Appendices A Chemistry

APPENDIX A:
Fig APP 1 here, Jacqui Mahan, Self as Kid, 2003
CHEMICAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS, DEFINITIONS, INFORMATION,

SMALL VOLUME CONVERSIONS AND FORMULAS
CHEMICALS & MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)
MSDS Online
http://www.msdsonline.com
This is an online resource for all MSDS and CAS information. You will have to register
but it only takes a minute.
MSDS.com
http://www.msds.com/
Periodic Table of Elements

www.webelements.com
This site has information regarding the Periodic Table of Elements.
A FEW BASIC CHEMISTRY DEFINITIONS
ACIDS: Acids are compounded solutions with a pH of less than 7. Acids neutralize
alkalis such as developers. An acid will turn a blue litmus paper a pink-red. Acids are
compounds containing hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal to form a salt, that is,
the metal sodium will replace the hydrogen atom in hydrochloric acid to form the salt,
sodium chloride. Acid strength affects two of the most common functions: imparting a
sour taste and creating an acid environment to limit microbial growth.
© Christopher James, The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes: 3rd Edition, 2014
NOTE ON ACIDS AND WATER: Heat is released when strong acids are mixed with
water and increasing the amount of acid adds to the level of that heat, releasing more
heat. If you add water to acid, you will create an extremely concentrated solution of acid
immediately at the point of the addition. So much heat is released that the solution may
actually boil violently, causing eruptions of concentrated acid. Conversely, if you add
acid to water, the solution that forms at the point of the addition is very dilute and the
level of heat released is not sufficient to cause a violent reaction. Remember Triple A…
Always-Add-Acid to water and never the reverse.
ALKALIS: Alkalis are compounded solutions with a pH greater than 7. Alkalis are
the assorted soluble metallic hydroxides that neutralize acids to form salts. An alkali can
also be a compounded salt. An alkali functions as an accelerator in photographic
developing formulas (often potassium and sodium hydroxide). Alkalis turn red litmus
paper blue. Examples of alkalis are sodium carbonate and borax.
ANHYDROUS: Meaning a solid substance without water or crystallization
BASE: Bases are the chemical opposite of acids and reacts with acids to produce water
and to form salts (or their solutions). Some general properties of bases include: bitter
taste, slick texture (like soap and water), reacts violently with acids, caustic to organic
matter, turns red litmus paper blue. A base is a substance that will neutralize an acid but
will not dissolve in water, e.g. iron and copper. A base that dissolves in water is called an
alkali, e.g. sodium carbonate
BUFFER: Weak acid(s) or Base(s) dissolved in water that hold the pH near to a
constant value when acid or base are added. Buffering is the ability of a weak acid / salt
combination, such as citric acid and sodium citrate, to control the amount of free
hydrogen ions. When certain amounts of acid or base are added, the system resists
changes in pH. Citric acid has the widest effective buffer range -- from pH 2.5 to 6.5.
Tartaric acid can only be used for buffering between pH 3.0 and 4.5.
DELIQUESCENT: A deliquescent chemical is one that readily absorbs moisture from
the air. Salts are a prime example.
pH: One explanation of the acronym pH is that it’s an early 20th c. acronym from the
German word potenz ‘power’ and hydrogen, or the power of hydrogen. A pH number
designates a numerical value assigned to an aqueous solution to indicate that it is either
acidic or alkaline. It also represents a chemical symbol for the logarithm of the
reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration in gram atoms per liter. What you need to
know, in the context of this book, is that it informs you of the acidity or alkalinity of the
chemistry you are using.
SALT: A salt is formed when an acid and a base (any base that are mixed and the acid
releases H+ ions while the base releases OH- ions. This process is called hydrolysis. This
action creates an ionic compound. The pH of the salt depends on the strengths of the
original acids and bases:
Acid Base Salt pH
strong strong pH = 7
weak strong pH > 7
strong weak pH < 7
weak weak depends on which is stronger
SATURATED SOLUTION: Definition of a solution that cannot accept any more solid
(solute), at a given temperature, without leaving sediment in the solution. An example of
this is the preparation of saturated potassium or ammonium dichromate for gum
bichromate sensitizing, e.g., potassium dichromate saturates at 10% to 13%.
SOLUBILITY: The maximum weight of a substance that will dissolve completely in a

given volume of solvent and a specific temperature.
SURFACTANT: An agent, such as Tween, that reduces the surface tension of a liquid
enabling it to more easily penetrate a paper substrate.
HOW CHEMICALS CAN AFFECT THE BODY
• Breathing: Airborne chemical matter and vapors in the form of gases can
enter the body through your nose and mouth. Work in a well-ventilated environment,
preferably outdoors or using ventilation that will not pull the vapors past your face on
their way to an exhaust fan. Paper painter’s masks offer only a modest protection
against chemicals and practically none against harmful fumes.
• Ingestion: It is a bad idea to eat while working in the lab, or with chemistry,
because you are quite likely going to ingest this same chemistry. Eat somewhere else.
• Absorption: Chemistry can enter the body through the skin and get into the
bloodstream. Open cuts or healing wounds on your skin can be an avenue for absorption
as well. Wear barrier gloves and a mask when mixing chemistry. Gloves may present a
number of problems. Commonly available types are made from a variety of materials
not all of which provide an adequate barrier from specific chemicals. Gloves made of
nitrile, available from laboratory and chemical supply houses, work well for most
chemicals that you will use in alternative process. Except for mild chemical usage, avoid
latex or kitchen gloves, because these are susceptible to chemical reactions and are often
clumsy.
Protecting Yourself: Be Prepared

The key to chemical safety is controlling the degree of exposure to the hazards
encountered in the mixing and use of all chemistry. Ingestion and absorption are easy to
protect against in a working lab, it’s simply common sense. However, if you are working
in a home lab, and you have children or pets, it is imperative that you store your
chemistry in a safe and secure place. Prohibit any eating, drinking, and splashing in the
toning area. Prevent skin absorption by keeping chemicals from contacting the skin or
eyes. If you have sensitive skin, or your skin has cuts, or abrasions, protect it with some
type of separation such as tongs, splash goggles and nitrile gloves. Safety goggles are
essential when mixing powdered chemistry, because eyes will readily absorb and pass
contaminants along to the rest of the body. Be extra cautious if you wear contact lenses
to prevent the powders and chemical fumes from getting between your contact lenses
and your eyes.
IF YOU ARE WORKING WITH DANGEROUS CHEMICALS, HAVE

THE SOLUTION TO AN ACCIDENT ON HAND. An example of this would be if
you were using potassium cyanide (KCN) as a fixer for wet plate collodion. It would be
essential that you have several bottles of 3% hydrogen peroxide (drugstore variety) with
you to convert a dangerous spill to an inconsequential one. Hydrogen peroxide will
change potassium cyanide (health hazard Level 3) to a harmless potassium cyanate
(health hazard Level I). The ratio for this conversion is 6 parts hydrogen peroxide to 10
parts potassium cyanide. If you splash or spill KCN on your skin, don’t take time
measuring the proportions, just flood the area of the splash with hydrogen peroxide
several times and wash with water.
FIRST AID
First Aid for Ingestion of Acids and Alkalis

Curiously, the signs and symptoms for ingestion of acids and alkalis are quite
similar, as are the recommendations for treatment. In the past, if an acid was swallowed,
the immediate response was to neutralize the acid with an alkali drink, i.e., sodium
bicarbonate, several glasses of milk or milk of magnesia, or eight to twelve antacids. If
an alkali was not at hand then the response was to force the victim to rinse the mouth
area repeatedly.
Symptoms and signs associated with significant alkali-induced tissue injury

include pain in the mouth and throat, drooling, pain on swallowing, vomiting,
abdominal pain and haematemesis… a nice way to say vomiting of blood. If the larynx is
involved, local edema may produce respiratory distress, and a hoarse voice.
Veterinarians recommend giving a solution of 1-part vinegar to 4-parts water. Rinse the
mouth with water or saline solution and call for medical assistance in either acid or
alkali events.
There is disagreement over the effectiveness of having the victim drink large
quantities of water. My friend, Dr. Jacek Mostwin, at Johns Hopkins, says that the water
simply makes the injury spread and that acid or alkali ingestion is not really a first aid
situation at all … you need professionals right away. One thing is for sure… DO NOT
INDUCE VOMITING. This is especially true for hydrofluoric acid ingestion.
That said, here are the basic immediate first aid recommendations for both acid
and alkali ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting

Do NOT attempt neutralization
Do NOT give oral fluids
Do NOT give activated charcoal (for alkali)
DO rinse the mouth with saline or water for acid
DO remove visible material from mouth with water or saline (for alkali)
DO call 911 and request immediate medical assistance
First Aid for Skin Contact

