A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

ON

APPLICATION OF CSC BASED STATCOM IN

TRANSMISSION LINE
Submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

ANANTAPURAMU.

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by

RAYARAPU USHA SREE

Roll No: 17001A0223

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
ANANTHAPURAMU-515002
ANDHRA PRADESH
2021

Department of EEE JNTUACEA

 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)

ANANTHAPURAMU-515002

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that thisemester of is a bonafide record of the dissertation work entitled, “

APPLICATION OF CSC BASED STATCOM IN TRANSMISSION LINE”, done by RAYARAPU USHA

SREE bearing Admission No. 17001A0223 submitted to the faculty of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY from J A W A H A R L A L N E H R U T E C H N O L O G I C A L U N I V E R S I T Y
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS )ANANTHAPURAMU during the

second semester of academic year 2020-2021.

Signature of the Head of the Department

Prof.N.Visali
Professor &H.O.D
Department of EEE
JNTUACEA
Anantapuramu

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 Application of CSC based STATCOM in Transmission Line

ABSTRACT:

In recent years, along with rapidly increasing electrical power requirements, the
reconstruction of India’s urban and rural power network is more and more urgent. There will be a
huge demand for reactive power compensation to improve the efficiency and stability of AC
transmission systems during upgrade process. Given a profit-driven, deregulated electrical power
industry coupled with increased load growth, the power transmission infrastructure is being stressed
to its upper operating limits to achieve maximum economic returns to both generator and transmission
system owners. In such environment, system stability problems such as inadequate voltage control
and fast regulation must be resolved in the cost-effective manner to improve overall grid security and
reliability.

Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is a shunt connected FACTS device, which

is capable of providing reactive power compensation to the power system.

This paper describes a static synchronous compensator using PWM current source converter
(CSC). The STATCOM with voltage source converter regulates the re-active current into the bus by
controlling the output voltage of inverter, which is in phase with the bus voltage, through the
adjustment of firing angle or modulation index. The reactive current is indirectly regulated by control
of potential difference across the coupling reactor. However, the STATCOM with current source
converter can directly the reactive current by adjusting firing angle or modulation index. CSC based
STATCOM helps in controlling the power flow and improving the voltage profile.

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 INDEX

Contents Page No

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………....

Chapter-1 Introduction 6-7

1.1 Introduction

Chapter-2 FACTS devices

2.1 what is Flexible AC transmission systems 8

2.2 why flexible AC transmission systems are required?? 9

Chapter-3 Power Quality Problems

3.1 power quality problems 10

Chapter-4 STATCOM

4.1 Definition and basic circuit 11

4.2 VSC based STATCOM 12

Chapter-5 CSC based STATCOM

5.1 why CSC based STATCOM choosed over VSC based STATCOM 13-14

5.2 VSC based STATCOM 15

5.3 CSC based STATCOM 16

5.4 Design considerations of CSC based STATCOM 17-18

Chapter-6 Working principle and control strategy of CSC based STATCOM

6.1 working principle 19

6.2 control scheme for CSC based STATCOM 20-21

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 CONCLUSION 22

REFERENCES 23

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 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure No Title Page

Fig 1 VSC based STATCOM 11

Fig 2 CSC based STATCOM 11

Fig 3 Schematic diagram of VSC based STATCOM 15

Fig 4 Schematic diagram of CSC based STATCOM 16

Fig 5 Schematic circuit diagram of CSC based STATCOM 17

Fig 6 Simplified structure of the proposed STATCOM implementation 19

Fig 7 Control scheme block diagram for the proposed D-STATCOM 20

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 CHAPTER-1
Introduction

In an effort to meet the power demands of a developing nation, the Indian

energy sector has witnessed a rapid growth. But resource augmentation and growth in
energy supply have failed to meet the ever increasing demands due to the multiplying
population, rapid physical growth of urban areas, and progressing economy [1]. So
Power System Engineers are facing great challenges to increase the power transfer
capability of the existing system. But rather than adding of new tie line or increasing
the generation, if the transfer capability can be increased, then it can be more
compatible and effective. And also more cost effective. To increase the power transfer
capability we have to use many devices such as many types of filters, AC-DC
converter etc. Among them FACT devices are the new era to match the increasing
demand used in series or shunt. By the use of series fact device, the following benefits
can be taken [2]

i. Increase power transfer capability.

ii. Improve system stability.

iii. Reduce total system losses.
iv. Improve voltage profile of the lines and in total system.
v. Optimize power flow between parallel lines.

