507 Mechanical Movements PDF

LIBRARY
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
SANTA BARBARA
PRESENTED BY
Mr. E. P. Bradbury
XX X-gto6^ UCSb UBRf^fjY
JFIVE HUNDRED AND SEVEN
MEisflANiCAL Movements,
EMBRACING
\\ ALLV'^
THO^ WIK^H ARE MOST IMPORTANT IN
-DYIÂMICS, HYDRAULICS, HYDROSTATICS, PNEUMATICS, STEAM

ENGINES, MILL AND OTHER GEARING, PRESSES, HOROLOGY,
X AND MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY;
SEVERAL WHlMvHAVE ONLY RECENTLY COME INTO USE.
Y T. BROWN.
EDITICV.
PUBLISHED BY BROWN & SEWARD,

261 BROx\D\VAY.
1908 V
Copyright 1868,
by HENRY T. BROWN,
Renewed 1896.
PREFACE.
The want of a comprehensive collection of illustrations and descriptions of Me-
chanical Movements has long been seriously felt by artisans, inventors, and stu-
dents of the mechanic arts. It was the knowledge of this want which induced the
compilation of the collection here presented. The movements which it contains
have been already illustrated and described in occasional installments scattered
through five volumes of the American Artisan, by the readers of which their
publication was received with so much favor as was believed to warrant the ex-
pense of their reproduction with some revision in a separate volume.
The selection of the movements embraced in this collection has been made
from many and various sources. The English works of Johnson, Willcock, Wylson,
and Denison have been drawn upon to a considerable extent, and many other
— —
works American and foreign have been laid under contribution but more than
;
one-fourth of the movements — —

many of purely American origin have never pre-
viously appeared in any published collection. Although the collection embraces
about three times as many movements as have ever been contained in any previous
American publication, and a considerably larger number than has ever been contained
in any foreign one, it has not been the object of the compiler to merely swell the num-
ber, but he has endeavored to select only such as may be of really practical value ;
and with this end in view, he has rejected many which are found in nearly all the
previously published collections, but which he has considered only applicable to
some exceptional want.
Owing to the selection of these movements at such intervals as could be
snatched from professional duties, which admitted of no postponement, and to the
engravings having been made from time to time for immediate publication, the
classification of the movements is not as perfect as the compiler could have desired;
yet it is believed that this deficiency is more than compensated for by the copi-
ousness of the Index and the entirely novel arrangement of the illustrations and
the descriptive letter-press on opposite pages, which make the collection — large
—
and comprehensive as it is more convenient for reference than any previous one.
.
iv Mechanical Movements.
INDEX
g^ In this INDEX the numerals do net indicate the pages, but they refer to the
engravings and the nmnbered paragraphs. Each page of the letter-press contains all
the descriptive matter appertaining to the illustrations which face it.
A Crank, substitutes for the, 39, 116, 123, 156, 157, 167, 394.
variable, 94. j
iEolipile, 474.
Cranks, 92, 93, 98, 100, 131, 145, 14O, 156, 158, 166, 175, 176,
B. 220, 230, 231, 26S, 279, 354, 401.

bell, 126, 154, 156, 157.
Balance, compensation, 319.
Barometer, 501. ,
compound, 168, 169.
Cyclograph, 403, 404.
Blower, fan, 497.
Brake, friction, 242. D.
C.
Differential movements, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 260, 264.
Drag-link, 231.
Cams, 95, 96, 97, 117, 130, 13S, 149, 150, 165, 217, 272, 276. Drill, 359.
Capstans, 412, 491. fiddle, 124.
Centrolinead, 40S. Persian, 112.
Clutches, 47, 4S, 52, 53, 361. Drills, cramp, 379, 380.
Chasers, 375. Drop, 85.
Clamps, bench, 174, 180, 381. Drum and rope, J34.
screw, 190. Driver, pile, 251.
Cock, four-way, 395. Dynamometers, 2<<4, 372.
Column, oscillating, 445, 446.
E
i
Compasses, proportion, 40).
Counters of revolutions, 63, 64, 65, 6^ 67, 68, 6g, 70, 71. Eccentrics, 89, 90, 91, 135,' 137.
Coupling, union, 248.-. Ejectors, bilge, 475, 476.

Mechanical Movements. V
1
Ellipsfigrapli, 152. Gearing, variable, 38.
Engine, disk, 347. worm, 29, 31, 64, 66, 67, 143, 151, 202.
Engines, rotary, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429. Governors, 14/, 161, 162, 163, 170, 274, 287, 357. ~
steam, 175, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 334, Guides, 326, 327, 330, 331.
335. 336, 337> 338, 339. 34°. 34'. 342. 343. 344. Gyroscope, 355.
345. 346. 42". 422. 423. 424- - H.
valve gear for, 89, 90, 91, 117, 135, 137, 150, 171, Hammer, atmospheric, 471.
17Q, 181, 182, 183, 184, 1S5, 186, 187, 188, 189, bell, 420.
286, 418. compressed air, 472.

Epicyclic trains, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507. steam, 47.
Escapements, 234, 238, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, Hammers, trip, 72, 353.
296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, Helicograph, 384.
306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 396, Hook, beat-detaching, 492.
402. releasing, 251.
Hooks, centrifugal check, 253.
F.
Hyperbolas, instrument for drawing, 405.
Fountain, Hiero's, 464.
Fusees, 46, 358^
I. (
G.
Intermittent movements, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 73.
Gasometers, 479, 480.
74. 75. 76. 88, 211, 235, 241, 364, 398.
Gauge, bisecting, 410. 1
Gauges, pressure, 498, 499, 500.

Gear, steering, 490. J-
Gearing, bevel, 7, 43, 49, 53, 74, 200, 226, 495.
Jack, hydrostatic, 467.
brush, 28. lifting, 389.
capstan, 412. Joint, ball and socket, 249.
conical, 37. bayonet, 245.
crown, 26, 219.

universal, 51.
i
'
eccentric, 219, 222. L.
• elliptical, 33, 35, 221. Ladder, folding, 386.
self-adjusting, 387.
1
face, 54.
1
friction, 28, 32, 45, 413.
Lazy-tongs, 144.
intermittent, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, Level, se"f-recording, 411. i
' Lever, bell-crank or elbow, 126, 155, 156, 157.

75. 76, 77. 78. 79. 8°. 8'. 82, 83, 84. 1
'
internal, 34, ss, 57-
knee, 164.
irregular, 201. Lewis, 493.

I
'
multiple, 27. Link, detachable chain, 399.
mutilated, 74, 114.

M.
scroll, 191, 414.
1
sector, 38. Machine, Bohnenberger's, 356.
1
spur, 24. drilling, 366.
1
t
step, 44. i polishing, 370, 393. !
stud, 197. . punching, 140.
1
sun and planet, 39. warp-dressing, 383.
i
1
vi Mechanical Movements.
Main, flexible water, 468. Pulleys, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 243, 255,
Maintaining power, 320, 321. 256. 257. 258, 259, 267.
Meter, gas (wet) 481 (dry) 483.
; anti-friction bearing for, 270.
water, 440. chain, 227, 228, 229.

MUl, Barker's, 438- Pump, air, 473.
crushing, 375. balance, 465.
tread, 377. bellows, 453.
wind, 48s, 486. chain, 462.
Miscellaneous movements, loi, 120, 153, 172, 173, 196, 203, diaphragm, 454.
209, 210, 217, 218, 232, 235, 247, 252, 261, 262, steam-siphon, 476.
263, 26s, 273, 281, 282, 348, 360, 368, 385, 390, Pumps, double-acting, 452, 453.
391, 415, 417, 447, 469, 484. force, 450, 451, 452.
Motion, alternating traverse, 143. lift, 448, 449. ,
j
rocking, 419. rotary, 455, 456.
j
self-reversing, 87. • Punching machine, 140.
j
shuttle, 397. R
Motions, feed, 99, 121, 153, 284, 388, 400.
Rack, mangle, 197, 198, 199.
link, 171, 185.
mutilated, 269.
parallel, 328, 329, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338,
Racks and pinions, 81, 113, 114, 115, ii8, 119, 127, 139,
339. 340. 341- 343-
197, 198, 199. 269. 283.
pump, 86, 127, 2S3.
Rain, Montgolfier's water, 444.
traverse, 350, 362.
Ratchets and pawls, 49, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 206, 225, 236,
variable traverse, 122, 125, 142, 17S.
271.
Regulator, gas, 482.
watch, 318.
P Reversing motion, self, 87.
Pantograph, 246. Revolver, 277.

Parabolas, instrument for drawing, 406. Rollers, oblique, 204, 365.
Paradox, mechani'cal, 504. Rolls, anti-friction, 250.
Pendulum, conical, 315. drawing, 496
Pendulums, 315, 316, 317, 369. feed, 195, 207, 388.
compensation, 316, 317. Rulers, parallel, 322, 323, 324, 325, 349, 367.
Pinion, 81, 113.
lantern, 199.
S
mutilated, 114.
slotted, 208. Saw, endless band, 141.
two-toothed, 205. gig. 392-
Power, horse, 376. pendulum, 378.

Presses, 105, 132, 133, 164. Screw, Archimedes', 443.
hydrostatic, 466. differential, 266.
Propeller, screw, 488. double reversed, io8.
Pulley, expanding, 224. micrometer, iii.

friction, 267. Screws, 102, 103, 104, 105, 109, 112, 202, 285.
Pulleys, endless, 31, 64, 66, 67, 143, 195, 207, 275. •
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, is, 16, 17,
1
Mechanical Movements. Vll
Screws, right-and-left hand, no, 151. W

Sectors, toothed, 130, 133, 223, 282. Water, machines for raising, 439, 441, 442, 443, 444, 457,
See-saw, 363.
458. 459. 460, 461.
Shears, 130. Weir, self-acting, 463.
Stamps, 8s, 351. Wheel, cam, 136.
Stand, mirror, 382. lantern, 233.
Stop for hoisting apparatus, 278. Persian, 441.
for lantern wheels, 233. pin, 208.
for ratchet wheels, 240. rag, 237.
for spur gear, 239. sprocket, 254.
Siops for winding watches, 212, 213, 214, 215. steering, 490.
waved, 165.
Wheels, crown, 26, 219, 237.
mangle, 36, 192, 193, 194, 371.
Test, friction, 373. paddle, 487, 489.

Throstle, spinning, 496. water, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438.
Toggle-joint, 140. Windlass, Chinese, 129, 352.
Tongs, lifting, 494. friction, 280.
Trap, steam, 477, 478. Wind-mills, 485, 486.

Treadles, 82, 158, 159, 160, 374, 401, 416. Wipers, 85, 128.
Mechanical Movements.
»H
8„ 9 10
AjSTciWM-
1. Illustrates the transmission of power by up the slack, the belt transmits motion from
simple pulleys and an open belt. In this one of the larger pulleys to the other but ;
case both of the pulleys rotate in the same when it is not, the belt is so slack as not to
direction. transmit motion.
6. By giving a vibratory motion to the
2. Differs from i in the substitution of a
lever secured to the semi-circular segment,
crossed belt for the open one. In this case
the belt attached to the said segment imparts
the direction of rotation of the pulleys is re-
a reciprocating rotary motion to the two pul-
versed.
leys below.
By arranging three pulleys, side by side,
7. A method of engaging, disengaging,
upon the shaft to be driven, the middle one
and reversing the upright shaft at the left.
fast and the other two loose upon it, and
The belt is shown on the middle one of the
using both an open and a crossed belt, the
three pulleys on the lower shafts, a, which I/,
direction of the said shaft is enabled to be
pulley is loose, and consequently no move-
reversed without stopping or reversing the
ment is communicated to the said shafts.
driver. One belt will always run on the
When the belt is traversed on the left-hand
fast pulley, and the other on one of the loose
pulley, which is fast on the hollow shaft, b,
pulleys. The shaft will be driven in one di-
carrying the bevel-gear, B, motion is com-
rection or the other, according as the open
municated in one direction to the upright
or crossed belt is on the fast pulley.
shaft and on its being traversed on to the
;
3. A method of transmitting motion from

right-hand pulley, motion is transmitted
a shaft at right angles to another, by means
through the gear. A, fast on the shaft, a,
of guide-pulleys. There are two of these which runs
inside of b, and the direction of
pulleys, side by side, one for each leaf of the
the upright shaft is reversed.
belt.
8. Speed-pulleys used for lathes and other
4. A method of transmitting motion from mechanical tools, for varying the speed ac-
a shaft at right angles to another whose axis cording to' work operated upon.
the
is in the same plane. This is shown with a 9. Cone-pulleys for the same jûrpose as
crossed belt. An open belt may be used, 8. This motion is used in cotton machin-
but the crossed one is preferable, as gives
it
ery, and in all machines which are required
more surface of contact. to run with a gradually increased or dimin-
5. Resembles i, with the addition of a ished speed.
movable tightening pulley, B. When this 10. Is a modification of 9, the pulleys be-
pulley is pressed against the band to take ing of different shape.
lO Mechanical Movements.
iS
19
n 1^
Mechanical Movements. II
1 1. Another method of effecting the same arate loose pulleys, or a series of grooves
result as 3, without guide-pulleys. can. be cut in a solid block, the diameters
being made in projiortion to the speed of the
12. Simple pulley used for lifting weights. rope ; that is, i, 3, and 5 for one block, and
In this the power must be equal to the weight 2, 4, and 6 for the other. Power as i to 7.
to obtain equilibrium.
16 and 17. Are what are known as Span-

13. In this the lower pulley is movable.
ish bartons.
One end of the rope being fixed, the other
must move twice as fast as the weight, and

18. Is a combination of two fixed pulleys
a corresponding gain of power is conse-
and one movable pulley.
quently effected.
14. Blocks and tackle. The power ob-

19, 20, 21, and 22. Are different arrange-
tained by this contrivance is calculated as ments of pulley*:. The following rule applies
follows : Divide the weight by double the to these pu'leys : — In a system of pulleys
number of pulleys in the lower block ; the where each pulley is embraced by a cord at-
quotient is the power required to balance tached atone end to a fixed point and at the
the weight. other to the center of the movable pulley, the
effect of the whole will be = the number 2,
1 5. Represents what are known as White's multiplied by itself as many times as there
pulleys, which can either be made with sep- are movable pulleys in the system.
12 Mechanical Movements.
Mechanical Movements. 13
23. A contrivance for transmitting rotary 27. " Multiple gearing " —a recent inven-
motion to a movable pulley. The pulley tion. The smaller triangular wheel drives
at the bottom of the figure is the movable the larger one by the movement of its at-
one ; if this pulley were raised or depressed, tached friction-rollers in tlie radial grooves.
the belt would be slackened or tightened
accordingly. In order to keep a uniform 28. These are sometimes called '"brush-
tension on the belt, a pulley, A, carried in a wheels." The relative speeds can be varied
frame sliding between guides (not shown), by changing the distance of the upper wheel
hangs from a rope passing over the two from the center of the lower one. The one
guide-pulleys, B, B, and is acted upon by drives the other by the friction or adhesion,
the balance weight, C, in such manner as to and this may be increased by facing the lower
produce the desired result. one with india-rubber.
24. Spur-gears. 29. Transmission of rotary motion from
one shaft at right angles to another. The

25. Bevel-gears. Those of equal diame- spiral thread of the disk-wheel drives the
ters are termed " miter-gears." spur-gear, moving it the distance of one
tooth at every revolution.

26. The wheel to the right is termed a
" crown-wheel ;" that gearing with it is a 30. Rectangular gears. These produce a
spur-gear. These wheels are not much used, rotary motion of the driven gear at a varying
and are only available for light work, as the speed. They were used on a printing-press,
teeth of the crown-wheel must necessarily be the type of which were placed on a rectangu-
thm. 1 lar roller.
H Mechanical Movements.
31 32 33
^-^/UVl/T^
35
58 39
31. Worm or endless screw and a worm- from their application to mangles converts —
wlieel. This effects the same result as 29 ;
continuous rotary motion of pinion into re-
and as it is more easily constructed, it is ciprocating rotary motion of wheel. The
oftener used. shaft of pinion has a vibratory motion, and
works in a straight slot cut in the upright
32. Friction-wheels. The surfaces of
stationary bar to allow the pinion to rise and
these wheels are made rough, so as to bite
much fall and work inside and outside of the gear-
as as possible ; one is sometimes faced
with leather, or, better, with vulcanized india-
ing of the wheel. The slot cut in the face of
the mangle-wheel and following its outline is
rubber.
to receive and guide the pinion-shaft and
33. Elliptical spur-gears. These are used keep the pinion in gear.
wiiere a rotary motion of varying speed is
required, and the variation of speed is de- 37. Uniform into variable rotary motion.
termined by the relation between the lengths The bevel-wheel or pinion to the left has
of the major and minor axes of the ellipses. teeth cut through the whole width of its face.
Its teeth work with a spirally arranged series
34. An internally toothed spur-gear and
of studs on a conical v/heel.
pinion. With ordinary spur-gears (such as
represented in 24) the direction of rotation is 38. A means of converting rotary motion,
opposite but with the internally toothed by which the speed is made uniform during
;
gear, thetwo rotate in the sarhe direction a part, and varied during another
;
part, of the
and with the same strength of tooth the revolution.
'
gears are capable of transmitting greater

force, because more teeth are engaged. 39. Sun-and-planet motion. The spur-
gear to the right, called the planet-gear, is
35. Variable rotary motion produced by tied to the center of the other, or sun-gear,
uniform rotary motion. The small spur-
by an arm which preserves a constant dis-
pinion works in a slot cut in the bar, which tance between their centers. This was used
turns loosely upon the shaft of the elliptical as a substitute for the crank in a steam en-
gear. The bearing of the pinion-shaft has gine by James Watt, after the use of the
applied to it a spring, which keeps it en- crank had been patented by another party.
gaged the slot in the bar is to allow for the Each revolution of the planet-gear, which is
;
variation of length of radius of the elliptical rigidly attached to the connecting-rod, gives
gear. two to the sun-gear, which is keyed to the
36. Mangle-wheel and pinion — so called fly-wheel shaft.
i6 Mechanical Movements.
42 43 44
46
47 48 49
M 4
-1
W^^^^^^^^^^M^S^^
-'
40 and 41. Rotary converted into rotary of the spring as it uncoils itself. The chain
motion. The teeth of these gears, being is on the small diameter of the fusee when
oblique, give a more continuous bearing the watch is wound up, as the spring has
than ordinary spur-gears. then the greatest force.
42 and 43. Different kinds of gears for 47. A frictional clutch-box, thrown in and
transmitting rotary motion from one •shaft out of gear by the lever at the bottom.
to another arranged obliquely thereto.

