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PLT COLLEGE INC

Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL

Course Outline

CHAPTER 1. NEED TO KNOW ABOUT DRUGS

1. Operational Definition of Terms

2. Drug Abuse Jargons
3. Nature of Drugs
4. What are Drugs
5. Physiology of Drugs
6. How drugs work?
7. How drugs are administered
8. What is Toxicology?
9. Toxicology distinguished from Pharmacology?
10. Medical uses of drugs

CHAPTER 2. THE GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION

1. Drug Trafficking
2. First important drug traffic route
3. Second important drug traffic route
4. The world’s drug scene
5. The organized crime groups

CHAPTER 3 DANGEROUS DRUGS

1. General Drug Classification of Drugs according to their effects

2. The most commonly abused drugs
3. Levels of Drug Taking
4. Routes of Drug Administration

CHAPTER 4 INFLUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE

1. The concept of drug abuse

2. The concept of drug dependence
3. Underlying influences of drug abuse
4. The primary causes of drug addiction
5. Indemnification and detection of drug abusers
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CHAPTER 5 THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

1. The general effects

2. Symptoms of drug abuse
3. Danger of abuse of drugs

CHAPTER 6 APPROACHES TO THE DRUG PROBLEM

1. Law enforcement approach

2. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
3. Operational Plan Against Drug Problems
4. International Efforts against Drug Abuse
5. The National Drug Situation

CHAPTER 7 SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND VICE CONTROL

1. Alcohol
2. Effects of alcohol
3. Tobacco
4. Effects of tobacco
5. Benefits of tobacco
6. Benefits of quitting tobacco smoking
7. Tips on how to quit tobacco smoking
8. Gambling

CHAPTER 8 DRUG TESTING

1. Morphine
2. Codeine
3. Heroin
4. Marijuana
5. General Drug Tests
6. Narcotic Investigation

CHAPTER 9 SUMMARY OF RA 9165

1. The salient features of RA 9165

2. Violations and Penalties
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PLT COLLEGE INC

Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTRO

“NEED TO KNOW ABOUT DRUGS”

Chapter 1

THE GENERAL HISTORY OF DRUGS

Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always
had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or
euphoric. Humans have used drugs of one sort or another for thousands of years.
Wine was used at least from the time of early
Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C.; and medicinal use of marijuana has been dated
to 2737 BC in China.

As time went by, “Home Remedies” were discovered and used to alleviate
aches, pains and other ailments. Most of these preparations were herbs, roots,
mushrooms or fungi. They had to be eaten, drunk, rubbed on the skin, or inhaled to
achieve the desired effect.

One of the oldest records of such medicinal recommendations id found in the

writing of the Chinese scholar-emperor Shen Nung who lived in 2735 BC. He
compiled a book about herbs, a forerunner of the medieval pharmacopoeias that
listed all the then-known medications. He was able to judge the value of some
Chinese herbs. For example, he found that Ch’ang Shan was helpful in treating
fevers. Such fevers were, and still are caused by malaria parasites.

Pre-Columbian Mexicans used many substances from tobacco to mind-

expanding plants in their medicinal collections. The most fascinating among these
substances are sacred mushrooms, used in religious ceremonies to induce altered
states of mind, not just drunkenness.

As the centuries unrolled and new civilizations appeared, cultural, artistic, and
medical developments shifted towards the new center of power. A reversal of the
traditional search for botanical drugs occurred in Greece in the fourth century BC,
when Hippocrates (estimated dates, 460-377 BC), the “Father of Medicine,” became
interest in inorganic salts as medications. Hippocrates authority lasted throughout the
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Middle Ages and reminded alchemists and medical experimenters of the potential of
inorganic drugs.

South American Indians, especially those in the Peruvian Andes mountains

made several early discoveries of drug bearing plants. Two is these plants contain
alkaloids of worldwide importance that have become a modern drugs. They are
cocaine, and quinine. Cocaine’s potential for addiction was known and used with
sinister intent by South American Indian chiefs hundreds of years ago.

Sigmund Freud, the Austrian psychoanalyst (1859-1939) treated many deeply

disturbed cocaine addicts. In the course of his practice, he noted the numbing effect
of the drug. He called this effect to the attention of the clinical pharmacologist who
introduced cocaine as a local anesthetic into surgical procedures.

During the American Civil War, morphine was used freely, and wounded
veterans returned home with their kits of morphine and hypodermic needles.
Cocaine and heroin were sold as patent medicines in the 19 th and early 20th
centuries, and marketed as treatment for a wide variety of ailments. Recreational use
of opium was once common in Asia and from there spread to the
West, peaking in the 19th century. Opium dens flourished. By the early 1900s there
were an estimated 250,000 addicts in the United States.

Historians credited that Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa) is the world’s oldest

cultivated plant started by the Incas of Peru.

Operational Definition of Terms

Administer – the act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person
with or without his knowledge.

Board – refers to the Dangerous Drug Board created under RA 6425

Chemical – it is any substance taken into the body that alters the way and the mind
and the body work.

Chemical Abuse – it is an instance when the use of chemical has produced negative
or harmful consequences.

Clandestine Laboratory – any facility used for the illegal manufacture of any
dangerous drug.

Consumption – the actual use of drugs by the end–users through injection,

ingestion, inhalation.
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Cultivate – it means the act of knowingly planting, growing, raising or permitting the
planting, growing, raising of any plant which is the source of a prohibited drugs.

Drug – synthetic chemicals used as medicine or in the making of medicines, which

affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse.

- Substances other than food and water that is intended to be taken

or administered for the purpose of altering, sustaining or controlling
recipient’s physical, mental or emotional state.

Drug Abuse – it is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any drug.

Drug Addiction – it refers to the state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by

the repeated consumption of a drug.

Drug Dependence – it refers to the state of psychic or physical dependence or both

on dangerous drugs following the administration or use of that drug. WHO defines it
as the periodic, continuous, repeated administration of drug.

Drug Experimenter – one who illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses any narcotic
substances for reasons of curiosity, peer pressure, or other similar reasons.

Drug syndicate – it is a network of illegal drug operations operated and manned

carefully by groups of criminals who knowingly traffic through nefarious trade for
personal or group profit.

Manufacture – the production, preparation, compounding or processing a dangerous

drug either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin or
by chemical synthesis.

Narcotic Drug – refers to illegally used drugs or dangerous drugs which are either
prohibited or regulated drugs. It is also refers to drugs produces sleep or stupor and
relieves pain due to its depressant effect on the CNS.

Physical Dependence – an adaptive state caused by repeated drug use that reveals
itself by development of intense physical symptoms when the drug is stopped.

Psychological Dependence – an attachment to drug use which arises from a drug

ability to satisfy some emotional or personality needs of an individual.

Pusher – any person who sell, administer, deliver or give away to another, distribute,
transport any dangerous drug.

Rehabilitation – it is a dynamic process directed towards the changes of health of

the person to prepare him from his fullest life potentials and capabilities, and making
him law abiding and productive member of the community without abusing drugs.
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Retailing – involved the selling or pushing of drugs in small quantities to the end –
users or grass root level.

Self – medication syndrome – found in users of drugs whose sources of

information are people or literature other than doctors, pharmacists, and health
workers.

Tolerance – it is the tendency to increase dosage of drugs to maintain the same

effect in the body.

Trafficking – the thierd link which pertains to surreptitious movement and delivery of
dangerous drugs from the clandestine laboratories to the wholesale markets.

Treatment – a medical service rendered to a client for the effective management of

his total condition related to drug abuse.

Use – the act of injecting, consuming, any dangerous drugs. The means of
introducing the dangerous drug into the physiological system of the body.

Withdrawal period – from the point of habituation or drug dependence up to the time
a drug dependent is totally or gradually deprived of the drug.

“DRUG ABUSE JARGONS”

Jargon Meaning

“opiate” - narcotic
“on the nod/ nodding” - the state produced by opiates like being
suspended on the edge of sleep
“mainline/ to shoot” - injecting a drug into the vein
“a hit” - the street slang term for injection of drugs
“a work” - an apparatus for injecting drugs
“a fix” - one injection of opiate
“juni” - heroin
“junkie” - an opiate addict
“skin popping” - to inject a drug under the skin
“a bag” - a pocket of drug
“cold turkey” - withdrawal effects of opiate use
“track” - scars on the skin due to injection
“overdose” - death occurred
“speed” - amphetamines
“speed freaks” - amphetamine addict
“uppers” - street slang term for amphetamines
“rush” - the beginning of high
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“high” - under the influence of drugs

“coke” - street slang term for cocaine
“flashback” - user can be thrown back into the drug
experience month after the original use of
drugs
“acid” - street slang term for LSD
“acid head” - LSD user
“drop” - taking drug orally
“joint” - an MJ cigar
“roach” - butt end of a joint
“stoned” - the intoxicating effect of a drug
“trip” - reaction that is caused by drugs
“head” - drug user
“downer” - street slang term for depressant

The Nature of Drugs

WHAT ARE DRUGS?

A drug as defined is a chemical substance used as a medicine or in making

medicines which affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse. Without an
advice or prescription from a physician, drugs can be harmful.

DRUG CATEGORY

1. PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS

These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to

allow a purchase. They are prescribed according to the individual’s
age, weight and height and should not be taken by anyone else.

2. OVER – THE – COUNTER DRUGS

These are non – prescription medicine, which may be purchased

from any pharmacy or drugstore without, written authorization from a
doctor. They are use to treat minor and short term illnesses and any
persistent condition should be immediately referred to a physician.

OTHER CATEGORIES

1. HERBAL DRUGS
These are plant substances that have drug effects and whose use is
not generally regulated by law. These substance generally require little
processing after the plants are gathered. Although they may be processed or
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sold commercially, it is impossible for the consumer to prepare the drug for if it
can be grown locally.

2. UNRECOGNIZED DRUGS
These are commercial products that have a psychoactive drug effects
but are not usually considered drugs. These substances are not generally
regulated by the law except insofar as standards of sanitation and purity are
required.

3. ILLICIT DRUGS
These are drugs whose sale, purchase or use is generally prohibited by
law. Criminal penalties usually apply to violators of these laws.

4. TOBACCO
This is not generally considered a drug and thus be classed as an
unrecognized drug. Tobacco however holds such a distinct position in terms of
usage patterns, economic importance and health consequences that it merits
a category to itself.

5. ALCOHOL
Alcohol seems to merit its own category, although it too could be
included in the unrecognized drugs. Alcohol in forms, such as beer, wine, and
distilled liquor is one of the most widely used drugs in our society. It is
regarded by many experts as the most commonly abused drug in our society.

Physiology of Drugs

HOW DRUGS WORK?

Most drugs act within a cell rather than on a surface of a cell or in the extra
cellular fluids of the body. Similar to normal body chemicals, a drug enters a cell and
participates in a few steps of a normal sequence of a cellular process. Thus, drug
may later, interfere with the replaced chemicals of normal cellular life, hopefully for
the betterment of the person. The actual action of a particular drug depends on its
chemical makeup.

When two drugs are taken together or within a few hours of each other, they
may interact with an expected result. This is one reason a physical should always
know the names of all drugs one is using. A dose of a drug is the amount taken at
one time. The doses taken become an extremely important part of drug abuse. The
most common drug in a dose can be describe as:
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1. Minimal dose – amount needed to treat or heal that is, the smallest amount of
a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect.

2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired

therapeutic effect without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.

3. Toxic dose – amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms.

4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side effects and action
desired by the individual who improperly uses it.

5. Lethal dose – the amount of drug that will cause death.

HOW DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED?

1. Oral Ingestion – this is the safest and most convenient and economical route
whenever possible. There are however, drugs which cannot be administered
this way because the digestive juices readily destroy them or because they
irritate the mucous lining of the gastro –intestinal tract and induce vomiting.

2. Injection - this form of drug administration offers a faster response than the
oral method. It makes use of a needle or other device to deliver the drugs
directly into the body tissue and blood circulation.

a. Subcutaneous – drug is administered by injecting drug just below

the surface of the skin, this is sometimes called skin popping.

b. Intramuscular – administration involves the injection of a drug

into a large muscle mass that has a good blood supply, such as
the gluteus maximus, quadriceps or triceps.

c. Intravenous – the most efficient means of administration which

involves depositing drugs directly into the blood stream. This also
the most rapid method of drug administration.

3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs, which are
inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the mucous of the respiratory tract.

4. Topical – this refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as
the skin and the mucous membrane.

5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by
the use of special type of electro current for local effect.
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6. Snorting

Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in gaseous from. It is perform by

inhaling a powder of liquid drug into the nose coats of the mucous membrane.

7. Buccal

The drug is administered by placing them into the buccal cavity just under the
lips and the active ingredients of the drug will be absorbed into the bloodstream
through the soft tissues lining of the mouth.

8. Suppositories

The drug is administered through the vagina or rectum in suppository form and
the drug will also be absorbed into the bloodstream.

WHAT IS TOXICOLOGY?

Toxicology is commonly known as the science of poisons, their effects and

antidotes. In connection, drugs may cause dangerous effects because of any of the
following:

1. Overdose – when too much of a drug is taken into the physiological system of
the human body, there may be an over extension of its effects.

2. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to allergic
symptoms such as dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood pressure, suffocation and
death.

3. Idiosyncrasy – it refers to the individual reaction to a drug, food etc., for

unexplained reasons. Morphine for example, which sedates all men,
stimulates and renders some women maniacal behaviors.

4. Poisonous Property – drugs are chemicals and some of them have the
property of being general protoplasmic poisons.

5. Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of
other organs as well. The effect in the other organs may constitute a side
effect, which are most of the time is unwanted.

WHAT IS PHARMACOLOGY?

Pharmacology is the science or study of drugs including their sources,

chemistry, production, use in treating diseases and side effects.
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WHAT ARE SOME MEDICAL USES OF DRUGS?

1. Analgesics – are drugs that relieve pain.

2. Antibiotics – are drugs that combat or control infectious organism.

3. Antipyretics – those that can lower body temperature or fever due to

infection.

4. Antihistamines – those that control or combat allergic reactions.

5. Contraceptives – drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm
cell or prevent the ovary from releasing egg cells.

6. Decongestants –those that relieve congestion of the nasal passages.

7. Expectorants – those that can ease the expulsion of mucus and phlegm from
the lungs and the throat.

8. Laxatives – those that stimulate defecation and encourage bowel movement.

9. Sedatives and Tranquilizer – are those that can calm and quiet the nerves
and relieve anxiety without causing depression and clouding of the mind.

10. Vitamins – those substances necessary for normal growth and development
and proper functioning of the body.

CHAPTER 2
The Global Drug Situation

DRUG TRAFFICKING

Drug abuse has become not only a national issue or a problem of just a few
countries but it is clear and present global danger.

