[129] Tickets will be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese
addresses through the Internet.[130] International guests, had they been allowed, would have needed to visit Japan during the sales period, or arrange to buy
tickets through a third party such as a travel agent.[131]

Tickets went on general sale in Japan in the autumn of 2019 and were expected to be sold globally from June 2020; however, this plan was suspended when
the Games were postponed on 24 March 2020. The Tokyo Organizing Committee confirmed that tickets already purchased would remain valid for the same
sessions according to the new schedule and that refunds were also being offered.[132]

On 20 March 2021, it was announced that due to COVID-19-related concerns, no international guests would be allowed to attend the 2020 Olympics or
Paralympics. This includes both spectators, as well as the friends and family of athletes. All overseas ticketholders will be refunded.[111] Hashimoto cited
uncertainties surrounding international travel restrictions, and goals to preserve the safety of all participants and spectators, and not place a burden on the
health care system.[111] It was ultimately announced in July that no spectators will be allowed at any events held in Tokyo, Fukushima and
Hokkaido.[122][123][126]

Cultural festival

A cultural programme known as Nippon Festival was scheduled to coincide with the Olympics and Paralympics, running from April to September 2021 as a
series of streaming events held by the Tokyo Organizing Committee and other partners. The events are reflecting the themes of "Participation and
Interaction", "Towards the Realisation of an Inclusive Society" and "Reconstruction of the Tohoku Region". The programme was downsized and reformatted
due to COVID-19 and the postponement of the Games.[133] One of these events was a concert held on 18 July, which featured J-rock band Wanima,
choreography by dancers Aio Yamada and Tuki Takamura, and the presentation of animated "creatures" based on illustrations "embodying the thoughts and
emotions of people from across the world".[134]

The original plans for Nippon Festival included events such as Kabuki x Opera (a concert that would have featured stage actor Ichikawa Ebizō XI, opera
singers Anna Pirozzi and Erwin Schrott, and the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra), an arts and culture festival focusing on disabilities,[135][136][137][138] and a
special two-day exhibition sumo tournament at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan shortly after the Olympics—which would have differed significantly from the
traditional bi-monthly Honbasho tournaments, and featured special commentary in English and Japanese to help explain to spectators the customs and
traditions of professional sumo, which are deeply rooted in the Shinto religion.[139][140]

The Games

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony was held on 23 July 2021 in the Japan National Stadium in Tokyo. It included the traditional
Parade of Nations. Emperor Naruhito formally opened the games, and at the end of the torch relay the Olympic cauldron
was lit by Japanese tennis player Naomi Osaka.[141]

Sports

The official program for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9  June 2017. IOC
president Thomas Bach stated that the goal for the Tokyo Summer Olympics was to give them a more "youthful" and Opening ceremony
"urban" appeal, and to increase the number of female participants.[142][143]

The Games will feature 339 events in 33 different sports, encompassing a total of 50  disciplines. Alongside the five new sports that are expected to be
introduced in Tokyo, fifteen new events within existing sports are also planned, including 3×3 basketball, freestyle BMX, and the return of madison cycling,
as well as new mixed events in several sports.

In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.
 2020 Summer Olympic Sports Programme

Aquatics Cycling Modern pentathlon (2)

Artistic swimming (2) BMX freestyle (2) Rowing (14)
Diving (8) BMX racing (2)
Rugby sevens (2)
Marathon swimming (2) Mountain biking (2)
Road cycling (4) Sailing (10)
Swimming (35)
Track cycling (12) Shooting (15)
Water polo (2) Equestrian Skateboarding (4)
Archery (5) Dressage (2) Sport climbing (2)
Athletics (48) Eventing (2)
Surfing (2)
Jumping (2)
Badminton (5) Table tennis (5)
Fencing (12)
Baseball Taekwondo (8)
Baseball (1) Field hockey (2)
Tennis (5)
Softball (1) Football (2)
Triathlon (3)
Basketball Golf (2)
Volleyball
Basketball (2) Gymnastics
Volleyball (2)
3×3 basketball (2) Artistic (14)
Beach volleyball (2)
Boxing (13) Rhythmic (2)
Trampoline (2) Weightlifting (14)
Canoeing
Handball (2) Wrestling
Slalom (4)
Judo (15) Freestyle (12)
Sprint (12)
Greco-Roman (6)
Karate
Kata (2)
Kumite (6)

New sports

On 12 February 2013, with a remit to control the cost of the Games and ensure they are "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC Executive Board
recommended the removal of one of the 26 sports contested at the 2012 Summer Olympics, leaving a vacancy which the IOC would seek to fill at the 125th
IOC Session. Five sports were shortlisted for removal, including canoe, field hockey, modern pentathlon, taekwondo, and wrestling. In the final round of
voting by the Executive Board, eight members voted to remove wrestling from the Olympic programme. Hockey and taekwondo were both tied in second with
three votes each.[144][145][146]