Besides this nature, the FACT devices can perform many type of operation
such as transient stability improvement, power oscillation damping, sub synchronous
resonances (SSR) mitigation and fault current limitation etc. [3]. So the Power
Engineers are attracted by this method to perform a multiple action by introducing a
device which is very cost effective also.

When the line is lightly loaded then the device will introduce inductive reactance in
series with the line and under heavy loaded condition. the device will offer capacitive
reactance in series with the line to enhance power transfer capability.

The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation

worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand
for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change.

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 Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities
are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and
regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines
and electricity generating plants.

The ability of the transmission system to transmit power becomes impaired by

one or more of the following steady state and dynamic limitations:

• Angular stability,

• Voltage magnitude,

• Thermal limits, Transient stability, and Dynamic stability.

These limits define the maximum electrical power to be transmitted without causing
damage to transmission lines and electrical equipment. The limitations on power
transfer can always be relieved by the addition of generation and transmission lines
facilities.

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 CHAPTER-2

2.1 What is Flexible AC Transmission (FACTS)?

In conventional AC transmission, the power transfer capability has been limited by

various dynamic and static limits such as transient stability, voltage stability, thermal
limits, etc. These inherent power system limits led to the under utilization of existing
transmission sources. Traditional methods of solving these problems use fixed and
mechanically switched series and shunt capacitors, reactors and synchronous
generators. However, desired response has not been effective due to slow response,
wear and tear of mechanical components. With the invention of thyristor devices, power
electronic converters are developed that led to implement FACTS controllers. These
power electronic based controllers can provide smooth, continuous, rapid and
repeatable operations for power system control.

FACTS is an acronym for Flexible AC Transmission System and it is an application

of power electronic devices to electrical transmission system.It is an AC transmission
system that incorporates a power electronic controller and other static controllers to
improve the controllability as well as power transfer capability. It improves the
performance of electrical networks by managing active and reactive power.

The IEEE definition for FACTS controller is stated as , it is a power electronic

based system and other static equipment that provides the control of one or more AC
transmission parameters (such as voltage, impedance, phase angle and power).

The possibilities offered by the FACTS technology include

• Power can be controlled for desired amount such that it flows through
prescribed transmission routes
• Loading of the transmission lines near their thermal, steady-state and dynamic
limits

• Enhancing the power transfer capability between interconnected transmission

lines

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 • Increasing the quality of supply for sensitive industries
• Enhancing transmission system reliability and availability by limiting the
impact of multiple faults.

2.2 Why is a Flexible AC Transmission System Needed?

In a conventional AC transmission system, the ability to transfer AC power

is limited by several factors like thermal limits, transient stability limit, voltage limit,
short circuit current limit, etc. These limits define the maximum electric power which
can be efficiently transmitted through the transmission line without causing any
damage to the electrical equipment and the transmission lines. This is normally
achieved by bringing changes in the power system layout. However, this is not feasible
and another way of achieving maximum power transfer capability without any
changes in the power system layout. Also with the introduction of variable impedance
devices like capacitors and inductors, the whole of the energy or power from the
source is not transferred to the load, but a part is stored in these devices as reactive
power and returned to the source. Thus the actual amount of power transferred to the
load or the active power is always less than the apparent power or the net power. For
ideal transmission, the active power should be equal to the apparent power. In other
words, the power factor (the ratio of active power to apparent power) should be unity.
This is where the role of a Flexible AC transmission System comes.