Today, highly entrenched, well – organized drug syndicates are behind this
menace. They employ the most advanced and most sophisticated technology
coupled with unlimited financial resources at their command and disposal. Police
agencies around the world, pooling their resources together are more often than not,
the losers in a game of hide – and – seek with the international drug syndicates.

FIRST IMPORTANT DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

Middle East - discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest

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Turkey - preparation for distribution

Europe - manufacture, synthesis, refine

U.S - marketing

The first important drug traffic route as illustrated above shows how illicit drugs
are distributed from its discovery, preparation up to marketing in the illicit market.

It is noted that plants such as the opium poppy, as sources of dangerous

drugs are cultivated and harvested mostly in the areas of Middle East while Europe
became the center for drug manufacture and synthesis. United States became the
over all center for drug marketing.

SECOND MAJOR DRUG TRAFFIC ROUTE

On the other side of the globe is the second major drug traffic route, which is
composed of the popular Golden Triangle and the Golden Crescent. The Golden
Triangle composed of three countries namely Burma/Myanmar, Laos and Thailand
while Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India compose the Golden Crescent.

In Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle” (BURMA/MYANMAR, LAOS,

THAILAND) approximately produced 60% of opium in the world, 90% of opium in the
eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially acknowledge source of Southeast Asian
Heroin.

A heroin is produced in the Golden Triangle and passes through nearby

countries in relatively small quantities through air transport while in transit to the
United States and European countries.

In Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” (IRAN, AFGHANISTAN,

PAKISTAN, INDIA) is the major supplier of opium poppy, marijuana and heroin
products in the western part of Asia. It produced at least 85% to 90% of all illicit
heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.

THE WORLD’S DRUG SCENE

Middle East – the Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest

producer of cannabis in the Middle East. Lebanon is also became the transit country
for cocaine from South America to European illicit drug markets.

Spain – is known as the major transshipment point for international drug

traffickers in Europe – and became “the paradise of drug users in Europe”.
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South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay and Panama are the principal
sources of all cocaine supply in the world due to the robust production of the coca
plants.

Mexico – is known in the world to be the number one producer of marijuana.

Philippines – second to Mexico as to the production of marijuana. It also

became the major transshipment point for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs
particularly shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and South America. It is also noted that
Philippines today is known as the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.

India – is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to the rapid addiction
among its people.

Indonesia – Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis

growing area in Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs en
route to Australia and New Zealand.

Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand – is the most favorable sites of drug

distribution from the “Golden Triangle” and other parts of Asia.

China – is the transit route for heroin from the “Golden Triangle” to Hong
Kong. It is also the country where the “epedra” plant is cultivated – source of the drug
ephedrine – the principal chemical for producing the drug shabu.

Hong Kong – is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.

Japan – became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United
States and Europe.

THE ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS BEHIND THE GLOBAL DRUG SCENE

The Columbian Medellin Cartel

Founded during the 1980’s by Columbian drug lords in the name of Pablo
Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid
cocaine barons Juan David and Ochoa Brothers.

The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s drug

trafficking network. The Columbian government succeeded in containing the Medellin
Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender, and arrest of the people behind the
organization. This further resulted to the disbandment of the Cartel led to its downfall.

The Cali Cartel

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The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali Cartel –
the newly emerged cocaine monopoly. Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela – better known
as Don Chepe – “the Chinese player” heads the syndicated organization. Under him,
the Cali Cartel was considered the most powerful criminal organization in the world.

The Cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this, it was
called the best and brightest of the modern underworld. “They are professionals of
the highest order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative and nearly impenetrable”- US Drug
Enforcement Agency.

The Chinese Triad

The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese Mafia is the oldest and biggest
criminal organization in the world. It is believed to be the controller of the “Golden
Triangle” with international connection on drug trafficking.

Drug Syndicates in the Philippines

The Binondo- based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the nucleus of
the Triad Society, the Bamboo gang based in Taiwan and 14K based in Hong Kong.
The Bamboo gang is influenced of the Green gang of the Chinese Triad while the
14K is the newest among the triad families established only in 1947.

The Filipino – Chinese drug syndicates are groups responsible in smuggling

shabu into the country. Most drug couriers use Hong Kong and Taiwan as their
embarkation point for the Philippines. And recently, intelligence reports reveals that
large quintets of shabu are smuggled in the country directly from Mainland China
through commercial airlines and ocean – sea vessels.

The most common “modus operandi” by the syndicates – posing as fishermen

along Philippine seas, particularly, the northern provinces of Luzon such as La Union,
Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they drop their loads of shabu to shoreline based
members. The syndicates are famously involved in marijuana cultivation and other
drug smuggling including drug manufacture.

CHAPTER 3
Dangerous Drugs

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS ACCORDING TO ITS EFFECTS

1. Depressants – are group of drugs that has the effect of depressing the Central
Nervous System. These are drugs which decrease or depress body functions and
nerves activity. This group includes sedatives, hypnotics and tranquilizers.
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2. Stimulants – are group of drugs having the effect of stimulating the Central
Nervous System. These are drugs which increase alertness, reduce hunger and
provide a feeling of well being. Cocaine and Amphetamines are the most common
stimulants.

3. Hallucinogens – refers to group of drugs that considered mind altering drugs and
give general effects of mood distortion. These are drugs capable of provoking
sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion. Alteration of time and space
perception, illusions, hallucinations, and delusions, may be minimal or
overwhelming depending on the dose. The result are very variable, a good trip or
a bad trip may occur in the same person on different occasions. Lysergic Acid
Diethylamide (LSD), Marijuana and Mescaline are the most popular
hallucinogens.

A. DEPRESSANTS (downers) – these are drugs which suppress vital body function
especially those of the brain or central nervous system with the resulting impairment
of judgment, hearing, speech, and muscular coordination. They dull minds, slow
down the body reactions to such an extent that accidental deaths and/or suicides
usually happen.

These drugs, when taken in, generally decrease both the mental and the physical
activities of the body.

Kinds of Depressants:

1. Barbiturates – are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with
anxiety, mental stress and insomnia. They are also of value in the treatment of
epilepsy and hypertension. They are available in capsules, pills or tablets and
taken orally or injected. SLANG NAMES: “goofballs”, “footballs”, “barbs”,
“blockbuster

2. Methaqualone - is a synthetic sedative which has been widely abused and often
caused serious poisoning. It is a sedative drug in a smaller dose and a hypnotic in
a bigger dose.

3. Tranquilizers - are drugs used in treating nervous disorders or calm psychotic

patients or mental disorders without producing sleep.

Kinds of Tranquilizers:

a. Meprobate – a minor tranquilizer used for the relief of anxiety, tension and
muscular spasms.
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b. Diazepam – also known as “valium”. It is the most commonly used tranquilizer,

which has a slow onset but long duration of action.

4. Morphine-most commonly used and best used opiate. Effective as painkiller six
times potent than opium, with a high dependence producing potential. Morphine
exerts action characterized by analgesia, drowsiness, mood changes, and mental
clouding.

5. Heroin - It is derived from morphine. It is three to five times more powerful than
morphine from which it is derived and the most addicting opium derivative. With
continued use, addiction occurs within 14 days. It is the most powerful opium
derivative.

Discovered by Alder Wright.

SLANG NAMES: “Snow”, “stuff”, “junk tooth”, “H”

6. Codeine-a derivative of morphine, commonly available in cough preparations.

These cough medicines have been widely abused by the youth whenever hard
narcotics are difficult to obtain withdrawal symptoms are less severe than other
drugs.

7. Demerol and Methadone – methadone was first sensitized in Germany in 1943,

when an opiate analgesic was not available because of war, it was first called
“Dolophine” after Adolf Hitler. Demerol is widely used as a painkiller in childbirth while
methadone is the drugs of choice in the withdrawal treatment of heroin dependents
since it relieves the physical craving for heroin.

8. Opium - narcotic drug produced from the drying resin of unripe capsules of the
opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Opium is grown mainly in Myanmar (formerly
Burma) and Afghanistan.

9. Paregoric-a tincture of opium in combination with camphor. commonly used as a

household remedy for diarrhea and abdominal pain.

10.NARCOTICS – it is derived from the Greek work “narkoticos” meaning sleep.

These generally use as pain killing drugs, it relieves pain and produce profound sleep
or stupor.

11. Seconal- The dependent develops generalized convulsions and delirium, which
are frequently associated with heart and respiratory failure.
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B. Stimulants (uppers) – these are drugs that produce excitation, alertness and
wakefulness, intense feeling of “highness” and in some cases, a temporary rise in
blood pressure and respiration.

- they produce the opposite to that of depressants. Instead of bringing

about relaxation and sleep, they produce increased mental
alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well
being.

- Their medical uses include treatment of Narcolepsy – a condition

characterized by an overwhelming desire to sleep. A person who
has narcolepsy goes to sleep as frequently as 5 times a day.

Kinds of Stimulants:

1. Cocaine – this is naturally extracted/ obtained from the leaves of erythroxylon

coca or the coca bush. The plant is called erythroxylon coca and the alkaloid
extracted from the leaves has a scientific name which is Cocaine Hydrochloride.

Cocaine was discovered in 1850 by Nietman. Hailed as a wonder drug in the

late 19th century.

2. Amphetamines - used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief of mild

depression and treatment.

3. Caffeine - It is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks and some wake-up
pills.

4. Shabu/”poor man’s cocaine” - chemically known as methamphetamine

hydrochloride. It is a central nervous system stimulant and sometimes called”upper”
or “speed”.

5. Nicotine - an active component in tobacco which acts as a powerful stimulant of

the central nervous system.

C. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) - are drugs capable of provoking changes in

sensation, thinking, self – awareness and emotion. Alteration of time and space
perception (false perception), illusions, hallucinations and delusion.

The results are the very variable; a “high” or a “bad” trip may occur in the
same person on different occasions. His “trips” maybe exhilarating or terrifying
good or bad.

KINDS OF HALLUCINOGENS
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1. Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa Lima) –The term marijuana is a Spanish-

Mexican term used to refer to the Indian hemp plant. It is the most
commonly abused hallucinogen in the Philippines because it can be grown
extensively in the country.

- The effects of marijuana include a feeling of grandeur. It can also produce

opposite effect, a dreamy sensation of time seeming to stretch out.

2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) – the drug was first synthesized by Dr.
Albert Hoffman and Dr. Arthur Steel from the ergot plants – a fungus that
parasites rye and other grains and Diethylamide portion.

- This drug is the most powerful of the Psychedelics and it is 1, 000 times
more powerful than marijuana.

- LSD causes perceptual changes so that the user sees colors, shapes or
objects more intensely than normal person can and may have hallucinations of
things that are not real. To him the real objects seem to change, buildings
seem to be cracking open, and walls pulsating.

- It is colorless, odorless and tasteless

3. Peyote – is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown cactus. Peyote
emits a nauseating odor and its user suffers from nausea.

- The drug causes no physical dependence and therefore, no withdrawal

symptoms.

Mescaline – this is the active ingredient of the peyote cactus

4. Phencyclidine (PCP) – known on the street as “angel dust”

- It is used as an intravenous anesthetic and analgesic and used also as

treatment for mental disorder

- Often produced unpleasant post – operative side – effects including visual

disturbances and delirium

Killer Weed – combination of angel dust and marijuana

5. Psilocybin – this hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushroom.

These mushrooms induced nausea, muscular relaxation, mood changes with
visions of bright colors and shapes
 19

- Hallucinogenic effect may last for 4 – 5 hours and later may be followed by
depressions, laziness, and complete loss of time and space perceptions.

6. Morning Glory Seeds – known as Lysergic Acid Amide

- The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory that are used to
produce hallucinations. The seeds are ground into flour, soaked in cold water,
then strained through a cloth and drunk.

COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS

1. Narcotics – it is derived from the Greek work “narkoticos” meaning sleep.

- term originally applied to all compounds that produce insensibility to

external stimuli through depression of the central nervous system.

- these are generally use as pain killing drugs, it relieves pain and
produce profound sleep or stupor.

a. Opium - narcotic drug produced from the drying resin of unripe capsules of
the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Opium is grown mainly in Myanmar
(formerly Burma) and Afghanistan. The legitimate world demand for opium
amounts to about 680 metric tons a year, but many times that amount is
distributed illegally.

- Opium is extracted from the coagulated juice of poppy plant. The

coagulated juice of the opium poppy is usually encountered as a
mass of sticky tar – like gum, ranging in color from dark brown to
black. The texture varies from that of putty of soft tar to the hard,
brittle quality of Bakelite, depending on age and exposure to air.

- The collection of the milky coagulated juice is done methodically

incising the poppy plant and then dried. This is done during harvest
season only.

Signs and Symptoms of Opium Administration

1. Stage of Excitement
- there is increase in mental activity, restlessness or even
hallucination
- there is flushing of the face and increased action of the heart

2. State of Stupor
- the person suddenly becomes quiet
- there maybe headache, giddiness, lethargic condition and
uncontrollable desire to sleep
 20

- when asleep, can not be aroused by external stimuli

- pupils are constricted, face and lips are cyanosed
- there is itching sensation all over the skin
- pulse and respiration are still normal

3. Stage of Narcosis
- the patient passed into a deep coma
- he cannot be aroused by external stimuli
- muscles are relax and reflexes are lost
- skin secretion is completely suspended although the skin feels cold
and clammy
- the pupils are constricted to almost pinpoint and they’re insensible to
light
- the pulse is slow, respiration is slow

Withdrawal Syndrome – if an addict is suddenly deprived of opiate, the following

symptoms may develop.

a. 8 – 16 hours after withdrawal – nervousness, restlessness and anxiety

b. 14 hours later – frequent yawning, sweating, runny nose

c. 24 hours later – symptoms increases, pupils are dilated, goose flesh develops
and shivering

d. 36 hours later – severe twisting of muscles, painful cramps of legs and

abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea

SLANG NAMES: “gum”, “gamot’, “kalamay”, “panocha”

b. Morphine – it is the principal derivative of opium. It is the second extraction

from opium. It is an active element derived from opium by chemical process. In
1803, Derosne named it as “salt of opium”. It is a white crystalline powder,
light porous cubes or small white tablets.

- Its name was derived from the name “morpheus”, the Greek God of
Dreams because of its dreamful effect, which follows its initial
stimulating effect. Physician begun to use morphine as a cure for
opium addiction, but all they managed to do was to transfer the
dependents to a drug even stronger than the original

- Effective as a painkiller six times more potent or stronger than

opium, with a high dependence producing potentials.