If an acid or corrosive chemical is splashed on the skin, immediately proceed to
the nearest sink, or emergency shower, and flush affected area for at least 15 minutes. If
the chemical is on your clothing, remove all contaminated clothing.
If a chemical splashes in the eye the immediate response is to flush the eye
repeatedly with warm water or first aid saline solution eyewash. If an acid, make a very
dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate and use that as well. If an alkali, repeatedly flush
with water, or saline solution, and rinse with a very dilute solution of boric acid. In all
cases, call for professional medical help.
Seek Emergency Medical Assistance If:
1. The victim has signs of shock, such as fainting, pale complexion or breathing in
a notably shallow manner.
2. The chemical burn penetrated through the first layer of skin, and the resulting
second-degree burn covers an area more than 2 to 3 inches in diameter.
3. The chemical burn occurred on the eye, hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or
over a major joint.
Poison Control Telephone: 1-800-222-1222
If you're unsure whether a substance is toxic, call the poison control center at this
number: (800) 222-1222. This is the telephone number for every poison center in the
United States. Call this number 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to talk to a poison expert.
If you seek emergency assistance, bring the chemical container or a complete
description of the substance with you for identification.
CHEMISTRY & SAFETY

• Do not place an exhaust vent above your face. If you are building a darkroom,
install the exhaust in the floor or, better yet, do as we do at the College of Art and
Design at Lesley University, build your ventilation system into the sink itself so that the
fumes are vented before reaching the student’s face. Having an exhaust above your face
just pulls all of the fumes past your eyes, nose, and mouth on their way to the vents. The
fan and exhaust capacity should be able to completely exchange the air in the room
every 3 to 6 minutes. Consult with an air quality company for the specifics that will be
best for your space.
• Prevent chemical material from becoming airborne through careful handling

and mixing of liquids and powders. Work slowly and don’t splash.
• Cover trays and tanks when not in use to prevent vapors from filling your
working space. Sheets of Plexiglas® work well. Label each sheet with the chemical that
it covers so that it is always used for the same chemicals.
• Triple A. When mixing: Always Add Acid to water; never add water to
acid. In this way, which is the only way, heat produced by the acids will not cause a
splattering acidic liquid eruption.
• When weighing chemicals on digital gram scales, never place raw chemicals on
the weighing platform of the scale. Always place a weighing paper or a plastic / paper
cup on the scale to hold the chemistry. Always weigh the paper or cup, before depositing
the chemical, and re-calibrate your scale to zero by pressing “TARE” so that the
chemical weight will be the only thing being weighed.
• Prior to working with any chemical that you are not familiar with, be sure to
read the chemical’s MSDS data sheet to understand that particular chemical’s traits and
how to deal with it in the event of an accident or emergency. Mix chemistry in glass or
plastic containers - never metal.
• Always wear gloves and safety glasses when weighing and mixing chemistry.
• Always use a plastic funnel to prevent spilling and splashing when transferring
chemistry, solids or solutions.
• Always clean all utensils and equipment that have been in contact with
chemistry.
• Always keep your mixed chemistry in labeled and sealed containers.
• Never keep your chemistry in a location that will be accessible to children, pets,
and guests. In other words, do not store your chemistry in your home refrigerator,
whether it is labeled or not. If your chemistry needs to be refrigerated buy a small dorm-
type unit for your lab and lock it.
• Always mix chemical formulas in the order that the components are listed.
There are exceptions to this but those exceptions should be noted along with the
ingredients in the formulas.
• Always have 911 or poison control numbers posted in your lab.
• As an artist, your eyes are your life. You must have an eyewash kit in your lab.
NOTE: Please be aware that all chemicals are hazardous in one form or another and
any concerns you may have regarding their use and dangers can be found by
accessing MSDS Web sites or by requesting MSDS data sheets from the companies that
supply you with chemistry. If you intend to use any of these chemicals in a class
situation it is imperative and mandatory that you have MSDS data sheets on hand in
the event of an emergency.
Dichromates: Safety and Disposal

Dichromates - ammonium, potassium, and sodium versions are potentially
hazardous chemicals and care should be taken in both their use and disposal. Be very
careful to avoid breathing a dichromate dust, because it is toxic, and allowing the
chemical to come in contact with your skin. Do not touch your skin, mouth, or eyes
when working with any dichromate, and if you experience a problem (burning,
coughing, difficulty breathing, vomiting, cramps, blurred vision, etc.), flush the
problematic area with lots of water for 15 minutes and seek immediate medical
attention. If a dichromate spills on your clothing, remove that article of clothing and
wash it well before putting it back on. Wear gloves when working with this chemical. Be
especially careful around high heat sources because this chemical’s reaction to heat can
be quite intense as it decomposes.
Proper disposal of dichromate solutions is important. As a rule, never throw

loose and dry orange dichromate / bichromate crystals in the trash. Very
small amounts of solution can be disposed of by dilution with copious amounts of water
and flushed away. Larger volumes of dichromate are a different matter. One method is
to add used developer to a dichromate solution. Another is to make the solution alkaline
by adding baking soda to the solution until it becomes alkaline. This change can be
detected by using litmus paper that will turn blue in a base or alkali. Once the solution is
alkaline, pour it through several layers of coffee filters. The liquid will be free of the
chromium and flushing of the liquid can take place. The sludge in the coffee filters must
be disposed of by a hazardous waste facility. Check local college photo lab managers to
get the names of these facilities.
CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE REGISTRY (CAS)
The numbers following each chemical’s name are part of a worldwide indexing
system called Chemical Abstracts Services Registry (CAS). It is used here to insure that
everyone using a chemical is dealing with the same one when describing it for any
purpose. The CAS numbers for these, and other chemicals on earth can be found at
various sites that offer CAS numbers.
CHEMICALS
Acetic Acid CAS# 64-19-7

Acetic acid is a clear fluid and has a pungent vinegar like odor to it. This chemical
is used in 20% to 28% dilutions for photographic purposes although a 33% solution is
called for in calotype (stronger if the ambient temperature is hot). At 28% it is primarily
used as a stop bath and found in a hardening fixer bath. It can also be used as a solvent
of gelatin and collodion. To prepare a photo grade solution take 3 parts glacial acetic
acid * and dilute it with 8 parts water. A 5% variation is used to make pickles. I have
heard that a weak dilution is also used for treating sunburn but I wouldn’t recommend
this idea without medical advice. In high concentrations, both its vapors and solution
are corrosive and unpleasant for the skin and respiratory system. In low concentrations
it will make your eyes sting and may cause an allergic reaction on your skin. Vinegar is a
5% acetic acid. If you spill acetic acid on your skin, wash well with clean water. Do not
drink acetic acid at any level stronger than vinegar. If somehow you ingest a strong
concentration, take milk of magnesia and seek medical attention. Acetic acid is
incompatible with strong oxidizers (meaning that it will generate heat), carbonates,
hydroxides and strong alkalis (a violent reaction). Never expose acetic acid to sodium
peroxide or nitric acid because it may produce an explosion. Dilute this chemical well
before disposing. Store it above 63˚F to prevent it from solidifying.
Note: Glacial acetic acid refers to very strong concentrated acetic acid, usually between
80 % to 99 %, with a pH of 2.4. At this concentration it is highly corrosive and a severe
poison.
Alcohol (Everclear)
Grain Alcohol (95% 190 proof ethanol) can be difficult to locate. It is not available
in all states. Everclear brand grain alcohol can be purchased over the Internet.
www.shoppersvineyard.com. It can also be purchased in liquor stores in several states
including New Mexico where it is often included in a wet plate collodion kit (as grain
alcohol) from Bostick & Sullivan. Do not drink this alcoholic liquid alone or as a
pea-brained additive to a punchbowl at a party.
Alum (Ammonium Alum, Ammonia Aluminum sulfate) CAS# 7784-26-1

This component is often found as a hardener for fixing baths and gelatin, hypo-
alum toner, and clearing baths. Its fumes will cause distress to your respiratory and
intestinal tract and contact will cause itching and reddening to your skin. If it is
ingested, do not induce vomiting. Take normal safety precautions with gloves, goggles,
and respirator.
Ammonia CAS# 7664-41-7

Ammonia is a corrosive gaseous fluid that can cause severe burning reactions to
the respiratory system, eyes and tissue. It is normally used in solution as ammonium
hydroxide. High degrees of exposure can cause fatal reactions, including death. Be
cautious when using this chemical. There is a very strong odor associated with it and a
dual-filter respirator is advised. Be especially careful of getting this chemical in your
eyes, because even the slightest amount will cause severe problems - even with
immediate first aid treatment and wash.
Note: Never mix ammonia with silver nitrate or gold because it forms explosive azides.
Ammonium Carbonate CAS # 506-87-6