The decision to drop wrestling surprised many media outlets, given that the sport's role in the Olympics dates back to the ancient Olympic Games, and was
included in the original programme for the modern Games. The New York Times felt that the decision was based on the shortage of well-known talent and the
absence of women's events in the sport.[147][148][149] Out of the shortlist from the IOC vote, Wrestling was duly added to the shortlist of applicants for
inclusion in the 2020 Games, alongside the seven new sports that were put forward for consideration.[147]

On 29 May 2013, it was announced that three of the eight sports under consideration had made the final shortlist: baseball/softball, squash and
wrestling.[150] The other five sports were rejected at this point: karate, roller sports, sport climbing, wakeboarding, and wushu.[151] At the 125th IOC Session
on 8 September 2013, wrestling was chosen to be included in the Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024. Wrestling secured 49 votes, while baseball/softball
and squash received 24 votes and 22 votes respectively.[152]

With the adoption of the Olympic Agenda 2020 in December 2014, the IOC shifted from a "sport-based" approach to the Olympic programme to an "event-
based" programme—providing additional flexibility for the host organising committee to propose the addition of sports to the programme to improve local
interest.[153][154] As a result of these changes, a shortlist of eight new proposed sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015, consisting of baseball/softball, bowling,
karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu.[155] On 28 September 2015, the Tokyo Organising Committee submitted their shortlist of
five proposed sports to the IOC: baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding.[156] These five new sports were approved on 3 August
2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and are to be included in the sports program for 2020 only, bringing the total number
of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33.[157][158]

Test events

A total of 56 test events are scheduled to take place in the run-up to the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics. Two of the events were held in late 2018, but the
main test event schedule commenced in June 2019 and was originally due to be completed in May 2020 prior to the start of the Olympics. Several of the
events were incorporated into pre-existing championships, but some have been newly created specifically to serve as Olympic test events for the 2020
Summer Games.[159][160]

In February 2019, it was announced that the test events would be branded under the banner "Ready, Steady, Tokyo". The Tokyo Organizing Committee is
responsible for 22 of the test events, with the remaining events being arranged by national and international sports federations. The first test event was World
Sailing's World Cup Series, held at Enoshima in September 2018. The last scheduled event is the Tokyo Challenge Track Meet, which was originally due to
take place at the Olympic Stadium on 6 May 2020.[161]

All test events originally scheduled to take place from 12 March 2020 onwards were postponed due to COVID-19, with the test event calendar to be reviewed
during the preparations for the rescheduled Games.[c][162]

Participating national Olympic committee teams

The Republic of Macedonia has competed under the provisional name "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" in every Summer and Winter Games since
its debut in 1996 because of the disputed status of its official name. The naming disputes with Greece ended in 2018 with the signing of the Prespa agreement,
and the country was officially renamed North Macedonia in February 2019. The new name was immediately recognized by the IOC, although the Olympic
Committee of North Macedonia (NMOC) was not officially adopted until February 2020. The NMOC sent a delegation to the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics in
January 2020, but the Tokyo Games will be North Macedonia's first appearance at the Summer Olympics under its new name.[163] Since competing as
Swaziland ten times at the Summer and Winter Olympics, Eswatini made its debut under that name after the renaming of the country by the king in
2018.[164]

On 9 December 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from all international sport for a period of four years, after the Russian
government was found to have tampered with lab data that it provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency being
reinstated. As a result of the ban, WADA plans to allow individually cleared Russian athletes to take part in the 2020 Summer Olympics under a neutral
banner, as instigated at the 2018 Winter Olympics, but they will not be permitted to compete in team sports. The title of the neutral banner has yet to be
determined; WADA Compliance Review Committee head Jonathan Taylor stated that the IOC would not be able to use "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR)
as it did in 2018, emphasizing that neutral athletes cannot be portrayed as representing a specific country.[165][166][167] Russia later filed an appeal to the
Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against the WADA decision.[168] After reviewing the case on appeal, CAS ruled on 17  December 2020 to reduce the
penalty that WADA had placed on Russia. Instead of banning Russia from sporting events, the ruling allowed Russia to participate at the Olympics and other
international events, but for a period of two years, the team cannot use the Russian name, flag, or anthem and must present themselves as "Neutral Athlete"
or "Neutral Team". The ruling does allow for team uniforms to display "Russia" on the uniform as well as the use of the Russian flag colors within the
uniform's design, although the name should be up to equal predominance as the "Neutral Athlete/Team" designation.[169]

