Unit-1 Computing:: Zadeh Published His First Paper On Soft Data Analysis "What Is Soft

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Unit- 1

Computing:
Computing is the process of using computer technology to complete a given goal-
oriented task. Computing may encompass the design and development of software and
hardware systems for a broad range of purposes - often structuring, processing and
managing any kind of information - to aid in the pursuit of scientific studies, making
intelligent systems, and creating and using different media for entertainment and
communication.
What is Soft Computing?
• The idea of soft computing was initiated in 1981 when Lotfi A.
Zadeh published his first paper on soft data analysis “What is Soft
Computing”, Soft Computing. Springer-Verlag Germany/USA
1997.]

• Zadeh, defined Soft Computing into one multidisciplinary system


as the fusion of the fields of Fuzzy Logic, Neuro-Computing,
Evolutionary and Genetic Computing, and Probabilistic
Computing.

• Soft Computing is the fusion of methodologies designed to model


and enable solutions to real world problems, which are not modeled
or too difficult to model mathematically.

• The aim of Soft Computing is to exploit the tolerance for


imprecision, uncertainty, approximate reasoning, and partial truth
in order to achieve close resemblance with human like decision
making.
• The Soft Computing – development history

SC = EC + NN + FL
Soft Evolution Neural Fuzz
ary y
Computi Computin Networ Logi
ng g k c
Zadeh Rechenbe McCull Zad
rg och eh
1981
1960 1943 196
5

EC = GP + ES + EP + GA
Evolution Genetic Evolutio Evolutiona Genetic
ary n ry
Computin Programmi Strategie Programmi Algorith
g ng s ng ms
Rechenbe Koza Rechenb Fogel Holland
rg erg
1992 1962 1970
1960 1965
Definitions of Soft Computing (SC)
Lotfi A. Zadeh, 1992 : “Soft Computing is an emerging approach to
computing which parallel the remarkable ability of the human mind to
reason and learn in a environment of uncertainty and imprecision”.

The Soft Computing consists of several computing paradigms mainly :

Fuzzy Systems, Neural Networks, and Genetic Algorithms.

• Fuzzy set : for knowledge representation via fuzzy If – Then rules.

• Neural Networks : for learning and adaptation

• Genetic Algorithms : for evolutionary

computation These methodologies form

the core of SC.


Hybridization of these three creates a successful synergic effect; that
is, hybridization creates a situation where different entities cooperate
advantageously for a final outcome.
Soft Computing is still growing and developing.

Hence, a clear definite agreement on what comprises Soft Computing


has not yet been reached. More new sciences are still merging into Soft
Computing.

Goals of Soft Computing


Soft Computing is a new multidisciplinary field, to construct new
generation of Artificial Intelligence, known as Computational
Intelligence.
• The main goal of Soft Computing is to develop intelligent
machines to provide solutions to real world problems, which are
not modeled, or too difficult to model mathematically.

• Its aim is to exploit the tolerance for Approximation, Uncertainty,


Imprecision, and
Partial Truth in order to achieve close resemblance with human

like decision making.

Approximation : here the model features are similar to the real

ones, but not the same.


Uncertainty : here we are not sure that the features of the model are
the same as that of the entity (belief).

Imprecision : here the model features (quantities) are not the same
as that of the real ones, but close to them.

Importance of Soft Computing

Soft computing differs from hard (conventional) computing. Unlike


hard computing, the soft computing is tolerant of imprecision,
uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. The guiding principle
of soft computing is to exploit these tolerance to achieve tractability,
robustness and low solution cost. In effect, the role model for soft
computing is the human mind.

The four fields that constitute Soft Computing (SC) are : Fuzzy
Computing (FC), Evolutionary Computing (EC), Neural computing
(NC), and Probabilistic Computing (PC), with the latter subsuming
belief networks, chaos theory and parts of learning theory.

Soft computing is not a concoction, mixture, or combination,

rather, Soft computing is a partnership in which each of the

partners contributes a distinct methodology for addressing problems

in its domain. In principal

the constituent methodologies in Soft computing are complementary


rather than competitive.
Soft computing may be viewed as a foundation component for the
emerging field of Conceptual Intelligence.
Hard Computing is that the ancient approach employed in computing
that desires Associate in Nursing accurately declared analytical model.
the outcome of hard computing approach is a warranted, settled, correct
result and defines definite management actions employing a
mathematical model or algorithmic rule. It deals with binary and crisp
logic that need the precise input file consecutive. Hard computing isn’t
capable of finding the real world problem’s solution.
Difference between Soft Computing and Hard Computing:
S.N
O Soft Computing Hard Computing

Soft Computing is liberal of


inexactness, uncertainty,
partial truth and Hard computing needs a
1. approximation. exactly state analytic model.

Soft Computing relies on


formal logic and probabilistic Hard computing relies on
2. reasoning. binary logic and crisp system.

Hard computing has the


Soft computing has the features of
features of approximation exactitude(precision) and
3. and dispositionality. categoricity.

Soft computing is stochastic Hard computing is


4. in nature. deterministic in nature.

Soft computing works on Hard computing works on


5. ambiguous and noisy data. exact data.

Soft computing can perform Hard computing performs


6. parallel computations. sequential computations.
S.N
O Soft Computing Hard Computing

Soft computing produces Hard computing produces


7. approximate results. precise results.

Soft computing will emerge Hard computing requires


8. its own programs. programs to be written.

Soft computing incorporates


9. randomness . Hard computing is settled.

Soft computing will use Hard computing uses two-


10. multivalued logic. valued logic.
Various types of soft computing techniques:
 Fuzzy Logic
 Neural Networks
 Genetic algorithm
 Support vector machine
 Probabilistic reasoning
 Fuzzy Computing : Multivalued Logic for treatment of
imprecision and vagueness
 Neural Computing : Neural Computers mimic certain processing
capabilities of the human brain
 Genetic Algorithms :Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are used to mimic
some of the processes observed in natural evolution and GAs are
used to evolve programs to perform certain tasks. This method is
known as "Genetic Programming" (GP)
 SVM : In machine learning, support vector machines are
supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms
that analyze data used for classification and regression analysis.

Applications of soft computing


 Handwriting Recognition
 Image Processing and Data Compression
 Automotive Systems and Manufacturing
 Soft Computing to Architecture
 Decision-support Systems
 Soft Computing to Power Systems
 Neuro Fuzzy systems
 Fuzzy Logic Control
 Machine Learning Applications
 Speech and Vision Recognition Systems
 Process Control and So On

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