PH108 – Electricity and Magnetism

Lecture - 2
v  Announcement

Ø  Lab orientation lecture by Prof. R. Prabhu on Thursday

at 2.00 pm

Ø  QUIZ 1: February 07, 2018 (Wednesday)

Time: 8.00 – 8.50 am

2
 VECTOR CALCULUS - Recap

3
v Surface Integral:

  
∫ v. da where da = da n̂
S
 
∫ v. da For closed surface

n̂
u A Mobius strip:

The surface integral can not be defined.

4
v  Example
! 2
u Calculate the surface integral of v = 2x z x̂ + (x + 2) ŷ + y(z − 3) ẑ
over one side of the cubical box as shown in the figure.

!
Ø  We have da = dydz x̂
! ! y
∫ v. da
2
2
∫ (2x z x̂ + (x + 2) ŷ + y(z − 3) ẑ).dy dz x̂

2
2
= ∫ 2x zdy dz = x y z 0 = 16 2 x

5
z
v Volume Integral:

∫ T dτ
V Where T is a scalar function, dτ is an infinitesimal volume element
d τ = dx dy dz
Ø  Calculate the volume integral of T = xyz2 over the prism

∫ T dτ = ∫ x y z 2 dx dy dz z

3
= ∫ z 2 ⎡⎣ ∫ y { ∫ x dx} dy ⎤⎦ dz

3 ⎡1 ⎧⎪1− y ⎫⎪ ⎤
= ∫ z2 ⎢ ∫ y ⎨ ∫ x dx ⎬ dy ⎥ dz 1 y
0 ⎢⎣ 0 ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭ ⎥⎦
1
3
=
8 x
6
v The Fundamental Theorem for Divergences

Ø  The fundamental theorem for divergences states that

   
∫( ∇.v d τ = 
) ∫ v. da
V S
Ø  This is known as Gauss’s Theorem. Some people call this as Green’s
Theorem or Divergence Theorem. z
(v) (ii)
(0,0,1)
u Example:
Check the divergence theorem
(iii)
using the function (0,0,0)
(iv) (i)
 (0,1,0) y
v = y 2 x̂ + (2xy + z 2 ) ŷ + 2yz ẑ
(1,0,0)
and the unit cube situated at the origin.
(vi)
x
7
v The Fundamental Theorem for Curls

Ø  This states that

    
∫( ∇ × v . da = 
) ∫ v. dl This is known as Stokes’ Theorem.
S P

Ø  Convention of Sign u Example: Suppose


v = (2xz + 3y 2 ) ŷ + 2yz 2 ẑ
Check Stoke’s theorem for the square
surface shown. z (iii)
(0,0,1)
<
(ii)
(iv)
(0,0,0)
>
^
(i) (0,1,0)
y
x
8
v Cartesian Coordinates (x, y, z)
z


r = x x̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ
P(x,y,z)

Ø  Limits: r
z
x : −∞ to ∞ O
y
y : −∞ to ∞ x
z : −∞ to ∞ y
x

Ø  The infinitesimal displacement vector: dl = dx x̂ + dy ŷ + dz ẑ

Ø  Volume element: dτ = dx dy dz
9
v Spherical Polar Coordinates (r, θ, ϕ) (r, θ , φ ) φˆ r̂

Ø  Limits:
(x, y, z)
θˆ
r :0−∞
θ :0−π
φ : 0 − 2π

Ø  Relationships:
r = x 2 + y2 + z2
x = r sin θ cos φ
" x 2 + y2 %
y = r sin θ sin φ θ = tan −1 $$ '
z '
z = r cosθ # &
−1 " y %
φ = tan $ '
#x&
10
v Spherical Polar Coordinates

Ø  Relationships:
 