On 19 February 2021, it was announced that Russia would compete under the acronym "ROC" after the name of the Russian Olympic Committee although the
name of the committee itself in full could not be used to refer to the delegation. The ROC team would be represented by the flag of the Russian Olympic
Committee.[170]

On 6 April 2021, North Korea announced it would not participate in the 2020 Summer Olympics due to COVID-19 concerns.[171] This will mark North Korea's
first absence in the Summer Olympics since 1988.[172] On 21 July 2021, Guinea announced it would not participate in the 2020 Summer Olympics due,
"officially" to COVID-19 concerns.[173] Guinea later reversed the decision and announced it would participate.[174]

Country by team size

The following 205 national Olympic committee teams and the IOC Refugee Olympic Team have qualified (including the 104 universality places guaranteed in
athletics,[175] under which all 206 NOCs may send competitors regardless of qualification).
 Participating national Olympic committee teams

 Afghanistan (5)  Dominica (2)  Lebanon (6)  Rwanda (6)

 Albania (9)  Dominican Republic (62)  Lesotho (2)  Saint Kitts and Nevis (2)
 Algeria (44)  East Timor (3)  Liberia (3)  Saint Lucia (5)
 American Samoa (6)  Ecuador (48)  Libya (4)  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (3)
 Andorra (2)  Egypt (133)  Liechtenstein (5)  Samoa (8)
 Angola (20)  El Salvador (5)  Lithuania (41)  San Marino (5)
 Antigua and Barbuda (6)  Equatorial Guinea (3)  Luxembourg (12)  São Tomé and Príncipe (3)
 Argentina (174)  Eritrea (13)  Madagascar (6)  Saudi Arabia (29)
 Armenia (17)  Estonia (33)  Malawi (5)  Senegal (9)
 Aruba (3)  Eswatini (4)  Malaysia (30)  Serbia (86)
 Australia (478)  Ethiopia (38)  Maldives (4)  Seychelles (5)
 Austria (60)  Federated States of Micronesia (3)  Mali (4)  Sierra Leone (4)
 Fiji (30)  Malta (6)
 Azerbaijan (44)  Singapore (23)
 Bahamas (16)  Finland (45)  Marshall Islands (2)  Slovakia (41)
 Bahrain (32)  France (398)  Mauritania (2)  Slovenia (53)
 Bangladesh (6)  Gabon (5)  Mauritius (8)  Solomon Islands (3)
 Barbados (8)  The Gambia (4)  Mexico (164)  Somalia (2)
 Belarus (101)  Georgia (35)  Moldova (20)  South Africa (177)
 Belgium (121)  Germany (425)  Monaco (6)  South Korea (236)
 Belize (3)  Ghana (14)  Mongolia (43)  South Sudan (2)
 Benin (7)  Great Britain (376)  Montenegro (34)  Spain (321)
 Bermuda (2)  Greece (83)  Morocco (50)  Sri Lanka (9)
 Bhutan (4)  Grenada (6)  Mozambique (10)  Sudan (5)
 Bolivia (5)  Guam (5)  Myanmar (3)  Suriname (3)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (7)  Guatemala (24)  Namibia (11)  Sweden (134)
 Botswana (13)  Guinea (5)  Nauru (2)  Switzerland (107)
 Brazil (301)  Guinea-Bissau (4)  Nepal (5)  Syria (6)
 British Virgin Islands (3)  Guyana (7)
 Netherlands (278)  Chinese Taipei (68)
 Brunei (2)  Haiti (6)
 New Zealand (223)  Tajikistan (11)
 Bulgaria (42)  Honduras (22)
 Nicaragua (8)  Tanzania (3)
 Burkina Faso (7)  Hong Kong (42)
 Niger (7)  Thailand (42)
 Burundi (6)  Hungary (166)
 Nigeria (60)  Togo (4)
 Cambodia (3)  Iceland (4)
 North Macedonia (8)  Tonga (6)
 Cameroon (12)  India (127)
 Norway (75)  Trinidad and Tobago (22)
 Canada (371)  Indonesia (28)
 Oman (5)  Tunisia (63)
 Cape Verde (6)  Iran (66)
 Pakistan (10)  Turkey (108)
 Cayman Islands (5)  Iraq (4)
 Central African Republic (2)  Palau (3)  Turkmenistan (9)
 Ireland (116)
 Palestine (5)  Tuvalu (2)
 Chad (3)  Israel (90)
 Panama (10)  Uganda (25)
 Chile (57)  Italy (372)
 Papua New Guinea (8)  Ukraine (155)
 China (406)  Ivory Coast (28)
 Paraguay (8)  United Arab Emirates (5)
 Colombia (70)  Jamaica (50)
 Peru (35)  United States (613)
 Comoros (3)  Japan (552) (host)
 Philippines (19)  Uruguay (11)
 Cook Islands (6)  Jordan (14)
 Poland (210)  Uzbekistan (65)
 Costa Rica (14)  Kazakhstan (93)
 Portugal (92)  Vanuatu (3)
 Croatia (59)  Kenya (85)
 Puerto Rico (37)  Venezuela (44)
 Cuba (70)  Kiribati (3)
 Qatar (16)  Vietnam (18)
 Cyprus (15)  Kosovo (11)
 Refugee Olympic Team (29)  Virgin Islands (4)
 Czech Republic (115)  Kuwait (11)
 Republic of the Congo (3)  Yemen (5)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (7)  Kyrgyzstan (16)
 ROC (328) [d]  Zambia (26)
 Denmark (107)  Laos (4)
 Romania (101)  Zimbabwe (5)
 Djibouti (4)  Latvia (33)