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 CHAPTER-3

3.1. Power quality problems

The term power quality is concerned with deviations of the voltage from its
ideal waveform (voltage quality) and deviations of the current from its ideal waveform
(current quality). Such deviation is known as ‘‘power quality phenomenon’’ or ‘‘power
quality disturbance’’ . Some examples of the power quality problem include- impulsive
and oscillatory transients, short duration voltage variations (sag or dip, swell,
interruption), long duration voltage variation (undervoltage, overvoltage, sustained
oscillation), voltage imbalance, waveform distortion (harmonics, notching, dc offset),
voltage flicker, etc. These problems are generally caused by the nature, faults on
transmission or distribution system and also by the power consumers. The power
transmission lines are exposed to the forces of nature and its loadability limit is usually
determined by either stability considerations or by thermal limits. Although the power
quality problem is a distribution side problem, transmission lines frequently have an
impact on the quality of power supplied. It is however to be noted that while most of
the problems associated with transmission systems arise due to the forces of nature or
due to the interconnection of power systems, individual customers are responsible for a
more substantial fraction of the power quality problems in the distribution side. The
flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) and the custom power devices are the two
major power electronics based initiatives to counter the power quality problems.
Although FACTS and custom power initiations share the same technological base they
have different technical and economic objectives. The FACTS controllers are aimed at
the transmission level whereas custom power controllers are aimed at the distribution
level particularly at the point of connection of the electricity distribution on company
with clients having sensitive loads and independent generators. Custom power focuses
primarily on the reliability and power quality. However, voltage regulation, voltage
balancing and harmonic cancellation may also get benefited from this technology .

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 CHAPTER-4

4.1. STATCOM:

STATCOM means static synchronous compensator and it has the similar characteristics
to that of synchronous condenser but it has no inertia as it is an electronic device.

It consists of a solid state voltage source inverter coupled with a transformer and this
arrangement is tied to a transmission line. This arrangement supplies or draws reactive
power at a faster rate compared with synchronous motor condenser.

This controller injects the current almost in quadrature with the line voltage, so that it
matches a capacitive or an inductive reactance at the point where it is connected.
STATCOM can be either voltage source or current source based controller but mostly
voltage source is preferred.

Figure:1 Figure:2

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4.2. VSC BASED STATCOM :

The VSC topology has been using as the basic building block of the new generation of
power electronics controllers emerging from FACTS and custom power research due to
the following reasons:

(a) The CSC topology is more complex than a VSC topology in both power and control
circuits. Filter capacitors are used at the ac terminals of a CSC to improve the quality
of the output ac current waveforms. This adds to the overall cost of the converter.
Furthermore, filter capacitors resonate with the ac-side inductances. As a result,
some of the harmonic components present in the output current might be amplified,
causing high harmonic distortion in the ac-side current. Besides, conventional bi-
level switching scheme cannot be used in CSC.

Unless a switch of sufficient reverse voltage withstanding capability such as Gate-

Turn-Off (GTO) thyristor is used, a diode has to be placed in series with each of the
switches in CSC. This almost doubles the conduction losses compared with the case
of VSC.

The dc-side energy-storage element in CSC topology is an inductor, whereas that in

VSC topology is a capacitor. The power loss of an inductor is expected to be larger
than that of a capacitor because of the need to store energy by circulating current in
inductors which are more lossy than capacitive energy storage . Thus, the efficiency
of a CSC is expected to be lower than that of a VSC .

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 CHAPTER-5

5.1. Why CSC based STATCOM is chooses over VSC based STATCOM:

However, recent advancement in power semiconductor switching devices and

control strategies of CSC topology may overcome the drawbacks mentioned above in
the near future because of the following reasons:

(i) The CSC is usually more reliable and fault tolerant than a VSC due to the presence
of large series inductor which limits the rate of rise of current in the event of a fault.