This chemical presents itself as a fine, white crystal with a hint of ammonia in its
odor. It is found most often as an accelerator in warm tone developers and is not
particularly dangerous. Vapors may cause respiratory distress and contact with eyes,
mucous membranes, and skin will result in redness and irritation. It should be kept at a
good distance from acids and strong alkalis. Use normal safety precautions.
Ammonium Chloride (Sal-ammoniac) CAS# 12125-02-9
Ammonium chloride is a white crystal / powder used as an accelerator in sodium
thiosulfate fixing baths. It is also employed in salted albumen papers. This chemical is
troublesome for the eyes and your respiratory system. It is important to know that
heating this chemical will cause a wispy smoke that is very unpleasant. (hydrochloric
acid and ammonia). Ammonium chloride will cause respiratory distress if inhaled. It is
not compatible with acid concentrates, potassium chlorate, and ammonium nitrate.
Wear a respirator, safety glasses, and gloves when mixing.
Ammonium Citrate CAS# 12125-02-9

This chemical is a moderately safe one to work with. Inhalation of the powder will
cause respiratory distress and is particularly problematic if it gets into your eyes causing
redness and pain. Be careful not to inhale, ingest, or rub this chemical on your skin. If
you experience a bad reaction to ammonium citrate on your skin or in your eyes, flush
well with water and seek medical attention.
Ammonium Dichromate (also bichromate) CAS# 7789-09-5

This chemical is used in sensitizers for a number of non-silver and alternative
processes (gum bichromate and carbon printing) and behaves in much the same
manner as potassium dichromate except that it is more aggressive and becomes
saturated at 25% vs. 13%. Potassium dichromate is preferred for gum bichromate
printing as it renders more slowly and with less contrast. Its crystals are orange in color
and a strong irritant for literally every part of your being. It can cause ulcerations on the
skin, and if inhaled, significant respiratory distress - especially in mucous membranes.
Ammonium dichromate is flammable in a dry state so do not throw out the powder with
the trash… over-saturate and flush for disposal.
Ammonium Ferric Oxalate CAS# 14221-47-7

(Ammonium iron (III) oxalate trihydrate)
Like all oxalates, this chemical will be toxic to your health and highly corrosive to
skin, eyes, tissue, and respiratory system. This chemical can be absorbed in the body by
breathing or ingesting and can cause havoc with your kidneys. Be very careful around
any oxalate. Wear Nitrile gloves, a dual-filter respirator and safety glasses. Also, never
work with any oxalate without adequate ventilation. Do not breath the fumes of any
oxalate because its fumes can be absorbed through the lungs. If you spill an oxalate on
your clothing, forget modesty; remove your clothing and wash well with plenty of water.
Do not mix any oxalate with a strong concentrated acid or oxidizer and do not dispose of
it in any place but a hazardous waste facility. Most college photography labs have
contracts with chemical disposal services and you should contact them for assistance if
you need to get rid of dangerous chemistry.
Ammonium Hydroxide (30% ammonia) CAS#1336-21-6

This chemical, also known as ammonia water, is often found in developing and
toning solutions as an accelerator. Essentially, it is an aggressive form of ammonia and
water used in the Mordançage process. A 5% solution is the equivalent of household
ammonia. Always work with good ventilation and wear gloves.
Ammonium Thiocyanate CAS # 1762-95-4

Also known as ammonium sulphocyanide, ammonium thiocyanate is a
component of gold-thiocyanate toning in POP and appears as a colorless, deliquescent
(readily absorbs water) crystal with a slight odor of ammonia. It is incompatible with
chlorates, oxidizing agents, peroxides, and strong acids where contact will liberate a
toxic hydrogen cyanide. Inhalation will cause respiratory distress and all normal safety
precautions should be adhered to when using the chemical.
Ammonium Thiosulfate (rapid fixer) CAS# 1183-18-8

This chemical, when substituted for sodium thiosulfate, is used as a fixing salt in
many high-speed fixers, e.g., rapid fixer. In terms of fixing speed, it is much faster than
sodium thiosulfate. It can be used easily as a fixer in the wet plate collodion process and
is preferred if you are anxious about working with potassium cyanide as your fixer. It
will take a few additional minutes to fix your plate versus using KCN, and the wash time
is significantly longer for the plates, but it is safer. Ammonium thiosulfate is a colorless
crystalline salt with strong fixer-like odor. Extended contact, as all photographers know,
will cause skin irritations. Decomposition or heating of this chemical will release a
highly toxic sulfur dioxide gas. Keep it away from cyanotype chemistry. Use tongs when
working with this chemical and wear gloves and a respirator when mixing.
Borax (sodium tetraborate) CAS# 1303-96-4

This is powdered laundry soap. Employed as a laundering agent, borax is the
same chemical you will find in the supermarket. Borax is often used as a weak alkali
accelerator in developers and in some hardening fixing baths. It is also used to make a
gold toner more alkaline and allows for a faster rate of gold deposit. Its use has a
moderate health risk and normal safety precautions should be adhered to when using it.
If you ingest or breathe large quantities of it, wash the exposed area well and seek
medical attention if symptoms persist, i.e., difficulty breathing, irritation, muscular
spasms, itching, or pain.
Boric Acid CAS#10043-35-3

This chemical is used in hardening fixers containing potash alum and acetic acid.
It extends the life of fixers and can be found in some buffered fine-grain developers.
Cesium Chloropalladite
Cesium is a double salt built on an alkaline metal compound. Cesium sits at the
lower end of Group 1 on the periodic table and is a very heavy metal used in the Ziatype
process (for the brown coloration). This chemical, found in certain non-silver processes,
is an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Seek medical attention if physical
distress accompanies its use.
Chrome Alum (Potassium Sulfate) CAS# 7778-99-0

Chrome alum appears as a deep red / purple granule and has no odor. It is
sometimes employed as a hardening agent for gelatin and has a moderate health risk
associated with its use. It is incompatible with aluminum and magnesium and will cause
respiratory distress if inhaled. Do not touch your skin, eyes, or mucous membranes
while using it, and flush any infected area with copious amounts of water. Seek medical
attention if symptoms persist.
Citric Acid CAS# 77-92-9

(2-hydroxypropane)
Since we use a great deal of this chemical in alternative process work I have a
little more to say about it than others. Citric acid is very useful as a first rinse bath in
iron processes in that it lessens the chance of your print developing iron stains. EDTA
performs a similar chore as a chelate. Citric Acid is the most common food acidulant, an
acid combined with a food product to flavor or preserve. It is abundant in unhealthy
snack foods. This acid was initially extracted from lemons or other citrus fruit but today
it is manufactured through a sucrose fermentation technique and recovered by
precipitation, evaporation, or crystallization. It is available in two forms: monohydrate
or anhydrous (approximately 8.6% moisture), and is sometimes available as a solution.
The product obtained by fermentation is identical to organic citric acid.
We work with citric acid in a white powder form and it is colorless upon dilution.
It is also odorless with a strong acidic flavor. One gram is soluble in 0.5 ml water. The
pH of a 1% solution of the monohydrate is 2.3 and of a 1% solution of the anhydrous
form is 2.2. The Food and Drug Administration recognizes citric acid as safe.
Citric acid aids in the preservation of texture, color, aroma and vitamin content of
food products and is particularly useful as a chelant. Citric acid is the preferred
acidulant to ensure optimum gel formation in pectin products. This chemical is
commonly used in toners, as a clearing bath for some alternative processes, and is one of
the options to hydrochloric acid in platinum / palladium clearing. Citric acid is also used
to transfer photomechanical ink images, (Rauschenberg used it) via saturation and
rubbing the image on a clean piece of paper from the rear of the saturated paper. It is
not dangerous to work with but can cause irritations to eyes, skin, and respiratory
system if handled in a cavalier manner. However, do not mix citric acid with metallic
nitrates because the reaction may be explosive. It is also incompatible with carbonates,
copper, aluminum and zinc.
Collodion
Collodion is a viscous fluid that is used in photographic practice as a salted
binder for sensitizing wet plate, ferrotype, and Ambrotype glass plates. It is not
particularly dangerous but is very flammable and precautions should be made when
working with the material. Although it is possible to make collodion at home with
nitrated cotton, ether, and alcohol, I strongly advise that you do not do so. Instead,
purchase a prepared plain collodion.
When using collodion be sure to have adequate ventilation, wear gloves, and wear
a respirator if airborne concentrations are high. Collodion vapors can exist quite a
distance from the actual material and you must be sure that any ignition source is off
before use. Keep the collodion away from strong acids and oxidizers and take general lab
safety precautions when using it.
When you wish to dispose of unused collodion, spread some newspapers outside
in a non0windy place (I use a wheelbarrow in the garage) and pour out thin layers of the
collodion on the newspaper. It dries quickly as a thin skin. Repeat the step until your
collodion is gone and then clean your container with Everclear alcohol (190 proof). Do
not use the newspaper to start a campfire as it will be explosive.
Copper Chloride CAS # 10125-13-0