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee

11,656 athletes from 206 NOCs:

Ranking NOC Athletes

1  United States 613
2  Japan (Host) 552

3  Australia 478
4  Germany 425
5  China 406

Total 11,326
Ranking NOC Athletes
6  France 398

7  Great Britain 376

8  Italy 372

9  Canada 371
10  Spain 321

11  ROC 328

12  Brazil 301

13  Netherlands 278

14  South Korea 236

15  New Zealand 223

16  Poland 210
17  South Africa 177

18  Argentina 174
19  Hungary 166
20  Mexico 164
21  Ukraine 155

22  Sweden 134
23  Egypt 133

24  Belgium 121

25  India 120
26  Ireland 116
27  Czech Republic 115

28  Turkey 108

29  Switzerland 107

30  Denmark 107

31  Romania 101

32  Belarus 101
33  Kazakhstan 93
34  Portugal 92
35  Israel 90

36  Serbia 86

37  Kenya 85

38  Greece 83

39  Norway 75

40  Colombia 70

41  Cuba 70
42  Chinese Taipei 68

43  Iran 66
44  Uzbekistan 65
45  Dominican Republic 62

46  Tunisia 62

47  Austria 60

48  Nigeria 60
49  Croatia 59

Total 11,326
Ranking NOC Athletes
50  Chile 58

51  Slovenia 53
52  Jamaica 50
53  Morocco 50

54  Ecuador 48

55  Finland 45
56  Algeria 44

57  Venezuela 44

58  Azerbaijan 44
59  Mongolia 43
60  Hong Kong 42
61  Thailand 42

62  Bulgaria 42
63  Lithuania 41
64  Slovakia 41

65  Ethiopia 38
66  Puerto Rico 37

67  Georgia 35

68  Peru 35

69  Montenegro 34
70  Latvia 33
71  Estonia 33
72  Bahrain 32
73  Fiji 30
74  Malaysia 30
75  Refugee Olympic Team 29

76  Saudi Arabia 29
77  Indonesia 28

78  Ivory Coast 28

79  Zambia 26

80  Uganda 25

81  Guatemala 24
82  Singapore 23

83  Honduras 22
84  Trinidad and Tobago 22
85  Angola 20
86  Moldova 20
87  Philippines 19
88  Vietnam 18
89  Armenia 17
90  Bahamas 16
91  Kyrgyzstan 16
92  Qatar 16
93  Cyprus 15

Total 11,326
Ranking NOC Athletes
94  Costa Rica 14
95  Ghana 14

96  Jordan 14
97  Botswana 13

98  Eritrea 13
99  Cameroon 12

100  Luxembourg 12
101  Kosovo 11

102  Kuwait 11
103  Namibia 11
104  Tajikistan 11
105  Uruguay 11
106  Mozambique 10
107  Pakistan 10

108  Panama 10
109  Albania 9

110  Senegal 9
111  Sri Lanka 9
112  Turkmenistan 9
113  Barbados 8
114  Mauritius 8

115  Nicaragua 8
116  North Macedonia 8

117  Papua New Guinea 8

118  Paraguay 8
119  Samoa 8
120  Benin 7
121  Bosnia and Herzegovina 7
122  Burkina Faso 7

 Democratic Republic of the

123 7
Congo
124  Guyana 7

125  Niger 7

126  American Samoa 6

127  Antigua and Barbuda 6
128  Bangladesh 6
129  Burundi 6
130  Cape Verde 6
131  Cook Islands 6
132  Grenada 6
133  Haiti 6
134  Lebanon 6
135  Madagascar 6