- It can be taken in any route; its abusive use is mostly by intravenous

injection.
 21

SYMPTOMS OF ABUSE

a. Drowsiness e. lack of sleep

b. Euphoria f. neglect of personal hygiene
c. constricted pupils g. stupor
d. loss of appetite h. neglect of sex life

WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS

a. anxiety h. insomnia
b. depression i. vomiting
c. watery eyes j. diarrhea
d. runny nose k. loss of appetite
e. waves of gooseflesh l. excessive yawning and sneezing
f. cramps m. cold and hot flashes
g. nausea n. convulsion

SLANG NAMES: “M”, “Dreamer”, “Pectoral”, “Syrup”, “AAA”, “999”

c. Heroin (DIACETYLMORPHINE)– it is derived from morphine, consist of

crystals so small as to resemble powdered sugar, a fine grade flour or
detergent.

- it is three to five times more powerful than morphine from which it is

derived and the most addicting opium derivative. With continued
use, addiction occurs within 14 days.
- It maybe sniffed or swallowed but it is usually injected in veins
- It is the most powerful opium derivative.

The symptoms of abuse and withdrawal is the same as that of morphine but
more severe.

SLANG NAMES: “Snow”, “stuff”, “junk tooth”, “H”

d. Codeine – a component of opium and a derivative of morphine, in most

respects a tenth or less as effective as morphine. It is widely used as
ingredient in cough syrup. It is usually taken orally in tables, for pain; or in a
liquid preparation, or variable alcohol content for cough and can also be
injected.

- It is discovered by Robiquet in the process of discovering drugs that

would cure opium and morphine addiction.
- It is cough suppressant and analgesic
 22

The symptoms of abuse are the same as morphine but lesser in degree. Its
symptoms of withdrawal are less severe than other drugs.

SLANG NAMES: “School boy”, “cough syrup”

e. Demerol and Methadone – methadone was first sensitized in Germany in

1943, when an opiate analgesic was not available because of war; it was first
called “Dolophine” after Adolf Hitler.

- Common synthetic drugs with morphine – like effects.

- Demerol is widely used as a painkiller in childbirth while methadone
is the drugs of choice in the withdrawal treatment of heroin
dependents since it relieves the physical craving for heroin.

f. c – the name paregoric means “soothing preparation”.

g. China White – these are drug synthesized from the basic morphine molecule
but perhaps more than 1,000 times more potent than heroin. This drug is very
dangerous not only because of its potency but also because the chance is the
street chemist will make the substance wrong. It was synthesized several
years ago when illicit laboratories have made some monumental mistakes in
the synthesis of some of the analogous.

2. Stimulants (uppers) – these are drugs that produce excitation, alertness and
wakefulness, intense feeling of “highness” and in some cases, a temporary rise in
blood pressure and respiration.

- They produce the opposite to that of depressants. Instead of

bringing about relaxation and sleep, they produce increased mental
alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well
being.

- Their medical uses include treatment of Narcolepsy – a condition

characterized by an overwhelming desire to sleep. A person who
has narcolepsy goes to sleep as frequently as 5 times a day.

KINDS OF STIMULANTS

1. Cocaine – this is naturally extracted/obtained from the leaves of erythroxylon

coca or the coca bush. Coca can be grown successfully elsewhere in tropical
areas and can be harvested 2 – 4 times a year upon climatic conditions. The
plant is called erythroxylon coca and the alkaloid extracted from the leaves
has a scientific name which is Cocaine Hydrochloride.

- Cocaine was discovered in 1850 by Nietman.

 23

- Cocaine is fine, fluffy white, crystalline powder and depending on the degree
of refinement, may resemble snowflakes, camphor, sugar or salt.

- People in some parts of the world chew coca leaves. Oral use relieves one
from hunger and fatigue.

- It was first used as local anesthesia for it blocks the nerve cells causing
numbness; it can also constrict blood vessels.

- Hailed as a wonder drug in the late 19th century.

3 Basic Categories in drying process of the leaf

1. Dark green colored leaf, dried by chemical means or by airing and pressed
into bales (bundles), best for export consumption.

2. Dark colored leaf – from defective drying and deliberately beat in order to
meet wide demand for consumption.

3. Decaying leaf - result of neglect, dampness, delay in drying, has lost the
alkaloid content, best as a local fertilizer and no commercial value.

Manufacturing of Cocaine

1. Dried coca leaf is treated through chemical process; acid solution is added
(sulfuric acid) thereby producing raw cocaine or the coca paste. It treated
again for chemical process with hydrochloric acid producing hydrochloric acid
salt or cocaine hydrochloride which is soluble with water.

2. Dried coca leaf treated with sodium carbonate – producing raw cocaine, less
time consuming preferred by illicit manufacturer.

3. Dried coca leaf is broken into ecgonine which is the chemical base or core of
the cocaine molecule. Ecgonine treated with methyl iodide and benzoic
anhydride produces pure cocaine.

3 Forms of Illegal Cocaine

1. Hard tiny rock for large wholesale or dealers

2. Flake form – considered as a delicacy among coke cat (cocaine addict)
3. Powdered form – usually flaked cocaine diluted with other substances such as
lactose or procaine.
 24

Freebasing – it is a method of reducing the impurities in cocaine. The method

produces a type of cocaine that is many time more powerful than that of normal
cocaine. The alkaloids from cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride is treated with a liquid
base such as sodium carbonated or ammonium hydroxide). When the cocaine
liquefies, the hydrochloride salts are removed along with the impurities found in
cocaine.

Magnan’s Symptoms – it is the feeling as if grains of sand are lying under the skin
or small insects (cocaine bugs) are creeping on the skin is the most characterized
symptoms.

Cocaine “Body Packer” Syndrome – refers to the ingestion of multiple small

packages of cocaine for the purpose of transporting contraband. The drug is placed
in a durable, non – digestible container, taken by mouth to be recovered at the place
of destination in the fecal discharge.

Crack – is a form of cocaine that has been chemically altered so that it can be
smoked. It looks like small lumps or shaving of soap but has a mixture of porcelain.
The drug is sold in inch that is referred to us french-fries or teeth.

Physical dependence is rare but psychological dependence is more common

because of its euphoric effect.
When cocaine is chemically altered into a form that can be smoked, it is called
freebase.

Crack is an impure form of freebase that is dried and broken into tiny
smokeable pellets. It produces a much faster and more intense high than powdered
cocaine. With its rapid and strong euphoric effect, crack is dangerous addictive. As
the cocaine and crack user continues to use the drug he becomes “coked out” and
may experience serious side effects. This includes severe depression, hallucinations,
paranoia or other psychotic signs. The user of cocaine and crack also risks suffering
heart and respiratory failure because the drugs tend to cause blood vessels to
constrict rapidly.

Crack, which is an extremely potent smokeable form of cocaine, is something

10 times stronger than the regular coke and can cause instant addiction and even
death when excessive amounts are used.

SLANG NAMES: “leaf”, “snow”, “coke”, “speedballs when mixed with heroin”, “snorr”,
“chinese white”, “blow”, “C”, “coca”, “flake”, “heaven”, “dust”, “paradise”

2. Amphetamine – a group of synthetic drugs, increasing the heart rate and

raising blood pressure.

- used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief or mild depression and
treatment of narcolepsy (excessive desire for sleep). Identification of
 25

stimulants, such as amphetamines are most frequently in tablet and capsule

form. Occasionally in powder form but rare in liquid form. It is taken orally for
medication and either smoked, inhaled or injected if abused.

- commonly used by athletes, drivers, students, security guards and others

who need sustained mental and physical alertness pushing their physical
endurance to the limits and even deaths.

SLANG NAMES: “beanies”, “co-pilots”, “foot ball hearts”, “pep pills”, “ampies”

3. SHABU (Methamphetamine Hydrochloride) – it is the most abused

stimulants in the Philippines today. It is commonly known as “poor man’s
cocaine”.

- It is a white, colorless crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing

taste.

- It is taken orally, inhaled, snorted, sniffed or injected.

SLANG NAMES: “upper”, “speed”, “ha”, “ice”, “shabs”, “S”

4. CAFFEINE - This is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, coca drinks and some
wake-up pills

5. NICOTINE

An active component in tobacco which act as the powerful stimulant of

the central nervous system.. A drop of pure nicotine can easily kill a
person.

3. Depressants (downers) – these are drugs which suppress vital body function
especially those of the brain or central nervous system with the resulting impairment
of judgment, hearing, speech, and muscular coordination.

- They dull minds, slow down body reactions to such an extent that
accidental death or suicides, usually happen.

KINDS OF DEPRESSANTS

1. Barbiturates – are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with
anxiety, mental stress and insomnia. They are also of value in the treatment of
epilepsy and hypertension. They are available in capsules, pills or tablets and
taken orally or injected.
 26

- It is believed that the name barbiturate was developed because the first
synthesis occurred on St. Barbara’s day.

- Drugs most frequently prescribed to induced sedation and sleep by both

doctors. Small dosage tends to calm nervous conditions while larger dozes
can cause sleep 20 – 60 minutes after taking it orally. An overdose of
barbiturates may progress through stages of sedation, sleep and “coma” to
death from respiratory arrest and cardiovascular complications.

Barbiturates are classified as:

1. Ultrashort – acting (Hexobarbital)

2. Intermediate – acting ( Secobarbital)
3. Short – acting ( Pentobarbital)
4. Long – acting (Methobarbital)

SLANG NAMES: “goofballs”, “footballs”, “barbs”, “blockbuster”

2. Methaqualone – is a synthetic sedative which has been widely abused and

often caused serious poisoning. It is a sedative drug in a smaller dose and a
hypnotic in a bigger dose.

- The effect is similar to barbiturates and action is within 30 minutes after

administration; the effect is for 6 – 10 hours.

- It is taken orally and is rapidly absorb from the digestive tract

3. Tranquilizers – are drugs used in treating nervous disorders or calm

psychotic patients or mental disorders without producing sleep.

KINDS OF TRANQUILIZERS

1. Meprobate – a minor tranquilizer used for the relief of anxiety, tension and
muscular spasms. It does not produced sleep in small dosage, but
overdose can result in dependence, both physical and psychological.

2. Diazepam – also known as “valium”. It is the most commonly used

tranquilizer, which has a slow onset but long duration of action. Prolonged
use will result in dependence both physical and psychological.

Effects of Tranquilizer

1. It caused physical weakness and sleepiness.

2. Induce mental and psychological dullness
 27

3. It calms the nervous and relieves tension and anxiety

4. Overdose can lead to “coma” respiratory failure and death

4. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) – are drugs capable of provoking changes in

sensation, thinking, self – awareness and emotion. Alteration of time and space
perception (false perception), illusions, hallucinations and delusion.

- The results are the very variable; a “high” or a “bad” trip may occur
in the same person on different occasions. His “trips” maybe
exhilarating or terrifying good or bad.

- Refers to a group of drugs which affects the Central Nervous

System producing alteration, intense and varying emotional
changes, ego distortion.

Effects of Hallucinogens

1. Strong emotional feeling.

2. Recalling previously suppressed ideas and thoughts.
3. A feeling of great creativity and imagination.
4. Very lucid and astonishing clear thoughts.
5. Changes in sensation, involves sounds that are “seen” simple things appear
very beautiful and colors seem to be heard.
6. A feeling of oneness with reverse for a bad trip the following experiences are
felt by the user.

KINDS OF HALLUCINOGENS

1. Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa L) – it is the most commonly abused

hallucinogen in the Philippines because it can be grown extensively in the
country.

- The effects of marijuana include a feeling of grandeur. It can also produce

opposite effect, a dreamy sensation of time seeming to stretch out.

Two Varieties of the Cannabis Plant

a. Resin – Producing – (female mj) – THC is found most abundantly in

the upper leaves, barks and flowers of the resin – producing plant.

b. Fiber – Producing – (male mj) – contains lesser THC

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – most active and are considered responsible for the
hallucinogenic effect of mj. THC contains the highest concentration of the drug.

Effects of Taking Marijuana

 28

1. Shortly after inhaling the smoke, the user experiences a feeling of “inner joy”
that is out of proportion to any apparent cause – described as being high.

2. As trip continuous, judgment and memory are impaired, the user becomes
easily irritated and may become confused or afraid. Behavior is impulsive and
mood reactions are variable.

3. The user experiences “phantasmagoria” – sensation that figures are rushing

toward him at tremendous speed, increasing in size as they approach.

Hashish/ Concentrated Cannabis

- This is a crude resin extracted from the tops of a marijuana plant.

- 8 – 10 times stronger than commercial grade on the average.
- A general range in THC content would be 5 – 22 percent
- It has a color ranging from mustard yellow to dark brown in color.
- The lighter the color the lower the potency, the darker the color the
higher the THC content

Hashish Oil/ Marijuana Oil/ Honey Oil

- Three to four times stronger than hash and 30 – 40 times stronger

than commercial grade mj.
- Appears on the street as a very thick liquid
- Varies in cooler, generally found in amber, dark green, brown or
black
- Average strength of THC is 20 – 60 %
- Users smoke hash oil by adding it to a mj cigarette or commercial
cigarette
- Air, heat and light will cause the oil to harden and become useless
due to exposure

Dangers of MJ

1. MJ slows down the user’s mental and psychomotor activities.

2. The effects of mj can also impair thinking, reading comprehension, verbal and
mathematical skills.
3. MJ slows down reflexes so that users become prone to accidents.
4. MJ creates other health problems.
5. Long – term use of mj may lead to psychological dependence.
6. Young mj users are more likely to go on experimenting with other drugs.

SLANG NAMES: “Mary Jane”, “Mary Warner”, “love weed”, “muggles”, “texas tea”,
“Indian hay”, “Indian hemp”, “loco weed”, “laughing grass”, “damo”, “omad”
 29

2. Lysergic Acid Diathylamide (LSD) – the drug was first synthesized by Dr.
Albert Hoffman and Dr. Arthur Steel from the ergot plants – a fungus that
parasites rye and other grains and Diathylamide portion.

- This drug is the most powerful of the Psychedelics and it is 1, 000 times
more powerful than marijuana.

- LSD causes perceptual changes so that the user sees colors, shapes or
objects more intensely than normal person can and may have hallucinations
of things that are not real. To him the real objects seem to change, buildings
seem to be cracking open, and walls pulsating. He experiences frequent
bizarre hallucinations, loss spatial perceptions, personality diffusion and
changes in values. Usually, users perceive distortion of time, colors, sounds
and depth. They experience “scent” music and sounds in “colors”.

- It is colorless, odorless and tasteless

- Physical effects: dilate pupils, flush face, increase blood pressure, lower
temperature, profuse sweating, nausea and rapid heartbeat.