This is used for connecting and discon-
necting heavy machinery. The eye of the
disk to the right has a slot which slides upon
a long key or feather fixed on the shaft.
44. Akind of gearing used to transmit
great force and give a continuous bearing to
the teeth. Each, wheel is composed of two,
48. Clutch-box. The pinion at the top
three, or more distinct spur-gears. The
gives a continuous rotary motion to the gear
teeth, instead of being in line, are arranged
below, to which is attached half the clutch,
in steps to give a continuous bearing. This
and both turn loosely on the shaft. When
system sometimes used for driving screw
is
it is desired to give motion to the shaft, the
propellers, and sometimes, with a rack of
other part of the clutch, which slides upon a
similar character, to drive the beds of large
key or feather fixed in the shaft, is thrust
iron-planing machines.
into gear by the lever.
45. Frictional grooved gearing —a com- 49. Alternate circular motion of the hori-
paratively recent invention. The diagram zontal shaft produces a continuous rotary
to the right is an enlarged section, which motion of the vertical shaft, by means of
can be more easily understood. the ratchet-wheels secured to the bevel-
gears, the ratchet-teeth of the two wheels
being set opposite ways, and the pawls act-
46. Fusee chain and spring-box, being ing in opposite directions. The bevel-gears
the prime mover in some watches, particu- and ratchet-wheels are loose on the shaft,
larly of English make. The fusee to the and. the pawls attached to arms firmly se-
right is to compensate for the loss of force cured on the shaft.
50 and 51. Two kinds ot universal joints. opposite directions by the bands, and at the
same time will impart motion to the inter-
Another kind of clutch-box.
52. The
mediate pinion at the bottom, both around
disk-wlieel to the right has two holes, corre-
its own center and also around the common
sponding to the studs fixed in the other
center of the two concentric gears.
disk ; and, being pres.sed against it, the
studs enter the holes, when the two disks 58. For transmitting three diff'erent speeds
rotate together. by gearing. The lower part of the band is

shown on a loose pulley. The next pulley
53. Tlie vertical .shaft is made to drive the is fixed on the main
shaft, on the other end
horizontal one in either direction, as may be of which is fixed a small spur-gear. The
desired, Ijy means of tlie double-clutch and next pulley is on a hollow shaft run-
fixed
bevel-gears. The gears on the horizontal ning on the main shaft, and there is se-
shaft are loose, and are driven in opposite cured to it a second spur-gear, larger than
directions by the third gear the double-
;
the first. The fourth and last pulley to the
clutch slides upon a key or feather fixed on left is fixed on another hollow shaft running
the horizontal shaft, which is made to ro-
loosely on .the last-named, on the other end
tate either to the right or left, according to of which is fixed the still larger spur-gear
the side on which it is engaged. As the band is made
nearest to the pulley.
to traverse Irom one pulley to another, it
54. Mangle or star-wheel, for producing
an alternating rotary motion. transmits three diflferent velocities to the
shaft below.
55. Different velocity given to two gears,
A and C, on the same shaft, by the pinion, 59. For transmitting two speeds by gear-
D. ing. The band i.« shown on the loose pul-
Used
ley— tlie left-hand one of the lower three.
56. for throwing in and out of gear The middle pulley is fixed on the same shaft
the speed-motion on lathes. On depressing
as the small pinion, and the pulley to the
the lever, the shaft of the large wheel is
right on a hollow shaft, on the end of which
drawn backward by reason of the slot in
When the band
is fixed the large spur-gear.
which it slides being cut eccentrically to the
is on the middle pulley a slow motion is
center or fulcrum of the lever,
transmitted to the shaft below but when it
;
57. The small pulley at the top being the is on the right-hand pulley a quick speed is
driver, the large, internally-toothed gear and given, proportionate to the diameter of the
the concentric gear within will be driven in gears
60. For transmitting two speeds by means of 64. Another arrangement of jumping motion.
belts. There are four pulleys on the lower shaft, Motion is communicated to worm-gear, B, by
the two outer ones being loose and the two inner worm or endless screw at the bottom, which is
ones fast. The band to the left is shown on its fixed upon the driving-shaft. Upon the shaft
loose pulley, the one to the right on its fast one ;
carrying the worm-gear works another hollow
a slow motion is consequently transmitted to shaft, on which is fixed cam, A. A short piece
lower shaft. When band to the right is moved of this hollow shaft is half cut away. A pin
on to its loose pulley, and left-hand one on to its fixed in worm-gear shaft turns hollow shaft and
fast pulley, a quicker motion is transmitted. cam, the spring which presses on cam holding
61. For transmitting two speeds, one a differ- hollow shaft back against the pin until it arrives
ential motion. The band is shown on a loose a little further than shown in the figure, when,
pulley on lower shaft. The middle pulley is the direction of the pressure being changed by
fast on said shaft, and has a small bevel-gear se- the peculiar shape of cam, the latter falls down
cured to its hub. Pulley on the right, which, suddenly, independently of worm-wheel, and re-
like that on the left, is loose on shaft, carries, mains at rest till the pin overtakes it, when the
transversely, another bevel-gear. A third bevel- same action is repeated.
gear, loose upon the shaft, is held by a friction- 65. The left-hand disk or w+ieel, C, is the driv-
band which is weighted at the end. On moving ing-wheel, upon which is fixed the tappet, A.
band on middle pulley a simple motion is the re- The other disk or wheel, D, has a series of equi-
sult, but when it is moved to right-hand pulley distant studs projecting from its face. Every ro-
a double speed is given to shaft. The friction- tation of the tappet acting upon one of the studs
band or curb on the third bevel-gear is to allow in the wheel, D, causes the latter wheel to move
it to slip a little on a sudden change of speed. the distance of one stud. In order that this may
62. For transmitting two speeds, one of which not be exceeded, a lever-like stop is arranged
is a different and variable motion.; This is very on a fixed center. This stop operates in a notch
similar to thelast, except in the third bevel-gear cut in wheel, C, and at the instant tappet. A,
being attached to a fourth pulley, at the right of strikes a stud, said notch faces the lever. As
the other three, and driven by a band from a wheel, D, rotates, the end between studs is thrust
small pulley on shaft above. When left-hand out, and the other extremity enters the notch ;
belt is on the pulley carrying the middle bevel- but immediately on the tappet leaving stud, the
gear, and pulley at the right turns in the same lever is again forced up in front of next stud, and
direction, the amount of rotation of the third is there held by periphery of C pressing on its
bevel-gear must be deducted from the double other qnd.
speed which the shaft would have if this gear 66. A modification of 64 a weight, D, attached
;
was at rest. If, on the contrary, the right-hand to an arm secured in the shaft of the worm-gear,
belt be crossed so as to turn the pulley in an op- being used instead of spring and cam.
posite direction, that amount must be added. 67. Another modification of 64 ; a weight or
63. Jumping or intermittent rotary motion, tumbler, E, secured on the hollow shaft, being
. used for meters and revolution-counters. The used instead of spring and cam, and operating
drop and attached pawl, carried by a spring at in combination with pin, C, in the shaft of
the left, are lifted by pins in the disk at the right. worm-gear.
Pins escape first from pawl, which drops into 68. The single tooth. A, of the driving-wheel,
next space of the star-wheel. When pin escapes B, acts in the notches of the wheel, C, and turns
from drop, spring throws down suddenly the the latter the distance of one notch in every
drop, the pin on which strikes the pawl, which, revolution of C. No stop is necessary in this
by its action on star-wheel, rapidly gives it a por- movement, as the driving-wheel, B, serves as a
tion of a revolution. This is repeated as each lock by fitting into the hollows cut in the cir-
pin passes. cumference of the wheel, C, between its notches.
69. B, a small wheel with one tooth, is tached to a fixed support. As the wheel,
the driver, and the circumference entering D, revolves, the spring, B, passes under the
between the teeth of the wheel, A, serves as strong spring, C, which presses it into a
a lock or stop while the tooth of the small tooth of the ratchet-wheel, A, which is thus
wheel is out of operation. made to rotate. The catch-spring, B, being
released on its escape from the strong
spring, C, allows the wheel. A, to remain
70. The driving-wheel, C, has a rim, shown at rest till D has made another revolution.
in dotted outline, the exterior of which serves The spring, C, serves as a stop.
as a bearing and stop for the studs on the
other wheel, A, when the tappet, B, is out
of contact with the studs. An opening in 74. A uniform intermittent rotary motion
this rim serves to allow one stud to pass in in opposite directions is given to the bevel-
and another t6 pass out. The tappet is op- gears, A and B, by means of the mutilated
posite the middle of this opening. bevel-gear, C.
75. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of

71. The inner circumference (shown by
the rod, C, transmits an intermittent circu-
dotted lines) of the rim of the driving-wheel,
lar motion to the wheel, A, by means of the
B, serves as a lock against which two of the
pawl, B, at the end of the vibrating-bar, D.
studs in the wheel, C, rest until the tappet,
A, striking one of the studs, the next one
below passes out from the guard-rim through 76. Is another contrivance for registering
the lovver notch, and another stud enters the or counting revolutions. A tappet, B, sup-
rim through tiie upper notch. ported on the fixed pivot, C, is struck at
every revolution of the large wheel (partly
represented) by a stud, D, attached to tlie
72. Is a tilt-hammer motion, the revolu-
said wheel. Thi"^ causes the end of the tap-
tion of the cam or wiper-wheel, B, lifting
pet next the ratchet-wheel, A, to be lifted,
the hammer. A, four times in each revolu-
and to turn the wheel the distance of one
tion.
tooth. The tappet returns by its own weight
to its original position after the stud, D, has
73. To the driving-wheel, D, secured a passed, the end. being jointed to permit
is it
bent spring, B ; another spring, C, is at- to pass the teeth of the ratchet-wheel.
24 Mechanical Movements,
TJ 79
82
83
"]"]. The vibration of the lever, C, on the 83. A nearly continuous rotary motion
center or fulcrum, A, produces a rotary is pjiven to the wheel, D, by two ratchet-
movement of the wheel, B, Dy means of the toothed arcs, C, one operating on each side
two pawls, which act alternately. This is of the ratchet-wheel, D. These arcs (only
almost a continuous movement one of which shown) are fast on the same
is
rock-shaft, B, and have their teeth set op-
78. A modification of 77. posite ways. The rock-shaft is worked by

giving a reciprocating rectilinear motion to
79. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rod, A. The arcs should have springs
the rod, B, produces a nearly continuous applied to them, so that each may be capable
rotary movement of the ratchet-faced wheel, of rising to allow its teeth to slide over those
A, by the pawls attached to the extremities of the wheel in moving one way.
of the vibrating radial arms, C, C.
84. The double rack-frame, B, is sus-
80. Rectilinear motion is imparted to the pended from the rod, A. Continuous rotary
slotted bar. A, by the vibration of the lever, motion is given to the cam, D. When the
C, through the agency of the two hooked shaft of the cam is midway between the two
pawls, which drop alternately into the teeth racks, the cam acts upon neither of them ;
of the slotted rack-bar, A. but by raising or lowering the rod, A, either

the lower or upper rack is brought within
81. Alternate rectilinear motion is given range of the cam, and the rack-frame moved
to the rack-rod, B, by the continuous revo-
to the left or right. This movement has
lution of the mutilated been used in connection with the governor
spur-gear. A, the
spiral spring, C, forcing the rod back to its of an engine, the rod. A, being connected
original position on the teeth of the gear. A, with the governor, and the rack-frame with
quitting the rack. the throttle or regulating valve.
82. On motion being given to the two 85. Intermittent alternating rectilinear mo-
treadles, D, a nearly continuous motion is tion is given to the rod. A, hy the continu-
imparted, through the vibrating arms, B, and ous rotation of the shaft carrying tlie two
their attached pawls, to the ratchet-wheel, A. cams or wipers, which act upon the projec-
A chain or strap attached to each treadle tion, B, of the rod, and thereby lift it. The
passes over the pulley, C, and as one treadle |
rod drops by its own weight. Used for ore-
is depressed the other is raised. stampers or pulverizers, and for hammers.
86. A method of working a reciprocating the perpendicular position, and thereby again
pump by rotary motion. A rope, carrying causes it to reverse the motion.
the pump-rod, is attached to the wheel, A,

which runs loosely upon the shaft. The 88. Continuous rotary converted into in-
shaft carries a cam, C, and has a continuous termittent rotary motion. The disk-wheel,
rotary motion. At every revolution the cam B, carrying the stops, C, D, turns on a
seizes the hooked catch, B, attached to the center eccentric
to the cam, A. On con-
wheel, and drags it round, together with the
tinuous rotary motion being given to the
wheel, and raises the rope until, on the ex- cam. A, întermittent rotary motion is im-
tremity of the catch striking the stationary
parted to the wheel, B. The stops free them-
stop above, the catch is released, and the selves from
the offset of the cam at every half-
wheel is returned by the weight of the pump-
revolution, the wheel, B, remaining at rest
bucket.
until the cam has completed its revolution,
when the same motion is repeated.
87. A contrivance for a self-reversing mo-
tion. The bevel-gear between the gears, B
and C, is the driver. The gears, B and C,
89. An eccentric generally used on the
crank-shaft for communicating the recipro-
run loose upon the shaft, consequently mo-
cating rectihnear motion to the valves of
tion is only communicated wlien one or other
steam engines, and sometimes used for
of them engaged with the clutch-box, D,
is
pumping.
which slides on a feather on the shaft and is
shown in gear with C. The wheel, E, at the
right, is drivenby bevel-gearing from the 90. A modification of the above ; an
shaft on which the êars, B, C, and clutch

elongated yoke being substituted for the
are placed, and is about to strike the bell- circular strap, to
obviate the necessity for
any vibrating motion of the rod which works
crank, G, and produce such a movement
in fixed guides.
thereof as will cause the connecting-rod to
carry the weighted lever, F, beyond a per-
pendicular position, when 91. Triangular eccentric, giving an inter-
the said lever will
fall over suddenly to the and carry the mittent reciprocating rectihnear motion, used
left,
clutch into gear with B, thereby reversing in France for the valve motion of steam
the motion of the shaft, until the stud in the engines.
wheel, E, coming round in the contrary di-
rection, brings the weighted lever back past 92. Ordinary crank motion.
~1
MechaxXical Movements. 29
93. Crank motion, with the crank- wrist are described through these points. The
working in a slotted yoke, thereby dispens- outside circle is then divided.into double
ing with the oscillating connecting-rod or the number of these divisions, and lines
pitman. drawn to the center. The curve is then

drawn through the intersections of the con-
centric circles and the radiating; lines.
94. Variable crank, two circular plates re-
volving on the same center. In one a spiral
groove is cut ; in the other a series of slots 97. This is a heart-cam, similar to 96, ex-
radiating from the center. On turning one cept that it is grooved.
of these plates around its center, the bolt
shown near the bottom of the figure, and

which passes through the spiral groove and 98. Irregular vibrating motion is produced
radial slots, is caused to move toward or by the rotation of the circular disk, in which
from the center of the plates. is fixed a crank-pin working in an endless

srroove cut in the vibrating arm.
95. On rotating the upright shaft, recipro-
cating rectilinear motion is imparted by the 99. Spiral guide attached to the face of a
oblique disk to the upright rod resting upon disk ; used for the feed-motion of a drilling
its surface. machine.
96. A heart-cam. Uniform traversing mo-

100. Quick return crank motion, applicable
tion is imparted to the horizontal bar by the
to shaping machines.
rotation of the heart-shaped cam. The
dotted lines show the mode of striking out
the curve of the cam. The length of traverse ;

10 1. Rectihnear motion of horizontal bar,
is divided into any number of parts ; and by means of vibrating
1
slotted bar hung from
from the center a series of concentric circles the , top.
102. Common screw bolt and nut; rec- in every revolution. A point inserted in the
tilinear motion obtained from circular mo- groove will traverse the cylinder from end
tion. to end.
103. Rectilinear motion of slide produced

109. The rotation of the screw at the left-
by the rotation of screw.
hand side produces a uniform rectilinear
movement of a cutter which cuts another
104. In this, rotary motion is imparted to screw thread. The pitch of the screw to be
the wheel by the rotation of the screw, or cut may be varied by changing the sizes of
rectilinear motion of the slide by the rota- the wheels at the end of the frame.
tion of the wheel. Used in screw-cutting
and slide-lathes.
no. Uniform circular into uniform recti-
linear motion ; used in spooling-frames for

105. Screw stamping-press. Rectilinear
leading or guiding the thread on to the
motion from circular motion.
spools. The roller is divided into two parts,
each having a fine screw thread cut upon it,
106 and 107. Uniform reciprocating rec- one a right and the other a left hand screw.
tilinear motion, produced by rotary motion The spindle parallel with the roller has^rms
of grooved cams. which carry two half-nuts, fitted to the
screws, one over and the other under the
1 08. Uniform reciprocating rectilinearmo- roller. When one half-nut is in, the other
tion from uniform rotary motion of a cylin- is out of gear. By pressing the lever to the
der, in which are cut reverse threads or right or left, the rod is made to traverse in
grooves, which necessarily intersect twice either direction.

—
//; 112 113
9,
OV^^^^^^^^rA^
1U //.f
n
'XT.
116 w //ff
Vo^^
'—innrmr. innnj
C_i:;3iz?
111. Micrometer screw. Great power can rate pinion is used for each rack, the tv.o
be obtained by tliis device. The threads racks being in different planes. Both pinions
are made of different pitch and run in differ- are loose on the shaft. A ratchet-wheel is
ent directions, consequently a die or nut on the shaft outside of each pinion, and
fast
fitted to the inner and smaller screw would a pawl attached to the pinion to engage in
traverse only the length of the difference be- it, one ratchet-wheel having its teeth set in
tween the pitches for every revolution of the one direction and the other having its teeth
outside hollow screw in a nut. set in the opposite direction. When the
racks move one way, one pinion turns the
112. Persian drill. The stock of the drill shaft by means of its pawl and ratchet and ;
has a very quick thread cut upon it and re- when the racks move the opposite way, the
volves freely, supported by the head at the other pinion acts in the same way, one pinion
top,which rests against the body. The but- always turning loosely on the abaft
ton or nut shown on the middle of the screw
is held firm in the hand, and pulled quickly 117. A cam acting between two friction-
up and down the stock, thus causing it to rollers in a yoke. Has been used to give
revolve to the right and left alternately. the movement to the valve of a steam en-
gine.
113. Circular into rectilinear motion, or
vice versa, by means of rack and pinion. 118. A mode of doubling the length of
stroke of a piston-rod, or the throw of a
114. Uniform circular motion into reci-
crank. A pinion revolving on a spindle at-
procating rectilinear motion, by means of
tached to the connecting-rod or pitman is in
mutilated pinion, whicii drives alternately
Another rack carried
gear with a fixed rack.
the top and bottom rack.
by a guide-rod above, and in gear with the
Rotary motion of the toothed wheels opposite side of the pinion, is free to tra-
1 1 5.
produces rectilinear motion of the double verse backward and forward. Now, as the
rack and gives equal force and velocity to connecting-rod communicates to the pinion
each side, both wheels being of equal size. the full length of stroke, it would cause the
top rack to traverse the same distance, if the
1 16. A substitute for the crank. Recip- bottom rack was alike movable ; but as the
rocating rectilinear motion of the frame car- latter is fixed, the pinion is made to rotate,
rying the double rack produces a uniform and consequently the top rack travels double
rotary motion of the pinion-shaft. A sepa- the distance.
119 i^^
Z3
r=>-
m JL 124
i^d*
^
^^
119. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the double rack gives a continuous rotary
the bar carrying the oblong endless rack, motion
to the center gear. The teeth on
produced by the uniform rotary motion of the rack act upon those of the two semi-cir-
the pinion working alternately above and cular toothed sectors, and the spur-gears at-
below the rack. The shaft of the pinion tached to the sectors operate upon the cen-
moves up and down in, and is guided by, the ter gear. The two stops on the rack shown
slotted bar. by dotted lines are caught by the curved
piece on the center gear, and lead the
toothed sectors alternately into gear with
120. Each jaw is attached to one of the the double rack.
two segments, one of which has teeth out-
and the other teeth inside. On turning
.side
the shaft carrying the two pinions, one of 124. Fiddle drill. Reciprocating recti-
which gears with one and the other with the linear motion of the bow, the string of
other segment, the jaws are brought to- which passes around the pulley on the spin-
gether with great force. dle carrying the drill, producing alternating
rotary motion of the drill.
121. Alternating rectilinear motion of the

rod attached to the disk-wheel produces an
125. A modification of the motion shown
intermittent rotary motion of the cog-wheel
in 122, but of a more complex character.
by means of the click attached to the disk-
wheel. This motion, which is reversible by
throwing over the click, is used for the feed
126. A bell- crank lever, used for changing
of planing machines and other tools.
the direction of any force.
122. The rotation of the two spur-gears,

with crank-wrists attached, produces a va-
1 27. Motion used in air-pumps. On vi-
^'^^'""S the lever fixed on the same shaft

riable alternating traverse of the horizontal 1
with the spur-gear, reciprocating rectilinear

bar.
is imparted to the racks on each
motion
which are attached to the pistons of
side,
123. Intended as a substitute for the two pumps, one rack always ascending while
crank. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the other is descending.
i29 ^ 130
;
128. A continuous rotary motion of the bars move toward perpendicular positions
shaft carrying the three wipers produces a and force the lower disk down. The top
reciprocating rectihnear motion of the rec- disk must be firmly secured in a stationary
tangular frame. The shaft must revolve in position, except as to its revolution.
the direction of the arrow for the parts to be A simple

