10

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 28:
Problem Solving Involving Probability
Mathematics – Grade 10
Quarter 3 – Module 28: Solving Problem Involving Probability

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

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 Mathematics 10

Problem Solving Involving Probability

To the Learner
Probability is the science of how likely event are to happen and the
theory of probability is said to be originated in the game of chance, but
today, probability has an important applications in all walks of life.
Probability is used, for example, in such diverse areas as weather
forecasting, medical studies, research, engineering, economics and social
sciences. As you will go thought this modules you will understand fully
how probability can be used in decision making.
.

In this module you are expected to demonstrate understanding on

the concepts about Probability. Specifically you should be able to :

Solves problems involving probability..

Vocabulary List

Complement of an Event - a set of all outcomes that are NOT in the

event . If A is the event, the complement of the event A is denoted by A’ (
reads as A prime)
 Let’s Try This

Choose the letter of the correct answer

1. Which of the following is an impossible event

A. Choosing an odd number from 1 to 10.

B. Getting n even number after rolling a single 6- sided die.
C. Choosing a white marble from a jar of 25 green marbles
D. None of the above.

2. What is the probability that a single card chosen from a deck is not
an ace?
4 1
A. 52
= 13
48 12
B. =
52 13
39 3
C. =4
52
1
D. 52

3. There are 4 parents, 3 students and 6 teachers in a room. If a person

is selected at random, what is the probability that it is a teacher or a
student?
9
A. 13
4
B.
13
7
C.
13
4
D. 52
4. In a high school computer class there are 15 juniors and 10 seniors.
Four juniors and five seniors are boys. If a student is selected in
random, then what is the probability of selecting a junior or a boy
24
A.
25
4
B.
5
1
C.
5
D. None of the above
 5. In 2010 there was a survey of 30 people It was found out that 82
like orange juice while 118 dislike it. From these people one is
chosen at random. What is the probability that the chosen people
dislikes orange juice?
30 59 21 3
A. 11 B. 100 C. 10 D. 4

Study and Learn!

Learning Activities
There are lots of activities that will affects how you will make
decisions. In probability the like hood that an event will occur is from 0 to
1, 0 if the event is impossible to happen and 1 or 100% if an event is sure
to happen. If the weather forecasts 75% chance to rain in your area, are
you going to bring an umbrella? Here the likehood that an event to happen
is seen in the data presented.

For you to understand the importance of probability and how it is

use in real life situation, try to study the examples provided in this module.

Example 1
A car park there are 100 vehicles, 60 of which are cars, 30 are vans
and the remainder are lorries. If every vehicle is equally likely to leave,
find the probability of,
a. Van leaving first
b. Lorry leaving first
c. Car leaving second either a lorry or van left first
Solution:
a. Let S be the sample space and A be the event of a van leaving
first.
n( S) = 100
n( A) = 30
Probability of a van leaving first:
30 3
P ( A) = =
100 10

b. Let B the probability of a lorry leaving first

n(B) = 100 – 60 – 30 = 10

The probability of a lorry leaving first :

10 1
P ( A) = =
100 10

c. If either a lorry or van had left first. Then there would be 99

vehicles remaining, 60 of which are cars Let T be the sample
space and C be the event of car leaving.
n(T) = 99
n( C) = 60

The probability of a car leaving after a lorry or van has left:

60 20
P ( C) = =
99 33

Example 2.
What is the probability of getting all heads if you flip 3 coins?

Solution:
Let S be the sample space of a number that ends in 5.
 S = {0, 1, 2, 3,4 5, 6, 7, 8,9}
Since there are 10 possible outcomes, and there is only 1 number
that will ends in 5 so,

The probability of the next person you meet having a phone number
that ends is 5 is :
1
P ( S) =
10

Example 3
What is the probability of getting all heads if you flip 3 coins.
Solution:

Let S be the sample space, thus

S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
There are 8 possible outcomes if you flip 3 coins and 1 possible
way of getting 3 heads, so
The probability of getting all heads is
1
P ( S) =
8

Example 4.
Linda likes to wear colored blouses. She has ten blouses in the
closet. Three of these are yellow, four in different shades of pink, and the
rest are mixed or different colors. What is the probability that she will wear
a yellow or a pink blouse?
Solution:
This is a problem that involves mutually exclusive events, in which
the events does not occur together. Let the sample space ( S ) be { 3 , 4,
3}
Since there are 10 colored blouses, 3 of which are yellow and 4 are
pink.
The probability that she will a yellow or a pink is,
 3 4 7
P ( yellow or Pink) = + =
10 10 10

Example 5
In a group of 100 junior high school students, 58 studied Math, 70
studied Araling Panlipunan and 30 studied both Math and Araling
Panlipunan. If one student is selected at random, find the probability that
a) the student takes Math and Araling Panlipunan; b) the student does not
take either of these subjects, c) the students takes Araling Panlipunan but
not Math.