- Synesthesia is produced, as color seem to have taste

- One’s response to the drug will be a “good trip” with pleasant sensations or a
“bummer” with terrifying perceptions

- LSD derives its reputation as a “mind blower” – an acidhead may see himself
as divided into two parts, an observer and the experimenting or experiencing
self.

SLANG NAMES:

3. Peyote – is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown cactus. Peyote
emits a nauseating odor and its user suffers from nausea.

- The drug causes no physical dependence and therefore, no withdrawal

symptoms.

- Peyote buttons produces hallucinations occasionally sexual in nature

- Side – effects may be feeling of terror, anxiety, impaired space and color
perception and psychotic reactions

- Physical symptoms are similar to LSD

- Peyote buttons are brown in color and resemble the underside of dried
mushroom
 30

Mescaline – this is the active ingredient of the peyote cactus

4. Phencyclidine (PCP) – known on the street as “angel dust”

- It is used as an intravenous anesthetic and analgesic and used also as

treatment for mental disorder

- Often produced unpleasant post – operative side – effects including visual

disturbances and delirium

Killer Weed – combination of angel dust and marijuana

5. Psilocybin – this hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushroom.

These mushrooms induced nausea, muscular relaxation, mood changes with
visions of bright colors and shapes

- Hallucinogenic effect may last for 4 – 5 hours and later may be followed by
depressions, laziness, and complete loss of time and space perceptions.
- Physiological effects produced by this drug is similar to LSD.

6. Morning Glory Seeds – known as Lysergic Acid Amide

- The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory that are used to
produce hallucinations. The seeds are ground into flour, soaked in cold water,
then strained through a cloth and drunk.

- They are sold under the names of “heavenly blues”, “flying dancers’, and
“pearly gates”.

- The active ingredient in the seed is similar to LSD although less potent. The
reactions are likened to those resulting from LSD

7. STP – It is a take-off on the motor oil additive. It is a chemical derivative of

mescaline claimed to produce more violent and longer effects than mescaline
dose. Its effects are similar to the nerve gas used in chemical warfare. It is
less potent than LSD although its effects are similar to those of psychedelics.

8. Ecstasy - is one of the club drugs most often associated with rave parties.
The scientific name for ecstasy is methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
Taken at a dance or rave, ecstasy's sensory altering properties can be
heightened by the high degree of sensory stimulation (lights, music and
crowded dance floors).

Rohypnol - The Date Rape Drug. perhaps best suited to drug-assisted date
rape. Rohypnol is colorless, odorless and tasteless. The drug dissolves with ease,
 31

especially in carbonated drinks. Mixing alcohol or other depressants with

Rohypnol intensifies the drug's sedative effect, and it can be lethal.

Adding to Rohypnol's "popularity" as a date rape tool is its amnesia-causing

properties. When the sedative properties of Rohypnol wear off, some people
experience anterograde amnesia—they have no clear memory of events that
occurred during the drug's acute effects. Rohypnol's reputation as a date rape
drug has made it one of the most notorious of the club drugs.

Influences of Drug Abuse

Chapter 4

CONCEPT OF DRUG ABUSE

The term “Drug Abuse” most often refers to the use of a drug with such
frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social
functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they take,
in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using drugs.

Traditionally, the term drug abuse referred to the use of any drug prohibited by
law regardless of whether it was actually harmful or not. This meant that any use of
Marijuana for example, even if it occurred only once in while, would constitute abuse,
while the same level of alcohol consumption would not.

The term drug is commonly associated with substances that may be purchased
legally with prescription for medical use. Other substances that may be purchased
legally without prescription and are commonly abused include alcohol and the
nicotine contained in tobacco cigarettes (Groiler, 1995).

CONCEPT OF DRUG DEPENDENCE

Drug Abuse must be distinguished from drug dependence. Drug dependence,

which sometimes called drug addiction is defined by three basic characteristics.

1. The users continue to take a drug over an extended period of time.

2. The users find it difficult to stop using the drug. They seem powerless to
quit the drug use. Users take extraordinary and often harmful measures
to continue using the drug. They will drop out of school, steal, leave
their families, go to jail and lose their job to keep using drug.
 32

3. The users stop taking their drug – only if their supply of the drug is cut
off, or if they are forced to quit for any reason – they will undergo painful
physical or mental distress. The experience of withdrawal distress is
called withdrawal syndrome, is a sure sign that a drug is dependency –
producing and that the user is dependent on the drug. Drug
dependence may lead to drug abuse – especially the illegal drugs.

The Concept of Drug Addiction

Drug addiction is a state of mind in which a person has lost the power of self-
control in respect of a drug. He consumes the drug repeatedly leaving aside all
values of life. In other words a drug addict will resort to crime even, to satisfy his
repeated craving for the drug. The effects of addiction are mainly deteriorative
personality Changes. They include insomnia, instability, and lack of self-confidence
especially when not under the influence of drug. The addict cannot concentrate on
any work. He avoids social contacts. Slowly, mentally, physically, and morally he
becomes from bad to worse and a burden to the society.

One or more of the following attributes characterizes drug addiction:

1. Compulsion/ Uncontrollable Craving – the addict feels a compulsive

craving to take drug repeatedly and tries to procure the same by any means.

2. Tolerance – it is the tendency to increase the dose of the drug to produce

the same effect as to that of the original effect.

3. Addiction – the addict is powerless to quit drug use.

4. Physical Dependence – the addict’s physiological functioning is altered.

The body becomes sick, inactive and incapable of carrying out useful activity in the
absence of the drug. The withdrawal syndromes will occur once the drug use is
stopped.

5. Psychological Dependence – Emotional and mental discomfort exist to

the individual. The drug addict feels he cannot do without the drug, consequently if
he does not take the drug his mental processes are affected. He can not carry out his
work efficiently.

6. Withdrawal Syndrome – The addict becomes nervous and restless when

he does not get the drug. After about 12 hours, he starts sweating. His nose and
eyes becomes watery and continue doing so increasingly for another twelve hours. It
is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and sleep. Respiration, blood
pressure and body temperature also rises. This will continue up to three days. After
which, the trouble starts subsiding and most of it is gone in about a week’s time.
Complete recovery takes place in three to six months.
 33

How addiction is acquired?

The drug habit is acquired primarily in three ways:

1. Association – the tendency of a drug abuser to look for peer groups where he
feels being wanted and accepted.

2. Experimentation – the tendency of a person to try and explore the effects of

drugs due to curiosity or other reasons.

3. Inexperienced doctors – the tendency of doctors and physicians to

unnecessarily prescribe drugs.

Likewise, addiction may also be acquired through:

1. Habituation – repetitious engagement of drug use which is closely related to

the experience of the euphoric effect of drugs, and the relief of pain or
emotional discomfort.

2. Toleration – refers to the necessity to increase the dose to obtain an effect

equivalent to the original dose.

3. Dependence – the altered physiological state brought about by the repeated

administration of the drug, which necessitates the continued use of the drug to
avoid withdrawal syndrome.

UNDERLYING CAUSES/INFLUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE

The drug addict or abuser is generally an emotionally unstable person before

he acquires the habit. He can not face painful situations without help, he has less will
power and self control. He has not adjusted himself to his emotional reaction. Due to
this, drug addicts have low capacities for dealing with frustrations, anxieties and
stress.

Drug abuse is a multi-faceted problem exits in our locality and countryside,

there is usually more than one reason why this problem exists. Any of the following
factors may influence people to abuse drugs.

A. Biological Factors

There are some reasons or pre-existing induced biological abnormalities of

chemicals, physiological or structural in nature that induced a person to take drugs.
The following are some to consider:
 34

1. Individual ‘s general health – there are several diseases that easily

make a person become a drug abuser.

Examples are fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia, and discomfort.

2. It is believe that drug has the special power to prevent or to increase

sexual capacity.

3. One specific genetic theory proposes that there is an inherited defect

in the production of endorphin, similar to morphine. A deficiency of the
substance leads to bodily discomfort. With the use of the morphine, this
feeling is induce or disappear. According to theory, a person who uses
morphine has the physiological abnormality where endorphin production is
less. The drugs when we use the body cells work actively.

B. Common Causation of Drug Abuse

1. Children of broken home easily join peer groups as substitutes to their lost
family solidarity.
2. To strike and over protectiveness of parents.
3. For curiosity – eagerness to know what they have not experienced.
4. To assert their independence.
5. To rebel from parental authority.
6. To prove their guts.
7. To escape problems.
8. Peer pressure and for the sake of PAKIKISAMA.
9. They believe that drug can give deeper insights.
10. The belief that medicines can magically solve problems.
11. The easy access to drug or various sort in an affluent society.
12. The enjoyment of euphoria or excitement induced by drugs.
13. The search for sharpened perception and high perception and
creativity,which some people believe they obtained from drugs.
14. The beliefs that they are just taking it like alcohol.
15. The dissatisfaction or disillusion of lost of faith in the prevailing system.
16. The tendency of persons with psychological problems to seed easily
solution with chemicals.
17. The statement of proselytizers who proclaim the goodness of drugs.
18. Slum condition - the most critical is that the slum dweller are often deprived
of emotional support.

C. Factors in Youthful Drug Abuse

(Psychological, mental health, family conditions)

1. Motives and Attitudes

 35

Psychologically speaking, in terms of motives and function of drug use, some

of which may not be recognized by users themselves. The more a drug is used, the
more it tends to satisfy more than one motive or need.
Recent surveys of college drug use have induces the students reasons for drug use.
In one study smaller or larger groups mentioned all of the following motives;

1. To feel more courageous.

2. To find out more about oneself.
3. To have a religious experience to come close to God.
4. To satisfy a strong craving or compulsion.
5. To increase or reduce appetite.
6. To feel less dull or sluggish, improve sex.
7. To reduce sexual desire and keep from being panicked or crazy.
8. To improve intelligence or learning, prepare stress.
9. To feel less depress of sad, relieve tension or nervousness
10.To make good moral mood last longer, relieve anger or irritation

2. Personality and Pathology

This psychology has been described as follows:

1. Chronic, low-grade depression.

2. Smoldering, tense and restlessness.
3. A sense of not being taken seriously.
4. Narcissism or egocentricity.
5. Preoccupation with issues or identity, autonomy, and freedom of
expression.
6. Repeated dwelling on drug taking and its effects.
7. Difficulty in interpersonal relations.

3. Family Background

The kinds of personality disturbances found in some young addicts and heads
cannot, in the current state of knowledge, be identified as brain damage or
schizophrenia. It is more in the manner of character disorder. And the behavior may
be the result of inadequate socialization, condition of child rearing and family
interaction. The few available facts about families of young abuser lend credence to
this idea.

In one broad study of New York’s high addiction areas, the families of
adolescent narcotics users showed the following characteristics:

1. Absent or weak father

2. Overprotective, overindulgent and domineering mother
3. Inconsistent standards of behavior, lack of definition of limits
4. Hostility or conflict between parents
 36

5. Unrealistic aspiration for children

D. The Psycho-Social Factors

1. Personality Disorder - Drug abuse is a manifestation of an underlying

character of personality disorder. Thus majority of the drug users are fundamentally
immature, emotionally childish, insecure or are suffering from problems of
adolescence.

2. Social Disorder - A sign or symptom of family problem involving parent –

child relationship, peer pressures, unethical values.

Drugs use does not also occur in isolation of other environmental factors but
rather, is greatly influenced by these factors. Some of the sociological factors also
influenced drug use is as high toll.

1. Availability of over-the counter and prescription drugs variety of drugs

available for different ailments.
2. Influence of media-advertisement message that all aliment can be cured
through the use of chemical substances toward messages and help to create the
acceptance of drugs.
3. Impact of affluent lifestyle or of high employment.
4. Effect of increased travel and exposure to different culture and social values
5. Modeling, if parents or key influence are drug users, young persons often
tend to model the behavior they are at home.
6. Social pressures exerted by peers
7. Collapse of religious values
8. Alienation and enemies feeling of powerless
9. Lower value on academic achievement

E. Other Factors

1. Ignorance, curiosity
2. Laxity of government and other authorities
3. Mass media influence
4. Nature of society resulting in the increased violent behavior for youth.

F. The Primary Causes of Drug Abuse

1. Pride – excessive feeling of self-worth or self-esteem, sense of self-

importance.

2. Anger - unexpressed, deep-seated anger against himself, his family, his

friends or the society in general.

3. Lust – burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse.
 37

4. Gluttony – “food trip” in the lingo of junkies

5. Greed – wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified by people under pressure

in their work of art, such as musicians, actors, athletes who indulge in
drug abuse.

6. Envy – to get attention from someone: as a sign of protest envy is a major

cause of drug abuse.

7. Laziness –“ I can’t syndrome”, incapacity to achieve – the breeding ground

of drug abuse. Boredom coupled with poor self-image.

GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS

In order to understand the groups of people who abuse drugs, the group
classification of drug addicts are presented as:

1. Situational Users – those who use drugs to keep them awake or for
additional energy to perform an important work. Such individual may or may
not exhibit psychological dependence.

2. Spree Users – school age users who take drugs for “kicks”, an adventurous
daring experience, or as a means of fun. There may be some degree of
psychological dependence but little physical dependence due to the mixed
pattern of use.

3. Hard Core Addicts – those, whose activities revolve almost entirely around
the drug experience and securing supplies. They show strong psychological
dependence on the drug.

4. Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral
part of life.

IDENTIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS

A drug abuser will do everything possible to conceal his habit. To be able to

recognize the outward signs and symptoms, it is equally important to realize that the
drug problem is so complex. Even expert advice not to judge abruptly an individual
taking narcotics drug as it could lead to falsely accusing an innocent person.

It should also be remembered that a person might have a legitimate reason for
possessing a tablets, syringe and needle (may be a diabetic) having capsules (they
may prescribe by doctor). Having the sniffles and running eyes may due to
 38

headache, colds, or an allergy. Unusual or add behavior may not be connected in

any way with drug use.

What to Observe?

The following markers can help in identifying drug abusers:

1. Change in interest – they lose interest in their studies and in their work. They
fail in school, shift from one course to another, transfer of school of lower
standard until eventually drop out.

2. Frequent shifting of mood – they are euphoric, elated and sometimes even
ecstatic when under the influence of drugs. They would be indifferent, irritable
and hostile when the effect of drug is waning from the system.

3. Changes in behavior – they usually spend a lot. They are usually in the
company of known drug users in the community. They come home late, they
become disrespectful and would sell personal or family valuables.