133. press motion is given
in the position represented. through the hand-crank on the pinion-shaft
129. Chinese windlass. This embraces the pinion communicating motion to the
the same principles as the micrometer screw toothed sector, which acts upon the platen,
III. The movement of the pulley in by means of the rod which connects it there-
every revolution of the windlass is equal to with.
half the difference between the larger and Uniform circular motion into recti-
134.
smaller circumferences of the windlass bar- by means of a rope or band, which is
linear
rel. wound once or more times around the drum.
130. Shears for cutting iron plates, etc.
1 35. Modification of the triangular eccen-
The jaws are opened by the weight of the
tric used on the steam engine in the
91,
long arm of the upper one, and closed by the
Paris Mint. The circular disk beliind car-
rotation of the cam.
ries the triangular tappet, which communi-
131. On carrying the cates an alternate rectilinear motion to the
rotating the disk
crank-pin working in the slotted arm, reci- valve-rod. The valve is at rest at the com-
procating rectilinear motion is imparted to pletion of each stroke for an instant, and is
the rack at the bottom by the vibration of pushed quickly across the steam-ports to
the toothed sector. the end of the next.
132. This is a motion which has been 136. A cam-wheel — of which a side view
used in presses to shown
produce the necessary is —
has its rim formed into teeth, or
pressure upon the platen. Horizontal mo- made of any profile form desired. The rod
tion is given to the arm of the lever which to the right is made to press constantly
turns the upper disk. Between the top and against the teeth or edge of the rim. On
j
bottom disks are two bars which enter turning the wheel, alternate rectilinear mo-
j
holes in the disks. These bars are in ob- tion is communicated to the rod. The char-
lique positions-, as shown in the drawing, acter of this motion may be varied by alter-
when the press is not in operation but ing the shape of the teeth or profile of the
;
when the top disk is made to rotate, the edge of the rim of the wheel.
Expansion eccentric used in France continued, the spur-gear would make an en-
137.
to work the slide-valve of a steam engine. tire revolution. During half a revolution
The eccentric is fixed on the crank-shaft, the traverse would liave been shortened a
and communicates motion to the forked vi- certain amount at every revolution of disk,
brating arm to the bottom of which the according to the size ot spur-gear and dur- ;
valve-rod is attached. ing the other half it would have gradually

lengthened in the same ratio.
138. On turning the cam at the bottom a
variable alternating rectilinear motion is im- 143. Circular motion into alternate rec-
parted to the rod resting on it. tilinear motion. Motion is transmitted
through pulley at the left upon the worm-
139. The internal rack, carried l)y the shaft. Worm upon shaft, but is made
slides
rectangular frame, is free to slide up and to turn with it by means of a groove cut in
down within it for a certain distance, so that shaft, and a key in hub of worm. Worm is
the pinion can gear with either side of the carried by a small traversing-frame, which
rack. Continuous circular motion of the slides upon a horizontal bar of the fixed
pinion is made to produce reciprocating frame, and the traversing-frame also carries
rectilinear motion of rectangular frame. the toothed wheel into which the worm gears.
One end of a connecting-rod is attached
140. The toggle-joint arranged for a
to fixed frame at the right and the other
punching machine. Lever at the right is
end to a wrist secured in toothed wheel. On
made to operate upon the joint of the toggle
turning worm-shaft, rotary motion is trans-
by means of the horizontal connecting-link.
mitted by worm to wheel, which, as it re-
volves, is forced by connecting-rod to make
141. Endless-band saw. Continuous ro-
an alternating traverse motion.
tary motion of the pulleys is made to pro-
duce continuous rectihnear motion of the '144. A system of crossed levers, termed
straight parts of the saw. " Lazy Tongs." A
short alternating recti-
linear motion of rod at the right will give a
142. Movement used varying the
for
similar but much greater motion to rod at
length of the traversing guide-bar which, in
the left. It is frequently used in children's
silk machinery, guides the silk on to spools
toys. It has been applied in France to a
or bobbins. The spur-gear, turning freely
on its center, is carried round by the larger
machine for raising sunken vessels ; also
applied to ships' pumps, three-quarters of a
circular disk, which turns on a fixed central
century ago.
stud, which has a pinion •fast on its end.
Upon the spur-gear is bolted a small crank, Reciprocating curvilinear motion of
145.
to which is jointed a connecting-rod attached the beamgives a continuous rotary motion
to traversing guide-bar. On turning the to the crank and fly-wheel. The small
disk, the spur-gear is made to rotate partly standard ^t the left, to which is attached one
upon its center by means of the fixed pinion, end of the lever with which the beam is con-
and consequently brings crank nearer to nected by the connecting-rod, has a horizon-
center of disk. If the rotation of disk was tal reciprocating rectilinear movement.
146 147 148

n
149 150 151
i52 153 154

146. Continuous rotary motion of the disk that either may be made to act upon the
produces reciprocating rectilinear motion of lever to which the valve-rod is connected.
the yoke-bar, by means of the wrist or crank- A greater or less movement of the valve is
pin on the disk working in the groove of the produced, according as a cam of greater or
yoke. The groove may be so shaped as to less throw is opposite the lever.
obtain a uniform reciprocating rectihnear 151. Continuous circular into continuous
motion. butmuch slower rectilinear motion. The
147. Steam engine governor. The oper- worm on the upper shaft, acting on the
ation is as follows : — On engine starting toothed wheel on the screw-shaft, causes the
the spindle revolves and carries round the right and left hand screw-threads to move
cross-head to which fans are attached, and the nutr, upon them toward or from each
on which are also fitted two friction-rollers other according to the direction of rotation.
which bear on two circular inclined planes
152. An ellipsograph. The traverse bar
attached securely to the center shaft, the
(shown in an oblique position) carries two
cross-head being loose on the shaft. The
studs which slide in the grooves of the cross-
cross-head is made heavy, or has a ball or
piece. By turning the traverse bar an at-
other weight attached, and is driven by the
tached pencil is made to describe an ellipse
circular inclined planes. As the speed of
by the rectilinear movement of the studs in
the center shaft increases, the Resistance of
the grooves.
the air to the wings tends to retard the rota-
tion of the cross-head ; the friction-rollers 153. Circular motion into alternating rec-
therefore run up the inclined planes and tihnear motion. The studs on the rotating
raise the cross-head, to the upper part of disk strike the projection on the under side
which is connected a lever operating upon of the horizontal bar, moving it one direc-
the regulating- valve of the engine.
tion. The return motion is given by means
of the bell-crank or elbow-lever, one arm of
148. Continuous circular motion of the
spur-gears produces alternate circular mo-
which is operated upon by the next stud,
tion of the crank attached to the larger gear.
and the other strikes the stud on the front
of the horizontal bar.
149. Uniform circular converted, by the
cams acting upon the levers, into alternating 154. Circular motion into alternating rec-
rectilinear motions of the attached rods. tilinear motion, by the action of the studs on
150. A valve motion for working steam the rotary disk upon one end of the bell-
expansively. The series of cams of varying crank, the other end of which has attached
throw are movable lengthwise of the shaft so to it a weighted cord passing over a pulley.
155. Reciprocating rectilinear motion horizontal shaft and bevel-gears, and the
!
into intermittent circular motion by means*; lower gears control the rise and fall of the
of tiie pawl attached to the elbow-lever, and shuttle or gate over or through which the
operating in the toothed wheel. Motion is water flows to the wheel. The action is as
given to the wheel in either direction accord- follows: — The two beve]-"êars on the lower
ing to the side on which the pawl works. part of the center spindle, which are fur-
This is used in giving the feed-motion to nished with studs, are fitted loosely to the
planing machines and other tools. said spindle and remain at rest so' long as
156. Circular motion into variable alter- the governor has a proper velocity but im-
;
nating rectilinear motion, by the wrist or mediately that the velocity increases, the
crank-pin on the rotating disk working in balls, flying further out, draw up the pin
the slot of the bell-crank or elbow-lever. which is attached to a loose sleeve which
slides up and down the spindle, and this
157. A modification of the movement last
pin, coming in contact with the stud on the
described a connecting-rod being substi-
;
tuted for the slot in the bell-crank.

upper bevel gear, causes that gear to rotate
with the spindle and to give motion to the
158. Reciprocating curvilinear motion of
lower horizontal shaft in such a direction as
the treadle gives a circular motion to the
to make it raise the shuttle or gate, and so
disk. A
crank may be substituted for the
reduce the quantity of water passing to the
disk.
wheel. On the contrary, if the speed ot the
1 59. A
modification of 1 58. a cord and pul- governor decreases below that recjuired, the
ley being substituted for the connecting efed. pin falls and gives motion to the lower Le-
1 6o. /Alternating curvilinear motion into vel-gear, which drives the horizontal shaft ir
alternating circular. When the treadle has the opposite direction and produces a con-
been depressed, the spring at the top ele- trary effect.
vates it for the next stroke ; the connecting 163. Another arrangement for a water-
band passes once round the pulley, to which wheel governor. In this the governor con-
it gives motion.
trols the shuttle or gate by means of the
cranked lever, which acts on the strap or
161.
gines.
Centrifugal governor for steam en-
The
central spindle and attached arms
belt in the following manner : —The belt
runs on one of three pulleys, the middle one
and balls are driven from the engine by tiie of which is loose on the governor spindle
bevel-gears at the top, and the balls fly out and the upper and lower ones fast. When
from the center by centrifugal force. If the th'e governor is running at the proper speed
speed of the engine increases, the balls fly the belt is on the loose pulley, as shown but;
out further from the center, and so raise the when the speed increases the belt is thrown
slide at the bottom and thereby reduce the on the lower pulley, and thereby caused to
opening of the regulating-valve which is act upon suitable gearing for raising the gate
connected with said slide. " A diminution of or shuttle and decreasing the supply of wa-
speed produces an opposite effect. ter. A reduction of the speed of the gover-
162.Water-wheel governor acting on the nor brings the belt on the upper pulley,
same principle as 161, but by different which acts upon gearing for producing an
means. The governor is driven by the top opposite effiect on the shuttle or gate.
166
(o.
^^?^^^^^^^
171
J69 no
164. A knee-lever, differing slightly from crank. Intermediate between the first crank
the toggle-jointshown in 40. It is often and the moving power is a shaft carrying a
used for presses and stamps, as a great second crank, of an invariable radius, con-
force can be obtained by it. The action nected with the same pitman. While the
is by raising or lowering the horizontal first crank moves in a circular orbit, the pin
lever, end of the pitman is compelled to
at the
165. Circular into rect ,';near motion. The move

an elliptical orbit, thereby increas-
in
waved-wheel or cam on the upright shaft ing the leverage of the main crank at those
communicates a rectilinear motion to the points which are most favorable for the
upright bar through the oscillating rod. transmission of power.
166. The rotation of the disk carrying the
169. A modification of 168, in which a
crank pin gives a to-and-fro motion to the link is used to connect the pitman with the
connecting-rod, and the slot allows the rod main crank, thereby dispensing with the slot
to remain at rest at the termination of each in the .said crank.
stroke it has been used in a brick-press, Another form of steam engine gov-
;
170.
in which the connecting-rod draws a mold Instead of the arms being connected
ernor.
backward and forward, and permits it to rest with a slide working on a spindle, they cross
at the termination of each stroke, that the each other and are elongated upward beyond
clay may be deposited in it and the brick the top thereof and connected with the valve-
extracted. rod by two siiort links.
167. A drum or cylinder having an endless 171. Valve motion and reversing gear
spiral groove extending all around it one used in oscillating marine engines. The
;
half of the groove having its pitch in one, two eccentric rods give an oscillating mo-
and the other half its pitch in the opposite tion to the slotted link whicii works the
direction. A stud on a reciprocating recti- curved sHde over the trunnion. Within the
linearly moving rod works in the groove, and slot in the curved slide is a pin attached to
so converts reciprocating into rotary motion. the arm of a rock-shaft which gives motion
This has been used as a substitute for the to the valve. The curve of the slot in the
crank in a steam engine. slide is an arc of a circle described from the
168. The hand of center of the trunnion, and as it moves with
slotted crank at the left
the figure on the main shaft of an engine, the cylinder it does not interfere with the
is
and the pitman which connects it with the stroke of the valve. The two eccentrics
reciprocating moving power is furnished and link are like those of the link motion
with a pin which works in the slot of the used in locomotives.
172. A mode of obtaining an egg-shaped turning the crank to which said ring is at-
elliptical movement. tached.

178. Contrivance for varying the speed of
173. A movement used in silk machinery
the slide carrying the cutting tool in slotting
for the same pui-pose as that described in
and shaping machines, etc. The driving-
142. On the back of a disk or bevel-gear
shaft works through an opening in a fixed
is secured a screw with a tappet- wheel
disk, in which is a circular slot. At the end
at one extremity. On each revolution of
the disk the tappet-wheel comes in contact
of the said shaft is a slotted crank. A slide
fits in the slot of the crank and in the circu-
with a pin or tappet, and thus receives an in-
lar slot and to the outward extremity of
termittent rotary movement. A wrist secured ;
this slide is attached the connecting-rod

to a nut on the screw enters and works in a
which works the slide carrying the cutting
slotted bar at the end of the rod which
tool. When the driving-shaft rotates the
guides the silk on the bobbins. Each revo-
crank is carried round, and the slide carry-
lution of the disk varies the length of stroke
ing the end of the connecting-rod is guided
of the guide-rod, as the tappet-wheel on the
by the circular slot, which is placed eccen-
end of the screw turns the screw with ij,
trically to the shaft therefore, as the slide ;
and the position of the nut on the screw is
approaches the bottom, the length of the
tlierefore changed.
crank is shortened and the speed of the con-
174. Carpenters' bench-clamp. By
push- necting-rod is diminished.
ing the clamp between the jaws they are
179. Reversing-gear for a single engine.
made to turn on the screws and clamp the On raising the eccentric-rod the valve-spin-
sides
dle is released. The engine can then be re-
175. A means of giving one complete reversed by working the upright lever, after
volution to the crank of an engine to each which the eccentric-rod is let down again.
stroke of the piston. The eccentric in this case is loose upon the
shaft and driven by a projection on the shaft
176 and 177. Contrivance for uncoupling
engines. The on one acting upon a nearly semi-circular projection
wrist which is fixed
arm of the crank (not shown) will communi- on the side of the eccentric, which permits
cate motion to the arm of the crank which the eccentric to turn half-way round on the
is represented, when the ring on the lat- shaft on reversing the valves.
ter has its slot in the position shown in 180. This only differs from 174 in be-
176. But when the ring is turned to bring ing composed of a single pivoted clamp
the slot in the position shown in 177, operating in connection with a fixed side-
the wrist passes through the slot without piece.
1 8,' and Diagonal catch or hanc^-gear slide and pin connected with an arrangement
182.
used blowing and pumping engines. of levers terminating at the valve-stem. The
in large
In 181 the lower steam- valve and upper link, in moving with the action of the eccen-
eduction-valve are open, while the upper trics, carries with it the slide, and thence
steam-valve and lower eduction-valve are motion is communicated to the valve. Sup-
shut ; consequently the piston will be as- pose the link raised so that the slide is in
cending. In the ascent of the piston-rod the middle, then the link will oscillate on
the lower handle will be struck by the pro- the pin of the slide, and consequently the
jecting tappet, and, being raised, will be- valve will be at rest. If the link is moved
come engaged by the catch and shut the so that the slide is at one of its extremities,
upper eduction and lower steam valves ; at the whole throw of the eccentric connected
the same time, the upper handle being dis- with that extremity will be given to it, and
engaged from the catch, the back weight will the valve and steam-ports will be opened to
pull the handle up and open the upper steam the full, and it will only be toward the end
and lower eduction valves, when the pis- of the stroke that they will be totally shut,
ton will consequently descend. 182 repre- consequently the steam will have been ad-
sents the position of the catchers and han- mitted to the cylinder during almost the en-
dles when the piston is at the top of the tire length of each stroke. But if the slide
cylinder. In going down, the tappet of the is between the middle and the extremity of
piston-rod strikes the upper handle and the slot, as shown in the figure, it receives
throws the catches and handles to the po- only a part of the throw of the eccentric,
sition shown in 181. and the steam-ports will only be partially
opened, and are quickly closed again, so
183 and 184 represent a modiflcation of
that the admission of steam ceases some
181 and 182, the diagonal catches being su-
time before the termination of the stroke,
perseded by two quadrants.
and the steam is worked expansively. The
185. Link-motion valve-gear of a locomo- nearer the slide is to the middle of the slot
tive. Two eccentrics are used for one valve, the greater will be the expansion, and vice
one for the forward and the other for the versa.
backward movement of the engine. The 1 86. Apparatus for disengaging the eccen-
extremities of the eccentric-rods are jointed tric-rod from the valve-gear. By pulling up
to a curved slotted bar, or, as it is termed, a the spring hand'e below untii it catches in
link, which can be raised or lowered by an the notch, «, the pin is disengaged from the
arrangement of levers terminating in a han- gab in the eccentric-rod.
dle as shown. In the slot of the link is a 187 and 188. Modifications of 186.
so Mechanical Movements.
i8q. Another modification of i86. only one circle of teeth being provided on
the wheel. With all of these mangle-wheels
the pinion-shaft is guided and the pinion
190. A screw-clamp. On turning the
kept in gear by a groove in the wheel. The
handle the screw thrusts upward against the
said shaft is made with a universal joint,
holder, which, operating as a lever, holds
which allows a portion of it to have the vi-
down the piece of wood or other material
bratory motion necessary to keep the pinion
placed under it on the other side of its ful-
in gear.
crum.
191. Scroll-gears for obtaining a gradually 195. A mode of driving a pair of feed-
increasing speed., rolls, the opposite surfaces of which require
to move in the same direction. The two
wheels are preci.sely similar, and both gear
192. A variety of what is known as the
the into endless screw which is arranged be-
"mangle-wheel." One variety of this was
illustrated by 36. In this one the speed
tween them.one wheel only The teeth of
are visible, those of the other being on the
varies in every part of a revolution, the
back or side which is concealed from view.
groove, b, d, in which the pinion-shaft is
guided, as well as the series of teeth, being
eccentric to the axis of the wheel. 196. The pinion, B, rotates about a fixed
axis and gives an irregular vibratory motion
193. Another kind of mangle-wheel with to the arm carrying the wheel, A.
its pinion. With this as well as with that
in the preceding figure, although the pinion 197. What is called a "mangle-rack." A
continues to revolve in one direction, the continuous rotation of the pinion will give a
mangle-wheel will make almost an entire re- reciprocating motion to the square frame.
volution in one direction and the same in an The pinion-shaft must be free to rise and
opposite direction ; but the revolution of the fall, to pass round the guides at the ends of
v.'heel in one direction will be slower than the rack. This motion may be modified as
that in the other, owing to the greater radius follows :
— If the square frame be fixed, and
of the outer circle of teeth. upon a shaft made with
the pinion be fixed
a universal joint, the end of the shaft will
194. Another mangle- wheel. In this the de.scribe a line, similar to that shown in the
speed is equal in both directions of motion, drawing, aroimd the rack.
198. A modification of 197. In this the ment to the horizontal arm, and a variable
pinion revolves, but does not rise and fall reciprocating movement to the rod, A.
as in the former figure. The portion of
the frame carrying the rack is jointed to the

202. Worm or endless screw and worm-
main portion of the frame by rods, so that
wheel. Modification of 30, used when
when the pinion arrives at the end it lifts
steadiness or great power is required.
the rack by its own movement, and follows
on the other side.

203. A regular vibrating movement of the
curved slotted arm gives a variable vibration
Another form of mangle-rack. The to the straight arm.