136  Malta 6

Total 11,326
Ranking NOC Athletes
137  Monaco 6

138  Rwanda 6
139  Syria 6

140  Tonga 6
141  Afghanistan 5
142  Bolivia 5

143  Cayman Islands 5

144  El Salvador 5
145  Gabon 5

146  Guam 5
147  Guinea 5

148  Liechtenstein 5
149  Malawi 5

150  Nepal 5

151  Oman 5
152  Palestine 5
153  Saint Lucia 5

154  San Marino 5

155  Seychelles 5
156  Sudan 5
157  United Arab Emirates 5
158  Yemen 5
159  Zimbabwe 5
160  Bhutan 4

161  Djibouti 4
162  Eswatini 4

163  The Gambia 4

164  Guinea-Bissau 4
165  Iceland 4
166  Iraq 4
167  Laos 4

168  Libya 4
169  Maldives 4

170  Mali 4
171  Sierra Leone 4

172  Togo 4
173  Virgin Islands 4
174  Aruba 3

175  Belize 3
176  British Virgin Islands 3
177  Cambodia 3
178  Chad 3

179  Comoros 3
180  East Timor 3

Total 11,326
 Ranking NOC Athletes
181  Equatorial Guinea 3
182  Federated States of Micronesia 3
183  Kiribati 3
184  Liberia 3
185  Myanmar 3
186  Palau 3
187  Republic of the Congo 3
 Saint Vincent and the
188 3
Grenadines
189  São Tomé and Príncipe 3
190  Solomon Islands 3
191  Suriname 3
192  Tanzania 3

193  Vanuatu 3
194  Andorra 2
195  Bermuda 2
196  Brunei 2
197  Central African Republic 2
198  Dominica 2
199  Lesotho 2
200  Marshall Islands 2
201  Mauritania 2

202  Nauru 2
203  Somalia 2

204  Saint Kitts and Nevis 2

205  South Sudan 2
206  Tuvalu 2
Total 11,326

Medal summary
  *   Host nation (Japan)

2020 Summer Olympics medal table

Rank Team Gold Silver Bronze Total

1  China (CHN) 6 2 5 13

2  Japan (JPN)* 6 1 1 8

3  United States (USA) 5 3 4 12

4  Australia (AUS) 2 1 3 6

5  South Korea (KOR) 2 0 3 5

6  ROC (ROC) 1 4 2 7

7  Italy (ITA) 1 2 4 7

8  Great Britain (GBR) 1 2 1 4
9  Canada (CAN) 1 2 0 3

10  France (FRA) 1 1 1 3

11–42 Remaining Teams 9 17 19 45

Totals (42 teams) 35 35 43 113
Calendar
The 2020 schedule by session was approved by the IOC Executive Board on 18 July 2018, with the exception of swimming, diving, and artistic swimming. A
more detailed schedule by event was released on 16 April 2019, still omitting a detailed schedule for the boxing events.[176][177] A detailed boxing schedule was
released in late 2019.[178]

The original schedule was from 22 July to 9 August 2020. To postpone the Olympics until 2021, all events were delayed by 364 days (one day less than a full
year to preserve the same days of the week), giving a new schedule of 21 July to 8 August 2021.[179]

All times and dates use Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)

Opening Event Gold medal Exhibition Closing

OC ● 1 EG CC
ceremony competitions events gala ceremony
 21 22 23
24 25
26
27 28 29 30 31 1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8

July/August 2021
Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Ceremonies OC CC

Artistic swimming ● ● 1 ● 1

Diving 1 1 1 1 ● ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1

Aquatics Marathon swimming 1 1

Swimming ● 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 5

Water polo ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1

Archery ● 1 1 1 ● ● ● 1 1

Athletics 1 3 4 5 6 5 8 8 7 1

Badminton ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 1 2

Baseball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1
Baseball
Softball ● ● ● ● ● 1

Basketball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Basketball
3×3 Basketball ● ● ● ● 2

Boxing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 1 1 1 4 4

Slalom ● 1 1 ● 1 1
Canoeing
Sprint ● 4 ● 4 ● 4

Road cycling 1 1 2

Track cycling 1 2 1 2 2 1 3
Cycling
BMX ● 2 ● 2

Mountain biking 1 1

Equestrian ● ● 1 1 ● ● ● 2 ● 1 ● 1

Fencing 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

Field hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1

Football ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1

Golf ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● 1

Artistic ● ● 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 EG

Gymnastics Rhythmic ● 1 1

Trampolining 1 1

Handball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1

Judo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

Karate 3 3 2

Modern pentathlon ● 1 1

Rowing ● ● ● ● 2 4 4 4

Rugby sevens ● ● 1 ● ● 1

Sailing ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2 2 2 2

Shooting 2 2 2 2 ● 2 1 2 ● 2

Skateboarding 1 1 1 1

Sport climbing ● ● 1 1

Surfing ● ● ● 2

Table tennis ● ● 1 ● ● 1 1 ● ● ● ● 1 1

Taekwondo 2 2 2 2

Tennis ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 3

Triathlon 1 1 1

Beach volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1
Volleyball
Volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1