(ii) Due to the presence of the ac-side capacitors both voltage and current waveforms
at the output terminals of a CSC are good sinusoids. The capacitors are the inherent
filter for the CSC. The problem of the resonance between the capacitances and
inductances on the ac side can be overcome by careful design of the capacitor based
filter circuit and introduction of sufficient damping using proper control methods .
Furthermore, all the switching problems faced in the early stages of CSC
development can be overcome by employing trilevel switching scheme which has
become a standard technique in the control of CSC.
(iii) Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) having high ratings, high reverse
voltage blocking capability, low snubber requirements, lower gate-drive power
requirements than GTO, and also has higher switching speed than GTO, is the
optimum combination of the characteristics demanded in high-power applications.
Using the state-of-the-art technology of the semiconductor switches, there will be
no need for the series diode in the CSC topology anymore.
(iv) The dc-side losses are expected to be minimized by using superconductive
materials in the construction of the dc-side reactor.

In comparison with the VSC topology, the application of CSC topology in D-

STATCOM is expected to achieve many advantages. The direct output of a CSC is a
controllable ac current, whereas that of a VSC is a controllable ac voltage. When
operated under SPWM technique, the magnitudes of the harmonic components in both
converters are directly proportional to the magnitudes of the fundamental components
of their direct output quantities. Under the normal operating conditions, the current
injected by D-STATCOM is a small percentage of the line current. Hence, when CSC

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topology is used, the current harmonics are also small. However, when VSC topology
is used, for a small injected current, the output voltage of VSC is large and very close
to the system voltage. This results in large voltage harmonics, leading to current
harmonics that are larger than those generated by CSC, and thus more costly to filter.
The other aspect of comparison is the dc side energy storage requirement. When the D-
STATCOM is realized by a CSC, the dc-side current is just larger than the peak value
of the required injected current which is a small percentage of the line current. However,
when a VSC is used to inject reactive power to the system, the dc-side voltage must be
larger than the peak value of the system line-to-line voltage so that the reactive power
can be exchanged between the D-STATCOM and the ac distribution system. Hence, the
dc energy storage requirement of the CSC topology is expected to be lower than that of
the VSC topology when it is used to implement a D-STATCOM system for mitigation
of voltage sag.

Although, D-STATCOM can be used for the improvement of quality and

reliability of power supplied to consumers in many ways, the aim of this paper is
restricted to investigate the performance of a CSC based D-STATCOM for mitigating
voltage sag phenomenon which is considered to be one of the well known unwanted
power quality problem resulting from sudden change in load connected to a power
distribution system as a first step. The simulation results of the proposed model are also
presented to validate the model for its suitability in mitigating the voltage sag and
provide improved power quality to the end-users.

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5.2. D-STATCOM CONFIGURATION:

The D-STATCOM is a shunt connected custom power device. If the FACTS

device static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is used in the low voltage
distribution system, it is identified as D-STATCOM. However, there is a substantial
difference in the operating characteristics of a STATCOM and a D-STATCOM. The
STATCOM is required to inject a set of three balanced quasi-sinusoidal voltages which
are phase displaced by 120 but the D-STATCOM must be able to inject an unbalanced
and harmonically distorted current to eliminate the unbalance or distortions in the load
current or the supply voltage. Hence, its control is significantly different from that of
the STATCOM. A D-STATCOM is usually configured by using a voltage source
inverter circuit interfaced with a coupling transformer and energy storage element viz.
capacitor in case of VSC based D-STATCOM as shown in Figure 1. The D-STATCOM
used in custom power applications uses PWM switching control as opposed to the
fundamental frequency switching strategies which is preferably used in FACTS
applications. PWM switching is practically used in custom power applications as it is
at relatively low power level.

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of VSC based D-STATCOM

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 5.3. CSC based D-STATCOM
The CSC based D-STATCOM can be realized by modifying the basic
configuration of the VSC based one. It also consists of a current source inverter circuit
which is interfaced

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of a CSC based D-STATCOM.

with a coupling transformer and a dc link reactor/inductor .