A = Ar r̂ + Aθθˆ + Aφ φˆ A = Ax x̂ + Ay ŷ + Az ẑ

r̂ = sin θ cos φ x̂ + sin θ sin φ ŷ + cosθ ẑ x̂ = sin θ cos φ r̂ + cosθ cos φ θˆ − sin φ φˆ
θˆ = cosθ cos φ x̂ + cosθ sin φ ŷ − sin θ ẑ ŷ = sin θ sin φ r̂ + cosθ sin φ θˆ + cos φ φˆ
φˆ = −sin φ x̂ + cos φ ŷ ẑ = cosθ r̂ − sin θ θˆ

! r̂ $ ! x̂ $ !
# & # &
! x̂ $ r̂ $
# & # &
# θˆ & = M # ŷ & −1
# ŷ & = M #
ˆ
θ &
## & # ẑ &
" φˆ &% " % # ẑ & ## &
φˆ &%
" % "

11
v Spherical Polar Coordinates

Ø  Suppose dl is a line element.
!
dl = dlr r̂ + dlθ θˆ + dlφ φ̂
dlr = dr, dlθ = rdθ , dlφ = r sin θ dφ

dl = dr r̂ + rdθ θˆ + r sin θ dφ φˆ

Ø  Volume Element: dτ = dr dlθ dlφ

= r 2 dr sin θ dθ dφ

Ø  Surface Element: da = dlθ dlφ r̂
= r 2 sin θ dθ dφ r̂

12
v Spherical Polar Coordinates

Ø  Gradient of a Scalar:
 ∂T 1 ∂T ˆ 1 ∂T ˆ
∇T = r̂ + θ+ φ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

Ø  Divergence of a Vector:
  1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇.v = 2 ( r vr ) + (sinθ vθ ) + ( vφ )
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

Ø  Curl of a Vector:
  1 %∂ ∂ ( 1% 1 ∂ ∂ (
∇×v = ' (sin φ vφ ) − ( vθ )* r̂ + ' (vr ) − (r vφ )*θˆ
r sin θ & ∂θ ∂φ ) r & sin θ ∂φ ∂r )

1# ∂ ∂ &ˆ
+ % ( r vθ ) − ( vr )(φ
r $ ∂r ∂θ '
13
v Spherical Polar Coordinates

Ø  Laplacian:
2
2 1 ∂ # 2 ∂T & 1 ∂ # ∂T & 1 ∂ T
∇ T = 2 %r (+ 2 % sin θ (+ 2 2
r ∂r $ ∂r ' r sin θ ∂θ $ ∂θ ' r sin θ ∂φ 2

14
v Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ, ϕ, z) ẑ
z
Ø  Relationship:
φˆ
x = ρ cos φ dφ
y = ρ sin φ ρ
z=z ρ̂
ρ = x 2 + y2 y
φ
−1 " y %
φ = tan $ '
#x&
z=z x
Ø  The infinitesimal displacements are: dlρ = d ρ, dlφ = ρ dφ, dlz = dz

Ø  The infinitesimal line element: dl = d ρ ρ̂ + ρ dφ φˆ + dz ẑ

Ø  The infinitesimal volume element: dτ = ρ d ρ dφ dz

15
v Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ, ϕ, z)
 ∂T 1 ∂T ˆ ∂T
Ø  Gradient of a Scalar: ∇T = ρ̂ + φ+ ẑ
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
  1 ∂ 1 ∂vφ ∂vz
Ø  Divergence of a Vector: ∇.v =
ρ ∂ρ
( ρ vρ ) + +
ρ ∂φ ∂z

Ø  Curl of a Vector:
  % 1 ∂vz ∂vφ ( % ∂vρ ∂vz ( 1 %∂ ∂v (
*φˆ + ' ( ρ vφ ) −
ρ
∇×v =' − * ρ̂ + ' − * ẑ
& ρ ∂φ ∂z ) & ∂z ∂ρ ) ρ & ∂ρ ∂φ )