Weightlifting 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
 Wrestling ● 3 3 3 3 3 3

Daily medal events 11 18 21 22 23 17 21 21 25 22 24 17 27 23 34 13

Cumulative total 11 29 50 72 95 112 133 154 179 201 225 242 269 292 326 339

21 22 23
24 25
26
27 28 29 30 31 1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8

July/August 2021
Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Event scheduling

Per the historical precedent of swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang,
swimming finals are scheduled to be held in the morning to allow live primetime broadcasts in the Americas. NBC paid substantial fees for rights to the
Olympics, so the IOC has allowed NBC to influence event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible. On 7 May 2014, NBC agreed to a
US$7.75  billion contract extension to air the Olympics through the 2032 games,[180] which is one of the IOC's major sources of revenue.[181] Japanese
broadcasters were said to have criticized the decision, as swimming is one of the most popular Olympic events in the country.[182][183]

Marketing
The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo,
who won a nationwide design contest, it takes the form of a ring in an indigo-colored checkerboard pattern. The design is
meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan".[184] The designs replaced a previous
emblem which had been scrapped after allegations that it plagiarized the logo of the Théâtre de Liège in Belgium. The
あした
Games' bid slogan is Discover Tomorrow (Japanese: 未 来 をつかもう , romanized:  Ashita o tsukamō). While ashita
literally means 'tomorrow', it is intentionally spelled as mirai 'future'.[185] The official slogan United by Emotion was
unveiled on 17 February 2020. The slogan will be used solely in English.[186] Miraitowa (left), the official mascot
of the 2020 Summer Olympics, and
The official mascot of the 2020 Summer Olympics is Miraitowa, a figure with blue-checkered patterns inspired by the Someity (right), the official mascot of
Games' official emblem. Its fictional characteristics include the ability to teleport.[187] Created by Japanese artist Ryo the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Taniguchi, the mascots were selected from a competition process which took place in late 2017 and early 2018. A total of
2,042 candidate designs were submitted to the Tokyo Organizing Committee, which selected three pairs of unnamed
mascot designs to present to Japanese elementary school students for the final decision.[188][189] The results of the selection were announced on 28 February
2018, and the mascots were named on 22 July 2018. Miraitowa is named after the Japanese words for "future" and "eternity",[187] and Someity is named after
someiyoshino, a type of cherry blossom.[190] Someity's name also refers to the English phrase "so mighty".[191] The mascots are expected to help finance the
Tokyo Games through merchandizing and licensing deals.[192]

Victory ceremonies

Naoki Satō composed the music for victory ceremonies at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.[193]

Colors

Alongside the main Emblem blue, the five other colors used in the branding of the 2020 Games are     Kurenai red,     Ai blue,     Sakura pink,
   Fuji purple, and    Matsuba green. These five traditional colors of Japan are used as sub-colors to create points of difference in the color variations.[194]

Concerns and controversies

South Korea asked the International Olympic Committee to ban the Japanese Rising Sun Flag from the 2020 Summer Olympics,[195] because South Korea's
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism claims the flag is a symbol of Japan's imperialist past and recalls "historic scars and pain" for people of Korea just as
the swastika "reminds Europeans of the nightmare of World War II".[196][197] Use of the flag in international sporting events such as the Olympic Games is
quite controversial, as it was used for waging aggressive war against many countries in Pacific regions including the Attack on Pearl Harbor.[198] However, the
flag has been utilized since before World War II and it is still used by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and a variant by the Japan Self-Defense Forces.
South Korea did not formally raise objections against the flag until 2011.[199] According to South Korea's Olympic Committee, the IOC has pledged to ban the
flag from all Olympic sites and venues as of July 2021.[200]

Russian and South Korean officials took issue with a map of the torch relay on the Games' official website, which depicted the disputed Liancourt Rocks
(governed by South Korea) and Kuril Islands (governed by Russia since 1945) as part of Japan.[201]