Copper chloride appears as a blue / green crystal and is used in many toners,
bleaches (Mordançage), and intensifiers. This chemical is a strong oxidizing agent and
presents a significant health hazard if used casually. Avoid light, air, and moisture in
storage. Toxic fumes are harmful if breathed and its dust must be avoided. Always wear
a dual-filter respirator, gloves, and goggles when mixing or using. Copper chloride is
incompatible with potassium, sodium, oxidizers, and strong acids that may result in the
release of toxic chloride vapors. Overexposure will result in a host of problems,
including respiratory distress, chills, burning sensations in the intestinal tract,
headache, and so on. Be very careful when using this chemical and seek immediate
medical attention if in distress.
Copper Nitrate CAS# 10402-29-6
Be careful around this chemical because it is harmful to your body. Prolonged or
intense contact will cause chills, gastrointestinal problems, and pain. Avoid contact with
the skin, breathing or ingestion. Irritations of many sorts, and burns, are common if
precaution is not taken in the use of this chemical. Like all nitrates, you must be vigilant
when using it and adhere to all safety precautions; gloves, goggles, and a respirator.
Seek immediate medical attention if in distress.
Copper Sulfate CAS# 7758-98-7

Copper sulfate appears as a blue / translucent crystal or powder. This chemical is
used in toners (copper), bleaches, and intensifiers. Not a great deal is known about this
chemical other than it is a moderately toxic one and all precautions should be taken in
its use and handling. Wear gloves and a respirator for mixing or prolonged use and do
not touch your eyes or mouth when using it. Copper sulfate is an irritant. The usual
routes by which humans can receive toxic exposure to copper sulfate are through eye or
skin contact, as well as by inhaling powders and dusts. Skin contact may result in itching
or eczema. Eye contact with copper sulfate can cause conjunctivitis, inflammation of the
eyelid lining, ulceration, and clouding of the cornea. Upon oral exposure, copper sulfate
is only moderately toxic. According to studies, the lowest dose of copper sulfate that had
a toxic impact on humans is 11 mg/kg. Because of its irritating effect on the
gastrointestinal tract, vomiting is automatically triggered in case of the ingestion of
copper sulfate.
Copper(II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate or copper sulphate, is the

chemical compound with the chemical formula CuSO4. This salt exists as a series of
compounds that differ in their degree of hydration. The anhydrous form is a pale green
or gray-white powder, whereas the pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), the most commonly
encountered salt, is bright blue. CuSO4·5H2O is in a shade of blue, and very toxic to the
environment, irritating to the eyes and skin, and also can be harmful if swallowed. Other
names for copper(II) sulfate are "blue vitriol" and "bluestone".
Copper sulfate is a commonly included chemical in children's chemistry sets and
is often used to grow crystals in schools and in copper plating experiments. Copper
sulfate is also used to test blood for anemia.
For most of the twentieth century, chromated copper arsenate (CCA) was the
dominant type of wood preservation for uses other than deep driven piles, utility poles,
and railroad ties. It gives the treated wood a peculiar green coloration. To make
pressure-treated wood, a large cylinder is filled with an aqueous chemical bath. Copper
sulfate pentahydrate is dissolved in the water along with other additives prior to the
lumber being placed inside the cylinder. When the cylinder is pressurized, the chemicals
are absorbed by the wood, giving the wood fungicidal, insecticidal, and UV-light-
reflecting properties that help preserve it.
EDTA
Disodium EDTA (Disodium Salt Dihydrate) CAS# 6381-92-6
Also known as Ethylenediamine Tetracetic Acid, Disodium Salt. Used as a first
clearing bath for Pt / Pd. It may irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. This
chemical is more of an irritant than a danger and should be handled in a similar manner
as its sibling tetrasodium EDTA.
Tetrasodium EDTA (tetrasodium salt dihydrate) CAS# 10378-23-1

Repeat after me… ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt dihydrate is
a chemical recently employed as an alternative to hydrochloric or citric acid in some
clearing baths. It is relatively safe to use and is commonly found as a preservative in
some foods and in agricultural uses. It may irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory
system. EDTA is generally purchased in a white crystal form and can cause minor
problems if you are too casual when using it.
EDTA is commonly found as a preservative in processed foods, in cosmetics to

improve stability, as a detergent in the dairy industry to clean bottles, as a treatment for
mercury poisoning, and in soft drinks containing ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate
(most all of them) to reduce the formation of the carcinogenic benzene. It can also be
used in the recovery of used lead acid batteries and is found in cleaning compounds,
detergents, and in photography as an oxidizing agent.
Ferric Ammonium Citrate CAS# 1185-57-5

Ferric ammonium citrate is also known as iron ammonium citrate, ammonium
ferric citrate, iron citrate, and ammonium iron (III) citrate. It presents itself as a
green, or brown, scale crystal / powder, has a somewhat undetermined structure, and is
prepared by treating ferric hydroxide with hydrated citric acid (75%), iron (16%), and
ammonia (7.5%). This chemical is commonly found in human ingested iron
supplements, cyanotype formulas, iron toners, other non-silver formulas and functions
as a sensitizer. It is not particularly toxic but you must still exercise care in its handling,
storage, and use. It may be the cause of eye and skin irritations if precautions are
ignored. If you notice that your urine is pink then you have absorbed or inhaled far too
much of this stuff and you should seek medical attention.
Ferric Citrate CAS # 2338-05-8

Ferric Citrate is a brownish red powder in a 17% iron state. There is a purified
variation of this chemical but it is not what you are looking for in alt pro work. Ferric
citrate is light sensitive and is used, for our purposes, primarily as an ingredient in
preparing a Van Dyke Part C Contrast Control alternative to be mixed with the tradition
Van Dyke Part C. See the Van Dyke Chapter. It is not particularly toxic but you must still
exercise care in its handling, storage, and use. It may be the cause of eye and skin
irritations if precautions are ignored.
Ferric Oxalate (Ferric Ammonium Oxalate) CAS # 2944-67-4

Platinum and kallitype printers use ferric oxalate as the light sensitive ingredient
in their sensitizers. It is an oxalic acid salt and is toxic. The body can deal with it in small
quantities. Ferric oxalate is a weakly bound chemical and will quickly decay to ferrous
oxalate and then to oxalic acid and ferric oxide (rust). Please see the potassium oxalate
entry for more information.
Ferric oxalate is a green / transparent crystal and is light sensitive. All oxalates
are toxic and you should avoid breathing, touching, or ingesting them. They are
corrosive to all parts of your body and can cause ulcerations on the skin. Severe kidney
damage can be the result of large amounts of absorption or breathing fumes. Wear latex
or Nitrile gloves, respirator, and eye protection when working with oxalates. If you
happen to spill ferric oxalate on your skin, wash it well with clean water. If you spill it on
your clothing remove that clothing and wash it well. If it is ingested, call a doctor and
poison control. Be extra cautious when using any oxalate because it is a most serious
health hazard if used in a casual manner.
EDTA is a chelate that will dissolve ferric oxalate… an important thing to know
when you need to use it as a clearing bath.
Ferrous Sulfate CAS# 7782-63-0

This chemical is used in standard wet plate collodion developers. It is also used in
stain removing and clearing baths. If you have taken in too much of this chemical
through breathing, touching, or tasting, you will have an acidic and sour taste in your
mouth. It does not keep well in solution. This chemical can cause itching, burning in the
eyes, breathing difficulty, and general ill health. Be diligent in its use and follow all
safety precautions. Seek immediate medical attention if you find yourself in discomfort
or distress when using this chemical.
Formalin / Formaldehyde CAS# 50-00-0

Formalin / Formaldehyde, a 37% concentration of formaldehyde gas in water
with additional component of methyl alcohol, is employed as a hardener and
preservative in photography. Formalin is used as a tanning and hardening agent of
gelatin in gum bichromate and other processes where sizing/hardening is required. This
chemical is highly toxic and unhealthy to the body if safety precautions are not used. Do
not breathe the fumes (which are very strong) and work only in very well ventilated
environments, such as outdoors with the wind at your back. Be cautious of formalin
prepared papers indoors, after they are dry, because they will continue to outgas for a
day or so and be dangerous to your respiratory system. Fumes from formalin will attack
your mucous membranes of eyes, nose, and throat. This chemical is a carcinogen and
you must take it very seriously. If somehow this chemical is ingested, seek immediate
medical attention: You will see the following… coughing and respiratory distress that
persists, violent vomiting, headache, severe abdominal pain, weak pulse, burns, blurred
vision, sudden change in skin color to white. In other words, take this seriously.
See Glyoxal below.
Fumed Silica
Fumed silica (not to be confused with silica fume) is an amorphous (meaning it
has undefined shape and form), rather than crystalline, and is a vaporized form of clear
solid silica that behaves as if it were a liquid. Fumed silica is made by flame hydrolysis of
silicon tetrachloride. Silicon tetrachloride is a liquid at room temperature. It is
vaporized and then passed through a fuel/air flame at an extreme temperature to
produce fumed silica. Fumed Silica is essentially a harmless, non-carcinogen that is a
primary thickening ingredient in fast food milkshakes and as an anti-caking agent in
powders, an abrasion resister in concrete, and kitty litter. It also features light diffusing
properties, which is one of the reasons the dark end of the tonal scale looks so nice in an
alt pro print that employs it as a pre-coating. It is also found in cosmetics like lipstick
and toothpaste. When applying it with a hot-dog roller as a pre-coating to a process on
paper, it would be prudent to wear eye protection and a respirator.
Gallic Acid CAS # 149-91-7