4. Changes in physical appearance – if they can be seen while still under the
influence of drugs the following can be noted:

a. Neglect of personal appearance, diminished drive, lack of ambition,

reduced attention span, poor quality of school work, and impaired
communication skills.
b. Less care for the feeling of others, lessening of accustomed family
warmth, pale face, red eyes, dilation or constricted pupils, and wearing
sunglasses at wrong places.
c. Secretive about money, disappearance of money and other valuables
from the house.
d. Friends refusing to identify themselves or hang up when you answer
the phone, and overreaction to mild conditions.
e. Smell of marijuana, sweetish odor, like a burned rope in the clothes
room, etc.
f. Knowledge on the lingo of drug abusers.
g. Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscular aches,
insomnia and convulsions, etc., and
h. Presence of butt from marijuana joints, holders for the joints, leaves,
seeds in pockets or lining, rolling paper, pipes, cough syrup bottles,
capsules, syringes, etc.

PROCESS OF DETECTING DRUG ABUSERS

The detection of drug abuse involves five processes namely:

a. Observation
 39

b. History taking
c. Laboratory examination
d. Psychological examination
e. Psychiatric evaluation

1. OBSERVATION

Observations of the signs and symptoms of drug abuse may take relatively a long
period of time. Good sensory equipment and a high degree of objectivity are two
requirements for a good observer. To be an effective observer, the observer should
not let his own personal judgments and reactions affect his observations. He should
exercise care in his observation such that the suspected drug abuser is not made
aware of being observed.

2. HISTORY TAKING

A. Collateral Information (Interview with information)

The best information is from the patient himself, but collateral information is
necessary. Ideally, a parent or close relative or a close friend should be present to
furnish useful details as to the different changes observed in the patient that
made them suspect the subject is abusing drugs. These changes may be in his
appearance, behavior, mood, or interest.

Added information:

1. If subject’s “barkadas” are also known drug abusers in the

community.
2. He knows the language of drug dependents.
3. Seeing in his room, books or in his belongings or in his possession
empty bottles of cough syrups, empty medicine foils, MJ sticks or
rolling paper.

B. Interview with patient

Inquire regarding the drugs being abused, onset of his drug taking activity,
reason for abusing drugs, how he supports his vice, etc.

3. LABORATORY EXAMINATION

Accurate laboratory examinations cannot be performed by any ordinary chemist

since detection of dangerous drugs requires sophisticated equipment and apparatus,
special chemical reagents and most of all, the specialized technical know-how.

4. PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
 40

This phase of drug detection requires the expertise of trained psychologists.

Teachers therefore are not in a position to administer psychological examinations
among their students. Psychological examination findings will correspond to the
general findings of a drug prone individual:
- drowsy or lethargic appearance accompanied by scratching and without
alcoholic breath, tendency to giggle excessively at things which others
don’t consider funny, and over-active and over talkative

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

a. Intelligence Test – the test is designed to cover a wide variety of mental

functions with special emphasis on adjustment comprehension and reasoning.

b. Personality Test – this type of test is used to evaluate the character and
personality traits of an individual such as his emotional adjustment,
interpersonal relation, motivation and attitude.

c. Aptitude Test – this test is to measure the readiness with which the individual
increases his knowledge and improves skills when given the necessary
opportunity and training.

d. Interest Test – this is designed to reveal the field of interest that a client will
be interested in.

e. Psychiatric Evaluation – it is a process whereby a team of professionals

composed of psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric social workers conduct
an examination to determine whether or not a patient is suffering from
psychiatric disorder.

The General Profile of Drug Abusers

The following are based on DDB reports (Dungo, 1988)

1. By Age – drug abusers are mostly adolescents ranging from 17 to 21 years

of age (Dungo, 1988). The mean age of initial use varies from 14 for cigarettes, 16
for heroin, 14 by alcohol, and 15 for marijuana (Sotto, 1994).

2. By Sex – majority of drug dependents identified are males. About 8.1 times
more males than females based on numbers admitted in rehabilitation centers.

3. By Civil Status – there are more unmarried than married drug dependents.
Analysis of over 1,000 cases confined in different rehabilitation centers showed that
almost 90% are unmarried.
 41

4. By Educational Attainment – most abusers are freshmen and

sophomores among college students.

5. By Occupation - most drug abusers are either jobless or students and very
few are gainfully employed.

6. By Birth Order and Size of Family - most drug abusers found out to be
either eldest or second child in a family of 3 to 9 children.

7. By Residence – most drug abusers live in cities and urban areas.

8. By Duration of drug-taking – more than two years.

9. IQ – average

10. Nature of drug taking – Poly-drug user

The perceived reasons for drug use are (Sotto, 1994):

1. Peer pressure – the major cause of drug use.

2. Addiction and removing tension – the major cause for continuous drug
use.

Actual Outward Physical Signs/ Symptoms of Drug Abusers:

The actual profile of an abuser of narcotic drugs may show some of the
following manifestations.

1. Admission of the addict himself.

2. Consistently wear long-sleeved shirt or blouses, dark eye-classes unlikely

times to hide dilated or constricted pupils of eyes.

3. Blood spots around elbow areas of blouses shirt or pajamas.

4. Walk, talk and act as if under alcoholic influence.

5. Prolonged period of sleep or lethargy, abnormal sleepless, nervous, jumpy
and talkative.

6. School works deteriorates (grades and home works)

7. Work habits, become slip-shod, too many emotional explosions, loss body
weight., abnormal bowel habits, blood-shot eyes.
 42

8. Sloppy in dress and careless in bodily hygiene, inordinate desire for

consumption of sweets. Unusual odor in the house or room (marijuana, hash, or
incense)

9. Develop a defiant or contemptuous attitudes towards authority (Parents,

Teachers, Police, Etc.) constant demand for ever-increasing amount of money.

10. Takes money from everyone and fails to repay, steel and sells all possible
items of value from home or elsewhere when opportunity comes.

11. Receives or makes numerous phone calls to people who are unknown in
the house. Associates only with people who have the reputation for playing with
using drugs.

12. Persistently lies when asked to explain in expected knock on the door.

13. Unrealistic attitudes, having difficulty of concentration.

The Personality Profile of a Filipino Drug Abuser

1. They are of average or above average intelligence

2. They are witty and manipulative
3. They have negative attitude, they demonstrate hostile feelings to the world
or to anybody who does not want to conform with what they want.
4. They are emotionally immature, selfish and demanding.
5. They want immediate gratification of needs and desires.
6. They have low frustration tolerance.
7. Their interest and aptitude are on dramatics, persuasive and musical field in
that order.
8. They are depressed and excessively dependent.
9. They are rebellious and have impulsive behavior.
10. They are pleasure seeker and pathologically liars
11. They like to join anti social groups/ delinquent groups.
12. They have difficulty in solving problems.

The Effect of Drug Abuse

(Chapter 5)

THE GENERAL EFFECTS

1. Physical Effects
 43

a. Malnutrition – the life of an addict revolves around drug use. He

misses even his regular meals. He losses appetite and eventually
develops malnutrition.

b. Skin Infection and Skin Rashes – often times the drug abuser
neglects his personal hygiene, uses unsterilized needles and syringes
that result in skin infections or even ulceration at the sites of the
needles puncture. Skin rashes may even occur as a side effect of
sensitivity reaction to certain drugs of abuse.

Infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma,

viral hepatitis, sequelae of drug abuse. Marijuana smoking can produce
physical conditions like chronic bronchitis and asthma. Physically ill persons,
like a tuberculosis individual who has suffered so much from his illness may
resort to drug taking as a temporary measure for relief. A drug abuser,
because of his use of unsterilized paraphernalia, tends to develop lowered
resistance and becomes susceptible to various infections, among them are
viral hepatitis, and HIV infections/AIDS.

An individual suffering from arthritis or terminal cancer who experiences

acute, unbearable pains and insomnia is likely to become a drug dependent to
opiates or sedatives.

2. Psychological Effects

The abuse of drugs can bring many psychological malfunctions such as the
following:

a. Deterioration of personality with impaired emotional maturation.

b. Impairment of adequate mental function
c. Loss of drive and ambition
d. Development of psychosis and depression
e. Loss of interest to study
f. Laziness, lethargy, boredom and restlessness
g. Irritability, rebellious attitude
h. Withdrawn forgetfulness

3. Social Effects
The drug abuser may also experience social dysfunction such as the
following:

a. Deterioration of interpersonal relationship and development of conflict

with authority.
b. Commission of crimes.
 44

c. Social maladjustment; loss of desire to work, study and participate in

activities or to face challenges.

4. Mental Effects

The drug abuser can experience adverse effect of the central nervous
system. Regular use or injection of large doses of a substance reduces the
activity of the brain and depresses the central nervous system. The drug
dependent then manifests changes in his mind and behavior that are
undesirable by people in his environment.

Another mental effect would be the deterioration of the mind. The

dependent is a “mental invalid” in the sense that drugs can manipulate him,
make him lose his power and prod him to behave contrary to what he usually
think is right. These drugs are essentially reality modifiers, which create a
masked sense of well being by either dulling or distorting sensory perceptions
and providing a temporary means of escape from personal difficulties, either
real or imaginary. They can reduce or accelerate activity to create indifference,
depressive mood, or carelessness.

As a result, the abuser’s mind deteriorates gradually. In other instances,

he abruptly loses interest and motivation in the pursuit of achievement and
constructive goals.

Instead of providing him relaxation and escape from discomfort, drug,

alcohol and tranquilizers may blur his attempts to come to terms with reality.
His character becomes weak and inadequate in coping with his problems.

5. ECONOMIC EFFECTS

a. Inability to hold stable job.

It is impossible for a drug abuser to hold a steady job since he spends

all his time and money on drugs. If he does not have a regular job, he and his
friends steal to raise money. If he has one, he would be unable to concentrate
since he would be either over-stimulated or lazy and drowsy.

b. Dependence on family resources.

Instead of contributing to the economic stability of the family, a

dependent becomes an economic burden. Besides depending on the family
for his basic necessities, he also has to rely on the family resources to provide
him money for the support of his expensive habit.

c. Accidents in industry.
 45

In a state of agitation or dullness of the mind as a result of the drug he

has taken, the dependent becomes careless and loses concentration on his
job. Consequently, an accident may occur which may adversely affect both
drug abuser and his co-workers.

SYMPTOMS OF ABUSE ON THE DANGEROUS DRUGS

1. DEPRESSANTS

a. Narcotics

1. lethargy, drowsiness
2. pupils are constricted and fail to respond to light
3. inhaling heroin in powder form leaves traces of white powder around
nostrils causing redness
4. injecting heroin leaves scars, usually on the inner surface of the arms
and elbows although user may inject drug in the body where needle
marks will not be seen readily
5. user often leaves syringes, bent spoons, bottle caps, eye droppers,
cotton and needles in lockers at school or hidden at home
6. user scratches self frequently
7. loss if appetite
8. sniffles, running nose, red watery eyes, coughing which disappears
when user gets a “fix”

b. Barbiturates/Tranquilizers

1. symptoms of alcohol intoxication without odor or alcohol on breath

2. staggering or stumbling
3. falling asleep unexplainably
4. drowsiness, may appear disoriented
5. lack of interest in school and family activities

c. Volatile Solvents

1. odor of substance on breath and clothes

2. excessive nasal secretions, watering of eyes
3. poor muscular control
4. increased preference for being with a group rather than being alone
5. plastic or paper bags or rags, containing dry plastic cement or other
solvent, found at home or in locker at school or at work
6. slurred speech

2. STIMULANTS
 46

a. Amphetamines/Cocaine/Speed/Bunnies/Ups

1. pupils may be dilated

2. mouth and nose dry, bad breath; licks lips frequently
3. goes long periods without eating or sleeping; nervous; has difficulty
sitting still
4. chain smoking
5. if injecting drug, user may have hidden eye droppers and needles
among possessions

b. Shabu

1. produces elevations of mood, heightened alertness and increased

energy
2. some individuals may become anxious, irritable or loquacious
3. causes decreased appetite and insomnia

3. HALLUCINOGENS

a. Marijuana

1. may appear animated with rapid, loud talking and bursts of laughter
2. sleepy or stuporous
3. pupils are dilated
4. odor(similar to burnt rope) on clothing or breath
5. remnants of marijuana, either loose or in partially smoked “joints” in
clothing or possessions

b. LSD/STP/DMT/THC

1. user usually sits or reclines quietly in a dream or trance – like state

2. user may become fearful and experience a degree of terror which
makes him attempt to escape from his group
3. senses of sight, hearing, touch, body image and time are distorted
4. mood and behavior are affected, the manner depending upon
emotional and environmental condition of the user

DANGERS OF ABUSE OF THE DANGEROUS DRUGS (individual effects)

1. Depressants – users of depressant drugs may suffer the following:

a. death due to respiratory arrest

 47

b. In large doses can cause respiratory depression and coma, the

combination of depressants and alcohol can multiply the effect of the
drugs, thereby multiplying the risks.
c. Babies born to mothers who abuse depressant during pregnancy may
be physically dependent on the drug and show withdrawal symptom
shortly after they are born. Birth defects and behavioral problems may
also result.

2. Stimulants – users of stimulants may suffer the following:

a. death due to infections, high blood pressures.

b. Extremely high doses can cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat, tremors,
loss of coordination, and even physical collapse.

Shabu

a. Overdosage leads to chest pains, hypertension, acute psychotic reaction,

convulsions and death due to cardiac arrest
b. Due to the appetite suppressing effects of shabu, pregnant mother may
become malnourished. This may affect the nutritional needs of the baby.
c. Babies born to shabu-using women show sever emotional disturbances.

3. Hallucinogens – users of hallucinogens may suffer the following:

marijuana:

a. can lead to serious mental changes like insanity, suicidal and or

homicidal tendencies
b. poor impulse control
c. damage to chromosomes, hence, affecting potentially the offspring
d. death due to paralysis of the respiratory system

Effects On The Body

a. Brain – impairs skills for driving cars and operating machinery, interferes
with memory, and intellect.
b. Eyes – lowers pressure inside eye ball
c. Heart – raises heart rate, potentially hazardous to heart patients
d. Lungs – impairs lung functions
e. Reproductive Organ – decreases sex hormones and sperm production in
males
f. Immune System – impairs immunity of the body against infection and
 48

Approaches to the Drug Problem

(Chapter 6)

The present nature and extent of drug abuse and misuse among the youth
constitutes one of the gravest health problems facing the nation and the world today.
Public concern about drug abuse is focused not only on drugs that can be abused
but also on the individual who misuses them.

Today, there are many measures undertaken by both the private and the
government sectors in the fight against drug abuse as a disease of society. This
includes the major approaches as follows:

A. The Law Enforcement Approach

B. The Treatment and Rehabilitation Approach
C. The Educational Approach
D. The International Efforts Against Drug Abuse

LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH

The Philippine government considers drug abuse as a multi – faceted problem

that threatens the health and well – being of the Filipinos across all levels of society.
The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 (RA 9165) has been created to
control the drug problem.
 49

The creation of the Dangerous Drug Board (DDB) under the law acts as the
national drug policy making and coordination body.