On the ac side of the CSC based D-STATCOM capacitors are connected in

shunt acting as low pass filter which ensures to provide good sinusoidal output voltage
and current waveforms.

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5.4. Design considerations of CSC for D-STATCOM
The working principle and control of CSC for use in D-STATCOM is similar
to those of the CSC employed in ac motor drives but its design strategy is different to
certain extent as listed below:

(a) The CSC circuit will be subjected to voltage regulation problem on the ac side when
the reactive power is varied from full inductive to full capacitive, This will affect
the voltage rating of the switching devices as well as the design of the input low
pass filter (LPF) circuit.
(b)Since the dc link circuit consists only inductor and its internal resistance, the
electrical time constant will be high and thus affects the design process of this circuit.
(c)The design objectives of the CSC for use in D-STATCOM is not only to filter
harmonics but also to achieve optimal sizing of the CSC so as to meet the control
range requirements of the D-STATCOM in both the capacitive and inductive load
operating ranges [11]. The selection of switching device and modulation scheme
depends on the application voltage and power rating [12]. For applications at
transmission level voltage such as FACTS devices, GTO switches are used. At
distribution level applications such as D-STATCOM, IGBT switches and PWM
scheme can be chosen if VSC topology is used. The converter topology for the
proposed model being CSC, switches having sufficient reverse voltage blocking
capability should be selected. Unless

Figure 5. Schematic circuit diagram of CSC.

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 a switch of sufficient reverse voltage withstanding capability such as Gate-Turn-Off
(GTO) thyristor is used, a diode has to be placed in series with each of the switches
in CSC. This almost doubles the conduction losses compared with the case of VSC.
Hence, GTO switches are used in the proposed model. The schematic circuit
diagram of the model consists six number of fully controllable GTO switches
represented by S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, and S6 as depicted at Figure 3. These switches are
configured in bridge fashion and fed from a dc link reactor acting as a energy storage
element. The output of the CSC is filtered by a three-phase LPF comprising of three
capacitors connected in shunt manner. The dc link reactor approximates the dc link
current Idc to a level current waveform in the steady state. The nearly level dc-link
current is converted to bidirectional current pulses alternating at supply frequency
in the ac lines of CSC by switching power semiconductor switches in accordance
with a pre-specified pattern.

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 CHAPTER-6

6.1 Working principle of CSC based STATCOM:

In the CSC circuit the energy storage element is an inductor with its
internal resistance. The amount of reactive power to be generated by the CSC can be
computed from the relation:

where V = rms value of the fundamental component of converter input

line-to-line voltage, M = modulation index, Idc = mean dc-link current and h = phase
shift. Equation (1) indicates that Q is independent of the dc-link inductance Ldc. The
value of Ldc affects the response time of D-STATCOM against the variations of reactive
power demand of the load. The time constant of the dc-link circuit sdc is Ldc/Rdc. Hence,
the value of Ldc should be selected as small as possible for allowing rapid rise or decay
of mean dc-link current against the rapid changes in Q if the phase shift angle control
at fixed modulation index is used for controlling the reactive power.

Figure 6. Simplified structure of the proposed D-STATCOM implementation.

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 Vdc(Ref )
PI
+ Controller
-
Vdc LPF
Id +
ABC LPF + dq 0
ILoad Iq Current
dq0 LPF Controller
+
I0 +
CSC
3-Phase
Vt (PCC)
PLL
d q0
SPWM
PI
LPF -+ Controller
ABC
Vt (Ref.) ICSC

Figure 7: Control scheme block diagram for the proposed D-STATCOM.

The capacitor input low pass filter (LPF) is connected at the output of the CSC
for feeding sinusoidal ac voltage after separating higher order harmonic components to
the coupling transformer. The leakage impedance of the coupling transformer also
behaves as a part of the LPF. External series reactors have been used on the low voltage
side of the coupling transformer for adjusting the corner frequency of the input filter to
an optimum value for the fixed shunt connected capacitor in implementing the proposed
D-STATCOM. The corner frequency should be chosen as small as possible for better
performance of the filter circuit.