Gallic acid appears as a white / pale yellow crystal and is used as a component in
cyanotype toning and as a traditional chemical in calotype development and developing-
out formulas for processes such as the whey technique. It does not present a significant
health hazard but is incompatible with ferric salts, silver salts, alkalis, ammonia,
chlorates, and strong oxidizing agents. Over-exposure will cause moderate discomfort
and should be treated with respect regardless of its low toxicity.
Glyoxal CAS# 107-22-2
This chemical is recommended as a substitute for formalin / formaldehyde as a
hardening agent for gelatin in sizing for the gum bichromate process. It is an alternative,
in terms of reactivity and toxicity, to formalin but insufficient evidence has been offered
by the scientific community to allow you to treat it casually. Glyoxal should never be
mixed with sodium hydroxide or nitric acid and if heated in an enclosed container it is
explosive. It is also corrosive to all metals. Glyoxal should be used in well-ventilated
environments (such as outdoors) and all precautions should be taken to prevent
ingestion, contact with the skin and breathing its fumes. Note: just because glyoxal
doesn’t have an offensive odor like formaldehyde, does not indicate that it is safer and
that you can relax using it. Treat glyoxal with the same respect you would formalin.
After sizing your gum paper with gelatin and glyoxal, hang it to dry in well-ventilated
space outside of your living area. It requires an off-gas period of 24 hours. Once dried,
label each sheet as glyoxal sized and store the sized paper in a zip lock bag.
Gold Chloride CAS# 16903-35-8

Gold chloride is also known as chloroauric acid, gold trichloride acid and
hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III). Gold chloride is generally used in dilutions of 1%, 5%,
and 8% for purposes of toning in a number of processes. Gold chloride is also a primary
component in Ziatype printing and will raise the contrast of the print when added to the
formula. Gold chloride is a strong irritant and can cause significant skin and respiratory
allergies if you are casual with it. Pay heed to all normal precautions when using this
chemical.
Gum Arabic CAS# 9000-01-5

Gum arabic, or gum acacia, can be traced back in time to 2650 BC where it was
harvested from the sap of various species of Acacia trees in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad,
Mali, and the Sudan. The Acacia trees grow primarily in the sub-Saharan (Sahel) areas
of Africa and the Sudanese variety is considered the premium grade. In gum printing,
the dichromate is added to the gum to create the liquid foundation of the gum sensitizer.
Gum arabic comes in a variety of grades (tints) from colorless to dark brown. On
exposure to light, the gum and the ammonium dichromate solution will harden in
proportion to the exposure of UV light.
Hydrogen Peroxide (3%) CAS# 7722-84-1

Hydrogen Peroxide is a colorless and not very stable liquid used primarily as a
bleaching agent, as an antiseptic and as an oxidizing accelerator in the cyanotype
process. You do not have to be enormously concerned with this chemical when
purchased in its 3% over-the-counter form. In dentistry applications it is often mixed
with water and used to clean wounds inside the mouth.
In this concentration, which we are most accustomed to as a treatment for cuts

and abrasions, hydrogen peroxide is a simple peroxide and an oxidizer… which is what
is happening when you pour it on an active wound and it generates a white effervescent
foam. Hydrogen peroxide is used in alternative processes as an oxidizer for the iron in
cyanotypes (the WOW factor effect) when prepared in a very dilute bath for a finished
cyanotype, resulting in a very deep and beautiful blue.
Hydrogen peroxide is also used to neutralize potassium cyanide (KCN) wet

collodion fixer by converting it to a safe, and unregulated, potassium cyanate. See the
instructions in the wet collodion chapter.
Hydrogen Peroxide (28% - 33%) *

In this strong concentration, used primarily for Mordançage bleaching and in
beauty parlors to alter hair color. Hydrogen peroxide is a health hazard. Wear
appropriate protection, do not breathe the fumes, and flush exposed areas well with
water if you experience problems after contact. If you work in a beauty salon, please
wear appropriate protective clothing, gloves and breathing apparatus… this stuff is not
good for you and may, under some circumstances, lead to pulmonary edema… also
known as high altitude sickness, where fluid accumulates in the lungs.
Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate CAS# 27988-77-8

Used in the sensitizer for Chrysotype – Version S. Also known as gold(III)
chloride hydrate and hydochloroauric acid. In early literature it was called gold chloride.
This chemical is corrosive and can be destructive to your mucous membranes. Take
appropriate safety and working measures when using this chemical.
Kodak Hypo Clearing Bath

This solution is used to accelerate the neutralization of fixer and therefore cut the
wash times for films and papers. Two formulas for hypo clearing baths are:
Formula #1: 750 ml of water, 200 g sodium sulfite (anhydrous), 50 g sodium
bisulfite, and water to make 1 liter.
Formula #2: 125 ml hydrogen peroxide, 10 ml ammonia solution, and water to
make 1 liter.
Other formulas include sodium sulfite, EDTA, sodium citrate, and sodium
metabisulfite. Hypo clearing agents can be mild irritants to the body in concentrated
solutions for lengthy exposure.
Lead Acetate CAS# 301-04-2

This chemical is used as a toner. Lead acetate is a possible carcinogen, and like
other lead products, is toxic. It can be a problem for your body and can be absorbed by
breathing its fumes. It is a poison if ingested and can cause brain damage. Fumes are
released when it is heated. Be cautious in all safety respects when using this chemical.
Lithium Palladium Chloride / Lithium Chloropalladite

Lithium Palladium Chloride / Lithium Chloropalladite is a double salt built on an
alkaline metal compound (lithium) which is a lightweight alkali sitting atop the periodic
table. It is used in the Ziatype process and results in a cool black value. Do not drink it
or play with it. Lithium is a primary component in medicating manic depression and
high incidences of exposure can have adverse effects on the nervous system.
Mercuric Chloride CAS# 7487-94-7

Also known as mercury(II) chloride was used as a photographic intensifier to
produce positive pictures in the collodion process of the 1800s. When applied to a
negative, the mercury(II) chloride whitens and thickens the image, thereby increasing
the opacity of the shadows and creating the illusion of a positive image (Towler, 1864).
Mercuric chloride is toxic, white, and a soluble salt of mercury (at 6%). It has
been used in disinfectant, as a fungicide, as a treatment for syphilis before antibiotics,
and in photographic fixers. It’s also odorless, colorless, and really dangerous which is
why I’m letting you know about it here. Take all safety precautions when working with
this chemical.
Methyl Alcohol (Wood Spirit) CAS# 67-56-1

This is a poison. It can be readily absorbed by breathing and through the skin and
is considered very dangerous to the central nervous system. It can cause blindness. Use
all safety precautions against exposure when using methyl alcohol. If methyl alcohol is
swallowed, administer an emetic (a medicine that induces vomiting) and bicarbonate of
soda (1 tsp. in a cup of water) and call a doctor.
Muriatic Acid (hydrochloric acid) CAS # 7647-01-0

Muriatic, or hydrochloric, acid is a clear, colorless, irritating vaporous, poison
that was used as a primary clearing bath with Pt / Pd and as a tray cleaner… among
other uses. It can be purchased at hardware stores and pool supplies and is often used
by masons for cleaning bricks. Be respectful of this chemical and take precautions while
using it.
Nitric Acid CAS# 7679-37-2