199.
lantern-pinion revolves continuously in one
direction, and gives reciprocating motion to 204. An illustration of the transmission of
the square frame, which is guided by rollers rotary motion from one shaft to another, ar-
or grooves. The pinion has only teeth in ranged obliquely to it, by means of rolling
less than half of its circumference, so that contact.
while it engages one side of the rack, the

toothless half is directed against the other. 205. Represents a wheel driven by a pin-
The large tooth at the commencement of ion of two teeth. The pinion consists in re-
each rack is made to insure the teeth of the '
ality of two cams, which gear with two dis-
pinion being properly in gear. I

tinct series of teeth on opposite sides of the
!
wheel, the teeth of one series alternating in
200. A mode of obtaining two diflferent !
position with those of the other.
speeds on the same shaft from one driving-

wheel. A continuous circular movement of
'
206.
!
the ratchet-wheel, produced by the vibration
201. A continual rotation of the pinion !
of the lever carrying two pawls, one of which
(obtained through the irregular shaped gear engages the ratchet-teeth in rising and the
at the left) gives a variable vibrating move- other ! in falling.
54 Mfxhanical Movements,
201 208 209

207. A modification of 195 by means of 211. A continuous rotary motion of the
two worms and worm-wheels. large wheel gives an intermittent rotary mo-
tion to the pinion-shaft. The part of the
208. A pin-wheel and slotted pinion, by pinion shown next the wheel is cut of the
which three changes of speed can be ob- same curve as the plain portion of the cir-
tained. There are three circles of pins of

cumference of the wheel, and therefore
serves as a lock while the wheel makes a

equal distance on the face of the pin-wheel,
and by shifting the slotted pinion along its

part of a revolution, and until the pin upon
the whtel strikes the guide-piece upon the
shaft, to bring it in contact with one or the
other of the circles of pins, a continuous ro-

pinion, when the pinion-shaft commences
tary motion of the wheel is made to produce another revolution.
three changes of ^peed of the pinion, or vice
versa. 212. What is called the "Geneva-stop,
used in Swiss watches to liptiit the numbei
209. Represents a mode of obtaining mo- of revolutions in winding-up ; the convex
tion from rolling contact. The teeth are for curved part, «, b, of the wheel, B, serving as
making the motion continuous, or it would the stop.
cease at the point of contact shown in the
figure. The forked catch is to guide the 213. Another kind of stop for the same
teeth into proper contact. purpose.
210. By turning the shaft carrying the 214 and 215. Other modifications of the
curved slotted arm, a rectilinear motion of stop, the operations of which will be easily
variable velocity is given to the vertical bar. understood by a comparison with 212.
222 223 221

i
216. The external and internal mutilated ;

slot of the other is continually changing its
cog-wheels work alternately into the pinion, ;
distance from the shaft of the latter.
and give slow forward and quick reverse 221. Irregular circular motion imparted to
motion.
wheel, A. C is an elliptical spur-gear rotat-
217 and 218. These are parts of the same ing round center, D, and is the driver. B is
movement, which has been used for giving a small pinion with teeth of the same pitch,
the roller motion in wool-combing machines. gearing with C. The center of this pinion
The roller to which wheel, F (218), is secured is not fixed, but is carried by an arm or
is required to make one third a revolution frame which vibrates on a center. A, so that
backward, then two thirds of a revolution as C revolves the frame rises and falls to
forward, when it must stop until another enable pinion to remain in gear with it, not-
length of combed fiber is ready for delivery. withstanding the variation in its radius of
This is accomplished by the grooved heart- contact. To keep the teeth of C and B in
cam, C, D, B, e (217), the stud. A, working gear to a proper deptli, and prevent them
in the said groove from C to D it moves
;
from riding over each other, wheel, C, has
the roller backward, and from D to ^ it attached to it a plate which extends beyond
moves it forward, the motion being trans- it and is furnished with a groove, g, //, of
mitted through the catch, G, to the notch- similar elliptical form, for the reception of a
wheel, F, on the roller-shaft, H. When the pin or small roller attached to the vibrating
stud, A, arrives at the point, e, in the cam, a I
arm concentric with pinion, B.
projection at the back of the wheel which
carries the cam strikes the projecting piece
|
wheel described
222. If for the eccentric
on the catch, G, and raises it out of the

;
an ordinary spur-gear mov-

in the last figure
notch in the wheel, F, so that, while the ing on an eccentric center of nrotion be sub-
stud is traveling in the cam from e to C, thestituted, a simple hnk connecting the center
catch is passing over the plain surface be- of the wheel with that of the pinion with
tween the two notches in the wheel, F, with- which it gears will maintain proper pitching
out imparting any motion of teeth in a more simple manner than the
but when stud,
;
A, arrives at the part, C, the catch has groove.

\
dropped in another notch, and is again ready 223. An arrangement for obtaining vari-
i
to move wheel, F, and roller as required. able circular motion. The sectors are ar-
ranged on different planes, and the relative
219. Variable circular motion by crown-
velocity changes according to the respective
wheel and pinion. The crown-wheel is diameters of the sectors.
i
placed eccentrically to the shaft, therefore

224. This represents an expanding pulley.
|
the relative radius changes. I
On turning pinion, d, to the right or left, a

220. The two crank-shafts are parallel in similar motion is imparted to wheel, which, t",
direction, but not in line with each other, by means of curved slots cut therein, thrusts
i
The revolution of either will communicate the studs fastened to arms of pulley outward
motion to the other with a varying velocity, or inward, thus augmenting or diminishing
for the wrist of one crank working in the the size oif the pulley.
225
228
231
225. Intermittent circular motion of the The links being in different planes, spaces
ratchet-wheel from vibratory motion of the are left between them for the teeth of the
arm carrying a pawl. pulley to enter.
226. This movement is designed to double 228. Another kind of chain and pulley.
the speed by gears of equal diameters and
numbers of teeth —a result once generally 229. Another variety.
supposed to be impossible. Six bev^l-gears
are employed. The gear on the shaft, B, is 230. Circular motion into ditto. The con-
in gear with two others —one on the shaft, necting-rods are so arranged that when one
F, and the other on the same hollow shaft pair of connected links is over the dead
The gear, point, or at the extremity of its stroke, the

with C, which turns loosely on F.
D, is carried by the frame, A, which, being other is at right angles ; continuous motion
made to rotate, and is thus insured without a fly-wheel.

fast on the shaft, F, is
therefore takes round D with it. E is loose
on the shaft, F, and gears with D. Now, sup- 231. Drag-link motion. Circular motion
pose the two gears on the hollow shaft, C, is transmitted from one crank to the other.
were removed and D prevented from turning
on its axis ; one revolution given to the gear 232. Intermittent circular motion is im-
on B would cause the frame, A, also to re- parted to the toothed wheel by vibrating the
ceive one revolution, and as this frame car- arm, B. When the arm, B, is lifted, the
ries with it the gear, D, gearing with E, one pawl, C, is raised from between the teeth of
revolution wouid be imparted to E ; but if the wheel, and, traveling backward over
the gears on the hollow shaft, C, were re- the circumference, again drops between two
placed, D would receive also a revolution on teeth on lowering the arm, and draws with
its axis during the one revolution of B, and it the wheel.
thus would produce two revolutions of E.

233. Shows two different kinds of stops
227. Represents a chain and chain pulley. for a lantern-wheel.

Mechanical Movements. 6i
234. Represents a verge escapement. On wheel, and C and B the pallets. A is the
oscillating the spindle, S, the crown-wheel I

axis of the pallets,
has an intermittent rotary motion.
235. The oscillation of the tappet-arm pro- ^39- An arrangement of stops for a spur-
duces an intermittent rotary motion of the |

S^-^*"-
ratchet-wheel. The small spring at tlie hot- \
tom of tlie tappet-arm keeps the tappet in
the position
*
shown in the drawing as the ^^ ^ \- c . r
i
-4°- Represents varieties of stops for a
arm rises, yet allows it to pass the teeth on
ratchet-wheel.
the return motion.
236. A nearly continuous circular motion

241. Intermittent circular motion is im-
is imparted to the ratchet-wheel on vibrating
parted to the wheel, A, by the continuous
the lever, a, to which are attached the two
circular motion of the smaller wheel with
pawls, d and c.
one tooth.
237. A reciprocating circular motion of
the top arm makes its attached pawl pro-

242. A brake used in cranes and hoisting
duce an intermittent circular motion of the
machines. By pulling down the end of the
crown-ratchet or rag-wheel.
lever, the ends of the brake-strap are drawn
toward each other, and the strap tightened
238. An escapement. D is the escape- on the brake-wheel.

I
243. Represents a mode of transmitting arm is attached to and turns on the fixed
power from a iiorizontal shaft to tv/o vertical point, C. B is an ivory tracing-point, and
ones by means of pulleys and a band. A the pencil. Arranged as shown, if we
trace the lines of a plan with the point, B,
244. A dynamometer, or instrument used the pencil will reproduce it double the size.
for ascertaining the amount of useful effect By shifting the slide attached to the fixed
.
given out by any motive-power. It is used point, C, and the slide carrying the pencil
as follows : —
A is a smoothly-turned pulley, along their respective arms, the proportion
secured on a shaft as near as possible to the to which the plan is traced will be varied.
motive-power. Two blocks of wood are fit-
ted to tills pulley, or one block of wood and
a series of straps fastened to a band or 247. A mode of releasing a sounding-
chain, as in the drawing, instead of a com- weight. When the piece projecting from
mon block. The blocks or block and straps the bottom of the rod strikes the bottom of
are so arranged that they may be made to the sea, it is forced upward relatively to the
bite or press upon the pulley by mean.s of rod, and withdraws the catch from under the
the screws and nuts on the top of the lever, weight, which drops off and allows the rod to
D. To estimate the amount of power trans- be lifted without it.
mitted through the sliaft, it js only necessary
to ascertain the amount of friction of the 248. Union coupling. A is a pipe with a
drum. A, when it is in motion, and the num- small flange abutting against the pipe, C,
ber of revolutions made. At the end of the with a screwed end B a nut which holds
;
lever, D, is hung a scale, B, in which weights them together.

are placed. The two stop:;, C, C, are to
maintain the Ijver as nearly as possible in a
249. Ball-and-socket joint, arranged for
horizontal position. Now, suppose the shaft
tubing.
to lie in motion, the screws are to be tight-
ened and weights added in B, until the lever
takes tlie position shown in the drawing at 250. Anti-friction bearing. Instead of a
the required number of revolutions. There- shaft revolving in an ordinary bearing it is
fore the useful effect would be equal to the
'
sometimes supported on the circumference

product of the weights multiplied by the ve- i
of wheels. The friction is thus reduced to
locity at which the point of suspension of the i the least amount.
weights would revolve if the lever were at-
I
tached to the shaft. 251. Releasing-hook, used in pile-driving

i
machines. When the weight, W, is suffi-

On turning the part, ciently raised, the upper ends of the hooks,
I
245. Bayonet joint. 1
A, it is released from the L-shaped slot in A, by which it is suspended, are pressed in-
1
the socket, B, when it can be withdrawn. ward by the sides of the slot, B, in the top
of the frame the weight is thus suddenly
;
246. Represents a pantograph for copying, released, and falls with accumulating force
enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. One on to the pile-head.
252. A and B are two rollers which require 255. A flanged pulley to drive or be driven
to be equally moved to and fro in the slot, by a flat belt.
C. This is accomplished by moving the

piece, D, with oblique slotted arms, up and 256. A plain pulley for a flat belt.
down.
257. A concave-grooved pulley for a round

band.
253. Ceiitrifugal check-hooks, for prevent-
ing accidents in case of the breakage of ma-

chinery whif;h raises and lowers workmen, 258. A smooth-surface V-grooved pulley
ores, etc., in mines. A is a frame-work fixed for a round band.
to the side of the shaft of the mine, and

having fixed studs, D, attached. The drum 259. A V-grooved pulley having its groove
notched to increase the adhesion of the
on which the rope is wound is provided with
band.
a flange, B, to which the check-hooks are
attached. If the drum acquires a dangerous-
ly rapid motion, the hooks fly out by centri- 260. A differential movement. The screw,
fugal force, and one or other or all of them C, works in a nut secured to the hub of the
catch hold of the studs, D, and arrest the wheel, E, the nut being free to turn in a
drum and stop the descent of whatever is bearing in the shorter standard, but prevent-
attached to the rope. The drum ought be- ed by the bearing from any lateral motion.
sides this to have a spring applied to it, The screw-shaft is secured in the wheel, D.
otherwise the jerk arising from the sudden The driving-shaft. A, carries two pinions,
stoppage of the rope might produce worse F and B. If these pinions were of such
effects than its rapid motion. size as to turn the two wheels, D and E,
witii an equal velocity, the screw would re-
main at rest ; but the said wheels being

254. A sprocket-wheel to drive or to be driven at unequal velocities, the screw tra-
driven by a chain. vels according to the difference of velocity.

261
265 266
'
^
K I I
2ff7 268 269

26 1. A combination movement, in which !
264. Two worm-wheels of equal diameter,
the weigJit, W, moves vertically with a but one having one tooth more than the
reciprocating movement ; the down-stroke other, both in gear with the same worm.
being shorter than the up-stroke. B is a Suppose the first wheel has 100 teeth and
revolving disk, carrying a drum which winds the second loi, one wheel will gain one re-
round itself the cord, D. An arm, C, is volution over the other during the passage
jointed to the disk and to the upper arm, A, of 100 X loi teeth of either wheel across
so that when the disk revolves the arm, A, the plane of centers, or during 10,100 revo-
moves up and down, vibrating on the point, lutions of the worm.
G. This arm carries with it the pulley, E.
Suppose we detach the cord from the drum
and tie it to a fixed point, and then move the 265. Variable motion. Iftheconicaldrum
arm, A, up and down, the weight, VV, will has a regular circular motion, and the fric-
tion-roller is made to traverse lengthwise, a
move the same distance, and in addition the
variable rotary motion of the friction-roller
movement given to it by the cord, that is to
will be obtained.
say, the movement will be doubled. Now
let us attach the cord to the drum and re-
volve the disk, B, and the weight will move
266. The shaft has two screws of different
vertically with the reciprocating motion, in
pitches cut on it, one .screwing into a fixed
which the down-stroke will be shorter than
bearing, and the other into a bearing free to
the up-stroke, because the drum is continu-
move to and fro. Rotary motion of the
ally taking up the cord. |
shaft gives rectilinear motion to the mova-

ble bearing, a distance equal to the difference
262 and 263. The first of these figures is
of pitches, at each revolution.
an end view, and the second a side view, of an j
arrangement of mechanism for obtaining a I
series of changes of velocity and direction. |

267. Friction pulley. When the rim turns
D is a screw on which is placed eccentrically '
in the opposite direction to the arrow, it

the cone, B, and C is a friction-roller which i
gives motion to the shaft by means of the

is pressed against the cone by a spring or pivoted eccentric arms ; but when it turns
weight. Continuous rotary motion, at a uni- j
in the direction of the arrow, the arms turn
form velocity, of the screw, D, carrying the on their pivots and the shaft is at rest. The
eccentric cone, gives a series of changes of j
arms are held to the rim by springs.
velor'ty and direction to the roller, C. It
will be understood that during every revolu-
tion of the cone the roller would press 268. Circular into reciprocating motion
against a different part of the cone, and that by means of a crank and oscillating rod.
it would describe thereon a spiral of the
same pitch as the screw, D. The roller, C,

would receive a reciprocating motion, the 269. Continued rectilinear movement of
movement in one direction being shorter the frame with mutilated racks gives an
than that in the other. alternate rotary motion to the spur-gear.
270. Anti-friction bearing for a pulley. the bar. The cam is of equal diameter in
every direction measured across its center.
271. On vibrating the lever to which the
two pawls are attached, a nearly continuous 277. Col. Colt's invention for obtaining
rectilinear motion is given to the ratchet- the movement of the cylinder of a revolving
bar. fire-arm by the act of cocking the hammer.
As hammer
is drawn back to cock it, the
the
Rotary motion of the beveled disk dog, a, attached to the tumbler, acts on the
272.
cam gives a reciprocating rectilinear motion ratchet, b, on the back of the cylinder. The
to the rod bearing on its circumference. dog is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c.
273. Rectilinear into rectilinear motion.

278. C. R. Otis's safety-stop for the plat-
When the rods, A and B, are brought to-
form of a hoisting apparatus. A are the
gether, the rods, C and D, are thrust further
stationary uprights, and B is the upper part
apart, and vice versa.
of the platform working between them.
The rope, a, by which the platform is hoisted,
274. An engine-governor. The rise and
is attached by a pin, and spring, r, and the
^,
fall of the balls, K, are guided by the para-
pin is connected by two elbow levers with
bolic curved arms, B, on which the anti-
two pawls, d, wiiich work in ratchets secured
friction wheels, L, run. The rods, F, con-
to the uprights, A. The weight of the plat-
necting the wheels, L, with the sleeve move form and the tension of the rope keep the
it up and down the spindle, C, D. pawls out of gear from the ratchets in hoist-
ing or lowering the platform, but in case of

275. Rotary motion of the worm gives a the breakage of rope the spring, c, presses
rectilinear motion to the rack. down the pin, b, and the attached ends of
the levers, and so presses the pawls into the
276. Continuous rotary motion of the cam ratchets and stops the descent of the plat-
gives a reciprocating rectilinear motion to form.

279. Crank and slotted cross-head, with 283. By a vibratory motion of the handle,
Cbyton's sliding journal-box applied to the motion is communicated by the pinion to
crank-wrist. This box consists of two ta- the racks. This is used in working small
per lining pieces and two taper gibs adjust- air pumps for scientific experiments.
able by screws, which serve at the same
time to tighten the box on the wrist and to
284. Represents a feeding apparatus for
set it out to the slot in the cross-head as the
box and wrist wear.
the bed of a sawing machine. By the revo-
lution of the crank at the lower part of the
280. A mode of working a windlass. By figure, alternate motion is communicated to

the horizontal arm of the bell crank lever
the alternating motion of the long hand-
lever to the right, motion is communicated
whose fulcrum is at a, near the top left-hand
corner of the figure. By this means motion
to the short lever, the end of which is in
immediate contact with the rim of the is communicated to the catch attached to the
wheel. The short lever has a very limited vertical arm of the lever, and the said catch
motion upon a pin, which is fixed in a block communicates
motion to the ratchet-wheel,
of cast-iron, which is made with two jaws,
upon the shaft of which is a toothed pinion,
eacli havijig a flange projecting inward in
working in the rack attached to the side of
contact with the inner surface of the rim of
the carriage. The feed is varied by a screw
in the bell-crank lever.
the wheel. By the uiDward motion of the
outward end of the short lever, the rim of
the wheel is jammed between the end of the 285. Is themovable head of a turning
lever and the flanges of the block, so as to lathe. By turning the wheel to the right,
cause friction sufficient to turn the wheel by motion is communicated to the screw, pro-
the t'urther upward movement of the lever. ducing rectilinear motion of the spindle in
The backward movement of the wheel is the end of which the center is fixed.
prevented by a common ratchet-wheel and
pawls as the short lev^r is pushed down it
;
286. Toe and lifter for working puppet
frees the wheel and slides freely over it. The curved toe
valves in steam engines.
on the rock-shaft operates on the lifter at-
281. The revolution of the disk causes the
i
tached to the lifting-rod to raise the valve.