6.2 control strategy:

For generating proper gating signals of the GTO switches used in the CSC,
SPWM control scheme is chosen for the proposed model. The SPWM switching
strategy has constant switching frequency capability. This constant switching frequency
reduces stress levels on the converter switches. The control scheme will able to maintain
constant voltage magnitude at the point where a sensitive load is connected under
system disturbances. The control system only measures the rms voltage at the point of
common coupling (PCC) and no reactive power measurements are carried out. The CSC
switching strategy is based on a sinusoidal PWM technique which offers simplicity and
good response. As the distribution network operates at a relatively low-power
application, such method offers a more flexible option than the fundamental frequency

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switching method used in FACTS applications. The block diagram of the control
scheme designed for the proposed model is shown in Figure 5. The commonly used
control schemes for the generation of reference source currents in most of the VSC
based D-STATCOM include instantaneous reactive power theory (IRPT), synchronous
reference frame theory (SRFT), unity power factor (UPF) based, instantaneous
symmetrical components based, etc. The control scheme chosen for the proposed D-
STATCOM model is based on SRFT. The load currents, ILoad (ia, ib, & ic), the PCC
voltage Vt(PCC) (va, vb, & vc), and the reactor dc voltage (vdc) of D-STATCOM are sensed
and used as feedback signals. The load currents from the a-b-c frame are first converted
to the a-b-0 frame

where cos h and sin h are obtained by using the three-phase phase locked loop
(PLL). The PLL receives signal from PCC terminal voltage Vt(PCC) for generation of
fundamental unit vectors for conversion of sensed currents to the d-q-0 reference frame.
The SRF controller extracts dc quantities by a LPF and removes the harmonics from the
reference signal. The distribution feeder terminal voltage Vt(PCC) is regulated by a PI
controller after comparing Vt(PCC) with a reference terminal voltage Vt(Ref.) and acts as
reference component for the current controller. The error signal output after comparing
with the dc link reactor voltage Vdc with a Vdc(Ref.) is processed by another PI controller
to regulate the dc link voltage and produces id current component. The reference source
current must be in phase with the voltage at the PCC but with no zero-sequence
component and it can be obtained by using reverse Park’s transformation process as
discussed in reference. The sensed current and the reference source current are
compared and a proportional controller is used for amplifying current error in each
phase in the current controller. The SPWM generates gate drive pulses for the six
number of GTO switches used in the CSC based D-STATCOM.

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CONCLUSION:

In this paper, a current source based D-STATCOM has been modelled and
simulated with the objective of mitigating voltage sag occurring in the event of sudden
change in load condition at power distribution system. The use of CSC topology in the
custom power applications which has not been the focus of many researchers for a long
time due various reasons is explored through this paper. From the simulation results of
the proposed model, it is learnt that the voltage sag at the distribution level voltage
under load perturbation has been successfully mitigated by introducing a CSC based D-
STATCOM system instead of using a VSC based one. This paper will pave the way for
encouraging the application of the CSC topology in other types of custom power devices
for solving power quality problems. Some examples of the possible power quality
problems where CSC topology can replace the VSC include voltage swell, unbalance,
harmonics, power factor correction, etc.

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 REFERENCES:

1. Hingorani NG. 1995. Introducing custom power. IEEE Spectrum, 32, 41–48.
2. Hingorani NG, Gyugyi L. 2013. Understanding FACTS: concepts & technology of
flexible AC transmission systems. John Wiley & Sons Inc: UK.
3. Deben Singh M, Khumanleima Chanu L. 2015. Power electronics technology for
power quality improvement. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 4, 2073–2080. DOI:
10.15662/ijareeie.2015.0404031.
4. Ghosh A, Ledwich G.2009. Power quality enhancement using custom power
devices. Springer International Edition: New Delhi, India.
5. Ye Kazerani M, Quintana VH. 2005. Current-source converter based STATCOM:
modeling and control. Proceedings of IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 20,
795–800.

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