Portions of the Games are scheduled for locations that were impacted by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
The Olympics torch relay was planned to begin in Fukushima,[202] while Olympic baseball and softball matches are scheduled to be played at Fukushima
Stadium, and some football matches are expected to be played in Rifu—an outskirt of Sendai, an area impacted by the earthquake and tsunami. The hosting of
events in these locations has been promoted as a means of furthering recovery in the regions (the rescheduled Games will mark the events' 10th anniversary),
with the Games as a whole sometimes being promoted as the "Recovery Olympics" (Fukkō Gorin ( 復興五輪 )).[203] However, the organization of events in
these regions has faced criticism; Fukushima is considered safe by the World Health Organization and the United Nations, although scientific studies on the
safety of the area are currently disputed.[204] Some Tōhoku residents have questioned the decision to use the region as a host site, arguing that preparations
for the Games have slowed recovery efforts, and that the region has lost workers to projects associated with the Games.[205]

A petition obtained over 140,000 signatures was delivered to the Japanese Embassy expressing concerns over claims of using tropical wood sourced from
Shin Yang, a Malaysian company with a record of human rights abuses, illegal logging and rainforest destruction.[206]
[207] In February 2018 the Olympics
Organizing Committee admitted that 87% of plywood panels used to build the new national stadium was sourced from endangered rainforests,[208] a decision
that recieved criticism in Borneo[209] and Japan.[210][211]

After consulting the organisation's Athletes' Commission on guidelines prohibiting protests at the Olympics, such as protesting against human rights abuses
or taking a knee on the podium, the IOC decided to uphold the ban.[212][213]

Officials have said that by early June, about 10,000 of the 80,000 registered volunteers had quit.[214] "There's no doubt that one of the reasons is concern
over coronavirus infections," the chief executive of the Organizing Committee said,[215] also stating he does not believe this will impact the operation of the
Games.[214]

The Nomura Research Institute estimated that cancelling the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics in 2021 would cost around 1.81 trillion yen ($17 billion), less
than the economic damages projected if another state of emergency is declared, noting that a decision to hold the games "should be made based on the impact
on infection risks, not from the standpoint of economic loss."[216]

Emperor Naruhito, Honorary Patron for the Tokyo 2020 Games, is said to be "extremely worried about the current status of coronavirus infections,"[217] and
"concerned that while there are voices of anxiety among the public, the holding (of the events) may lead to the expansion of infections".[218]

Meals containing ingredients from Fukushima Prefecture being served in the Olympic Village has been a source of concern, and countries such as South
Korea have started their own food service for its athletes and staff.[219]

On 23 July, hundreds of anti-Olympic protestors gathered outside the Japan National Stadium before the opening ceremony. Security guards blocked
reporters from leaving the stadium to interview protestors[220]

The opening ceremony music included arrangements of video game soundtracks originating in Japan; however, this included Dragon Quest series music
composed by Koichi Sugiyama, who has been characterized as homophobic and ultranationalist.[221]

Related to the Organising Committee

Several controversial issues occurred in the preparations for the events, and several members of the Organising Committee resigned as a result of
them.[222][223]

The official emblems of the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics were designed by Kenjirō Sano and unveiled in July 2015, but they were withdrawn and
replaced until next year, following plagiarism accusations.[224][225] The lawsuit by Olivier Debie, who claimed that his design was plagiarised, was later
dropped, with the designer citing escalating legal costs.[226]

On 10 December 2018, the French financial crimes office began an investigation of Tsunekazu Takeda, the president of the Japanese Olympic Committee,
concerning a 2013 scheme to obtain votes from African IOC members in support of Tokyo as host for the 2020 Olympics instead of Istanbul or
Madrid.[227][228] In March 2020, a Japanese businessman admitted to giving gifts, including cameras and watches, to IOC officials in order to lobby for their
support of Tokyo's bid to host the Olympic Games.[229]

In February 2021, the president of the Tokyo Olympics Committee Yoshiro Mori resigned, facing both domestic and international criticisms over his sexist
remarks.[230][231] The following president Seiko Hashimoto's previous conduct has also drawn criticisms,[232] leading her to comment "I regret it and think I
should be careful" on one of the accusations.[233] In May, a top Japanese government adviser, Prof. Yoichi Takahashi, resigned following backlash over his
tweets joking about Japan's pandemic "ripple".[234][235]

The head creative director for the opening and closing ceremonies, Hiroshi Sasaki, resigned in March, after making demeaning comments about Naomi
Watanabe.[236][237]

On 14 July 2021, the Organising Committee announced the creative team for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics and Paralympics, and
included Keigo Oyamada of Cornelius as a composer for the opening ceremony.[238][239] A large amount of people on social media said he was ineligible for
such a role because he is widely known for his past bullying of people with apparent disabilities, such as Down syndrome.[240][241] Such abuses on his peers
when at school included forcing them to eat their excrement and masturbate in front of other students, and he himself often boasted about the disability
abuse stories in several interviews.[242] On 16 July, a week before the opening ceremony, the Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games
announced their support of him as a composer and vowed not to change his selection for the ceremonies.[243][244] Toshirō Mutō, the chief executive of the
Organising Committee, said he wanted Oyamada to remain involved.[242] Growing criticism forced Oyamada to announce his resignation on 19 July.[245][246]