lever at the right to vibrate by the pin mov-
ing in the groove in the face of the disk.
287. Pickering's governor. The balls are
282. By the revolution of the disk in which attached to springs the upper end of each of
is fixed a pin working in a slot in the upright which is attached to a collar fixed on the
bar which turns on a centei near the bottom, spindle, and the lower end to a collar on the
both ends of the bar are made to traverse, sliding sleeve. The springs yield in a proper
the toothed sector producing alternate recti- degree to the centrifugal force of the balls,
linear motion in the horizontal bar at the and raise the sleeve ;and as the centrifugal
j
bottom, and also alternate perpendicular force diminishes, they draw the balls toward
motion of the weight. the spindle and depress the sleeve.
^2 Mechanical Movements.
288 Z%9
iavx^^
288 and 289. The former is what is termed a balance-wheel the force lost during a vibration.
recoil, and the latter a repose or dead-beat escape- It willbe understood that only at one point is the
ment for clocks. The same letters of reference free movement of balance opposed during an os-
indicate like parts in both. The afickor, H, L, cillation.
K, is caused, by the oscillation of the pendulum,
to vibrate upon the axis, a. Between the two ex- 292.Stud escapement, used in large clocks.
tremities, or pallets, H, K, is placed the escape- One pallet, B,works in front of the wheel and
wheel, A, the teeth of which come alternately the other at the back. The studs are arranged
against the outer surface of the pallet, K, and in- in the same manner, and rest alternately upon
ner surface of pallet, H. In 289 these surfaces the front or back pallet. As the curve of the
are cut to a curve concentric to the axis, a ; con- ])allets is an arc described from F, this is a repose
sequently, during the time one of the teeth is or dead-beat escapement.
against the pallet the wheel remains perfectly at
rest. Hence the name repose or dead-beat. In 293. Duplex escapement, for watches, so called
288 the surfaces are of a differeent form, not ne- from partaking of the characters of the spur and
cessary to explain, as it can be understood that crown wheels. The axis of balance carries pallet,
any form not concentric with the axis, a, must B, which at every oscillation receives an impulse
produce a slight recoil of the wheel during the from the crown teeth. In the axis. A, of balance-
escape of the tooth, and hence the term recoil es- wheel is cut a notch into which the teeth round
capement. On the pallets leaving teeth, at each the edge of the wheel successively fall after each
oscillation of the pendulum, the extremities of one of tlje crown teeth passes the impulse pallet,
teeth slide along the surfaces, c, e, and d, b, and B.
give sufficient impulse to pendulum.
294 and 295. A cylinder escapement. 294
290. Another kind of pendulum escape-
shows the cylinder in perspective,and 295 shows
ment. part of the escape-wheel on a large scale, and re-
291. Arnold's chronometer or escapement,
free presents the different positions taken by cyl-
sometimes used in watches. A spring, A, is fix- inder, A, B, during an oscillation. The pallets,
ed or screwed against the plate of the watch at b. a, b, c, on the wheel rest alternately on the inside
To the under side of this spring is attached a and outside of cylinder. To the top of cylinder
small stop, d, against which rest successively the is attached the balance-wheel. The wheel pallets
teeth of the escape-wheel, B and on the top of
;
are beveled so as to keep up the impulse of bal-
spring is fixed a stud, /, holding a lighter and ance by sliding against the beveled edge of cylin-
more flexible spring which passes under a hook, der.
k, at the eytremity of A, so that it is free on being
depressed, but in rising would lift A. On the 296. Lever escapement. The anchor or piece,
axis of the balance is a small stud, a, which B, which carries the pallets, is attached to lever,
touches the thin spring at each oscillation of bal- E, C, at one end of which is a notch, E. On a
ance-wheel. When the movement is in the direc- disk secured on the arbor of balance is fixed a
tion shown by the arrow, the stud depresses the small pin which enters the notch at the middle
spring in passing, but on returning raises it and of each vibration, causing the pallet to enter in
the spring. A, and stop, d, and thus allows one and retire from between the teeth of escape -wheel
tooth of escape-wheel to pass, letting them fall The wheel gives an impulse to each of the pallets
immediately to arrest the next. At the same alternately as it leaves a tooth, and the lever
time, that this tooth escapes another strikes gives impulse to the balance-wheel in opposite
against the side of the notch, g, and restores to directions alternately.
297. An escapement with a lantern wheel. face of D, are concentric with the axis on
An arm, A, carries the two pallets, B and C. which the pallets vibrate, and hence there
is no recoU.
298. An old-fashioned watch escapement.
304. Pin-wheel escapement, somewhat

resembling the stud escapement shown by
299. An old-fashioned clock escapement.
292. The pins. A, B, of the escape-
wheel are of two different forms, but the
form of tliose on the right side is the best.

300 and 301. A clock or watch escape-
One advantage of this kind of escapement
ment ;
300 being a front elevation, and 301
is that if one of the pins is damaged ir can
a side elevation. The pallet is acted upon
easily be replaced, wliereas if a tooth is
by the teeth of one and the other of two
damaged the whole wheel is ruined.
escape-wheels alternately.
302. Balance-wheel escapement. C is the 305. A single-pin pendulum escapement.

balance ; A, B, are the pallets ; and D is The escape-wheel is a very small disk with
the escape-wheel. single eccentric pin ; it makes half a revolu-
tion for every beat of the pendulum, giving
the impulse on the upright faces of the pal-
303. A dead-beat pendulum escapement, lets, the horizontal faces of which are dead
The inner face of the pallet, E, and outer \

ones. This can also be adapted to watches.
306. Three-legged pendulum escapement. raises one of the weighted pallets out of the
The pallets are formed in an opening in a wheel at each vibration. When the pendu-
plate attached to the pendulum, and the lum returns the pallet falls with it, and the
three teeth of the escape-wheel operate on weight of the pallet gives the impulse.
the upper and lower pallets alternately.
One tooth is shown in operation on the
upper pallet.
The lifting of the pallets, A and B, is done

by the three pins near the center of the
307. A modification of the above with escape-wheel, the pallets vibrating from two
long stopping teeth, D and E. A and B centers near the point of suspension of the
are the pallets. pendulum. The escape-wheel is locked by
means of stops, D and E, on the pallets.
308. A detached pendulum escapement,

leaving the pendulum, P, free or detached
311. Double three-legged gravity escape-
from the escape-wheel, except at the time of ment. Two locking-wheels. A,
B, C, and
receiving the impulse and unlocking the a,
b, c, are here used with one set of lifting-
wheel. There is but one pallet, I, which pins between them. The two wheels are
receives impulse only during the vibrations
set wide enough apart to allow the pallets
of the pendulum to the left. The lever, O,
to lie between them. The teeth of the first-
locks the escape-wheel until just before the
mentioned locking-wheel are stopped by a
time for giving the impulse, when it is un-
stop-tooth, D, on one pallet, and those of
locked by the click, C, attached to the pen- the other one
by a stop-tooth, E, on the
dulum. As the pendulum returns to the other pallet.
right, the click, which oscillates on a pivot,
will be pushed aside by the lever.
312. Bloxam's gravity escapement. The

I
by the small
pallets are lifted alternately
309. Mudge's gravity escapement. The \ wheel, and the stopping is done by the ac-
A, B, instead of being on one arbor,
pallets. •
tion of the stops, A and B, on the larger

are on two, as shown at C. The pendulum wheel. E and F are the fork-pins which
plays between the fork-pins, P, O, and so \ embrace the pendulum,
313. Chronometer escapement, the form now commonly right, the curb-pins are made to reduce the length of acting
constructed. As the balance rotates in the direction of the part of spring, and the vibrations of balance are made
arrow, the tooth, V, on the verge, presses the passing- faster ; and by moving it to the left an opposite eflfect is
spring against the lever, pressing aside the lever and re- produced.
moving the detent from the tooth of the escape-wheel. As
balance returns, tooth, V, presses aside and passes spring 319. Compensation balance. /, a, f, is the main bar of
without moving lever, which then rests against the stop, E. balance, with timing screws for regulation at the ends, t
P is the only pallet upon which impulse is given. and t' are two compound bars, of whicli the outside is
brass and the inside steel, carrying weights, b, b'. As heat

314. Lever chronometer escapement. In this the pallets,
increases, these bars are bent inward by the greater expan-
A, B, and lever, look like those of the lever escapement sion of the brass, and the weights are thus drawn inward,
296 : but these pallets only lock the escape-wheel, hav- diminishing the inertia of the balance. As the heat dimi-
ing no impulse. Impulse is given by teeth of escape-wheel an opposite
nishes, effect is produced. This balance com-
directly to a pallet, C, attached to balance. own expansion and
pensates both for its contraction, and
315. Conical pendulum, hung by a thin piece of round that of the balance-spring.
wire. Lower end connected with and driven in a circle by
an arm attached to a vertical rotating spindle. The pendu- 320.Endless chain, maintaining power on going-barrel,
lum-rod describes a cone in its revolution. to keep a clock going wliile winding, during which opera-
tion the action of the weight or niain-spring is taken off the
316. Mercurial compensation pendulum. A glass jar of
mercury is used for the bob or weight. As the pendulum- barrel. The wheel to the right is the "going-wheel," and
rod is expanded lengthwise by increased temperature, the

that to the left the "striking-wheel." P is a pulley fixed
expansion of mercury in jar carries it to a greater height to the great wheel of the going part, and roughened, to
and so raises its center of gravity relatively to the prevent a rope or chain hung over it from slipping. A
therein,
downward expansion of similar pulley rides on another aibor,/t, which may be the
rod sufficiently to compensate for
As rod contracted by a reduction of tempera- arbor of the great wheel of the striking part, and attached
the rod. is
ture, coiUraction of mercury lowers it relatively to rod. In by a ratchet and click to that wheel, or to clock-frame, if
this way the center of oscillation is always kept in the same there is no striking part. The weights are hung, as may
place, and the effective length of pendulum always the be seen, the small one being only large engugh to keep the
rope or chain on the pulleys. If the part, 1^, of the rope
same.
or chain is pulled down, the ratciiet-pulley runs under the
317. Compound bar compensation pendulum. C is a
click, and the great weight is pulled up by c, without tak-
compound bar of brass and iron or steel, brazed together
ing its pressure off the going-wheel at all.
with brass downward. As brass expands more than iron,
the bar will bendupward as it gels warmer, and carry the 321. Harrison's "going-barrel." Larger ratchet-wheel,
weights, W, W, up witlv,it, raising the center of the aggre- to which the click, R, is attached, is connected with the
gate weight, M, W, to raise the center of oscillation as great wheel, G, by a spring, S, S'. While the clock is
much as elongation of the pendulum-rod would let it
going, the weight acts upon the great wheel, G, through
down. the spring but as soon as the weight is taken off by wind-
;
318. Watch regulator. The balance-spring is attached ing, the click, T, whose pivot is set in the frame, prevents
at its outer end to a fixed stud, R, and at its inner end to the larger ratchet from falling back, and so the spring,
staff of balance. A neutral point is formed in the spring S, S', still drives the great wheel during the time the clock
at P by inserting it between two curb-pins in the lever, takes to wind, as it need only just keep the escapement
which is fitted on a fixed ring concentric with staff
to turn going, the pendulum taking care of itself for that short
of balance, and the spring only vibrates between this neu- time. Good watches have a substantially similar appa-
tral point and staflf of balance. By moving lever to the ratus.

8o Mechanical MovemkntS.
322. A very convenient construction of is guided by the vertical slot in. the frame,
parallel ruler for drawing, made by cutting which is planed to a true surface.
a quadrangle through the diagonal, forming
327. Differs from 326 in having rollers
two right-angled triangles, A and B. It is
substituted for the slides on the cross-head,
used by sliding the hypothenuse of one tri-
said rollers working against straight guide-
angle upon that of the other.
bars, A, A, attached to the frame. This is
Parallel ruler consisting
used for small engines in France.
323. of a simple
straight ruler, B, with an attached axie; C, 328. A parallel motion invented by Dr.
and pair of wheels, A, A. The wheels, Cartwright in the year 1787. The toothed
which protrude but slightly through the un- wheels, C, C, have equal diameters and
der side of the ruler, have their edges numbers of teeth and the cranks, A, A,
;
nicked to take hold of the paper and keep have equal radii, and are set in opposite
the ruler always parallel with any lines directions, and consequently give an equal
drawn upon it. obliquity to the connecting-rods during the

revolution of the wheels. The cross-head
324. Compound parallel ruler, composed on the piston-rod being attached two
to the
of two simple rulers, A, A, connected by connecting-rods, the piston-rod is caused to
two crossed arms pivoted together at the move in a right line.
middle of their length, each pivoted at one
329. A piston-rod guide. The piston-rod,
end to one of the rulers, and connected
A, is connected with a wrist attached to a
with the other one by a slot and sliding-pin,
cog-wheel, B, which turns on a crank-pin,
as shown at B. In this the ends as well as
carried by a plate, C, which is fast on the
the edges are kept parallel. The principle shaft. The wheel, B, revolves around a
of construction of the several rulers repre-
stationary internally toothed gear, D, of
sented is taken advantage of in the forma-
double the diameter of B, and so motion is
tion of some parts of machinery.
given to the crank-pin, and the piston-rod
is kept upright.
325. Parallel ruler composed of two sim-
ple rulers, A, B, connected by two pivoted 220- The piston-rod is prolonged and
swinging arms, C, C. works in a guide, A, which is in line with
the center of the cylinder. The lower part
326. A simple means of guiding or ob- of the connecting-rod is forked to permit
taining a parallel motion of the piston-rod the upper part of the piston-rod to pass
of an engine. The slide, A, moves in and between.
331. An engine with crank motion like 336. An arrangement of parallel motion
that represented in 93 and 279 of this for side lever marine engines. The jjaral-
table, the crank -wrist journal working in a |

lei rods connected with the side rods from
slotted cross-head, A. This cross-head the beams or side levers are also connected
works between the pillar guides, D, D, of with short radius arms on a rock-shaft
the engine framing. working in fixed bearings.
332. A parallel motion used for the pis-

Parallel motion in which the radius
;i27-
ton-rod of side lever marine engines. F, C,
rod is connected with the lower end of a
is the radiuS bar, and E the cross-head to
short vibrating rod, the upper end of which
which the parallel bar, E, D, is attached.
is connected with the beam, and to the cen-
ter of which the piston-rod is connected.
333. A parallel motion used only in par-
ticular cases.
338. Another modification, in which the
radius bar is placed above the beam.

334. Shows a parallel motion used in
some of the old single-acting beam engines.
The piston-rod is formed with a straight 339. Parallel motion for direct action en-
rack gearmg with a toothed segment on gines. In this, the end of the bar, B, C, is
the beam. The back of the rack works connected with the piston-rod, and the end,
against a roller, A. B, slides ir. a fixed slot, D. The radius
bar, F, A, is connected at F with a fixed
335. A parallel motion commonly used pivot, and at A, midway between the ends
for stationary beam engines. of B, C.

340. Another parallel motion. Beam, D, C, The cylinder has trunnions at its
girie.
upper end and swings like a pendulum.

with joggling pillar-support, B, F, which vi-
brates from the center, F. The piston-rod The crank-shaft is below, and the piston-
is connected at C. The radius-bar, E, A, rod connected directly with crank.
produces the parallel motion. The cylinder is fixed
346. Table engine.
341. "Grasshopper" beam engine. The on a table-like base. The piston-rod has
beam is attached at one end to a rock- a cross-head working in straight slotted
ing-pillar, A, and the shaft arranged as near guides fixed on top of cylinder, and is con-
to the cylinder as the crank will work. B nected by two side connecting-rods with
is the radius-bar of the parallel motion. two parallel cranks on shaft under the
table.
342. Old - fashioned single -acting beam
pumping engine on the atmospheric prin- 347. Section of disk engine. Disk piston,
ciple, with chain connection between piston- seen edgewise, has a motion substantially
rod and a segment at end of beam. The like a coin when it first falls after being
cylinder is open at top. Very low pressure spun in the air. The cylinder-heads are
steam is admitted below piston, and the cones. The piston-rod is made with a ball
weight of pump-rod, etc., at the other end to which the disk is attached, ""said ball
of beam, helps to raise piston. Steam is working in concentric seats in cylinder-
then condensed by injection, and a vacuum heads, and the left-hand end is attached
thus produced below piston, which is then to the crank-arm or fly-wheel on end of
forced down by atmospheric pressure there- shaft at left. Steam is admitted alternately
by drawing up purhp-rod. on either side of piston.
343. Parallel motion for upright engine. 348. Mode of obtaining two reciprocating
A, A, are radius-rods connected at one end movements of a rod by one revolution of a
with the framing and at the other with a shaft, patented in 1836 by B. F. Snyder,
vibrating piece on top of 2:)istqn-rod. has been used for operating the needle of
a sewing machine, by J. S. McCurdy, also
344. Oscillating engine. The cylinder
for driving a gang of saws. The disk, A,
has trunnions at the middle of its length
on the central rotating shaft has two slots,
working in fixed bearings, and the piston-
a, a^ crossing each other at a right angle in
rod is connected directly with the crank, and
the center, and the connecting-rod, B, has
no guides are used.
attached to it two pivoted slides, c, c, one
345. Inverted oscillating or pendulum en- working in each slot.
349. Another form of parallel ruler. The 356. Bohnenberger's machine illustra-
arms are jointed in the middle and con- ting the same tendency of rotating bodies.
nected with an intermediate bar, by which This consists of three rings, A, A', A",
means the ends of the ruler, as well as the placed one within the other and connected
sides, are kept parallel. by pivots at right angles to each other.
350. Traverse or to-and-fro motion. The !
The smallest ring, A% contains the bear-
pin in the upper slot being stationary, and 1
ings for the axis of a heavy ball, B. The
the one in the lower slot made to move in ball being set in rapid rotation, its axis will
the direction of the horizontal dotted line, continue in the same direction, no matter
the lever will by its connection with the bar how the position of the rings may be
give to the latter a traversing motion in its altered ;and the ring, A^, which supports
guides, a, a. i
it will resist a considerable pressure tend-
ing to displace it.

351. Stamp. Vertical percussive falls de-
I
rived from horizontal rotating shaft. The

mutilated toothed pinion acts upon the rack 357. What is called the gyroscope gover-
to raise the rod until its teeth leave the rack nor, for steam engines, etc., patented by
and allow the rod to fall. Alban Anderson in 1858.
]
A is a heavy
Another arrangement of the Chinese wheel, the axle, B, B', of which is made in
352.
windlass illustrated by 129 of this table. two pieces connected together by a univer-
i
sal joint. The wheel. A, is on one piece, B,

353. A modification of the tilt or trip and a pinion, I, on the other piece, 13'. The
\
hammer, illustrated by 74. In this the

piece, B, is connected at its middle by a
hammer helve is a lever of the first order. hinge joint with the revolving frame, H,
In 74 it is a lever of the third order.
-SO that variations in the inclination of the
354. A
modification of the crank and slot- wheel, A, will cause the outer end of the
ted cross-head, 93. The cross-head con- piece, B, to rise and fall. The frame, H, is
tains an endless groove in which the crank- driven by bevel gearing from the engine,
wiist works, and which is formed to produce and by that means the pinion, I, is carried
a uniform velocity of movement of the wrist round the stationary toothed circle, G. and
or reciprocating-rod. the wheel. A, is thus made to receive a rapid
355. The gyroscope or rotascope, an in- rotary motion on its axis. When the frame,
strument illustrating the tendency of rotat- H, and wheel. A, are in motion, the ten-
ing bodies to preserve their plane of rota- dency of the wheel. A, is to assume a verti-
tion. The
spindle of the metallic disk, C, cal position, but this tendency is opposed
is fitted easily in bearings in the
to turn by a spring, L. The greater the velocity
ring, A. If the disk is set in rapid -rotary of the governor, the stronger is the tendency
motion on its axis, and the pintle, F, at one above mentioned, and the more it overcomes
side of the ring. A, is placed on the bearing the force of the spring, and vice versa. The
in the top of the pillar, G, the disk and ring piece, B, is connected with the valve-rod
seem indifferent to gravity, and instead of by rods, C, D, and the spring, L, is con-
dropping begin to revolve about the vertical nected with the said rod by levers, N, and
rod, P.
358. Traverse of carriage, made variable 362. Alternating traverse of upper shaft
by fusee according to the variation in di- and its drum, produced by pin on the end
ameter where the band acts. of the shaft working in oblique groove in
the lower cylinder.
359. Primitive drilling apparatus. Being

once set in motion, it is kept going by hand, ^6^. See-saw, one pf the simplest illus-
trations of a limited oscillating or alternate

by alternately pressing down and relieving
the transverse bar to which the bands are circular motion.
attached, causing the bands to wind upon

the spindle alternately in opposite direc-
tions, while the heavy disk or fly-wheel 364. Intermittent rotary motion from con-
gives a steady momentum to the drill-spin- tinuous rotary motion about an axis at right
dle in its rotary motion. angles. Small wheel on left is driver ;and
the friction rollers on its radial studs work
against the faces of oblique grooves or pro-
jections across the face of the larger wheel,
Continuous rotary motion from os-
360.
and impart motion thereto.
cillating. The beam being made to vibrate,
the drum to which the cord is attached,
working loose on fly-wheel shaft, gives mo-
tion to said shaft through the pawl and 365. Cylindrical rod arranged between
ratchet-wheel, the pawl being attached to two rollers, the axes -of which are oblique
!
drum and the ratchet-wheel fa!st on shaft. to each other. The rotation of the rollers
[
produces both a longJtudin;>l and a rotary

motion of the rod.
361. Another simple form of clutch for

pulleys, consisting of a pin on the lower 366. Drilling machine. By the large
shaft and a pin on side of pulley. The pul- bevel-gear rotary motion is given to ver-
ley is moved lengthwise of the shaft by tical drill-shaft, which slides through small
means of a lever or other means to bring bevel-gear but is made to turn with it by
its pin into or out of contact with the pin on : a feather and groove, and is depressed by
shaft. ! treadle connected with upper lever.
367. A parallel ruler rotary motion to any piece of mechanism.
with which lines
may be drawn at required distances apart The two horizontal bevel-gears are arranged
without setting out. Lower edge of upper in a hoop-snaped frame, which revolves
blade has a graduated ivory scale, on which freely on the middle of the horizontal shaft,
the incidence of the outer edge of the brass on which there are two vertical bevel-gears
arc indicates the width between blades. gearing to the horizontal ones, one fast and
the other loose on the shaft. Suppose the
368. Describing spiral line on a cylinder. hoop to be held stationary, motion given to
The spur-gear which drives the bevel-gears, either vertical bevel-gear will be imparted
and thus gives rotary motion to the cylinder, through the horizontal gears to the other
also gears into the toothed rack, and there- vertical one but if the hoop be permitted
;
by causes the marking point to traverse it v/ill revolve with the vertical gear put in
from end to end of the cylinder. motion, and the amount of power recjuired
to hold it stationary will correspond wuh
369. Cycloidal surfaces, causing pendulum that transmitted from the first gear, and a
to move in cycloidal curve, rendering oscil- band attached to its periphery will indicate
lations isochronous or equal-timed. that power by the weight required to keep
it still.
370. Motion for polishing mirrors, the

rubbing of which should be varied as much
as practicable. The handle turns the crank 373. Robert's contrivance for proving that
friction of a wheel carriage does not in-
to which the long bar and attached ratchet-
wheel are connected. The mirror is secur- crease with velocity, but only with load.
ed rigidly to the ratchet-wheel. The long Loaded wagon is supported on surface of
bar, which is guided by pins in the lower
large wheel, and connected with indicator
rail, has both a longitudinal and an oscillat-
constructed with spiral spring, to show force
ing movement, and the ratchet-wheel is required to keep carriage stationary when
large wheel is put in motion. It was found
caused to rotate intermittently by a click
operated by an eccentric on the crank-shaft, that difference in velocity produced no va-
riation in the indicator, but difference in
and hence the mirror has a compound move-
ment. weight immediately did so.
371. Modification of mangle-wheel mo-