DANGEROUS DRUG BOARD

 The board is the highest policy – making and coordination arm as well as the
national clearing house of all matters pertaining to law enforcement and
control of dangerous drugs, treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents,
drug abuse prevention and community information, research and statistics on
the drug problem, and the training of personnel engaged in the
aforementioned activities.

The Dangerous Drugs Board is directly under the Office of the President. Its
Secretariat is under the administrative control and supervision of the Executive
Director, who has the rank of undersecretary and who is assisted by two (2) Deputies
with the rank of assistant secretaries. These are the deputy executive director for
administration; and deputy executive director for operations. The Secretariat of the
Board is composed of the following divisions:

Policy Studies, Research, and Statistics Division (PSRSD); 

Preventive Education, Training and Information Division (PETID); Legal Affairs
Division (LAD); and 
Administrative and Financial Management Division (AFMD).

COMPOSITION OF THE BOARD

 50

 The DDB is composed of the: Chairman; two (2) Permanent Board Members,;
the heads of twelve (12) National Government Agencies as Ex-Officio
Members, namely the Departments of Justice (DOJ), Labor and Employment
(DOLE), the Interior and Local Government (DILG), Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD), Foreign Affairs (DFA), Finance (DOF), Health (DOH),
National Defense (DND), Education (DepEd), the Commission on Higher
Education (CHED), the National Youth Commission (NYC), and the Philippine
Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA); and two (2) regular members, the
President of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP) and the Chairman or
President of a Non-Government Organization (NGO). The permanent
consultants are the heads of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and
the Philippine National Police (PNP).

Functions of the DDB

1. Regulate the importation, distribution, manufacture, production, prescription,

and dispensing of dangerous drugs necessary to meet the research and medical
needs of the country.

2. Coordinate with law enforcement agencies to effect the apprehension of

drug offenders and the confiscation of dangerous drugs.

3. Take charge and custody of all dangerous drugs seized, confiscated or

surrendered to any national, provincial or local enforcement agency.

4. Develop information and education programs to make the public aware of

the ill effects of dangerous drugs and the impact of the drug problem on all aspects of
national life

5. Encourage, assist and accredit private rehabilitation centers.

6. Conduct scientific, clinical, psychological, biological and social researches

related to dangerous drugs.

National Campaign Strategies

1. Demand Reduction Strategy

a. Preventive education and information campaigns to prevent

further demand of society particularly the youth.

b. Treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents.

2. Supply Reduction Strategy

a. Dangerous Drug Law enforcement

 51

b. Judicial and Legislative measures

PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

 The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) (Filipino: Kawanihan ng

Pilipinas Laban sa Droga) (KPLD) was established by , and enacted in the
year 2002 as the leading anti-drugs office in the Philippines, under the
supervision of the , which in turn, is under the supervision of the President of
the Philippines. The agency is tasked with the enforcement of the penal and
regulatory provisions of RA 9165. All other agencies in the Philippines, such
as the Philippine National Police, the National Bureau of Investigation, and the
, must inform and coordinate any anti-drug operations with the PDEA. The
PDEA is led by a Director General and assisted by other officials. The more
prominent units within the PDEA are the intelligence and investigation, plans
and operations, and the legal and prosecution services. The basic
qualifications for becoming a Drug Enforcement Officer are as follows: 21 to
35 years of age, a college degree holder, has passed the Civil Professional
Exam, and physically fit.

Operational Plans against the Drug Problem

1. Oplan Thunderbolt I – operations to create impact to the underworld.

2. Oplan Thunderbolt II – operations to neutralize suspected illegal
drug laboratories.
3. Oplan Thunderbolt III – operations for the neutralization of big time drug
pushers, drug dealers and drug lords.
4. Oplan Iceberg – special operations team in selected drug prone areas in
order to get rid of illegal drug activities in the area.
5. Oplan Hunter – operations against suspected military and police personnel
who are engaged in illegal drug activities.
6. Oplan Mercurio – Operations against drug stores, which are violating
existing regulations on the scale of regulated drugs in coordination with the
DDB/DOH and BFAD.
7. Oplan Tornado – Operations in drug notorious and high profile places.
8. Oplan Greengold – NARCOM’s nationwide MJ eradication operations in
coordination with the local governments and NGO’s.
9. Oplan Sagip-Yagit – A civic program initiated by NGO’s and local
government offices to help eradicate drug syndicates involving street
children as drug conduits.
10. Oplan Banat – the newest operational plan against drug abuse focused in
the barangay level in cooperation with barangay officials.

SUPPORTING TASK AGENCIES

 52

 PNP Anti - Illegal Drug Special Operation Task Force (PNP-AIDSOTF)

 National Bureau of Investigation Anti-illegal Drugs Task Force
 Customs Task Group/Force in Dangerous Drugs and Controlled Chemicals
(CTGFDDCC)

THE TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION APPROACH

A. Assisting the Drug Abuser

1. Treatment - the medical service rendered to a client for the effective

management of physical and mental conditions related to drug abuse.

Aims of treatment

a. To prevent death from overdose.

b. To treat complications following drug dependency.
c. To make them comfortable during the withdrawal period.
d. To encourage confirmed drug dependent clients to undergo rehabilitation
and other specialized services.

Detoxification - it is a medically supervised elimination of drugs from the

system of any addicted person.

Methods of Detoxification includes:

1. Cold Turkey
2. Substitution – the use of methodex, catapres, haemasin,
dextropropoxyphene, tranquilizer, etc.
3. Reduction Method – using the same drug to which the patient is
dependent. The process could be gradual or rapid.
4. Acupuncture

2. Rehabilitation - the dynamic process directed towards the physical,

emotional/psychological, vocational, social and spiritual change to prepare a person
for the fullest life compatible with his capabilities and potentialities, and render him
able to become a law abiding and productive member of the community without
abusing drugs.

Objectives:

To restore an individual to a state where he is physically,

psychologically and socially capable of coping with the same problems as
others of his age group and able to avail of the opportunity to live a happy,
useful and productive life without abusing drugs.
 53

Modalities:

a. Multi-disciplinary Team Approach

b. Therapeutic Community Approach
c. Primal Scream Therapy
d. Spiritual Approach
e. Eclectic Approach
f. The 12 Steps of AA/NA

SOCIETAL ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION

Different sectors of society play vital roles in preventing drug abuse. All should
exert concerted efforts to fight the spreading tentacles of this menace.

A. The Individual

The primary role of the individual is to improve his personality and develop
traits and characteristics that would help him build-up his self-concept, thereby
making himself confident. He should develop strong spiritual and moral values,
sharpen his skills in making decisions, and strengthen his will power. He should
improve his physical qualities as well as his mental faculties.

What a person can do to prevent drug abuse?

1. Maintain good physical and mental health.

2. Use drugs properly. Most drugs are beneficial when used under medical
advice.
3. Understand himself. Accept and respect himself for what he is.
4. Develop potentials. Engage in wholesome, productive and satisfying
activities.
5. Learn to relate effectively with others. Talk to others regarding problems.
6. Learn to cope with problems and other stresses with out the use of drugs.
7. Seek professional help regarding problems that are hard to cope with.
8. Develop strong moral and spiritual values.

B. The Family

The Role of Parents

Parents are looked upon by their children as models. The parents should:

1. Create a warm and friendly atmosphere in the home.

2. Develop effective means of communication with their children.
 54

3. Understand and accept the children for what they are and not for what they
want them to be.
4. Listen to their children, respect for their opinions, and guide them in
making decisions.
5. Praise their children for whatever positive achievement they have
accomplished no matter how trivial this may seem.
6. Take time to be with their children no matter how busy they are.
7. Strengthen moral and spiritual values.

C. The School

Next to the home, the school is the child’s next impressive world. Here, the
child moves about in a bigger social environment predominantly made up of his
peers and teachers.

As part of a broader social process for behavior influence, it is said that the
school is an extension of the home having the strategic position to control crime and
delinquency. It exercises authority over every child as a constituent.

The teachers are considered second parents having the responsibility to mold
the child to become productive member of the community by devoting energies to
study the child behavior using all available scientific means and devices in an attempt
to provide each child the kind and amount of education they need.

The school take the responsibility of preventing the feeling of insecurity and
rejection of the child which can contribute directly to maladjustment and to criminality
by setting up objectives of developing the child into a well integrated and useful, law
abiding citizens.

The school has also the role of working closely with the parents and
neighborhood, and other community agencies and organizations to direct the child in
the most effective and constructive way.

What the Teacher Can Do to Prevent Drug Abuse?

1. Know their students and be sensitive to their needs and problems.

2. Establish rapport with their students for better communication.
3. Accept their students for what they are and help them develop their
potentials.
4. Academic achievement and personality development should be given
equal importance.
 55

5. Encourage student’s participation in co-curricular activities that would

further enhance mental health and strengthen moral and spiritual values.

What the School Administrators Can Do to Prevent Drug Abuse?

1. Make available time to plan and initiate awareness sessions for students
and families about drug problems related to them.
2. Facilitate a general assessment of the drug abuse and initiate educational
programs geared towards prevention of the drug problem.

D. The Church

The church is also committed to fight against drug abuse. Religion is a

positive force for humanitarian task of moral guidance of the youth. It is the social
institution with the primary role to strengthen faith and goodness in the community,
an influence against crime and delinquency.
The church influences people’s behavior with the emphasis on morals and
life’s highest spiritual values, the worth and dignity of the individual, and respect for
person’s lives and properties, and generate the full power to oppose crime and
delinquency.
Just like the family and the school, the church is also responsible to cooperate
with institutions in the community in dealing with problems of children, delinquents
and criminals as regards to the treatment and correction of criminal behaviors.

D. The Police
The police are one of the most powerful occupation groups in the
modern society. The prime mover of the criminal justice system and the number one
institution in the community with the broad goals of maintaining peace and order, the
protection of life and property, and the enforcement of the laws.
The police are the authority having a better position to draw up special
programs against drug abuse and crime in general because it is the very reason why
the police exist. That is to protect the society against lawless elements since they are
the best equipped to detect and identify criminals.
The police are the agency most interested about crime and criminals
and having the most clearly defined legal power authority to take action against them.

E. The Government and the other Components of the CJS

The government and the other components of the criminal justice system is
the organized authority that enforces the laws of the land and the most powerful in
 56

the control of people. Respect for the government is influenced by the respect of the
people running the government.
When the people see that public officers and employees are the first ones to
violate the laws, people will refuse to obey them, they set a bad example for others to
follow and create an atmosphere conducive to crime and disrespect for the law. In
this regard, the government itself indirectly abets the commission of crimes.

F. The Non-Government Organizations

The group of concerned individuals responsible for helping the

government in the pursuit of community development being partners of providing the
common good and welfare of the people through public service.
When the government is inefficient and unable to provide the necessary goods
and services to the people, these non-government organizations are good helpers in
providing the required services, thus preventing drug abuse.

G. The Mass Media

The media is the best institution for information dissemination thereby

giving the public the necessary need to know, and do help shape everyday views
about drug abuse, its control and prevention.

Substance Abuse and Vice Control

(Chapter 7)

ALCOHOL

Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man. Ever since there has
been a continuous effect, everywhere, to control its consumption because of its
devastating effects on human life. Many countries all over the world have tried
prohibition ban with little success.

In the Philippines, it has been observed that most persons involved in cases of
physical assault are under the influence of alcohol. Likewise, victims of assault too
are under the influence of liquor. Furthermore, alcohol has adversely influenced the
rate of road accidents. The chances of an intoxicated driver causing an accident are
about fifty times more than that of a sober driver.

The crime involving alcohol, directly or indirectly is increasing at a terrific rate.

The police and the judiciary should, therefore, understand the mechanics of alcohol,
its nature, effects, detection and estimation, to deal effectively with crimes involving
liquors.
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Nature and Property

Alcohol is a colorless, tasteless clear liquid. It boils at 78.4 degrees Celsius. It

has pleasant odor and gives a burning sensation to the mouth, esophagus and
stomach. Like many drugs, alcohol is toxic. It can poison the human body if taken in
large amount or in combination with other drugs. Alcohol is a depressant not a
stimulant.

There are two kinds of alcohol – methyl and ethyl alcohol. Methyl alcohol is
very poisonous and is not put in drinks but is use in some industries. Ethyl alcohol is
used in alcoholic drinks, which are made by breweries. The fermentation occurs
when germs called yeast act on sugars in food to produce alcohol and carbon
dioxide. Fermented brews and spirits contain different amounts of alcohol. The
amount in beer is less than in other drinks. It varies from 2.5% to 8% in different
countries.

The Common Alcoholic Drinks

1. Beers – they contain 2 – 6 percent alcohol

2. Wines – they contain about 10% alcohol
3. Fortified Wines – liquors that contains 10% – 20% alcohol
4. Spirits – liquors that contain 40% to 60% alcohol

Types of Drinkers

1. Occasional Drinker – drinks on special occasions or uses alcohol as a home

remedy, takes only a few drinks per year.

2. Frequent Drinker – drinks at parties and social affairs. Intake of alcohol may
be once a week or occasionally reaches three or four times per week, uses
beverages to release inhibitions and tensions.

3. Regular Drinker – may drink daily or consistently on weekends, usually

comes from cultural background where wine and beer is used with meals to
enhance the flavor of the food.

4. Alcohol Dependent – drinks to have good time, excessive drinking occurs

occasionally but drinker may not become alcoholic.

5. Alcoholic – has lost control of his use of alcohol. Alcohol assumes primary
goal in his life, even to the exclusion of physical health and interests of family
and society in general.
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Usual Motives for Drinking

1. Traditional – social and religious functions.

2. Status – symbol of success and prestige.

3. Dietary – dining incomplete without wine, integral part of today’s way of

“gracious living”.

4. Social – release tensions and inhibitions so user can tolerate and enjoy
another’s company.

5. Shortcut to adulthood – user unsure of maturity, drinks to prove himself.

6. Ritual – foster group feeling, cocktail parties, toasts made to brides, wishes for
good health.

7. Path of least Resistance – doesn’t want to drink but doesn’t want to abstain
so goes along with everyone else.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE DRINKER

General Effects on the Body

Alcohol is a narcotic. That is, it has a depressant effect on the system.

Likewise, the following are the general effects of alcohol as to proper order.

1. Euphoria – feeling of well – being, increased confidence, temporary relief

from fatigue, pain or depression.

2. Muscular In coordination – depression of motor function and causes greater

dulling of the brain that controls inhibitions. The person may become hilarious,
morose, irritable or excitable without proper cause. He may suffer from slurred
speech and staggering gait.

