Carbohydrates-Lipids 1

CARBOHYDRATES
1. Which of the following hormones promotes gluconeogenesis?
a. Growth hormone
b. Hydrocortisone
c. Insulin
d. Thyroxine
2. Glucose oxidase oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and
a. H2O2
b. CO2
c. HCO3
d. H2O
3. From glucose and ATP, hexokinase catalyzes the formation of
a. Acetyl-CoA
b. Fructose-6-phosphate
c. Glucose-6-phosphate
d. Lactose
4. What is the preferred specimen for glucose analysis?
a. EDTA plasma
b. Fluoride oxalate plasma
c. Heparinized plasma
d. Serum
5. Hyperglycemic factor produced by the pancreas is
a. Epinephrine
b. Glucagon
c. Insulin
d. Growth hormone
6. Polarographic methods of glucose assay are based on which principle?
a. Nonenzymatic oxidation of glucose

b. Rate of oxygen depletion measured
c. Chemiluminescence caused by the formation of ATP
d. Change in electrical potential as glucose is oxidized
7. Select the enzyme that is most specific for β-D- glucose:

a. Glucose oxidase
b. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
c. Hexokinase
d. Phosphohexose isomerase
8. Select the coupling enzyme used in the hexokinase method for glucose:
a. Glucose dehydrogenase
b. Glucose-6-phosphatase
c. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
d. Peroxidase
9. All of the following are characteristic of von Gierke disease EXCEPT
a. Hypoglycemia
b. Hypolipidemia
c. Increased plasma lactate
d. Subnormal response to epinephrine
10. The preferred screening test for diabetes in nonpregnant adults is measurement of
a. Fasting plasma glucose

b. 2 hour postprandial
c. Glycohemoglobin
d. No one test is preferred over another for diagnosis
11. Following the 2015 ADA guidelines, the times of measurement for plasma glucose levels
during an OGTT in nonpregnant patients are
a. Fasting, 1 hour, and 2 hours

b. Fasting and 60 minutes
c. 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes
d. Fasting and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes.
12. Monitoring the levels of ketone bodies in the urine via nitroprusside reagents provides a
semiquantitative measure of
a. Acetoacetate
b. 3-β-Hydroxybutyrate
c. Acetone
d. All three ketone bodies
13. A factor, other than average plasma glucose values, that can affect the HbA1c level is
a. Serum ketone bodies level

b. Red blood cell life span
c. Ascorbic acid intake
d. Increased triglyceride levels
14. Monitoring the levels of ketone bodies in the urine is
a. Considered essential on a daily basis for all diabetic patients

b. A reliable method of assessing long-term glycemic control
c. Recommended for patients with type 1 diabetes on sick days
d. Not recommended by the ADA
15. A urinalysis identifies a positive result for reducing sugars, yet the test for glucose (glucose
oxidase reaction) was negative on the dipstick. What do these results suggest?
a. This is commonly observed with ascorbic acid interference.

b. This may suggest the patient has a deficiency in galactose-1-phosphate-
uridyltransferase.
c. This may suggest a pancreatic beta-cell tumor.
d. This may suggest a deficiency in glycogen debrancher enzyme.
e. It is not possible to obtain these results and there is an analytic error in testing.
16. Urinalysis of a diabetic patient identified the following:
Year 1: Urine albumin was 15 mg/g creatinine.
What do these clinical data suggest?
a. These levels of albumin in the urine are normal, and no follow-up is necessary.
b. These levels of albumin in the urine suggest that kidney function is compromised.
c. As these values of urinary albumin are not greater than 300 mg/g creatinine, the patient is
not likely to have compromised kidney function.
d. An additional urinary albumin test is required in 3 to 6 months to verify diminishing
kidney function.
LIPIDS
1. Which of the following methods for lipoprotein electrophoresis depends on charge and
molecular size?
a. Polyacrylamide gel
b. Paper
c. Cellulose acetate
d. Agarose
2. Which of the following statements concerning chylomicrons is FALSE?
a. The major lipid transported by this lipoprotein is cholesterol.

b. This lipoprotein is produced in the intestinal mucosa.
c. The primary function is to carry dietary (exogenous) lipids to the liver.
d. It remains at the origin (point of application) during lipoprotein electrophoresis.
3. The lipoprotein that contains the greatest amount of protein is called
a. HDL
b. Chylomicrons
c. VLDL
d. LDL
4. True or False? Pre–beta (VLDL)-lipoproteins migrate further toward the anode on