374. Rotary motion of shaft from treadle
tion. Thelarge wheel is toothed on both
by means of an endless band running from
faces, and an alternating circular motion is
a roller on the treadle to an eccentric on the
produced by the uniform revolution of the shaft.
pinion, which passes from one side of the
wheel to the other through an opening on
the left of the figure. 375. Pair of edge runners or chasers for
crushing or grinding. The axles are con-
372. White's dynamometei. for determin- nected with vertical shaft, and the wheels or
ing the amount of power required to give chasers run in an annular pan or trough.
376 377 378

376. Tread-wheel horse-power turned by to receive two wedges for clamping the
the weight of an animal attempting to walk piece or pieces of wood to be planed.
up one side of its interior ; has been used
for driving the paddle-wheels of ferry-boats 382. Adjustable stand for mirrors, etc.,
and other purposes by horses. The turn- by which a glass or other article can be
spit dog used also to be employed in such a raised or lowered, turned to the right or left,
wheel in ancient times for turning meat and varied in its inclination. The stem is
while roasting on a spit. fitte'd and secured by

into a socket of pillar,
a set screw, and the glass is hinged to the
stem, and a set screw is applied to the hinge
yj']. The tread-mill employed in jails in
to tighten it. The same thing is used for
some countries for exercising criminals con- photographic camera-stands.
demned to labor, and employed in grinding
grain,- etc. turns by weight of persons
;
Represents principal
383. the elements of
stepping on tread-boards on periphery.
machinery for dressing and warps,
cloth
This is supposed to be a Chinese invention,
consisting of two rollers, from one to the
and it is still usedin China for raising water
other of which the yarn or cloth is wound,
for irrigation.
and an interposed cylinder having its peri-
phery either smooth-surfaced or armed with
Saw for cutting trees by motion of brushes, teasels, or other contrivances, ac-
378.
pendulum, is represented as cutting a lying cording to the nature of the work to be
tree.
done. These elements are used in machines
for sizing warps, gig-mills for dressing
woolen goods, and in most machines for
379 and 380. Portable cramp drills. In
finishing woven fabrics.
379 the feed-screw is opposite the drill, and
in 380 the drill spindle passes through the
384. Helicograph, or instrument for de-
center of the feed-screw.
scribing helices. The small wheel, by re-
volving about the fixed central point, de-
381. Bowery's joiner's clamp, plan and scribes a volute or spiral by moving along
Oblong bed has, at one
transverse section. the screw-threaded axle either way, and
end, two wedge-formed cheeks, adjacent transmits the same to drawing paper on
sides of which an angle to each other,
lie at which transfer-paper is laid with colored
and are dovetailed inward from upper edge sidedownward.
387
m I
i
^
388 380
-<^^^<0'î^' '^Cî(^-ii^^^'f^<^'x
3 1 392 393
y/iiyM/z/M
385. Contrivance employed in Russia for crossed. The pulleys have attached to
shutting doors. One pin is fitted to and them pawls which engage with two ratchet-
turns in so.cket attached to door, and the wheels fast on the fly-wheel, shaft. One
other is similarly attached to frame". I n open- pawl acts on its ratchet-wheel when the
ing the door, pins are brought together, and piece, A, turns one way, and the other when
weight is raised. Weight closes door by de- the said piece turns the other way, and thus
pressing the joint of the toggle toward a a continuous rotary motion of the shaft is
straight line, and so widening the space obtained.
between the pins.
391. Reciprocating into rotary motion.

386. Folding library ladder. It is shown The weighted racks. A, A', are pivoted to
open, partly open, and closed the rounds
;
the end of a piston-rod, and pins at the end
are pivoted to the side-pieces, which are of the said racks work in fixed guide-grooves,
fitted together to form a round pole when b, b, in such manner that one rack ope-
closed, the rounds shutting up inside. rates upon the cog-wheel in ascending and
the other in descending, and so continuous
387. Self-adjusting step-ladder for wharfs rotary motion is produced. The elbow lever,
at which there are rise and fall of tide. The I
C, and spring, d, are for carrying the pin of
steps are pivoted at one edge into woodep the right-hand rack over the upper angle in
bars forming string-pieces, and their other I
its guide-groove, b.
edge supported iiy rods suspended from

is
bars forming hand-rails. The steps remain
horizontal whatever position the ladder as- 392. Gig-saw, the lower end connected
sumes. j
with a crank which works it, and the upper
! end connected with a spring which keeps it
'
strained without a gate.

388. Feed-motion of Woodworth's plan-
ing machine, a smooth supporting roller, and
a toothed top roller.
i
393. Contrivance for polishing lenses and

bodies of spherical form. The polishing
material is in a cup connected by a ball-and-
389. Lifting-jack operated by an eccentric, socket joint and bent piece of metal with a
'
pawl, and ratchet. The upper pawl is a rotating upright shaft set concentric to the
stop.
I
body to be polished. The cup is set eccen-
!
trie, and bv that means is caused to have
390. Device for converting oscillating in- an independent rotary motion about its axis
to rotary motion. The semicircular piece, on the universal joint, as well as to revolve
A, is attached to a lever which works on a about the common axis of the shaft and the
fulcrum, a^ and it has attacb.ed to it the ends body to be polished. This prevents the
of two band.s, C and D, which run around parts of the surface of the cup from coming
two pulleys, loose on the shaft of the fly- repeatedly in contact with the same parts of
wheel, B. Band, C, is open, and band, D, surface of the lens or other body
394. C. Parsons's patent device for con- 399. A

method of repairing chains, or
verting reciprocating motion into rotary, an tightening chains used as guys or braces.
endless rack provided witli grooves on its Link is made in two parts, one end of each
side gearing witli a pinion liaving two con- is provided with swivel-nut, and other end
centric flanges of different diameters. A
with screw the screw of each part fits
;
substitute for crank in oscillating cylinder into nut of other.

engines.
400. Four-motion feed (A. B. Wilson's

395. Four-way cock, used many years ago patent), used on Wheeler & Wilson's,
on steam engines to admit and exhaust Sloat's, and other sewing machines. The
steam from the cylinder. The two positions bar, A, is forked, and has a second bar, B
represented are produced by a quarter turn (carrying the spur or feeder), pivoted in the
of the plug. Supposing the steam to enter said fork. The bar, B, is lifted by a radial
at the top, in the upper figure the exhaust projection on the cam, C, at the same time
is from the right end of the cylinder, and in the two bars are carried forward. A spring
the lower figure the exhaust is from the produces the return stroke, and the bar, B,
—
left the steam entering, of course, in the drops of its own gravity.
opposite port.
401. E. P. Brownell's patent crank-mo-

anchor and lever
396. G. P. Reed's patent
tion to obviate dead-centers. The pressure
escapement for watches.The lever is so on the treadle causes the slotted slide. A, to
applied in combination with chronometer
move forward with the wrist until the latter
escapement that the whole impulse given
has passed the center, when the spring, B,
balance in one direction is transmitted
forces the slide against the stops until it is
through lever, and whole impulse in op-
again required to move forward.
posite direction is transmitted directly to
chronometer impulse pallet, locking and
unlocking the escape-wheel but once at
402. G. O. Guernsey's patent escapement
each impulse given by said wheel.
for watches. In this escapement two bal-
ance-wheels are employed, carried b)' the
397. Continuous circular into intermit- same driving-power, but oscillating in op-
tent rectilinear reciprocating. A
motion posite directions, for the purpose of coun-
used on several sewing machines for driv- teracting the effect of any sudden jar upon
ing the shuttle. Same motion applied to a watch or time-piece. The jar which would
three-revolution cylinder printing-presses. accelerate motion of one wheel would re-
tard the motion of other. Anchor, A, is
secured to lever, B, having an interior and
398. Continuous circular motion into in- exterior toothed segment at its end, each
termittent circular —
the cam, C, being the one of which gears with the pinion of bal-
driver. ance-wheels.
403. Cyclograpli for describing circular arcs in drawings 408. Centrolinead for drawing lines toward an inaccessi-
where the center is inaccessible. This is composed of ble or inconveniently distant point ; chiefly used in per-
three straight rules. The chord and versed sine being spective. Upper or drawing edge of blade and back of
laid down, draw straight sloping lines from ends of former movable legs should intersect center of joint. Geometrical
to top of latter, and to these lines lay two of the rules diagram indicates mode of setting instrument, legs forming
crossing at the apex. Fasten these rules together, and an- it may form unequal angles with blade- At either end of
other rule across them to serve as a brace, and insert a pin dotted line crossing central, a pin is inserted vertically for
or point at each end of chord to guide the apparatus, which, instrument to work against. -Supposing it to be inconve-
on being moved against these points, will describe the arc nient to produce the convergent lines until they intersect,
by means of pencil in the angle of the crossinjr edges of even temporarily, for the purpose of setting the instrument
the sloping rules. as shown, a corresponding convergence may be found be-
404. Another cyclograpli. The elastic arched bar is tween them by drawing a line parallel to and inward from
made half the depth at the ends that it is at the middle, each.
and is formed so that its outer edge coincides with a true 409. Proportional compasses used in copying drawings
circular arc when bent to its greatest extent. Three points on a r;iven larger or smaller scale. Ihe iJvot of com-
in the required arc being given, the bar is bent to them by passes is secured in a slide which is adjustable in the longi-
means of the screw, each end being confined to the straight tudinal slots of legs, and capable of being secured by a
bar by means of a small roller. set screw, the dimensions are taken between one pair of
Mechanical means of describing hyperbolas, their points and transferred with the other pair, and thus en-
405.
foci and vertices being given. Suppose the curves two larged or diminished in proportion to the relative distances
opposite hyperbolas, the points in vertical dotted center of the points from the pivot. A scale is provided on one
line their foci. One end of rule turns on one focus as a or both legs to indicate the proportion.
center through which one edge ranges. One end of {bread 410. Bisecting gauge. Of two parallel cheeks on the
being looped on pin inserted at the other focus, and other cross-bar one and the other adjustable, and held by
is fixed
end held to other end of rule, with just enough slack be- thumb-screw. In either cheek is centered one of two short
tween to permit height to reach vortex when rule coincides bars of equal length, united by a pivot, having a sharp
with ceiKer line. A pencil held in bight, and kept close to point for marking. This point is always in a cential posi-
rule while latter is moved from center line, describes one- tion between the cheeks, whatever their distance apart, so
half of parabola ; the rule is then reversed for the other that any parallel sided solid to which the cheeks are adjust-
half. ed may be bisected from end to end by drawing the gauge

406. Mechanical means of describing parabolas, the base, along it. Solids not parallel sided may be bisected in like
altitude, focus, and directrix being given. Lay straight manner, by leaving one cheek loose, but keeping it in con-
edge with near side coinciding with directrix, and square tact with solid.
with stock against the same, so that the blade is parallel 411. Self-recording level for surveyors. Consists of a
with the axis, and proceed with pendl in bight of thread, carriage, the shape of which is governed by an isosceles
as in the preceding. triangle having horizontal base. The circumference of
407. Instrument for describing pointed arches. Hori- each wheel equals the base of the triangle. A pendulum,
zontal bar is slotted and fitted with a slide having pin for when the instrument is on level ground, bisects the base,
loop of cord. Arch bar of elastic wood is fixed in horizon- and when on an inclination gravitates to right or left from
tal at right angles. Horizontal bar is placed with upper center accordingly. A drum, rotated by gearing from one
edge on springing line, and back of arch bar ranging with of the carriage wheels, carries sectionally ruled iiaper,
jamb of opening, and the latter bar is bent till the upper upon which pencil on pendulum traces profile corresponding
side meets apex of arch, fulcrum-piece at its base insuring with that of ground traveled over. The drum can be
its retaining tangential relation to jamb ; the pencil is shifted vertically to accord with any given scale, and hori-
secured to arched bar at its connection with cord- zontally, to avoid removal of filled paper.
lOO Mechanical Movements.
412 413 4J4
47S 416
418 419 ,^
^
''^S^l^J'^ '0"^-
Mechanical Movements. lOI
412. Wheel-work in the base of capstan. treadle motion over the dead-centers. The
Thus provided, the capstan can be used as helical spring. A, has a tendency to move
a simple or compound machine, single or the crank, B, in direction at right-angles to
triple purchase. The drumhead and barrel dead-centers.
rotate independently the former, being
;
417. Continuous circular motion into a
fixed on spindle, turns it round, and when
rectilinear reciprocating. The A, shaft,
locked to barrel turns it also, forming sin- bent on
working in a fixed bearing, D, is
gle purchase but when unlocked, wheel-
;
one-end, and fitted to turn in a socket at
work acts, and drumhead and barrel rotate the upper end of a rod, B, the lower end of
in opposite directions, .with velocities as
which works in a socket in the slide, C.
three to one.
Dotted lines show the position of the rod,
413. J. W. Howlett's patent adjustable B, and slide, when the shaft has made half
frictional gearing. This is an improvement a revolution from the position shown in
on that shown in 45 of this table. The bold lines.
upper wheel, A, shown in section, is com-
posed of a rubber disk with V-edge, clamp- 418. Buchanan & Righter's patent slide-
ed between two metal plates. By screwing valve motion. Valve, A, is attached to
up the nut, B, which holds the parts toge- lower end of rod, B, and free to slide hori-
ther, the rubber disk is made to expand
zontally on valve-seat. Upper end of rod,
radially, and greater tractive power may be B, is
attached to a pin which slides in verti-
produced between the two wheels. cal slots, and a roller, C, attached to the
said rod, slides in two suspended and verti-
414. Scroll gear and sliding pinion, to
cally adjustable arcs, D. This arrangement
produce an increasing velocity of scroll- is intended to prevent the valve from being
plate, A, in one direction, and a decreasing
pressed with too great force against its seat
velocity when the motion is reversed. Pin-
by the pressure of steam, and to relieve it
ion, B, moves on a feather on the shaft.
of friction.
415. Dickson's patent device for con-
P.
verting an oscillating motion into intermit- 419. Continuous circular motion con-
tent circular, in either direction. Oscillat- verted into a rocking motion. Used in self-
ing motion communicated to lever. A, which rocking cradles. Wheel, A, revolves, and is
is provided with two pawls, B and C, hing-
connected to a wheel, B, of greater radius,
ed to its upper side, near shaft of wheel, D. which receives an oscillating motion, and
Small crank, E, on upper side or lever. A, wheel, B, is provided with two flexible
is attached by cord to each of pawls, so that
bands, C, D, which connect each to a stan-
when pawl, C, is let into contact with inte- dard or post attached to the rocker, E, of
rior of rim of wheel, D, it moves in one the cradle.
direction, and pawl, B, is out of gear. Mo- 420. Arrangement of hammer for striking
tion of wheel, D, may be reversed by lift- bells. Spring below the hammer raises it
ing pawl, C, which was in gear, and letting out of contact witli the bell after striking,
opposite one into gear by crank, E. and so prevents it from interfering with the
416. A device for assisting the crank of a vibration of the metal in the bell.
I02 Mechanical Movements.
421. Trunk engine used for marine purposes. trally through it. The piston, C, is simply an
The piston has attached to it a trunk at the lower eccentric fast on the shaft and working in contact
end of which the pitman is connected directly with the cylinder at one point. The induction
with the piston. The trunk works through a and eduction of steam take place as indicated
stutfing-box in cylinder-head. The effective area by arrows, and the pressure of the steam on one
of the upper side of the piston is greatly reduced side of the piston produces its rotation and that
by the trunk. To equalize the power on both of the shaft. The sliding abutment, D, between
sides of piston, high-pressure steam has been the induction and eduction ports moves out of
first used on the upper side and afterward ex- the way of the piston to let it pass.
hausted into and used expansively in the part
of cylinder below. 426. Another form of rotary engine, in which
there are two stationary abutments, D, D, within
422. Oscillating j)iston engine. The profile the cylinder, and the two pistons. A, A, in order
of the cylinder A, is of the form of a sector. to enable them to pass the abutments, are made
The piston, ]i, is attached to a rock-shaft, C, and to slide radially in grooves in the hub, C, of the
steam is admitted to the cylinder to operate on main shaft, B. The steam acts on both pistons
one and the other side of piston alternately, by at once, to produce the rotation of the hub and
means of a slide-valve, I), substantially like that shaft. The induction and eduction are indicated
of an ordinary reciprocating engine. The rock- by arrows.
shaft is connected with a crank to produce rotary :
427. Another rotary engine, in which the

motion. i
shaft, B, works in fixed bearings eccentric to the

The
i
cylinder. pistons, A, A, are fitted to slide

423. Root's patent double-quadrant engine.
This is on the same principle as 422 but two
;
[
in and out from grooves in the hub, C, which is

j
concentric with the shaft, but they are always ra-

single-acting pistons, B, _H, are used, and both
one crank, D. The steam is ad-
dial to the cylinder, being kept so by rings
connected with
mitted to act on the outer sides of the two pis- (shown dotted) fitting to hubs on the cylinder-
tons alternately by means of one induction valve,
heads. The pistons slide through rolling pack-
ings, a, a, in the hub, C.
a, and is exhausted through the space between
the pistons. The piston and crank connections :
428. The india-rubber rotary engine in which

are such that the steam acts on' each piston dur- the cylinder has a flexible lining, E, of india-
ing about two-thirds of the revolution of the rubber, and rollers. A, A, are substituted for pis-
crank, and hence there are no dead points. tons, said rollers being attached to arms radiat-
ing from the main shaft, B. The steam acting
424. Root's double-reciprocating or square between the india-rubber and the surrounding
piston engine. The "cylinder," A, of this en- rigid portion of the cylinder presses the india-
gine is of oblong square form and contains two
rubber against the rollers, and causes them to
pistons, B and C, the former working horizon-
revolve around the cylinder and turn the shaft.
tally, and the latter working vertically within it;
the piston, C, is connected with the wrist, n, of 429. Holly's patent double-elliptical rotary
the crank on the main shaft, /'. The i)orts for engine. The two elliptical pistons geared to-
the admission of steam are shown black. The gether are operated upon by the steam entering
two pistons produce the rotation of the crank between them, in such manner as to produce
without dead points. their rotary motion in opposite directions.
425. One of the many forms of rotary engine. These rotary engines can all be converted into
A is the cylinder having the shaft, B, pass ceiv pumps.
430. Overshot water-wheel. 436. Jonval turbine. The " shutes" are
arranged on the outside of a drum, radial to
a common center and stationary within the