Nitric acid is a colorless liquid and will make its appearance known as soon as
you unscrew the top to its bottle; a chemical vaporous smoke will appear like an evil
genie from the bottle. It is used in some cyanotype toning formulas, as a preservative in
Pyro developers, and as a component in bleach. Nitric acid is highly corrosive to most
anything it comes in contact with, including your body. At present, there is really no safe
way to use this chemical in regards to ventilation except for a professional chemical
hood. Nitric acid is a very aggressive oxidizer and will react violently with a vast range of
metals, acids, solvents, and other things found in the lab or home. Although I like using
it in cyanotype toning I am not sure if the resulting color is actually worth the risk. If you
are a teacher, you mix the formula. Also, be careful of the cap on the glass bottle that the
acid is stored in. If it is an old fashioned plastic cap there is a good chance that the acid
will destroy the cap’s integrity in time. Be hyper-careful in its use and storage. If this
chemical is spilled on skin, wipe off what you can, immerse the relevant skin areas in
water, and then cover the area with a paste of water and baking soda. Go to a hospital
and seek immediate medical attention. If you spill it on your clothing, forget modesty
and immediately remove your clothes. If nitric acid is ever swallowed, administer a
small amount of soap softened in water, milk, or raw egg. You can also force the patient
to drink a small amount of magnesia or plaster softened in water. Seek medical
assistance for extreme exposure.
Oxalic Acid (Ethanedioic Acid) CAS# 144-62-7

Oxalic acid is translucent and odorless. This chemical is used in blue toners and
as a preservative in certain Pyro formulas. It is found in all leafy green vegetables but is
highly toxic in strong concentrations and you must use all safety precautions in its use
and storage. Oxalic acid is corrosive to tissue and removes calcium from the blood which
may result in kidney damage. It is incompatible with alkalis, silver, and oxidizing agents.
Take normal safety precautions when using this chemical.
Take all necessary precautions when using oxalic acid because it is toxic. Oxalic
acid's primary role in your life is likely to be as a cleaning and bleaching agent…
especially for the removal of rust / iron deposits. In alternative processes, oxalic acid is
also used as a reducing agent in the platinum / palladium process. The principle toxicity
risk when using oxalic acid is due to kidney failure, which may cause precipitation of
solid calcium oxalate, the main ingredient of kidney stones. That said, wear nitrile or
safety examination gloves and eyewear when using this chemical.
Palladium Chloride CAS# 7647-10-1

Palladium chloride is dark brown and without odor. This chemical is found
primarily in palladium printing and in certain other non-silver processes and is an
irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Palladium chloride is moderately toxic.
It is often associated with manic depression altering medication. High doses can cause
problems with central nervous system functions. Be cautious of contact with the skin,
ingestion, and breathing fumes. Use normal precautions in its use and handling.
Potassium Bromide CAS# 7758-02-3

Potassium bromide appears as white crystal and is without odor. This chemical is
often used as a restrainer in bleachers and developers. It is also widely used in
intensification, reducing, toning and many other photographic formulas. It is mildly
irritating to the tissues of your body and can sometimes cause skin problems. It is a
mutagen and extreme exposures can result in depression of the central nervous system.
Potassium bromide is incompatible with strong oxidizers and acids. Use all safety
precautions.
Potassium Chloroplatinite CAS# 10025-99-7

This chemical is found in toners, intensifiers, and is the primary ingredient in
platinum printing. This chemical is highly corrosive to human tissue and can cause
severely adverse reactions to extreme or long-term exposure. This chemical is a poison
and should be used and handled with all safety precautions.
Potassium Cyanide CAS# 151-50-8

This is a white granular, odorless, crystal, much like sugar, and also known as
hydro / potassium salt of hydrocyanic acid. Highly toxic, health hazard and Level III,
KCN is odorless but due to hydrolysis, solids emit small amounts of hydrogen cyanide,
which smells like bitter almonds. KCN is highly soluable in water and actively employed,
as well as a preferred chemical, for fixing wet plate collodion dues to its ability to lend
brightness to the plates, longevity, and coffee and cream highlight coloration in tintypes
and ambrotypes and because washing times for the plates are measured in seconds
rather than minutes… which is useful if making plates on a battlefield or if you are
backpacking and can’t take along a lot of water. KCN is extremely dangerous and must
never be placed in a situation where it can come into contact with an acid… thus creating
a lethal hydrogen cyanide gas.
Exposure to potassium cyanide can be rapidly fatal. It has whole-body (systemic)
effects, particularly affecting those organ systems most sensitive to low oxygen levels:
the central nervous system (brain), the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels),
and the pulmonary system (lungs).
NOTE: To neutralize a 1.2% potassium cyanide fixer solution (standard dilution for wet
plate collodion): Put on eye protection, respirator, and nitrile gloves and place
potassium cyanide in an empty and clean dry wall bucket or large glass beaker. Slowly
add 60o ml of drugstore grade 3% hydrogen peroxide to a liter of used potassium
cyanide. In a short time you will have converted a heavily regulated chemical to a non-
hazardous, un-regulated, potassium cyanate.
Please read the section on potassium cyanide in the fixing section in the wet plate
collodion chapter.
Potassium Dichromate CAS# 7778-50-9

Potassium dichromate (bichromate) is a beautiful orange crystal and is used as a
principal sensitizer in the gum bichromate processes, and as a contrast boost additive in
many non-silver processes. It is also a bleaching agent. It is most often used as a
saturated solution or diluted for use as a contrast additive to wash-development baths or
sensitizer. It is highly toxic, corrosive, and can enter the body through absorption,
ingestion, and breathing. It can cause extreme allergic reactions and is a powerful
irritant to human tissues and internal systems. It is a carcinogen and must be handled
with care. It is incompatible with any combustible, organic, or oxidizable material. It is
extremely destructive to tissue and respiratory systems and may cause distress. If this
chemical is spilled on clothing, remove the clothing immediately. Do not be the least bit
casual when using this chemical and seek immediate medical attention if you experience
discomfort in breathing, burning, or dizziness.
(See Dichromate Safety and Disposal under Ammonium Dichromate)
Potassium Ferricyanide CAS# 13746-66-2
Potassium ferricyanide is an orange-red crystal and has no odor. It is also called
Red Prussiate of Potash and is used in reducers, bleaches, toners and many alternative
and non-silver processes, specifically iron based. Ruby red in color, potassium
ferricyanide is a low toxicity level chemical. It is the Part A (bleaching agent) of sepia
toner and one of the primary ingredients in cyanotype. Potassium ferricyanide is
poisonous in high concentrations. Take all necessary precautions in its use and
handling. Do not expose it to acids, because it may release a cyanide gas (hydrocyanic
acid). If potassium ferricyanide is swallowed, administer a tablespoon of 3% hydrogen
peroxide. Have the patient inhale ammonia fumes, provide artificial respiration if
necessary, and call a doctor. Potassium ferricyanide is incompatible with extreme heat
and can release fumes of cyanide and oxides of nitrogen. It is also incompatible with
ammonia. Use standard safety precautions when using this chemical.
Potassium Iodide CAS# 7681-11-0

Potassium Iodide, also known as potassium salt, is a white odorless chemical
used as a salting agent in the first stage of the Calotype and is responsible, in
combination with silver nitrate, for the silver iodide compound. It is not a particularly
hazardous chemical but you should take normal safety precautions when using it. Avoid
breathing, ingesting, or placing potassium iodide in direct contact with your skin. If you
get any in your eyes or on your skin, flush the area with clean water for 15 minutes. Seek
medical attention if irritation or a rash persists.
Potassium Metabisulfite CAS# 16731-55-8

Potassium metabisulfite is a white crystalline powder with a pungent sulfur odor.
The main use for the chemical is as an antioxidant or chemical sterilant. It is a sulfite
and is chemically very similar to sodium metabisulfite, with which it is sometimes used
interchangeably. Potassium metabisulfite is used as a clearing agent in the gum
bichromate process.
Potassium Oxalate CAS# 583-52-8

The oxalates are the only salts that are poisonous but they are not always bad for
you or the environment. Oxalic acid is commonly found in nature, i.e., in green leafy
vegetables, and is responsible for the bitter taste. Too much of it is not good for you… 10
pounds of spinach in one sitting is a lethal dose of oxalic acid. In small quantities the
human body deals with the oxalates quite handily as the body produces natural chelates
that render them harmless. The most commonly used developers such as ammonium
citrate; potassium oxalate, sodium acetate, and sodium citrate are quite harmless and
can be disposed of in a municipal sewage system if well diluted.
Potassium oxalate is transparent, odorless, used in toners, and as one of the

developer options for platinum / palladium. Like all oxalates, this chemical in a
concentrated form is toxic and corrosive to human tissue. Unsafe exposure is foolhardy
because this chemical can cause significant problems for all parts of your body. It is
incompatible with strong acids and oxidizers. Use all safety precautions, including
Nitrile gloves, respirator, and safety glasses. Seek immediate medical attention if you
experience distress when using it. Signs and symptoms of distress are: nervousness,
cramps, depression, corrosive action on the mucous membranes, redness of the skin,
blurred vision, burns, and pain.
Potassium Sodium Tartrate (Rochelle Salt) CAS# 304-59-6

Potassium sodium tartrate is a double salt first prepared in La Rochelle, France
in 1675. As a result the salt is known as Rochelle salt and is used in alternative processes
in the Kallitype. Rochelle salt can be made from common household goods: cream of
tartar and baking powder.
Pyrogallic Acid CAS# 87-66-1

