SJMPS 33a148 159

DOI: 10.21276/sjmps.2017.3.3.
Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN 2413-4929 (Print)

Scholars Middle East Publishers ISSN 2413-4910 (Online)
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Website: http://scholarsmepub.com/
Review Article
A Review on Analytical Methods for Determination of Guaifenesin Alone and In

Combination with Other Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Prayas Acharya1, T Prasanth Kumar1, Immanuel Agasteen1, Sreerama Rajasekhar1, G Neelima1*
1
Sri Venkateswara College of Pharmacy, RVS Nagar, Chittoor-517 127, Andhra Pradesh, India
*Corresponding Author:
Mrs. G Neelima
Email: [email protected]
Abstract: Guaifenesin is an expectorant and it is use to treat cough and congestion caused by the common cold,
bronchitis, and breathing illness. The drug is official in Indian Pharmacopoiea, British Pharmacopoeia, and United States
Pharmacopoeias. This article reviews the different analytical methods available for detection of Guaifenesin alone and in
combination from various pharmaceutical formulations. They are many analytical techniques have been reported for
simultaneous estimation of Guaifenesin and its combined pharmaceutical dosage form but only fewer methods have been
reported for estimation of Guaifenesin alone. Some of those techniques are UV spectrophotometry, high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), liquid chromatography - mass
spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography (GC), and ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Amongst,
various analytical methods are available for the quantification of single and multicomponent dosage forms.
Keywords: Guaifenesin, Spectrophotometry, Chromatography, Expectorant, Pharmaceutical formulations
INTRODUCTION point is 215 oC [1]. Its structural formula has shown in

Guaifenesin is an expectorant, which increases fig 1.
the output of phlegm and bronchial secretions by
reducing surface tension and adhesiveness. The
increased flow of less viscous secretions promotes
cillary action and changes a dry, unproductive cough to
one that is more productive and less frequent. By
reducing the viscosity and adhesiveness of secretions,
guaifenesin increases the efficacy of the mucociliary
mechanism in removing accumulated secretions from
the upper and lower airway. Guaifenesin is use to treat
coughs and congestion caused by the common cold,
bronchitis, and breathing illness [1]. Fig-1: Structure of Guaifenesin
Guaifenesin (GUA), chemically (+)-3-(2- The present literature review stated that
Methoxyphenoxy)-propane-1,2 -diol. It occurs as a fine, various analytical methods reported for the estimation
white to slightly gray, crystalline, slight characteristic of individual, binary, or tertiary combination of
odor with a bitter aromatic taste. It is freely soluble in guaifenesin. Drug profile of guaifenesin and its
ethanol, soluble in chloroform, glycerol, propylene combination of drugs has given as table1. Some
glycol, N, N-dimethylformamide, moderately soluble in Spectrophotometric methods reported for guaifenesin
benzene and practically insoluble in petroleum ether. Its and it given as table2. Some HPLC methods reported
molecular formula is C10H14O4 and molecular weight is for guaifenesin and it given as table3.
198.2 g/mol. Its melting point is 78.5-79 oC and boiling
Available Online: http://scholarsmepub.com/sjmps/ 148

Prayas Acharya et al.; Saudi J. Med. Pharm. Sci.; Vol-3, Iss-3A (Mar, 2017):148-159
Table-1: Information of drugs [1, 2]
S.No. DRUG NAME INFORMATION OF DRUG
Category: Expectorant
Molecular Formula: C10H14O4
Molecular weight: 198.216 g/mol
1. Guaifenesin (GUA)
IUPAC Name: 3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,2-diol
Melting Point: 78.5-79°C
pka value: 13.62
Category: Antitussive
Molecular Formula: C18H25NO
2. Dextromethorphan (DEX) IUPAC Name: (1S,9S,10S)-4-methoxy-17-methyl-17-azatetracyclo-
heptadeca-2(7),3,5-triene
Melting Point: 122-124°C
pka value: 9.85
Category: Asthamatic, Antihistaminics
Molecular Formula: C16H19ClN2
3. Chlorpheniramine (CHL) IUPAC Name: 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propan-1-
amine
pka value: 9.13
Molecular Formula: C14H20Br2N2
4. Bromhexine (BRO)
IUPAC Name: 2,4-dibromo-6-[[cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl] aniline
pka value: 19.89
Category: Bronchodilator
Molecular Formula: C12H19NO3
Molecular weight: 225.2842
5. TerbutalineSulfate (TER)
IUPAC Name: 5-[2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]benzene-1,3-diol
pka value: 8.86-9.76
Category: Mydriatic, Nasal decongestant, and Cardiotonic agent
6. Phenylephrine (PHE)
IUPAC Name: 3-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]phenol
pka value: 8.97
Category: Secretolytic agent
Molecular Formula: C13H19Br2ClN2O
7. Ambroxol HCl (AMB) IUPAC Name: 4-[(2-amino-3,5-dibromophenyl)methylamino] cyclohexan-
1-ol; hydrochloride
Melting Point: 233-234.5°C
pka value: 15.26
Category: Stimulant, decongestant
Molecular weight: 151.206 gm/mol
Phenylpropanolamine Molecular Formula: C9H13NO
8.
(PPL) IUPAC Name: (1S,2R)-2-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol
pka value: 9.44
Category: Vasoconstrictor agents, Adrenergic agents, Sympathomimetic,
Bronchodilator agents, and Nasal Decongestants
9. Pseudoephedrine HCl (PSE)
Molecular weight: 165.23 gm/mol
IUPAC Name: (1S,2S)-2-(methyl amino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol
Melting Point: 117 - 118°C