431. Undershot water-wheel. trunk or casing, b. The wheel, c, is made
in nearly the same way ; the buckets exceed
in number those of the shutes, and are set

432; Breast-wheel. This holds interme-
at a slight tangent instead of radially, and
diate place between overshot and undershot
the curve generally used is that of the cy-
wheels ; has float-boards like the former,
cloid or parabola.
but the cavities between are converted into
buckets by moving in a channel adapted to
circumference and width, and into which
water enters nearly at the level of axle. 437. Volute wheel, having radial vanes, a,
against which the water impinges and car-
ries the wheel around. The scroll or volute
433. Horizontal overshot water-wheel. casing, ^, confines the water in such a man-
ner that it acts against the vanes all around
the wheel. By the addition of the inclined
434. A plan view of the Fourneyron tur-
buckets, c, c, at the bottom, the water is
bine water-wheel. In the center are a num-
made to act with additional force as it
ber of fixed curved " shutes" or guides, A, openings

escapes through the of said
which direct the water against the buckets
buckets.
of the outer wheel, B, which revolves, and
the water discharges at the circumference.
438. Barker's or reaction mill. Rotary
435. Warren's central discharge turbine, motion of central hollow shaft is obtained
plan view. The guides, «, are outside, and by the reaction of the water escaping at
the wheel, b, revolves within them, discharg- the ends of its arms, the rotation being in
ing the water at the center. a direction the reverse of the escape.
io6 Mechanical Movements.
:^
439. A method of obtaining a reciprocating 444. Montgolfier's hydraulic ram. Small fall
motion from a continuous fall of water, by means of water made to throw a jet to a great height
of a valve in the bottom of the bucket which or furnish a supply at high level. The right-
opens by striking the ground and thereby empty- hand valve being kept open by a weight or
ing the bucket, which is caused to rise again by spring, the current flowing through the pipe in
the action of a counter-weight on the other side the direction of the arrow escapes thereby till
of the pulley over which it is suspended. its pressure, overcoming the resistance of weight
or spring, closes it. On the closing of this valve
440. Represents a trough divided transversely the momentum of the current overcomes the
into equal parts and supjjortcd on an axis by a pressure on the other valve, ojjens it, and throws
frame beneath. The fall of water filling one a quantity of water into the globular air-cham-
side of the division, the trough is vibrated on its ber by the expansive force of the air in which
axis, and at the same lime that it delivers the
the upward stream from the nozzle is maintained.
water the op])osite side is brought under the On equilibrium taking place, the right-hand
stream and filled, which in like manner produces valve opens and left-hand one shuts. Thus, by
the vibration of the trough back again. This the alternate action of the valves, a quantity of
has been used as a water meter. water is raised into the air-chamber at every
stroke, and the elasticity of the air gives uni-
441. Persian wheel, used in Eastern countries !
for irrigation. It has a hollow shaft and curved

formity to the efflux.
extremities of which are suspended
floats, at the
buckets or tubs. The wheel is partly immersed j
445 and 446. D'Ectol's oscillating column, for
in a stream acting on the convex surface of its I
elevating a portion of a given fall of water above
floats, and as it is thus caused to revolve, a I
the level of the reservoir or head, by means of
quantity of water will be elevated by each float a machine all the parts of which are absolutely
at each revolution, and conducted to the hollow fixed. It consists of an u])per and smaller tube,'
shaft at the same time that one of the buckets ; which is constantly supplied with water, and a
carries its fill of water to a higher level, where '
lower and larger tube, provided with a circular

it is einptied by coming in contact with a sta- plate below concentric with the orifice which re-
Upon
I
tionary pin placed in a convenient position for j

ceives the stream from the tube above.
tilting it. I allowing the water to descend as shown in
I
445, it forms itself gradually into a cone on the

442. Machine of ancient origin, still employed 1
circular plate, as shown in 446, which cone
on the river Eisach, in the Tyrol, for raising protrudes into the smaller tube so as to check
A
!
water. current keeping the wheel in motion, I the flow of water downward ; and the regular
the pots on its periphery are successively im- supply continuing from above, the column in the
mersed,
i
filled, and emptied into a trough above ; upper tube rises until the cone on the circular
the stream. This action is renewed peri-
I
plate gives way.
443. Application of Archimedes's screw to rais-
'
odically and is regulated by the supply of water.
ing water, the supply stream being the motive
power. The oblique shaft of the vyheel has ex- I
447. This method of passing a boat from one
tending through it a spiral passage, the lower '
shore of a river to the other is common on the

end of which is immersed in water, and the Rhine and elsewhere, and is effected by the ac-
stream, acting upon the wheel at its lower end, tion of the stream on the rudder, which carries
produces its revolution, by which the water is the boat across the stream in the arc of a circle,
i
conveyed ujiward continuously through the spiral the center of w-hich is the anchor which holds
passage and discharged at the top. I
the boat from floating down the stream.
448. Common lift pump. In the up- rushes in at suction- valve, i, on upper end
stroke of j)iston or bucket tlie lower valve of cylinder, and that below piston is forced
opens and the valve in piston shuts air is ; through valve, 3, and discharge-pipe, B on ;
exhausted out of suction-pipe, and water the piston ascending again, water is forced
rushes up to till the vacuum. In down- through discharge-valve, 4, on upper end of
stroke, lower valve is shut anql valve in pis- cylinder, and water enters lower suction-
ton opens, and the water .simply passes valve, 2. " '
through the piston. The water above pis- 453. Double lantern-bellows pump. As
ton is lifted up, and runs over out of spout one bellows is distended by levejr, air is
at each up-strokfc. This pump cannot rarefied witliin it, and water passes up suc-
raise water over thirty feet high. tion-pipe to fill space at same time other
;
449. Modern lifting pump. This pump bellows is compressed, and expels its con-
operates in same manner as one in previ- tents through discharge-pipe valves work-
;
ous figure, except that piston-rod passes ing the same as in the ordinary force pump.
through stuffing-box, and outlet is closed 454. Diaphragm forcing pump. A flexi-
by a flap-valve opening upward. Water can ble diaphragm is employed instead of bel-
be lifted to any height above this pump. lows, and valves are arranged same as in
450. Ordinary force pump, with two preceding.
valves. The cylinder is above water, and 455. Old rotary pump. Lower aperture
is fitted with solid piston one valve closes
; entriince for water, and upper for exit. Cen-
outlet-pipe, and otiier closes suction-pipe. tral part revolves with its valves, which fit
When piston is rising suction-valve is open, accurately to inner surface of outer cylinder.
and water rushes into cylinder, outlet-valve The projection shown in lower side of cyl-
being closed. On descent of piston suction- ingier is an abutment to close the valves
valve closes, and water is forced up through when they reach that point.
outlet-valve to any distance or elevation. 456. Cary's rotary puni]). Within the
45 1. Force pump, same as above, with fixed cylinder there is placed a revolving
addition of air-chamber to the outlet, to pro- drum, B, attached to an axle, A. Heart-
duce a constant flow. The outlet from air- shaped cam, a, surrounding axle, is also
chamber is shown at two places, from either fixed. Revolution of drum causes sliding-
of which water may be taken. The air is pistons, c, c, to move in and out in obedi-
compressed by the water during the down- ence to form of cam. Water enters and is
ward stroke of the piston, and expands and removed from the chamber through ports,
presses out the water from the chamber L and M the directions are indicated by
;
during the up-stroke. arrows. Cam is so placed that each piston

452. Double-acting pump. Cylinder closed is, in succession, forced back to its seat
at each end, and piston-rod passes through when opposite E, and at same time other
stuffing-box on one end, and the cylinder piston is forced fully against inner side of
has four openings covered by valves, two chamlier. thus driving before it water al-
for admitting water and like number for dis- ready there into exit-pipe, H, and drawing
charge. A is suction-pipe, and B discharge- after it through suction-pipe, F, the stream
pipe. When piston moves down, water of supply.
S
no Mechanical Movements.
457 458 -^•5-5

Hn—mjjiii
460 461 462

y C]
^fcap J '
= =(
=
.
nL' = ""-^ -
J
'^fc
463 46
457 Common mode of raising water from 402. Chain pump ; lifting water by con-
wells of inconsiderable depth. Counter- tinuous circular motion. Wood or metal
balance equals about one-half of weight to be disks, carried by endless chain, are adapted
raised, so that the bucket has to be pulled to water-tight cylinder, and form with it a
down when empty, and is assisted in elevating succession of buckets filled with water.
it when full by counterbalance. Power is applied at upper wheel.
458. The common pulley and buckets for
and scouring sluice.
463. Self-acting weir
raising water the empty bucket is pulled
;
Two on pivots below centers
leaves turn ;
down to raise the full one. upper leaf much larger than lower, and turns
459. Reciprocating lift for wells. Top
in direction of stream, while lower turns
part represents horizontal wind-wheel on a
against it. Top edge of lower leaf overlaps
shaft which carries spiral thread. Coupling
bottom edge of upper one and is forced
of latter allows small vibration, that it may
against it by pressure of water. In ordinary
act on one worm-wheel at a time. Behind of stream,
states counteracting pressures
worm-wheels are pulleys over which passes
keep weir vertical and closed, as in the left-
rope which carries bucket at each extremity.
hand figure, and water flows through notcli
In center is vibrating tappet, against which
in upper leaf; but on water rising above
bucket strikes in its ascent, and which, by
ordinary level, pressure above from greater
means of arm in step wherein spiral and shaft
surface and leverage overcomes resistance
are supported, traverses spiral fromone wheel
below, upper leaf turns over, pushing back
to other so that the bucket which has de-
lower, reducing obstructions and opening at
livered water is lowered and other one raised.
bed a passage to deposit.
460. Fairbairn's bailing-scoop, for elevat-
464. Hiero's fountain. Water being poured
ing water short distances. The scoop is
into upper vessel descends tube on right
connected by pitman to end of a lever or of
into lower ; intermediate vessel being also
a beam of single-acting engine Distance
filled and more water poured into upper,
of lift may be altered by placing end of rod
confined air in cavities over water in lower
in notches shown in figure.
and intermediate vessels and in communi-
461. Pendulums or swinging gutters for
cation tube on left, being compressed, drives
raising waterby their pendulous motions.
by its elastic force a jet up central tube.
Terminations at bottom are scoops, and at
top open pipes intermediate angles are
; 465. Balance pumps. Pair worked re-
formed with boxes (and flap valve), each ciprocally by a person pressing alternately
connected with two branches of pipe. on opposite ends of lever or beam.
4 66 467 4-68
469 t- I liHM
410 47/
412 473 414-

c^ c:^
^ M
WK
—
Mechanical Movements. n3
466. Hydrostatic press. Water forced by the Steam being alternately admitted below piston
pump through the small pipe into the ram cylin- and allowed to escape, raises and lets fall the
der and under the solid ram, presses up the ram. hammer.
The amount of force obtained is in proportion 471. Hotchkiss's atmospheric hammer ; de-
to the relative areas or squares of diameters of rives the force c-f its blow from compressed air-
the pump-plunger and ram. Suppose, for in- Hammer head, C, is attached to a piston fitted
stance, the pump-plunger to be one inch diameter to a cylinder, B, which is connected by a rod,
and the ram thirty inches, the upward pressure D, with a crank. A, on the rotary driving-shaft.
received by the ram would be 900 times the As the cylinder ascends, air entering hole, e, is
downward pressure of the plunger. compressed below piston and lifts hammer. As
467. Robertson's hydrostatic jack. In this cylinder descends, air entering hole, e, is com-
the ram is stationary upon a hollow base and the pressed above and is stored up to produce the
cylinder with claw attached slides upon it. The blow by its instant expansion after the crank and
pump takes the water from the hollow base and connecting-rod turn bottom center.
forces it through a pipe in the ram into the cylin- 472. Grimshaw's compressed air hammer.
der, and so raises the latter. At the bottom of The head of this hammer is attached to a piston,
pipe there is a valve operated by a thumb-screw A, which works in a cylinder, B, into which air
to let back the water and lower the load as is —
admitted like steam to a steam engine
gradually as may be desired. above and below the piston by a slide-valve on
468. Flexible water main, ])lan and section. top. The air is received from a reservoir, C, in
Two pipes of 15 and 18 inches interior diameter, the framing, supplied by an air pump, D, driven
having some of their joints thus formed, conduct by a crank on the rotary driving-shaft, E.
water across the Clyde to Glasgow Water-works. 473. Air-pump of simple construction. Smaller
Pipes are secured to strong log frames, hav- tub inverted in larger one. The latter contains
ing hinges with horizontal pivots. Frames and water to upper dotted line, and the pipe from
pipes were put together on south side of the shaft or space to be exhausted passes through it
.river, and, the north end of pipe being plugged, to a few inches above water, terminating with
they were hauled across by machinery on north valve opening upward. Upper tub has short
side, their flexible structure enabling them to pipe and upwardly-opening valve at top, and is
follow the bed. suspended by ropes from levers. When upper
469. French invention for obtaining rotary tub descends, great part of air within is expelled
motion from different temperatures in two bodies through upper valve, so that, when afterward
of water. Two cisterns contain water :that in raised, rarefaction within causes gas or air to
left at natural temperature and that in right ascend through the .lower valve. This pump
higher. In right is a water-wheel geared with was successfully used for drawing off carbonic
Archimedean screw in left. From spiral screw acid from a large and deep shaft.
of the latter a pipe extends over and passes to 474. /Eolipile or Hero's steam toy, described
the under side of wheel. Machine is started by by Hero, of Alexandria, 130 years B.C., and now
turning screw in opposite direction to that for regarded as the first steam engine, the rotary
raising water, thus forcing down air, which form 'of which it maybe considered to represent.
ascends in tube, crosses and descends, and im- From the lower vessel, or boiler, rise two pipes
parts motion to wheel ; and its volume increasing conducting steam to globular vessel above, and
with change of temperature, it is said, keeps the forming pivots on which the said vessel is
machine in motion. We are not informed how' caussd to revolve in the direction of arrows, by
the difference of temperature is to be maintained. the escape of steam through a number of bent
470. Steam hammer. Cylinder fixed above arms. This works on the same principle as
and hammer attached to lower end of oiston-rod. Barker's mill, 438 in this table.
475- B'lge ejector (Brear's patent) for discharging bilge- [
bottom of the tank. As gas enters, vessel, A, rises, and
water from vessels, or for raising and forcing water under |
vice versa. The pressure is regulated by adding to or
various circumstances. D is a chamber having attached a reducing the weights, C, C.
suction-pipe, B, and discharge-pipe, C, and having a steam- I
pipe entering at one side, with a nozzle directtd toward the |
discharge-pipe. A jet of steam entering through A expels

the air from D and C, produces a vacuum in B, and causes 480. Another kind of gasometer. The vessel, A, has
water to rise th*)ugh B, and pass through D
and C, in a permanently
_ secured within it a central tube, a, which slides
regular and constant stream. Compressed air may be used on a fixed tube, b, in the center of the tank,
as a substitute for steam.
481. Wet gas meter. The stationary case. A, is filled

476. Another apparatus operating on the same principle with water up to above the center. The inner revolving
as the foregoing. It is termed a steam siphon gump drum is divided into four compartments, B, B, with inlets
(Lansdell's patent). A
is the jet-pipe ; B, B, are two suc- around the central pipe, a, which introduces the gas
tion-pipes, having a forked connection with the discharge- through one of the hollow journals of the drum. This
pipe, C. The steam jet-pipe entering at the fork offers no pipe is turned up to admit the gas above the water, as indi-
obstacle to the upward passage of the water, which moves cated by the arrow near the center of the figure. As gas
upward in an unbroken current. enters the compartments, B, B, one after another, it turns
the drum in the direction of the arrow shown near its peri-
phery, displacing the water from them. As the chambers
pass over they fill with water again. The ctbic contents
477. Steam trap for shutting in steam, but providing for of the compartments being known, and the number of the
the escape of water from steam coils and radiators (Hoard revolutions of the drum being registered by dial -work, the
& Wiggin's patent). It consists of a box, connected at A quantity of gas passing through the meter is registered.
with the tnd o. (he coil or the waste-pipe, having an outlet
at B, and furnished with a hollow valve, D, the bottom of
which is composed of a flexible diaphragm. Valve is filled
with liquid, and hermetically sealed, and its diaphragm
482. Gas regulator (Powers's patent) for equalizing the
rests upon a bridge over the outlet-pipe. The presence of
steam m
the outer box so heals the water in valve that the
supply of gas to all the burners of a building or apartment,
diaphragm expands and raises valve up to the seat, a, a. notwithstanding variations in the pressure on the main, or
Water of condensation accumulatnig reduces the tempera- variations produced by turning gas on or off, to or from any
ture of valve; and as the liquid in valve contracts, dia- number of the burners. 'J he regulator-valve, I), of which
a separate outside view is given, is arranged over inlet-
phragm allows valve to descend and let water off.
pipe, E, and connected by a lever, ti, with an inverted cup,
H, the lower edges of which, as well as those of valve, dip
into channels containing quicksilver. There is no escape
of gas around the cup, H, but there are notches, />, in the
47S. ."Another steam trap (Ray's p.itent). Valve, a, valve to permit the g.^s to pass over the surfiice of the
closes and opens by longitudinal expansion and contraction quicksilver. As the pressure of gas increases, it acts upon
of waste-pipe, A, which terminates in the middle of an at- the inner surface of cup, H, which is larger than valve,
tached hollow sphere, C
A portion of the pipe is firmly and the cup is thereby raised, causing a depression of the
secured to a fixed support, B. Valve consists of a plunger valve into the quicksilver, and contracting the opening
which works in a stuffing-box in the sphere, opposite the notches, b, and diminishing the quantity of gas passing
end of the pipe, and it is pressed toward the end of the through. As the pressure diminishes, an opposite result is
pipe by a loaded elbow lever, D, as far as permitted by a produced. The outlet to burners is at F.
stop-screw, t, and stop, c. When pipe is filled with water,
its length is so reduced that valve remains open ; but when
filled with steam, it is expanded so that valve closes it
Screw, b, serves to adjust the action of valve. Consists of two bellows-like cham-
483. Dry gas meter.
bers, A, A', which are alternately filled with gas, and dis-
charged through a valve, B, something like the slide-valve
of a steam engine, worked by the chambers. A, A'. The
479. Gasometer. The open-bottomed vessel. A, is ar- capacity of the chambers being known, and the number of
ranged in the tank, B, of water, and partly counterbalanced times they are filled being registered by dial-work, the
by weights, C, C Gas enters the gasometer by one and quantity of gas passing through the meter is indicated on
Teaves it by the other of the two pipes inserted through the the dials.
ii6 Mechanical Movements.
^^8I^.
ll-87
k.90
484. A spiral wound round a cylinder to sistance or lift, and while in the water are
convert the motion of the wind or a stream in the most effective position for propulsion.
of water into rotary motion. 490. Ordinary steering apparatus. Plan