This chemical, principally used as a high-octane developer for pyromaniacs. It is
a chemical used in many alternative developers such as calotypes and for processing
film based negatives for processes such as Pt/Pd due to the coloration of the tan it gives
the film stock during development. It enters the body through absorption. It may cause
respiratory and gastrointestinal problems. Avoid the chemical’s dust or breathing its
fumes. Use appropriate safety precautions.
Silver Nitrate CAS# 7161-88-8
Silver nitrate appears as a colorless and odorless crystal and discolors on
exposure to light. Silver nitrate is highly corrosive. This chemical can cause severe skin
and eye problems and is particularly destructive to mucous membranes and the upper
respiratory tract. It is the primary silver salt found in photographic emulsions,
alternative processes (i.e., van dyke, salted paper, kallitype, albumen, calotype, etc.) and
intensifiers. Silver nitrate will discolor your skin, is a caustic substance, and may cause
blindness if it gets into your eyes. If you get silver nitrate on your skin you may
experience redness and eventual henna like brown stain that will last for several days.
On exposure, wash the area well with repeated rinses of water. Rubbing the area of
exposure with sodium chloride (table salt) will help lessen the damage to a degree and
with stain removal.
This is more serious… If you get silver nitrate in your eyes, immediately flush
with copious amounts of water, or saline solution, and continue doing so while medical
attention is summoned. If you get a bad silver nitrate stain on anything but your eyes,
you can eliminate the black stain by washing the area with a solution of 2 teaspoons of
sodium bisulfite in a quart of water. Be cautious of the sulfur dioxide gas that will be
created by this act of cleansing. If you happen to ingest silver nitrate you will experience
great distress, burning, shock, and coma. Do not induce vomiting. Force feed strong
salted water concentrations.
Silver nitrate is a very strong oxidizer. It will combust and explode if allowed to
come into contact with any ammonia compounds, such as ammonium hydroxide (the
strong concentration of ammonia used in mordançage). Never mix silver nitrate
solutions with metals such as aluminum or zinc. Use extreme safety precautions
especially by wearing gloves, respirator, and goggles or safety glasses when working with
this chemical.
Sodium Acetate CAS# 127-09-3

Sodium acetate is the sodium salt of acetic acid. It’s pH rests between 7.5 and 9.5.
It is an inexpensive chemical produced in industrial quantities for a wide range of uses.
As the conjugate base of acetic acid, it is a relatively strong base. Sodium acetate is used
as one of several developer options for platinum / palladium is not particularly toxic.
Sodium acetate is often found in toners such as gold and is employed as a buffer in
acidic solutions. It should be used and handled with respect. Use normal safety
precautions.
Sodium Bisulfate CAS# 7681-38-1

Sodium bisulfate appears as a white crystal and is odorless. It is used as an acid
rinse and in combination with acetic acid, as a stop bath. It can also be used in
conjunction with sodium chloride to make a hydrochloric acid substitute. It presents a
low health risk but normal safety precautions should be adhered to when using it.
Sodium Bisulfite CAS# 7631-90-5

Sodium bisulfite is a coarse, white granule and has a strong odor of sulfur. It is
used as a preservative in fixing baths and for removing stains from gum bichromate and
POP processes. It can be substituted for sodium metabisulfite. It is a strong irritant to
the respiratory system and can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and mucous tissue.
Take normal safety precautions when using this chemical.
Sodium Carbonate (anhydrous) CAS# 497-19-8

Sodium carbonate appears as a white odorless granule. This chemical is also
called soda ash, and hydro-sodium, and is used as a primary alkali accelerator in
developers. It is also used in cyanotype toning and works as a reducer and bleach on
iron prints. It is an irritant to eyes, tissue, and the respiratory system. Sodium carbonate
can release a gas when mixed with acid, stop, or fixing baths. It reacts violently with
acids and caution should be taken. Kodak Balanced Alkali (Kodalk) can be used as a
replacement for sodium carbonate. Use with care regardless of the low risk.
Sodium Chloride (kosher salt) CAS # 7647-14-5

Sodium chloride appears as a white odorless crystal and has a very low health risk
associated with it. It is used primarily in salting gelatin for albumen and salted paper
printing, as a fixing agent, as an additive to first rinse washes, and when mixed with
water, a wonderful substance to go scuba diving in. It is also good to keep on hand in the
lab for when you order out for pizza. Note: do not buy ordinary table salt and think that
it is pure sodium chloride. More than likely it is loaded with additives. Buy Kosher Salt
or sodium chloride from a chemical supply. Use caution not to rub it in your eyes and
flush overexposed areas with water to rinse it clean.
Sodium Citrate (Tri-sodium Citrate) CAS# 68-04-2

Add baking soda to citric acid and you’ll get sodium citrate. Sodium citrate
appears as a fine white odorless granule and is incompatible with strong oxidizers. A
common use of this chemical is as a primary ingredient in Salted Paper gelatin salted
emulsion and Kallitype developer. This chemical has a low health risk but can cause
mild irritations to the eyes, tissues, and respiratory system. Sodium citrate is used in ice
cream to keep the fat globules from sticking together and as a buffering agent. Sodium
citrate attaches to calcium ions in water. Compounds with similar functions are sodium
carbonate, EDTA, and phosphoric acid.
Sodium Gold Chloride CAS# 13874-02-7
Sodium Palladium Chloride: (See Potassium Chloroplatinite)

This chemical can cause severe allergic reactions and is an irritant to human
tissue. Do not allow it to get into contact with your skin, do not ingest, or breathe its
fumes. Use proper safety precautions at all times.
Sodium Potassium Tartrate / Rochelle Salt CAS# 304-59-6

Also known as Rochelle salt. It is used in some toners, sensitizers, and as a
developing component in Kallitype. There are no health hazards associated with this
chemical.
Sodium Metabisulfite (sodium pyrosulfite) CAS # 7681-57-4

Sodium metabisulfite is sometimes referred to as disodium. Used as a clearing
aid in the gum bichromate process. It is often found in disinfectant, antioxidants, and
preservatives. It may act as an irritant to eyes and skin but is generally considered safe.
It can be substituted for sodium bisulfite in the gum clearing stage if needed.
Sodium Selenite: CAS# 10102-18-8
(See Kodak Selenium Toner) Refer to selenium for safety concerns.
Sodium Sulfite CAS# 7757-83-7

Sodium sulfite appears as a white odorless crystal. This chemical is used
extensively in alternative process wet work as a clearing agent for albumen, Ziatype, and
chrysotype, as a preservative in many developers, and as a clearing bath for some films
such as Polaroid Type 55 Positive / Negative. It is also used as a primary component in
fixing baths and presents a very mild health risk. It can be an irritant to eyes and tissue
and will release a sulfur dioxide gas if heated. Use general safety precautions in use and
handling. It can be substituted for sodium bisulfite.
Sodium Tetraborate CAS# 1303-96-4

(See Borax)
Sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate CAS # 13874-02-7

This chemical is used in the Part B solution of the New Chrysotype sensitizer
formula and is also known as sodium chloroaurate and sodium gold chloride. Very
precious in regards to use with a gram cost in excess of $82.00. It is corrosive and can
be destructive to your mucous membranes. Tale appropriate precautions when working
with this chemical as it may also cause allergic skin reactions.
Sodium Thiosulfate (Hypo / Fixer) CAS# 7772-98-7

Sodium thiosulfate is a colorless and odorless crystal. Sodium Thiosulfate is also
known as sodium hyposulfate, “hypo,” and incorrectly referred to as hyposulfate of soda
since Herschel’s discovery of it in 1819. It is used in a vast variety of dilutions depending
upon what process you are using it for, and is one of the very few substances that is
capable of dissolving silver bromide. Contact with the skin is not dangerous but it can
decompose through the action of aging or heat and form a sulfur dioxide gas that is
toxic. Be careful not to let this chemical come into contact with your eyes and don’t use
it as a fragrance behind the ears as one of my students once did.
Sodium Tungstate: CAS# 53125-86-3

This chemical, according to MSDS data I have read, is one that is being tested for
human mutations in the reproductive cycle. It is a primary component in the Ziatype
formula system and will lower contrast in that process. It is supposedly not highly toxic
but it will cause general irritation of eyes, tissues, and respiratory system if safety
precautions are not adhered to.
Sulfamic Acid CAS# 5329-14-6

Sulfamic acid appears as a white and odorless crystal. Sulfamic acid is used as a
contrast control in the argyrotype process and employed as an acidifier in ammonium
thiosulfate fixing baths. This chemical is corrosive to tissue, eyes, and the respiratory
system. It is highly and violently reactive when hot and in combination with nitrates and
nitrites. If this sounds like a bomb recipe then you will take great care not to fool around
with this chemical near an open heat source. Take great care in using this chemical with
gloves, safety glasses, and a respirator.
Tannic Acid CAS# 1401-55-4