Solution:
The Venn diagram depicts the given situation above, since there are
30 who studied both subjects, then
58 – 30 = 28 students who studied Math alone
70 – 30= 40 students who studied Araling Panlipunan alone

M AP

28 30 40

a) Let M and A be the events that the student studied math and
Araling Panlipunan , respectively, then
58
P(M) = 100 𝑜𝑟 0. 58
70
P(H) = 100 𝑜𝑟 0.70

If M ∪ H denotes the event that a student studied Math and

Araling panlipunan, then.

P ( M or A) = P(M) + P(A) – P(M and A)

58 70 30
= + -
100 100 100
 98
= or 0.98
100

b) Let ( M or A) ‘ ( reads as (M or A) prime) denotes the events

that the student did not study any of the two subjects. Using the
complementary event rule,
P(M or A)’ = 1 – P( m or A)
= 1 – 0.98
= 0.02

c) Let A be the vent that the student takes Math only but not Araling
Panlipunan, using the Venn diagram, we have,
28
P ( A) = 𝑜𝑟 0.28
100

Now that you have seen various application of probability in

different situations, its time for you to answer the given exercises on the
next page.
.

Let’s Do This

Practice Task 1
Solve the following problems.
1. A die is rolled. Find the probability that the number obtained is
greater than 4.
2. Two coins are tossed. Find the probability that one head only is
obtained
3. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that the sum is equal to 5
4. A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards, Find the probability
of getting the King of heart.
 Let’s Do More

Practice Task 2
Solve each problem
1. A packet of sweet contains 18 red sweets, 12 green sweets and
10 yellow sweets. A sweet is taken at random from the packet.
What is the probability that the sweet is :
a. Red,
b. Not green,
c. Green or yellow

2. Amy likes to wear colored blouses. She has 20 blouses in her

closet, 5 are blue, 7 are red, 4 are white and 4 are black. What is
the probability that she will wear a red or blue blouses.

3. A Grade 10 student estimates that the probability that he will

pass Math is 0.5; the probability that he will pass Science is 0.6,
and the probability that he will pass both subjects is 0.45.
Determine the probability that he will pass at least one of the two
subjects.

Let’s Try Harder

Solve.
100 students were asked whether they studied Mandarin ( M) or
Spanish ( S) .

M S

39 27 30

4
 27 studied both Mandarin and Spanish.
a. What is the probability that a student chosen at random will study
only one of the languages?
b. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the
student studied Mandarin or Spanish?
c. Two of the 100 students are chosen at random. What is the
probability that both students study mandarin and Spanish?

Let’s Test Ourselves

Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Two events A and B have the following probabilties: P ( A ) = 0.5,
P ( B) = 0.6, and P ( Ā ∩ Ḃ ) = 0.25. Find the value of P( A ∩ B)
A. 0.25 B. 0.35 C.0.85 D. 1.0

2. A dish contains 8 red jelybeans, 5 yellow jellybeans, 3 black

jellybeans and 4 pink jellybeans. If a jellybeans is selected at
random, Find the probability that it is a black or pink jellybeans.
A. 0.15 B 0.20 C. 0.35 D. 55

3. A card is selected at random from a deck of 52 cards. Find the

probability that it is a 6 or a diamond.
4 1 13 2
𝐴. 13 B. 26 C. 52 D. 13

4. Ms. Perez figures that there is a 30 percent chance that her

company will set up a branch office in Manila. If it does, she is 60
percent certain that she will be made manager for this new
operation. What is the probability that Ms. Perez will be a manager
at the branch office ?
A. 0.18 B. 0.3 D. 0.6 D. 18
5.A bag contains eight red balls, four green balls and eight yellow
balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag, and it is not a red
ball. What is the probability that it is a green ball?
A. 1 B.0.6 C. 0. D. 0.3333

Let’s Enrich Ourselves

Solve
The probability that a student who attended the extensive one-
week Math review passes the periodical exam is 0.7 . Three such
students are checked at random. Find the probability that
a. None of three students passed the periodical exam
b. At least one of them passed the exam
 ANSWER KEY

Let’s Try This

1. C
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. B

Let’s Do This

1.
1.

2 1
1. or
6 3
2 1
2. or
4 2
4 1
3. or
36 9
1
4.
52
5. Let’s Do More
6. Not mutually exclusive

18 9
1. a. P ( red) = or
40 20
28 7
b. P ( not green) = or
48 10
22 11
c. P ( green or yellow) = or
40 20
7 5 12 3
2. P ( red or yellow) = + = 20 or 5
20 20
3. P( M or S) - 0.5 + 0.6 – 0.45
= 0.65

Let’s Try Harder

 39 30 69
1.a + = or 0.69
100 100 100
96
b. 100
31
c.
100

Let’s Test Ourselves

1. B
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. C

Let’s Enrich Ourselves

Have student done an advance reading about Independent
events.
a. P ( a student does not pass the exam)
= 1 – P ( a student passes the exam)
= 1 – 0.7
= 0.3
P ( none of the three pass the exam) = (0.3)(0.3)(03) = 0.027

c. P ( at least one of them passed the exam)

- 1 – P ( none of them pass the exam)
- 1 – 0.027
- 0.973