2 1 ∂ # ∂T & 1 ∂ 2
T ∂ 2
T
Ø  Laplacian: ∇T= %ρ ( + 2 2 + 2
ρ ∂ρ $ ∂ρ ' ρ ∂φ ∂z

16
v The Dirac Delta Function
 r̂
u Let us take v= 2
r  
u Calculate the divergence of this vector field ∇. v
  1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇.v = 2 ( r vr ) + (sinθ vθ ) + ( vφ )
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

u Apply the divergence theorem

   
∫( ∇.v d τ = 
) ∫ v. da
V S

17
v The Dirac Delta Function: 1-d
Ø  Properties:
#% 0, x ≠ 0 $& 0, x ≠ a
δ (x) = $ δ (x − a) = %
%& ∞, x = 0 &' ∞, x = a

∞ ∞

1. ∫ δ (x)dx = 1 ∫ δ (x − a)dx = 1
−∞ −∞

2. f (x)δ (x) = f (0)δ (x) f (x)δ (x − a) = f (a)δ (x − a)

∞ ∞

3. ∫ f (x)δ (x)dx = f (0) ∫ f (x)δ (x − a)dx = f (a)

−∞ −∞

18
v The Dirac Delta Function: 1-d

Problem:
3
1. Evaluate the integral ∫ x 3 δ (x − 2)dx
0

2
2. Evaluate the integral ∫ (2x+ 3)δ (3x)dx
−2

19
v The Dirac Delta Function: 3-d

3 
δ (r ) = δ (x)δ (y)δ (z) ,where r = x x̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ

3 
∞ ∞ ∞

∫ δ (r )d τ = ∫ ∫ ∫ δ (x)δ (y)δ (z)dx dy dz = 1

all −∞ −∞ −∞
space

 3    3   
∫ f (r )δ (r − a)d τ = f (a) ∫ δ (r − a)d τ = f (a)
all
space

 " r̂ % 3 
 "1% r̂ "1%
2 3 
∇. $ 2 ' = 4πδ (r ) ∇$ ' = − 2 ∇ $ ' = −4π δ (r )
#r & #r& r #r&

20
v The Dirac Delta Function: 1-d

Ø  Example:
2
⎛ ! r̂ ⎞
Evaluate the integral ∫ (r + 2) ⎜ ∇. 2 ⎟ d τ
V
⎝ r ⎠
a)  Using the delta function
! ! ! ! ! !
b)  Using ∇.( f A) = f ( ∇. A) + A.( ∇f )

21
v The Dirac Delta Function: 1-d

Ø  Solution

2
⎛ ! r̂ ⎞ !
a) ∫ (r + 2) ⎜ ∇. ⎟ d τ = ∫ 2 3
(r + 2)4πδ ( r ) d τ
2
V
⎝ r ⎠ V

= 4π (0 + 2) = 8π
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
b) ∇.( f A) = f ( ∇. A) + A.( ∇f ) ⇒ ∇.( f A) − A.( ∇f ) = f ( ∇. A)
! ! ! ! ! !
⇒ ∫ ∇.( f A) d τ − ∫ A.(∇f ) d τ = ∫ f (∇. A) d τ
! ! ! ! ! !
⇒!
∫ f A.da − ∫ A.(∇f ) d τ = ∫ f (∇. A) d τ

2
! r̂
f = (r + 2), A = 2
r
22
v The Dirac Delta Function: 1-d

Ø  Let us calculate the 1st term

Surface integral, i.e. on the surface of the sphere r = R

! ! 2 r̂ ! r̂
!∫ f A.da = ! 2 2
∫ (r + 2) 2
.d a = ∫ (R + 2) 2
. r̂ R sin θ dθ d φ
r R
= 4π (R 2 + 2)
Ø  Let us calculate the 2nd term
! ! r̂ ! 2 2
∫ A.(∇f ) d τ = ∫ 2
. ∇(r + 2) r dr sin θ dθ d φ
r
r̂ 2
= ∫ 2
2
.2r r̂ r dr sin θ dθ d φ = ∫ 2r dr sin θ dθ d φ = 4 π R
r
2
⎛ ! r̂ ⎞
⇒ ∫ (r + 2) ⎜ ∇. 2 ⎟ d τ = 8π
V
⎝ r ⎠
23