485. Common wind-mill, illustrating the view. On the shaft of the hand-wheel there
production of circular motion by the direct is a barrel on which is wound a rope which
action of the wind upon the oblique sails. passes round the guide-pulleys and has its
486. Plan of a vertical wind-mill. The opposite ends attached to the " tiller " or
sails are so on the top of the rudder by turning
pivoted as to present their edges lever ;
in returning toward the wind, but to present the wheel, one end of the rope is wound on
their faces to the action of the wind, the and the other let off", and the tiller is moved
direction of which is supposed to be as in- in one or the other direction, according to
dicated by the arrow. the direction in which the wheel is turned.
487. Common paddle-wheel for propelling 491. Capstan. The cable or rope wound
vessels ; on the barrel of the capstan is hauled in by
the revolution of the wheel causes
the buckets to press backward against the turning the capstan on its axis by means of
water and so produce the forward move- hand-spikes or bars inserted into holes in
ment of the vessel. the head. The capstan is prevented from
488. Screw propeller. The blades are turning back by a pawl attached to its
sections of a screw-thread, and their revo- lower part and working in a circular ratchet
lution in the water has the same effect as on the base.
the working of a screw in a nut, producing 492. Boat-detaching hook (Brown & Lev-
motion in the direction of the axis and so el's). The upright standard is secured to
propelling the vessel. the boat, and the tongue hinged to its up-
489. Vertical bucket paddle-wheel. The per end enters an eye in the level which
buckets, rt, a, are pivoted into the arms, d, b, works on a fulcrum at the middle of the
at equal distances from the shaft. To the standard. A similar apparatus is applied at
pivots are attached cranks, c, c, which are each end of the boat. The hooks of the
pivoted at their ends to the arms of a ring, tackles hook into the tongues, which are
d, which is fitted loosely to a stationary ec- secure until it is desired to detach the boat,
centric, e. The revolution of the arms and when a rope attached- to the lower end of
buckets with the shaft causes the ring, d, each lever is pulled in such a direction as to
also to rotate upon the eccentric, and the slip the eye at the upper end of the lever
action of this ring on the cranks keeps the from of!" the tongue, which being then liberat-
buckets always upright, so that they enter ed slips out of the hook of the tackle and
the water and leave it edgewise without re- detaches the boat.
ii8 Mechanical Movements.
/J3 UJ9S
^^^ 1^97 ^^98

A. B
u
4^9 500 501
493. "Lewis," for I'ft.-ng stone in building. It tube, against which the scale is marked, is open
iscomposed of a central taper pin or wedge, with at top, the other leg connected with the steam-
two wedge-like packing-pieces arranged one on boiler or other apparatus on which the pressure
each side of it. The three pie-ê? are inserted is to be indicated. The i^ressure on the mer-
together in a hole diillcd hito the stone, and cury in the one leg causes it to be depressed in
when the central wedge is hoisted upon it wedges that and raised in the other until there is an
the packing-pieces out so tightly against the equilibrium established between the weight of
sides of the hole as to enable the stone to be mercury and pressure of steam in one leg, and
lifted. the weight of mercury and pressure of atmos-
494. Tongs for lifting stones, etc. The pull phere in the other. This is the most accurate
on the shackle which connects the two links gauge known but as high pressure requires so
;
causes the latter so to act on the upjjer arms of long a tube, it has given place to those which
the tongs as to make their points press them- are practically accurate enough, and of more
selves against or into the stone. The greater the convenient form.
weight the harder the tongs bite. 499. Aneroid gauge, known as the " Bourdon
495. Entwistle's patent gearing. Bevel-gear, gauge," from the name of its inventor, a French-
A, is fixed. B, gearing with A, is fitted to ro- man. B is a bent tube closed at its ends, secured
tate on stud, ¥., secured to shaft, D, and it also at C, the middle of its length, and having its
gears with bevel-gear, C, loose, on the shaft, D. ends free. Pressure of steam or other fluid ad-
On rotary motion being given to shaft, D, the mitted to tube tends to straighten it more or less,
gear, E, revolves around A, and also rotates according to its intensity. The ends of tube are
upon its own axis, and so acts upon C in two connected with a toothed sector-piece gearing,
ways, namely, by its rotation on its own axis and with a pinion on the spindle of a pointer which
by its revolution around A. With three gears indicates the pressure on a dial.
of equal size, the gear, C, makes two revolutions .500. Pressure gauge now most commonly used.
for every one of the shaft, D. This velocity of Sometimes known as the " Magdeijur^ gauge,"
revolution may, however, be varied by changing from the name of the place where first manufac-
the relative sizes of the gears. C is represented tured. Face view and section. The fluid whose
with an attached drum, C This gearing may
'. pressure is to be meas'ired acts upon a circular
be used for steering apparatus, driving screw-pro- metal disk. A, generally corrugated, and the de*
pellers, etc. By applying power to C, action may flection of the disk under the pressure giver
be reversed, and a slow motion ot D
obtained. motion to a toothed sector, e, which gears with a
496. Drawing and twisting in spinning cotton, pinion on the spindle of the pointer.
wool, etc. The front drawing-rolls, B, rotate 501. Mercurial barometer. Longer leg ot
faster than the back ones. A, and so produce a bent tube, against which is marked the scale of
draught, and draw out the fibers of the sliver or inches, is closed at top, and shorter one is open
roving passing between them. Roving passes to the atmosphere, or merely covered with some
from the front drawing-rolls to throstle, which, porous material. Column of mercury in longer
by its rotation around the bobbin, twists and leg, from which the air has been extracted, is
winds the yarn on the bobbin. held up by the pressure of air on the surface of
497. Fan-blower. The casing has circular that in the shorter leg, and rises or falls as the
openings in its sides through which, by the revo- pressure of the atmosphere varies. The old-
lution of the shaft and attached fan-blades, air is fashioned weather-glass is composed of a similar
drawn in at the center of the casing, to be forced tube attached to the back of a dial, and a float
out under pressure through the spout. inserted into the shorter leg of the tube, and
498. Siphon pressure gauge. Lower part of geared by a rack and pinion, or cord and pulley,
bent tube contains mercury. The leg of the with the spindle of the pointer.
503 504
"
I
a
•
^mwwi////;^
3^mv^^^m
^
n inz
505 506 507
FNiiiii'i VniiiMiii.,,
^
:i^.i Miiiiiiiiiiirr
GiiinnTrM'iiiViiiiiiiiiiii.iiir . 'ih-Tmiwu
B"
502. An " epicyclic train." Any train of I
the aggregate motion will thus be commu-
gearing the axes of the wheels of which re- I
nicated to the arm.
volve around a common center is pioperly [
503. A very simple form of the epicyclic
known by this name. The wheel at one train, in which F, G, is the arm, secured to
end of such a train, if not those at both the central shaft, A, upon which are loosely
ends, is always concentric with the revolv- fitted the bevel-wheels, C, D. The arm is
ing frame. C is formed into an axle for the bevel-wheel, B,
the frame or train-bearing
arm. The center wheel, A, concentric with which is fitted to turn freely upon it. Mo-
this frame, gears with a pinion, F, to the tion may be given to the two wheels, C, D,
j
same axle with which is secured a wheel, in order to produce aggregate motion of the
E, that gears with a wheel, B. If the first arm, or else to the arm and one of said
wheel, A, be fixed and a motion be given to wheels in order to produce aggregate mo-
the frame, C, tiie train will revolve around tion of the other wheel.
the fixed wheel and the relative motion of 504. " Ferguson's mechanical paradox,"
the frame to the fixed wheel will communi- designed to show a curious property of the
cate through the train a rotary motio'". to B epicyclic train. The wheel, A, is fixed upon
on its axis. Or the first wheel as well as a stationary stud about which the arm, C, D,
the frame may be made to revolve with dif- revolves. In this arm are two pins, M, N,
ferent velocities, with the same result ex- upon one of which is fitted loosely a thick
cept as to the velocity of rotation of B upon wheel, B, gearing with A, and upon the
its axis. other are three loose wheels, E, F, G, all
In the epicyclic train as thus described gearing with B. When the arm, C, D, is
only the wheel at one extremity is concen- turned round on the stud, motion is given
tric with the revolving frame ; but if the to the three wheels, E, F, G, on their com-
wheel, E, instead of gearing with B, be mon axis, viz., the pin, N ; the three form-
made to gear with the wheel, D, which like ing with the intermediate wheel, B, and the
the wheel, A, is wheel, A, three distinct epicyclic trains. Sup-
concentric with the frame,
we have an which the pose A to have twenty teeth, F twenty, E twen-
epicyclic train of
wheels at both extremities are concentric ty-one, and G nineteen as the arm, E, C, D, ;
with the frame. In this train we may either is turned round, F will appear not to turn on
communicate the driving motion to the arm its axis, as any point in its circumference
and one extreme wheel, in order to produce will always point in one direction, while E
an aggregate rotation of the other extreme will appear to turn slowly in one and G in
wheel, or motion may be given to the two the other direction, which an apparent para- —
—
extreme wheels, A and D, of the train, and dox ^gave rise to the name of the apparatus.
505. Another simple form of the epicyc- produces an aggregate motion of the arm,
lic train, in which the arm, D, carries a pin- k, I, and shaft, m, n.
ion, B, which gears both with a spur-wheel, This train may be modified ; for instance,
A, and an annular wheel, C, both concentric suppose the wheels, g zndf, to be disunited,
with the axis of the arm. Either of the g to be fixed to the shaft, m, n, and f only
wheels. A, C, may be stationary', and the running loose upon it. The driving-shaft,
revolution of the arm and pinion will give A, will as before communicate motion to
motion to the other wheel. the first wheel, c, of tlie epicyclic train by
means of the wheels, a and b, and will also
506. Another epicyclic train in which nei- by h cause the wheel, g, the shaft, m, «, and
ther the first nor last wheel is fixed. /«, «, the train-bearing arm, k, /, to revolve, and
is a shaft to which is firmly secured the the aggregate rotation will be given to the
train-bearing arm, k, /, which carries the loose wheel, /.

two wheels, d, e, secured together, but ro- 507. Another form of epicyclic train de-
tating upon the arm itself. The wheels, b signed for producing a very slow motion.
and c, are united and turn together, freely ;// is a fixed shaft upon which is loosely
upon the shaft, /«, n; the wheels, /"and g, fitted a long sleeve, to the lower end of
are also secured together, but turn together which is fixed a wheel, D, and to the upper
freely on the shaft, ;«, «. The wheels, c, d, end a wheel, E. Upon this long sleeve
e and f, constitute an epicyclic train of there |
is fitted a shorter one which carries
which c is the fi "st and f the last wheel. at its extremities the wheels, A and H. A
A shaft. A, is employed as a driver, and has wheel, C, gears with both D and A, and a
firmly secured to it two wheels, a and //, the train-bearing arm, ;//, n, which revolves
first of which gears with the wheel, b, and freely upon the shaft, w, p, carries upon a
thus communicates motion to the first wheel, stud at « the united wheels, F and G. If
c, of the epicyclic train, and the wheel, //, drives A have 10 teeth, C 100, D 10, E 61, F, 49,
the wheel, g, which thus gives motion to G 41, and H 51, there will be 25,000 revo-
the last wheel, f. Motion communicated lutions of the train-bearing arm, m, n, for
in this way to the two ends of the train one of the wheel. C.
EDWARD C. SEWARD.
ROBERT B. SE^VARD.
BROWN & SEWARD,

SUCCESSORS TO
BROWN & HALL,

(Established in 1864.)
Solicitors of American & Foreip Patents.

EXPERTS IJ\r PATEMT CAUSES.
Patents and Reissues Obtained. Appeals Attended to.
Rejected Applications Prosecuted.

Searches and Opinions as to Novelty, Validity, and
Forfeited and Abandoned Applications Renewed. Ownership.
Preliminary Examinations Made.

Copies of Patents and Official
Caveats Filed.
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Furnished.
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•
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Belgium, Austria, Spain and Cuba, Russia,
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and other European Countries.
pared and Recorded.
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Interferences Conducted. Patents obtained.
Branch Offices In Washington, D. C, and Agencies in all principal Foreign Cities,

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munications are treated as confidential. In some cases it may be desirable to make a preliminary examination
in thePatent Office, /ind for this a fee of 85 will be charged.
HOW TO PROCEED-PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS.

Since the practice of the Patent Office has been so ch.-inged that models are very rarely required with applica-
tions for patents, the expense to which an inventor is subjected in obtaining a patent is, in most cases, much less
than it used to be, although the drawings are generally required to be more complete than was necessary whtn
a model was furnished.
When an inventor intends or desires to apply for a patent, unless he can apply personally at the office of Brown
& Seward, bringing with him a sample of the best drawing of his invention that he can make, he should send there
the beist description thereof which he can give in writing, and, when the case admits of a drawing, one should accom-
pany such description. His invention will then be carefully examined by a member of the firm, and if it be decided
that a patent is to be applied for, the payment of 5i5 (amount of first Government fee) yviH be required, and the
papers prepared for his signature and oath. These can be forwarded to him with instructions for their execution.
if he cannot appear at the office. The agency fee charged by Brown & Seward will depend upon the labor involved,
out in all cases their charge will be as moderate as possible, and is payable when the application has been prepared and
the case is ready to be forwarded to Washington. This fee includes all necessary services performed by Brown & Sew-
ard, through their 1 ranch Office in Washingion, to .secure the speedy and certain issue of the patent, except in cases
where unusual difficulties are encountered. On the allowance of the apphcation the final (Juvernment fee ($20) is re-
""'""*
PATENTS FOR DESIGNS
Can be secured at a less cost than Patents for Inventions, but these patents only cover novelty of hape or configu-
ralion. They can be obtained for three and a half, seven, or fourteen years. 1 he Government fees are payable in
one sum, in advance, and are $10 for three and a half years. $15 for seven years, and $30 for fouiteen years.
CAVEATS.
A caveat is a confidential communication made to the Patent Office, in which the inventor describes his inven-
tion previous to taking out a patent. As a notice of priority of discovery it holds good for one year. To secure the
full benefit which a caveat is intended to confer, the papers should be carefully prepared. The official fee on a caveat
is #10, and the agency fee in preparing all the necessary documents is from fio to $15. Citizens only, or aliens who
have resided in the United States one year, and made oath of their intention to become citizens, can file caveats.
TRADE-MARKS.
The most certain and definite protection afforded by law for Trade-Marks is Registration in the Patent Offce.
Brown & Seward give special attention to Trade-Mark registrations, which hold good for thirty years. The Govern-
ment fee is $10.
EEJECTED APPLICATIONS, EXTENSIONS, REISSUES, INTERFERANCES, INFRINGEMENTS.

Messrs. B;iowN & Seward also give special attention to the prosecution of applications for patents which have been
'rejected in the hands of other attorneys, and to the reissue of tle/ective Leters-Hntent, in both of which branches
of business they have been eminently successful. They also conduct interferences, and give opinions concerning, and
attend to prosecuting, infringements of Patents.
EUROPEAN PATENTS.
Brown & Seward have their own
agencies in all the principal capitals of Europe, and are prepared
to secure Foreign Patents with the utmost despatch. Cases sent out for European patents should be
prepared with great care and fidelity. Within the compass of an advertisement it would be impossible
to specify all the advantages which inventors will derive through this Patent Agency.
CANADIAN PATENTS.
Apatent may be obtained in Canada, for a term of 18 years, for any American invention either before or within
one year after the issue of an American patent for the same invention. The patent may be obtained by the inventor
or his assignee, but nof by a mere importer or introducer. A model or specimen of the invention is not generally re-
quired. Brown & Sew.\rd are prepared to undertake applications for Canadian Patents at reasonable charges.
The importance and value of Canadian patents are not so fully appreciated by American inventors as they should be.
SPEEDY PROSECUTION OF APPLICATIONS.

Promptness is one of the characteristics of this Agency. Yet new arrangements have recently been made for the
even more speedy transaction of business. References can be given to many of the oldest and most distinguished
inven'ors and the most important manufacturing concerns in the country.
Any further information on any matters relating to Patents or f'atent Law will be obtained personally or by
letter.
261 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

#^w-^^
FOREIGN PATENTS.
secure valid patents in the various foreign countries, the apphcations should
TO be prepared by solicitors who are thoroughly conversant with the laws of the
several countries, and the prosecution should be under the immediate control of
attorneys of high standing, resident in such countries and in close touch with the
bureau having charge of the granting of patents.
Messrs. Brown l^ Seward, with forty years' experience, have a well organized
system of associates, reliable and experienced, in all the» principal foreign coun-
tries, and can look after the foreign interests of their clients intelligently and
successfully.
S^^--v#
DESIGN PATENTS.
MANUFACTURERS have frequently found that they suffered more from
having the shape and appearance of their machines copied than from
infringement of the mechanical structure and arrangement of the operative
parts. This damage from imitators can usually be averted by securing Design
Patents on the salient features of the -machine.. In many

instances the Design
protection than a mechanical patent, and in
Patent will afford more valuable
where a mechanical patent has been secured, a Design
almost every instance
matter will materially strengthen the rights of the
Patent on the same subject
patentee. The cost is less than the cost of a mechanical patent, and Mr.
Seward, Sr., of the firm, has made a special study of Design Patents, and with his
extended experience in their prosecution is ready to advise clients intelligently on
all matters pertaining thereto.
PRINTS AND LABELS.

Prints, composed of subject matter having artistic merit and used in adver-
tising, and Labels, also showing artistic merit and containing subject matter
relating to the goods to which the Label is to be attached, afford material
protection to the manufacturer and vendor of goods. Brown & Seward attend
to securing registration of Prints and Labels. Cost usually sixteen dollars
($16.00).
X -5.(^^¥
IfCSB
t-'BRARr
University of California
SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388
Return this material to the library
from which it was borrowed.
\\.m-- <
/m,.^.V7«fflN
l~<EGlONAi
Zfl^'/AClUTy
000 491
063

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LIBRARY

-DYI^AMICS, HYDRAULICS, HYDROSTATICS, PNEUMATICS, STEAM

SEVERAL WHlMvHAVE ONLY RECENTLY COME INTO USE.

PUBLISHED BY BROWN & SEWARD,

one-fourth of the movements — —

the descriptive matter appertaining to the illustrations which face it.

B. 220, 230, 231, 26S, 279, 354, 401.

Brake, friction, 242. D.

Coupling, union, 248.-. Ejectors, bilge, 475, 476.

Ellipsfigrapli, 152. Gearing, variable, 38.

286, 418. compressed air, 472.

Gauges, pressure, 498, 499, 500.

capstan, 412. Joint, ball and socket, 249.

conical, 37. bayonet, 245.

crown, 26, 219.

' Lever, bell-crank or elbow, 126, 155, 156, 157.

irregular, 201. Lewis, 493.

multiple, 27. Link, detachable chain, 399.

mutilated, 74, 114.

stud, 197. . punching, 140.

water, 440. chain, 227, 228, 229.

Pantograph, 246. Revolver, 277.

two-toothed, 205. gig. 392-

Power, horse, 376. pendulum, 378.

Propeller, screw, 488. double reversed, io8.

Pulley, expanding, 224. micrometer, iii.

Screws, right-and-left hand, no, 151. W

mangle, 36, 192, 193, 194, 371.

Test, friction, 373. paddle, 487, 489.

Trap, steam, 477, 478. Wind-mills, 485, 486.

3. A method of transmitting motion from

result as 3, without guide-pulleys. can. be cut in a solid block, the diameters

being made in projiortion to the speed of the

16 and 17. Are what are known as Span-

must move twice as fast as the weight, and

14. Blocks and tackle. The power ob-

effect of the whole will be = the number 2,

the belt would be slackened or tightened

produce the desired result. one with india-rubber.

24. Spur-gears. 29. Transmission of rotary motion from

one shaft at right angles to another. The

tooth at every revolution.

gears are capable of transmitting greater

than ordinary spur-gears. then the greatest force.

to another arranged obliquely thereto.

rotate together. by gearing. The lower part of the band is

75. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of

rock-shaft, B, and have their teeth set op-

78. A modification of 77. posite ways. The rock-shaft is worked by

of the slotted rack-bar, A. but by raising or lowering the rod, A, either

the pump-rod, is attached to the wheel, A,

shaft on which the ^ears, B, C, and clutch

pitman. drawn to the center. The curve is then

volving on the same center. In one a spiral

shown near the bottom of the figure, and