polyacrylamide gel than they do on cellulose acetate or agarose.
5. Several enzymatic triglyceride methods measure the production or consumption of
a. NADH
b. Fatty acids
c. Glycerol
d. Diacetyl lutidine
6. The most likely cause for serum/plasma to appear “milky” is the presence of
a. Chylomicrons
b. VLDL
c. LDL
d. HDL
7. In the colorimetric determination of cholesterol using the enzyme cholesterol oxidase, the
agent that oxidizes the colorless organic compound 4-aminoantipyrine to a pink complex is
a. Hydrogen peroxide
b. Cholest-4-ene-3-one
c. NAD
d. Phenol
8. Which lipoprotein is the major carrier of cholesterol to peripheral tissue?
a. LDL
b. Chylomicrons
c. VLDL
d. HDL
9. True or false? Increased levels of apo A-I are associated with increased risk of CAD.
10. A patient is admitted to the hospital with intense chest pains. The patient's primary care
physician requests the emergency department doctor to order several tests, including a lipid
profile with cholesterol fractionation. Given the patient's results provided below, what would be
the LDL-C for this patient?
Total cholesterol = 400 mg/dL; triglycerides = 300 mg/dL; HDL-C = 100 mg/dL; LP
electrophoresis, pending.
a. 240 mg/dL
b. 160 mg/dL
c. 200 mg/dL
d. 300 mg/dL
11. A patient is admitted to the hospital with intense chest pains. The patient's primary care
physician requests the emergency department doctor to order several tests, including a lipid
profile with cholesterol fractionation. Given the patient's results provided below, what would be
this patient's LDL-C status?
Total cholesterol = 400 mg/dL; triglycerides = 300 mg/dL; HDL-C = 100 mg/dL; LP
electrophoresis, pending
a. High
b. Optimal
c. Desirable
d. Borderline
12. As part of a lipoprotein phenotyping, it is necessary to perform total cholesterol and

triglyceride determinations, as well as lipoprotein electrophoresis. The test results obtained from
such studies were
 Triglyceride, 340 mg/dL (reference range, <150 mg/dL)

 Total cholesterol, 180 mg/dL (reference range, <200 mg/dL)
 Pre–beta-lipoprotein fraction increased
 Beta-lipoprotein fraction normal
 No chylomicrons present
 Serum appearance turbid
The best explanation for these results would be that the patient exhibits a phenotype indicative of
a. Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia
b. Type I hyperlipoproteinemia
c. Type II hyperlipoproteinemia
d. Type III hyperlipoproteinemia
e. Type V hyperlipoproteinemia
13. Which of the following results is the most consistent with high risk of CHD?
a. 20 mg/dL HDL-C and 250 mg/dL total cholesterol

b. 35 mg/dL HDL-C and 200 mg/dL total cholesterol
c. 50 mg/dL HDL-C and 190 mg/dL total cholesterol
d. 55 mg/dL HDL-C and 180 mg/dL total cholesterol
e. 60 mg/dL HDL-C and 170 mg/dL total cholesterol
14. What is the presumed defect in most cases of familial type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia?
a. Defective receptors for LDL

b. Deficiency of hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase
c. Deficiency of cholesterol esterase
d. Deficiency of LPL
e. Defective esterifying enzymes LCAT and ACAT
15. Hyperchylomicronemia (type I) in childhood has been associated with which of the
following?
a. A deficiency of apo C-II

b. A deficiency of LCAT
c. A deficiency of LPL
d. A deficiency of apo A-I

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CARBOHYDRATES

1. Which of the following hormones promotes gluconeogenesis?

2. Glucose oxidase oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and

3. From glucose and ATP, hexokinase catalyzes the formation of

4. What is the preferred specimen for glucose analysis?

5. Hyperglycemic factor produced by the pancreas is

6. Polarographic methods of glucose assay are based on which principle?

a. Nonenzymatic oxidation of glucose

7. Select the enzyme that is most specific for β-D- glucose:

9. All of the following are characteristic of von Gierke disease EXCEPT

a. Fasting plasma glucose

a. Fasting, 1 hour, and 2 hours

a. Serum ketone bodies level

14. Monitoring the levels of ketone bodies in the urine is

a. Considered essential on a daily basis for all diabetic patients

a. This is commonly observed with ascorbic acid interference.

16. Urinalysis of a diabetic patient identified the following:

Year 1: Urine albumin was 15 mg/g creatinine.

Year 2: Urine albumin was 25 mg/g creatinine.

Year 3: Urine albumin was 40 mg/g creatinine.

What do these clinical data suggest?

2. Which of the following statements concerning chylomicrons is FALSE?

a. The major lipid transported by this lipoprotein is cholesterol.

3. The lipoprotein that contains the greatest amount of protein is called

4. True or False? Pre–beta (VLDL)-lipoproteins migrate further toward the anode on

5. Several enzymatic triglyceride methods measure the production or consumption of

8. Which lipoprotein is the major carrier of cholesterol to peripheral tissue?

12. As part of a lipoprotein phenotyping, it is necessary to perform total cholesterol and

 Triglyceride, 340 mg/dL (reference range, <150 mg/dL)

a. 20 mg/dL HDL-C and 250 mg/dL total cholesterol

a. Defective receptors for LDL

a. A deficiency of apo C-II

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