Tannic acid is a yellow / tan powder and may not, depending on your
sensibilities, have an offensive odor. Personally, I rather like the aroma and think it
smells like instant iced tea mix. This chemical is a tanning agent and is often used in the
toning of cyanotypes. It is a strong oxidizer of metals and chronic exposure is harmful to
the liver. It is found in grapes, tea, and cat urine. It can be irritating to the mucous
membranes and general caution should be taken when using it. It is incompatible with
albumen, gelatin, salts of metals, and strong oxidizers. There is a low health risk with
tannic acid but be cautious of the powder’s dust and seek fresh air if you experience
discomfort.
Tartaric Acid CAS# 87-69-4
Tartaric acid is a white, crystalline powder with a strong fruit acid flavor,
approximately 10% stronger than citric acid can be manufactured synthetically or
recovered from natural sources. It is highly soluble in water, but only slightly
hydroscopic. This acid gives apples their sour flavor. It is only mildly toxic and general
safety precautions should be used in its handling and use. Tartaric acid is used in several
formulas in order to prevent the highlights from getting muddy. It is not used for
making tartar sauce… and I will not relate the story that goes along with that warning.
Thymol (Phenol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) CAS # 89-83-8

Thymol is used in this book as a preservative for dry plate film emulsion (see the
Alternative Negative chapter) Thymol crystals can also be found on line by going to
beekeeping supply vendors. Make sure it is always in crystal form. Thymol crystals are
corrosive and nasty. Do not purchase thymol in oil of any kind. Thymol crystals have
two distinct uses in British beekeeping, first as an antifungal or anti fermentation agent
in producing sugar syrup feed and secondly as an aromatic and corrosive sublimation
material for use against the varroa mite in special evaporator frames.
Thymol is only slightly soluble in water, but it is readily soluble in surgical spirit
(rubbing alcohol in USA) which is ethanol to which a small amount of methanol has
been added, to render it unfit to drink. It is normally used to sterilize surfaces and to
cleanse skin abrasions and to toughen skin. Thymol is a skin irritant. In the event of a
spill or a splash, wash everything well with warm water for at least 15 minutes and
consider getting medical attention.
3,3’ Thiodipropanoic Acid CAS# 111-17-1

This chemical, with sodium carbonate and water, is the ligand in the S version of
the new Chrysotype. It can be purchased reasonably from the Alfa Aesar company (see
Resources). It is a skin, eye, and respiratory irritant.
Tri-sodium Phosphate CAS# 7601-54-9
Tri-sodium phosphate is white, odorless, solid, and strongly alkaline. It is
commonly found in photographic developers, water softeners, scouring powders,
laundry soaps, and dish washing compounds. In an alternative process application, it
works as a yellow toner for cyanotypes.
Tween 20 CAS# 9005-64-5

This inexpensive surfactant that may be added to sensitizers, specifically iron-
based processes, and it helps in getting the sensitizer into the paper fibers. Can be an eye
irritant.
Vinegar
Vinegar strength commonly is measured in "grains." In the United States, this
refers to the percent acid times 10. For example, 100-grain vinegar contains 10% acetic
acid, 90% water. Distilled vinegar strength ranges from 50 to 300 grains. Specialty
vinegars range from 40 to 100 grains. The color of distilled vinegar ranges from a straw
color to water white. Most vinegar is 5%.
A Simple Test for Residual Hypo / Fixer:

A simple test to be sure that all of the sodium thiosulfate / fixer / hypo is
removed from your print is to make the following solution. 750 ml of water, 125 ml of
28% acetic acid, 7.5 g of silver nitrate and cold water to make a liter of solution. Place a
drop of it in the center of a piece of photographic paper that has experienced the same
development, fixing, and washing as the prints you want to keep. After several minutes,
rinse the paper with a salt water solution and examine it for a stain in the drop location.
Any color deeper than a very light tan stain indicates the presence of hypo. This means
that you should wash your prints longer. Store the solution in a dropper bottle and use it
when you are concerned about the success of your washing technique.
A Simple Test for Residual Silver Using Sodium Sulfide
One way of determining whether or not you have fixed your print long enough is
to give it a simple sodium sulfide drop test. Mix up a 10% solution of sodium sulfide (10
g of sodium sulfide with 100 ml of distilled water) and place a drop of it on a light area
of your image. If the drop of sodium sulfide turns brown, this means that you still have
residual silver salts in your paper and that additional fixing time is necessary.
Reader Responsibility
I have placed warnings and considerations throughout the entire text to alert you
to possible chemical and health concerns. For a complete overview of all chemicals in
use, and their individual MSDS and CAS documentation, please refer to the previous
chemical descriptions or to the chemical research sites that have been provided. These
sites have connections and links to many MSDS databases and each of these databases
have MSDS sheets for individual distributors of that chemical. If you are a teacher, using
these chemicals, you must have MSDS documentation in your lab. If you have a question
or a concern about a particular chemical, it is solely your responsibility to find out about
that chemical before using it. It is completely and entirely the responsibility of the
reader to take prudent and appropriate caution in preparation, usage, and disposal
when using chemistry of any kind. Although I have made every effort to give you clear
and safe instructions I have no way of knowing if your being is adversely affected by
certain chemicals. If you are unsure of your sensitivity, or of the chemistry you are about
to use in a process, you must stop and take the responsibility of researching that
chemical.

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APPENDIX A:

Fig APP 1 here, Jacqui Mahan, Self as Kid, 2003

CHEMICAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS, DEFINITIONS, INFORMATION,

CHEMICALS & MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)

Periodic Table of Elements

A FEW BASIC CHEMISTRY DEFINITIONS

ANHYDROUS: Meaning a solid substance without water or crystallization

SOLUBILITY: The maximum weight of a substance that will dissolve completely in a

Protecting Yourself: Be Prepared

IF YOU ARE WORKING WITH DANGEROUS CHEMICALS, HAVE

First Aid for Ingestion of Acids and Alkalis

Symptoms and signs associated with significant alkali-induced tissue injury

Do NOT induce vomiting

First Aid for Skin Contact

Seek Emergency Medical Assistance If:

Poison Control Telephone: 1-800-222-1222

CHEMISTRY & SAFETY

• Prevent chemical material from becoming airborne through careful handling

Dichromates: Safety and Disposal

Proper disposal of dichromate solutions is important. As a rule, never throw

Acetic Acid CAS# 64-19-7

Alum (Ammonium Alum, Ammonia Aluminum sulfate) CAS# 7784-26-1

Ammonia CAS# 7664-41-7

Ammonium Carbonate CAS # 506-87-6

Ammonium Citrate CAS# 12125-02-9

Ammonium Dichromate (also bichromate) CAS# 7789-09-5

Ammonium Ferric Oxalate CAS# 14221-47-7

Ammonium Hydroxide (30% ammonia) CAS#1336-21-6

Ammonium Thiocyanate CAS # 1762-95-4

Ammonium Thiosulfate (rapid fixer) CAS# 1183-18-8

Borax (sodium tetraborate) CAS# 1303-96-4

Boric Acid CAS#10043-35-3

Chrome Alum (Potassium Sulfate) CAS# 7778-99-0

Citric Acid CAS# 77-92-9

Copper Chloride CAS # 10125-13-0

Copper Sulfate CAS# 7758-98-7

Copper(II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate or copper sulphate, is the

Tetrasodium EDTA (tetrasodium salt dihydrate) CAS# 10378-23-1

EDTA is commonly found as a preservative in processed foods, in cosmetics to

Ferric Ammonium Citrate CAS# 1185-57-5

Ferric Citrate CAS # 2338-05-8

Ferric Oxalate (Ferric Ammonium Oxalate) CAS # 2944-67-4

Ferrous Sulfate CAS# 7782-63-0

Formalin / Formaldehyde CAS# 50-00-0

See Glyoxal below.

Gallic Acid CAS # 149-91-7

Gold Chloride CAS# 16903-35-8

Gum Arabic CAS# 9000-01-5

Hydrogen Peroxide (3%) CAS# 7722-84-1

In this concentration, which we are most accustomed to as a treatment for cuts

Hydrogen peroxide is also used to neutralize potassium cyanide (KCN) wet

Hydrogen Peroxide (28% - 33%) *

Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate CAS# 27988-77-8

Kodak Hypo Clearing Bath

Lead Acetate CAS# 301-04-2

Lithium Palladium Chloride / Lithium Chloropalladite

Mercuric Chloride CAS# 7487-94-7

Methyl Alcohol (Wood Spirit) CAS# 67-56-1

Muriatic Acid (hydrochloric acid) CAS # 7647-01-0