On 21 July, Japanese media reported that Kentarō Kobayashi, who is the director of the opening and closing ceremonies after Sasaki resigned, utilized the
Holocaust by Nazi Germany in a script for his comedy in 1998, and made malicious and anti-Semitic jokes including "Let's play Jews genocide game (Let's
play Holocaust)."[247][248] The Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC), a Jewish human rights organization, immediately issued a statement of condemnation at the
anti-Semitic jokes.[247][249] On 22 July, the day before the opening ceremony, the Organising Committee announced they would dismiss Kobayashi.[250][251]
On the eve of the opening ceremony, Yoshihide Suga, who is the Prime Minister of Japan and the Supreme Advisor of the Organising Committee,[252]
described Kobayashi's jokes as "outrageous and unacceptable", but also said that the opening ceremony, which directed by Kobayashi, should proceed as
planned.[223]

On 23 July, the day of the opening ceremony, some media reported that Latyr Sy, a Senegalese artist, wrote on his Facebook page a denunciation of the
Organising Committee for canceling his performance in the the opening ceremony due to him being African. Sy said about the Organising Committee, "It’s
totally racist".[253] At a regular press conference held the next morning, Masanori Takaya, a spokesperson of the organising committee, said Sy's claim was
completely different from the facts, and said "We had planned a music part in which many singers would participate, but due to infectious disease control and
budget, we canceled the part itself. Therefore we canceled the appearance of all the participants in the music part. That is the background of that story."[254]

Broadcasting
Sony and Panasonic are partnering with NHK to develop broadcasting standards for 8K resolution television, with a goal to release 8K television sets in time
for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[255][256] In early 2019, Italian broadcaster RAI announced its intention to deploy 8K broadcasting for the Games.[257]
Telecom company NTT Docomo signed a deal with Finland's Nokia to provide 5G-ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Games.[258][259]
The Tokyo Olympics are scheduled to be broadcast in the United States by NBCUniversal networks, as part of a US$4.38 billion agreement that began at the
2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.[260] The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee asserts that a "right of abatement" clause in the contract was
triggered by the delay of the Games to 2021, requiring the IOC to "negotiate in good faith an equitable reduction in the applicable broadcast rights payments"
by NBC, which remains one of IOC's biggest revenue streams.[181][261] According to NBCUniversal CEO Jeff Shell, the Tokyo games could be the most
profitable Olympics in NBC's history.[262]

In Europe, this will be the first Summer Olympics under the IOC's exclusive pan-European rights deal with Eurosport, which began at the 2018 Winter
Olympics and is contracted to run through 2024. The rights for the 2020 Summer Olympics cover almost all of Europe; a pre-existing deal with a marketer
excludes Russia.[263] Eurosport plans to sub-license coverage to free-to-air networks in each territory, and other channels owned by Discovery, Inc.
subsidiaries. In the United Kingdom, these are set to be the last Games with rights owned primarily by the BBC, although as a condition of a sub-licensing
agreement due to carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games, Eurosport holds exclusive pay television rights.[264][265][266] In France, these will be the last Games
whose rights are primarily owned by France Télévisions. Eurosport is scheduled to debut as pay television rightsholder, after Canal+ elected to sell its pay
television rights as a cost-saving measure.[267]

In Canada, the 2020 Games are scheduled to be shown on CBC/Radio-Canada platforms, Sportsnet, TSN and TLN.[268][269][270] In Australia, they will be
aired by the Seven Network.[271] In the Indian subcontinent, they will be aired by Sony Pictures Networks India (SPN).[272]

See also
2020 Summer Paralympics
Olympic Games celebrated in Japan
1964 Summer Olympics – Tokyo
1972 Winter Olympics – Sapporo
1998 Winter Olympics – Nagano
2020 Summer Olympics – Tokyo

Summer Olympic Games

Olympic Games
International Olympic Committee
List of IOC country codes

Notes
a. Only an English motto is used during the Games. There is no Japanese equivalent of the motto adopted.[1]
b. Overseas spectators were first banned in March 2021, then followed by residents of Japan in July of that year to avoid any risk of a superspreading
event.
c. The remainder of the Olympic test events resumed on 11 March 2021 and the last event took place on 5 May 2021.
d. Neutral athletes from Russia, competing under the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee but not as a national team.

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External links
Tokyo 2020 Official website (https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/en/)
Tokyo 2020 IOC page (https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/tokyo-2020)
Japanese Olympic Committee (http://www.joc.or.jp/english/)

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