3. Respiratory Paralysis – if more liquor is consumed the paralysis of the

respiratory centers sets in. The person may suffer from complete in
coordination of muscles, torturous breathing, sleep, coma and death.

Effects of Alcohol on the Brain and the Central Nervous System

The nerves are like telephone wires coming out of the control system in the
brain and spinal cord. They send and receive messages from all parts of the body.
Alcohol slows down the work of the brain cells and stops proper messages being
 59

sent to the rest of the body. Alcohol stops people behaving correctly to other people.
They may do whatever comes first into their minds. They may do whatever comes
first into their minds. They may say things that do not make sense or behave rudely
to others. They may also have feelings of increased personal or social power. After
heavy drinking, and when the pain killing effects of the alcohol is removed, the
person may suffer form a hangover.

A hangover is the word used to describe the terrible pain and horrible effects,
which follow a period of heavy drinking.

Effects on the Stomach and Intestines

Alcohol damages the stomach and intestines and makes them sore. This can
cause a burning sensation, nausea and vomiting. Sometimes there is bleeding.

Effects on the Liver

The first thing the liver does is to turn part of the alcohol into fat. Some of this
goes into the blood, but a llot builds up in the liver cells. After drinking six medium
sized glasses of beer everyday for a few days fat is formed in the liver, the liver
becomes larger. As the liver enlarges, it changes the way other drugs and medicines
work in the body. So it can be dangerous to take medicine with alcohol

Effects on the Heart and Muscles

Alcohol affects the heart and other muscles so that they become weaker and
less effective. This makes people tired and breathless.

Effects on the Blood

The activity of the liver trying to get rid of the alcohol results in many changes
to the blood for example, blood sugar is lowered and blood fats are increased.

Effects on the Kidneys

Alcohol decreased the ability of the kidneys to get rid of some waste products.

Effects on Sexual Function

After the excessive use of alcohol, the ability to have satisfactory sexual
activity is decreased.

TOBACCO
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The tobacco plant, scientifically known as Nicotiana Tabacum, is a plant

grown for its leaves, which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects.
Tobacco is considered addictive because it contains the addictive chemical Nicotine.
Sniffing and chewing tobacco originated in North America and Europe

Tobacco Chemicals

The three most common components of tobacco cigarettes and cigarette

smoke are:

1. Nicotine – it is the most common important active ingredient in controlled

doses. It is an extremely toxic substance. A typical cigarette contains 1 – 2 mg
of nicotine. When smoked, less than 1 mg from each cigarette is filtered or not
depending on the characteristics of the filter, the depth and frequency of
inhalation and the length of the butt.

2. Carbon Monoxide – a poisonous gas similar to the gas that emanates from a
car’s exhaust pipe. It impairs the capacity of the blood to supply adequate
amounts of oxygen to the vital organs of the body. It is responsible for the
shortness of breath among smokers.

3. Tar – the brownish viscous substance known to be the cancer – causing

component of tobacco smoking. It also stains the fingers, teeth, and tongue of
the smoker. Along with the other noxious substances in cigarette smoking, it
can lead to lung cancer, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKING

The effects of tobacco smoking consist primarily of ill health and of human
suffering. These necessarily, to the productivity of the work force, the need for
medical care and other variables. Thus smoking impairs society’s total well – being
and possess substantial economic loss of the nation.

Effects on the Cardiovascular System

Increases in heart attack risk with amount smoke; increase heart rates 15 – 25
beats with one to two cigarettes; constrict small arteries causing higher blood
pressure; increase the chance of developing peripheral, vascular diseases; causes
carbon monoxide from smoke to rob oxygen carrying potential of blood; causes
increase of free fatty acids in blood which may be related to heart attack.

Effects on the Respiratory System

Increases risks of developing lung cancer ten – fold for the average of one
pack a day smoke; increases lung cancer risk with amount, with length of time
 61

smoked and early age starting; major factor identified in the development of lung
cancer; only one in twenty lung cancer victims is saved from death per year.

Effects on the Reproductive System

Women who smoke during pregnancy increase the risk of still birth and
prenatal mortality, and the child physical and intellectual is delayed. Women who
smoke cause menopause in early age than in normal; male smokers, penile arteries
become constricted bringing about slower erection time, impotence in 1 in 4 heavy
smokers versus 1 in 12 non – smokers. Smoking fathers may beget children who
may suffer from brain tumor, leukemia and other abnormalities due to decreased
number of spermatozoa.

BENEFITS OF QUITTING TOBACCO SMOKING

1. With in 20 minutes, the blood pressures and pulse rate drop to normal, the
body temperature of the hands and feet returns to normal.

2. With in 8 hours, the carbon monoxide level in the blood drops to normal and
the oxygen level in the blood increases to normal.

3. With in 24 hours, the risk of sudden heart attack decreases.

4. With in 48 hours, the nerve ending begin to regenerate and a person’s ability
to smell and taste begin to return to normal

5. With in 2 weeks to 3 weeks, blood circulation improves and lung function

increase to 30 percent.

6. Within 1 – 9 months, over all energy increases – signs and symptoms of

coughing, nasal congestion, fatigue and shortness of breath are remarkably
reduced. Natural cleansing mechanism of the respiratory tract returns to
normal so that the body is able to handle mucus, clean the respiratory tract,
and prevent respiratory infections.

7. With in 1 year, risk of coronary heart disease is reduced by 50%.

8. With in 5 years, the risk of dying from lung cancer is reduced by 50%.

9. With in 10 years, the risk of dying from lung cancer, stroke and heart attack is
as that of a non – smoker.
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GAMBLING

This is usually defined as wagering on games or events in which the chance

largely determines the outcome.

Gambling is a vice that is difficult to control. Although the behavior pattern

known as pathological or compulsive gambling does not involve chemically addictive
substance, still is considered as an addictive behavior because of the personality
attributes that tends to characterize the individual and the similar treatment problems
involved. It also involves behavior maintained by short – term gains despite long –
term disruption of the individual’s life.

What behind this vice?

Pathological gamblers continue to play vividly despite the awareness that the
odds are against the, and despite the fact that they are rarely or never repeat their
early success. To stake their gambling they often dissipate their savings, neglect
their families, default the bills, and borrow money from friends and even loan.
Eventually they resort to writing bad checks, embezzlement, corruption and other
illegal means of obtaining money, feeling sure that their luck will change and that
they will be able to repay what they have taken. Whereas others view their gambling
as unethical and disruptive, they are likely to see themselves as taking calculated
risks to build a lucrative business. Often they feel alone and resentful that others do
not understand their activities.

RA 9165 The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 repealing RA 6425

(Dangerous Drug Act of 1972) and all its amendments

- signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

- it took effect on July 04, 2002

SALIENT FEATURES OF RA 9165

1. There is no more distinction of drugs (prohibited/regulated) All are

categorized as Dangerous Drugs.
2. The law enforcement arm tasked to implement the provisions if RA 9165 is
the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

3. Provision of PD968 (Probation Law of 1972) is no longer applicable for

pushing cases notwithstanding the penalty imposed.

4. Plea Bargaining (entering a plea of guilty to a lesser offense) is not allowed

 63

5. Under the law it is not only the principal who would be liable for violation of
this act, the financier and protector/coddler is likewise punished

6. Mandatory drug testing is now allowed

a. for all applicants for firearm license

b. for all applicants of driver’s license
c. for all applicant in the government service (to include PNP/AFP
d. for all applicants for security guard license
e. for all officials/employees as part of their physical/medical exam
f. for active members of the PNP/AFP drug test is done in random
g. for those filing their certificate of candidacy for any elective
government position
h. for all students in public elementary/high school if it is with the
approval of the parents and done at random
i. for all students in the tertiary level if part of the school manual, done
in conformity of the parents and done at random

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165

The "Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002".

Declaration of Policy. – It is the policy of the State to safeguard the integrity of

its territory and the well-being of its citizenry particularly the youth, from the
harmful effects of dangerous drugs on their physical and mental well-being, and
to defend the same against acts or omissions detrimental to their development
and preservation.

Definitions –

1. Administer – any act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any
person, with or without his/her knowledge, by injection, inhalation, ingestion or
other means, or of committing any act of indispensable assistance to a person in
administering a dangerous drug to himself/herself unless administered by a duly
licensed practitioner for purposes of medication

2. Chemical Diversion - the sale, distribution, supply or transport of legitimately

imported, in-transit, manufactured or procured controlled precursors and essential
chemicals, in diluted, mixtures or in concentrated form, to any person or entity
engaged in the manufacture of any dangerous drug.

3. Confirmatory Test – an analytical test using a device, tool or equipment with a

different chemical or physical principle that is more specific which will validate and
confirm the result of the screening test. It refers to the second or further
 64

analytical procedure to more accurately determine the presence of dangerous

drugs in a specimen.

4. Den, Dive or Resort – a place where any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical is administered, delivered, stored for illegal
purposes, distributed, sold or used in any form.

5. Drug Dependence –It is a cluster of physiological, behavioral and cognitive

phenomena of variable intensity, in which the use of psychoactive drug takes on
a high priority thereby involving, among others, a strong desire or a sense of
compulsion to take the substance and the difficulties in controlling substance-
taking behavior in terms of its onset, termination, or levels of use;

6. Drug Dependent – refers to a person suffering from drug dependence;

7. Drug Syndicate – any organized group of two (2) or more persons forming or
joining together with the intention of committing any offense prescribed under the
Act;

8. Illegal Trafficking – the illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration,

dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation,
exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical;

9. Laboratory Equipment – the paraphernalia, apparatuses, materials or

appliances when used, intended for use or designed for use in the manufacture of
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.

10. Manufacture – the production, preparation, compounding or processing of any

dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical, either directly
or indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin, or independently
by means of chemical synthesis or by a combination of extraction and chemical
synthesis.

11. Cannabis or commonly known as “Marijuana” or “Indian Hemp’ or by its any

other name – embraces every kind, class, genus, or specie of the plant Cannabis
sativa L, including, but not limited to, Cannabis americana, hashish, bhang,
guaza, churrus and ganjab, and embraces every kind, class and character of
marijuana, whether dried or fresh.

12. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or commonly known as

“Ecstasy,” or by its any other name – refers to the drug having such chemical
composition, including any of its isomers or derivatives in any form.
 65

13. Methamphetamine Hydrochloride or commonly known as “Shabu”, “Ice”,

“Meth”, or by its any other name – refers to the drug having such chemical
composition, including any of its isomers or derivatives in any form.
14. Opium – refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum
L.) and embraces every kind, class and character of opium, whether crude or
prepared.

15. Opium Poppy – refers to any part of the plant of the species Papaver
somniferum L., Papaver setigerum DC, Papaver orientale, Papaver bracteatum
and Papaver rhoeas.

16. Planting of Evidence – the willful act of any person of maliciously and
surreptitiously inserting, placing, adding or attaching directly or indirectly, through
any overt or covert act, whatever quantity of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical in the person, house, effects or in the
immediate vicinity of an innocent individual for the purpose of implicating,
incriminating or imputing the commission of any violation of the Act.

17. Pusher – any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives
away to another, on any term whatsoever, or distributes, dispatches in transit or
transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in any of such transactions.

18. Rehabilitation – the dynamic process, including after-care and follow-up

treatment, directed towards the physical, emotional/psychological, vocational,
social and spiritual change/enhancement of a drug dependent.

19. Screening Test – a rapid test performed to establish potential/presumptive

positive result. It refers to the immunoassay test to eliminate a “negative”
specimen.

20. Use – any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either

by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or otherwise
introducing into the physiological system of the body.

UNLAWFUL ACTS AND PENALTIES

Possession of Dangerous Drugs. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a

fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00)

a. 10 grams or more of opium;

b. 10 grams or more of morphine;
c. 10 grams or more of heroin;
d. 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride;
e. 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride or “shabu”;
f. 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil;
 66

g. 500 grams or more of marijuana; and

h. 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to,
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or “ecstasy”,
paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), lysergic
acid diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and those similarly
designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives.

Use of Dangerous Drugs. - A person apprehended or arrested, who is found to be

positive for use of any dangerous drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be imposed a
penalty of a minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center for the
first offense, subject to the provision of Article VIII of the Act. If apprehended using
any dangerous drug for the second time, he/she shall suffer the penalty of
imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a
fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two hundred thousand pesos
(P200,000.00): Provided, that this Section shall not be applicable where the person
tested is also found to have in his/her possession such quantity of any dangerous
drug provided for under Section 11 of the Act, in which case the provisions stated
therein shall apply.

Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs. - The penalty of imprisonment

ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine
ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00) and the additional penalty of the revocation of his/her license to
practice shall be imposed upon the practitioner, who shall prescribe any dangerous
drug to any person whose physical or physiological condition does not require its use
or in the dosage prescribed therein, as determined by the Board in consultation with
recognized competent experts who are authorized representatives of professional
organizations of practitioners, particularly those who are involved in the care of
persons with severe pain.

Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs. - The penalty of life imprisonment to

death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law, shall make or issue a prescription or any other writing purporting
to be a prescription for any dangerous drug.

Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered

Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors
and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory
Equipment. - The PDEA shall take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs,
plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, as
well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment so confiscated,
seized and/or surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:
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(a) The apprehending officer/team having initial custody and control of the
drugs shall, immediately after seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and
photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom
such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a
representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected
public official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a
copy thereof: Provided, that the physical inventory and photograph shall be
conducted at the place where the search warrant is served; or at the nearest police
station or at the nearest office of the apprehending officer/team, whichever is
practicable, in case of warrantless seizures; Provided, further, that non-compliance
with these requirements under justifiable grounds, as long as the integrity and the
evidentiary value of the seized items are properly preserved by the apprehending
officer/team, shall not render void and invalid such seizures of and custody over said
items;

(b) Within twenty-four (24) hours upon confiscation/seizure of dangerous

drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential
chemicals, as well as instruments/ paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment, the
same shall be submitted to the PDEA Forensic Laboratory for a qualitative and
quantitative examination;

(c) A certification of the forensic laboratory examination results, which shall be

done under oath by the forensic laboratory examiner, shall be issued within twenty-
four (24) hours after the receipt of the subject item/s: Provided, that when the
volume of the dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, and controlled
precursors and essential chemicals does not allow the completion of testing within
the time frame, a partial laboratory examination report shall be provisionally issued
stating therein the quantities of dangerous drugs still to be examined by the forensic
laboratory: Provided, however, that a final certification shall be issued on the
completed forensic laboratory examination on the same within the next twenty-four
(24) hours;

(d) After the filing of the criminal case, the court shall, within seventy-two (72)
hours, conduct an ocular inspection of the confiscated, seized and/or surrendered
dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, and controlled precursors and
essential chemicals, including the instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory
equipment, and through the PDEA shall, within twenty- four (24) hours thereafter,
proceed with the destruction or burning of the same, in the presence of the accused
or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her
representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the DOJ, civil society
groups and any elected public official. The Board shall draw up the guidelines on the
manner of proper disposition and destruction of such item/s which shall be borne by
the offender: Provided, that those item/s of lawful commerce, as determined by the
Board, shall be donated, used or recycled for legitimate purposes; Provided, further,
that a representative sample, duly weighed and recorded is retained;
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(e) The Board shall then issue a sworn certification as to the fact of destruction
or burning of the subject item/s which, together with the representative sample/s in
the custody of the PDEA, shall be submitted to the court having jurisdiction over the
case. In cases of seizures where no person is apprehended and no criminal case is
filed, the PDEA may order the immediate destruction or burning of seized dangerous
drugs and controlled precursors and essential chemicals under guidelines set by the
Board. In all instances, the representative sample/s shall be kept to a minimum
quantity as determined by the Board;

(f) The alleged offender or his/her representative or counsel shall be allowed

to personally observe all of the above proceedings and his/her presence shall not
constitute an admission of guilt. In case the said offender or accused refuses or fails
to appoint a representative after due notice in writing to the accused or his/her
counsel within seventy-two (72) hours before the actual burning or destruction of the
evidence in question, the Secretary of Justice shall appoint a member of the public
attorney’s office to represent the former;

(g) After the promulgation and judgment in the criminal case wherein the
representative sample/s was presented as evidence in court, the trial prosecutor shall
inform the Board of the final termination of the case and, in turn, shall request the
court for leave to turn over the said representative sample/s to the PDEA for proper
disposition and destruction within twenty-four (24) hours from receipt of the same;

Grant of Compensation, Reward and Award. – Compensation, reward and award

shall, upon the recommendation of the Board, be granted to any person providing
information and to law enforcers participating in the operation, which results in the
successful confiscation, seizure or surrender of dangerous drugs, plant sources of
dangerous drugs, and controlled precursors and essential chemicals, subject to the
compensation, reward and award system promulgated by the Board.

Plea-Bargaining Provision. - Any person charged under any provision of the Act
regardless of the imposable penalty shall not be allowed to avail of the provision on
plea-bargaining.

Non-Applicability of the Probation Law for Drug Traffickers and Pushers. - Any
person convicted of drug trafficking or pushing under the Act, regardless of the
penalty imposed by the court, cannot avail of the privilege granted by the Probation
Law or Presidential Decree No. 968, as amended.

Qualifying Aggravating Circumstances in the Commission of a Crime by an

Offender Under the Influence of Dangerous Drugs. - Notwithstanding the
provisions of any law to the contrary, a positive finding for the use of dangerous
drugs shall be a qualifying aggravating circumstance in the commission of a crime by
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an offender, and the application of the penalty provided for in the Revised Penal
Code shall be applicable.
Positive finding refers to the result of confirmatory test.

Immunity from Prosecution and Punishment. – Those who willingly testifies shall
be exempted from prosecution or punishment for the offense with reference to which
his/her information and testimony were given, and may plead or prove the giving of
such information and testimony in bar of such prosecution: Provided, that the
following conditions concur:

a) The information and testimony are necessary for the conviction of the
persons described above;
b) Such information and testimony are not yet in the possession of the State;
c) Such information and testimony can be corroborated on its material points;
d) The informant or witness has not been previously convicted of a crime
involving moral turpitude, except when there is no other direct evidence
available for the State other than the information and testimony of said
informant or witness; and
e) The informant or witness shall strictly and faithfully comply without delay, any
condition or undertaking, reduced into writing, lawfully imposed by the State
as further consideration for the grant of immunity from prosecution and
punishment.

Provided, further, that this immunity may be enjoyed by such informant or

witness who does not appear to be most guilty for the offense with reference to which
his/her information or testimony were given; Provided, finally, that there is no direct
evidence available for the State except for the information and testimony of the said
informant or witness.
Exemption from the Criminal Liability Under the Voluntary Submission
Program. - A drug dependent under the voluntary submission program, who is
finally discharged from confinement, shall be exempt from the criminal liability under
Section 15 of the Act subject to the following conditions:

(a) He/she has complied with the rules and regulations of the Center, the
applicable rules and regulations of the Board, including the after-care and follow-up
program for at least eighteen (18) months following temporary discharge from
confinement in the Center or, in the case of a drug dependent placed under the care
of the DOH-accredited physician, the after-care program and follow-up schedule
formulated by the DSWD and approved by the Board: Provided, that capability-
building of local government social workers shall be undertaken by the DSWD;

(b) He/she has never been charged or convicted of any offense punishable
under the Act, the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 or Republic Act No. 6425, as
amended; the Revised Penal Code, as amended; or any special penal laws;
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(c) He/she has no record of escape from a Center: Provided, that had he/she
escaped, he/she surrendered by himself/herself or through his/her parent, spouse,
guardian or relative within the fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity, within one (1)
week from the date of the said escape; and

(d) He/she poses no serious danger to himself/herself, his/her family or the

community by his/her exemption from criminal liability.

Privilege of Suspended Sentence to be Availed of Only Once by a First-Time

Minor Offender. - The privilege of suspended sentence shall be availed of only
once by an accused drug dependent who is a first-time offender over fifteen (15)
years of age at the time of the commission of the violation of Section 15 of the Act
but not more than eighteen (18) years of age at the time when judgment should have
been promulgated.

Probation or Community Service for a First-Time Minor Offender in Lieu of

Imprisonment. - Upon promulgation of the sentence, the court may, in its
discretion, place the accused under probation, even if the sentence provided under
the Act is higher than that provided under existing law on probation, or impose
community service in lieu of imprisonment. In case of probation, the supervision and
rehabilitative surveillance shall be undertaken by the Board through the DOH in
coordination with the Board of Pardons and Parole and the Probation Administration.
Upon compliance with the conditions of the probation, the Board shall submit a
written report to the court recommending termination of probation and a final
discharge of the probationer, whereupon the court shall issue such an order.

DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD AND

PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY

The Dangerous Drugs Board. – The Board shall be the policy-making and
strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation of policies and programs
on drug prevention and control. It shall develop and adopt a comprehensive,
integrated, unified and balanced national drug abuse prevention and control strategy.
It shall be under the Office of the President.

Composition of the Board. – The Board shall be composed of seventeen (17)

members wherein three (3) of which are permanent members, the other twelve (12)
members shall be in an ex-officio capacity and the two (2) shall be regular members.

The three (3) permanent members, who shall possess at least seven-year
training and experience in the field of dangerous drugs and in any of the following
fields: law, medicine, criminology, psychology or social work, shall be appointed by
the President of the Philippines. The President shall designate a Chairperson, who
shall have the rank of a secretary from among the three (3) permanent members who
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shall serve for six (6) years. Of the two (2) other members, who shall both have the
rank of undersecretary, one (1) shall serve for four (4) years and the other for two (2)
years. Thereafter, the persons appointed to succeed such members shall hold office
for a term of six (6) years and until their successors shall have been duly appointed
and qualified.

The other twelve (12) members who shall be ex-officio members of the Board
are the following:

 Secretary of the Department of Justice or his/her representative;

 Secretary of the Department of Health or his/her representative;
 Secretary of the Department of National Defense or his/her representative;
 Secretary of the Department of Finance or his/her representative;
 Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment or his/her
representative.
 Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government or his/her
representative;
 Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development or his/her
representative;
 Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs or his/her representative;
 Secretary of the Department of Education or his/her representative;
 Chairperson of the Commission on Higher Education or his/her representative;
 Chairperson of the National Youth Commission; and
 Director General of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency.

The two (2) regular members shall be as follows:

 The president of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines; and

 The chairperson or president of a non-government organization involved in

dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by the President of the Philippines.

The Director of the NBI and the Chief of the PNP shall be the permanent
consultants of the Board, and shall attend all the meetings of the Board.

THE PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA)

To carry out the provisions of the Act, the PDEA, which serves as the
implementing arm of the Board, shall be responsible for the efficient and effective
law enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical as provided in the Act.
The PDEA shall be headed by a Director General with the rank of
Undersecretary, who shall be responsible for the general administration and
management of the Agency. The Director General of the PDEA shall be appointed
by the President of the Philippines and shall perform such other duties that may be
assigned to him/her. He/she must possess adequate knowledge, training and
 72

experience in the field of dangerous drugs, and in any of the following fields: law
enforcement, law, medicine, criminology, psychology or social work.

The Director General of the PDEA shall be assisted in the performance of

his/her duties and responsibilities by two (2) deputy director generals with the rank of
Assistant Secretary, one for Operations and the other one for Administration. The
two (2) deputy director generals shall likewise be appointed by the President of the
Philippines upon recommendation of the Board.

The PDEA Academy. - Upon the approval of the Board, the PDEA Academy shall
be established either in Baguio or Tagaytay City, and in such other places as may be
necessary. The PDEA Academy shall be responsible in the recruitment and training
of all PDEA agents and personnel. The Board shall provide for the qualifications and
requirements of its recruits who must be at least twenty-one (21) years old, of proven
integrity and honesty and a Baccalaureate degree holder.

The Academy shall be headed by a Superintendent, with the rank of Director.

He/she shall be appointed by the PDEA Director General.

DRUG TESTING
(Chapter 8)

MORPHINE

The following therapeutic uses of morphine:

1. to relieve pain
2. useful in checking diarrhea
3. valuable in the treatment of dry, non – productive coughs which have failed to
yield with codeine
4. excellent for pre – operative operation
5. indicated in surgical hemorrhage whereby the blood pressure is reduced and
bleeding diminishes
6. it is useful as a hypnotic when pain interferes with the ability to sleep and
potentially less harmful narcotics have failed to induce sleep.

Detection of Morphine

Method Reagent Observation

1. Marquis 1 cc of 40% HCHO to A purple violet develops
conclusion H2SO4
2. Froehde Add 250 mg. sodium molybdate A purple red develops
in 50 cc conclusion H2SO4 immediately
3. Mecke 50g. selenoius acid in 10 cc A blue color that pass
conclusion H2SO4 quickly to green
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CODEINE

Detection of Codeine

Color Tests Observation

1. Marquis A purplish – violet which rapidly becomes very intense
2. Foehde A yellow – green, olive green, finally turning blue in about 3
minutes
3. Mecke A green – rapidly turning to dark green and finally turning to
greenish blue in 3 minutes

Difference between Codeine and Morphine

1. Morphine is soluble in solutions of caustic alkaline solution codeine does not.

2. Codeine can completely extracted by ether from an aqueous alkaline solution,

morphine cannot; or at most only traces.

3. Codeine does not set iodine from iodic acid, nor give a mixture of FeCl 3 and
K3Fe(CN)6 blue color of precipitate

4. Solution of neutral codeine salts not colored blue by FeCl 3

HEROIN – as a drug of addiction heroin is particularly dangerous since no
hypodermic needle is required for its administration. It is sufficient merely to sniff the
drug in order to have it absorbed by the body.

Detection of Heroin

Color Tests Observation

1. Marquis A reddish – purple develops
2. Foehde A violet – purple color develops immediately. On the
standing it turns purplish – brown
3. Mecke A light green rapidly changing to a darker greenish blue

Field Test for Marijuana

Microscopic – using a magnification of approximately 30 diameters, the leaves,

small twigs, seed hulls and due to the presence of non – glandular haris which
contain at their base called spheriodal cystolith of calcium carbonate. Adding a drop
of diluted hydrochloric acid to the slide and noting the effervescence may show the
presence of carbonate. Many of the cystolithic hairs appear in the shape of bear
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claws. The seed or fruit, deprived of its hull, under the same magnification, presents
a mottled effect and gives the viewer the impression he is looking at a hulled coconut
or nutmeg. A comparison with an authentic sample is most desirable.

Chemical – the Duquenois – Levine Test has been found to be the only satisfactory
chemical test for the identification of marijuana. The chloroform soluble color
developed in this test is due to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is
the active principal of the marijuana plant.

Reagents – Duquenois Reagent – dissolve 5 drops of acetaldehyde and 0.4 gm of

vanillin in 20 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol.

- add a pinch of suspected marijuana to a test tube containing about

2 ml (one teaspoon) Duquenois reagent
- add an equal amount (2ml) of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Stir
with a glass rod or shake the test tube in a circular motion to mix its
contents. Allow the test tube to stand for 10 minutes, or until a color
develops.
- Decant the liquid into a second test tube. Add 2 ml of chloroform.
Put stopper and shake. If marijuana is present, a violet or indigo –
violet color will be transferred to the bottom (chloroform) layer

GENERAL DRUG TESTS

Drugs Test Used Color Reaction

Opium Marquis test Purple/violet
Heroin Nitric Acid Yellow – green
Morphine Nitric Acid Red Orange
Cocaine Cobalt Thiocyanate Blue
Barbiturates Dille – Kopanyi Test Violet
Or the Zwiller test Blue color
Amphetamines Marquis Test Red/Orange – Brown
LSD Para Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA) Purple
Marijuana Duquenois – Levine test Red bottom layer
Shabu Symone’s test Purple

NARCOTIC DEATH INVESTIGATION

A common occurrence in the drug culture is the death of a user. Investigation

of a narcotic death is divided into three (3) phases; the SCENE investigation, the
MEDICAL investigation, and the TOXICOLOGICAL investigation. An officer involved
in such a case should determine the manner of death, that is, whether homicide,
suicide or accidental. All of the factors and elements of the scene must be accurately
and completely recorded. This will assist the medical examiner in determining the
cause of death.
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Physiological Effect of Narcotic Ingestion

The ingestion of narcotics or dangerous drugs poisons the body. This is

poisoning effect will leads to a paralysis of the respiratory center or cause heart
failure. This, the, will deny the body a sufficient amount of oxygen.

Evident or visible signs, which remains after death, often accompany the
effects of a particular drug on the human body for the trained observe. These signs
are results of symptoms experienced by the victim prior to death.

Poison Symptoms/Cause of Death

Codeine Nausea, dizziness, constipation, respiratory failure

Heroin & Sweating, loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, itching,
Codeine thirst, respiratory failure
Barbiturates Lower body temperature, cyanosis, cold extremities, skin
rash, constipation, respiratory arrest of pneumonia
Cocaine Nausea, vomiting, chills, sweating, thirst convulsion,
circulatory and respiratory failure
Amphetamine Chills, sweating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting,
cramps, thirst, convulsions, petechial hemorrhages