pka value: 9.4
Category: Antifungal preservative
Molecular Formula: C6H5COONa/ NaC7H5O2
10. Sodium benzoate (SBT)
IUPAC Name: Sodium benzoate
Melting Point: >300°C
pka value: 4.20
Category: Antihistamine with anticholinergic
Diphenylpyraline HCl Molecular weight: 281.392 g/mol
11.
(DIP) IUPAC Name: 4-benzhydryloxy-1-methyl-piperidine
Melting Point: 206°C
pka value: 8.87
Molecular Formula: C16H20N2
12. Pheniramine (PRM)
IUPAC Name: N,N-dimethyl-3-phenyl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propan-1-amine
Melting Point: < 25 °C
pka value: 9.48
Molecular Formula: C17H23N3O
13. Pyrilamine (PYM) IUPAC Name: N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)
methyl]pyridin-2-amine
Melting Point: 100-101°C;
pka value: 8.85
Molecular Formula: C16H19ClN
Dexchlorpheniramine maleate Molecular weight: 390.864 g/mol
14.
(DCP) IUPAC Name:(Z)-but-2-enedioic acid;3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-
3-pyridin-2-ylpropan-1-amine
Category: Analgesic and antipyretic
Molecular weight: 151.1626
15. Paracetamol (PAR)
IUPAC Name: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
pka value: 9.46
Category: Antipruritics, Anti-Allergic agents, Antihistamines, Histamine
H1 antagonists and Non-Sedating
Molecular Formula: C22H23ClN2O2
16. Loratadine (LOR)
IUPAC Name: Ethyl 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]-
cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)-1-piperidinecarboxylate
Melting Point: 134-136 °C
pka value: 4.33
Category: Antihistamine
Molecular Formula: C21H28N2O5
Molecular weight: 388.464g/mol
17. Doxylamine succinate (DOX)
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid; N,N-dimethyl-2-(1-phenyl-1-pyridin-2-
ylethoxy)ethanamine
Molecular Formula: C18H22N2O2S
18. Oxomemazine (OXO)
IUPAC Name: 3-(5,5-Dioxido-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-N,N,2-
trimethylpropan-1-amine
19. Salbutamol sulphate (SAB) Category: Asthmatic

Molecular Formula: C26H44N2O10S
IUPAC Name: 4-[2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxy
methyl)phenol; sulfuric acid
pka value: 10.12
Category: Antihistamine and asthmatic
Molecular Formula: C21H25ClN2O3
20. Cetrizine (CET)
IUPAC Name: 2-[2-[4-[(4-chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl]piperazin-1-
yl]ethoxy]acetic acid
Melting Point: 112.5°C
Category: Sweetener
Molecular Formula: C7H5NO3S
21. Saccharin (SAC)
IUPAC Name: 1,1-dioxo-1,2-benzothiazol-3-one
Melting Point: 228.8 °C
pka value: 1.6
Category: Diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and
central nervous system stimulant
Molecular Formula: C7H8N4O2
22. Theophylline (THP) Molecular weight: 180.164
IUPAC Name: 1,3-Dimethyl-7H-purine-2,6-dione
Melting Point: 273 °C
pka value: 8.81
Molecular Formula: C7H8O5S
23. Guaiacolsulfonate (GCS) Molecular weight: 204.201 g/mol
IUPAC Name: 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzenesulfonic acid
Melting Point: 63.5 °C
Category: Antitussive
Carbetapentane citrate Molecular weight: 525.595 g/mol
24.
(CBPC) IUPAC Name: 2-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]ethyl-1-phenylcyclo pentane-1-
carboxylate; 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
Melting Point: 90–95°C
Category: Antimicrobial agent, preservative, flavouring agent
25. Methylparaben (MHB) Molecular weight: 152.15 g/mol
IUPAC Name: Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate
Category: Antimicrobial agent, preservative, flavouring agent
26. Propylparaben (PHB) Molecular weight: 180.2 g/mol
IUPAC Name: Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate
Melting Point: 96 to 99 °C
Category: Mucolytic agent
27. Acetylcysteine (ACS) Molecular weight: 163.195 g/mol
IUPAC Name: (2R)-2-acetamido-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid
Category: Mucolytic agent
28. Benzoic acid (BA) Molecular weight: 163.195 g/mol
IUPAC Name: (2R)-2-acetamido-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid

METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF estimation of Guaifenesin and its combined dosage
GUAFENESIN IN COMBINATION WITH form. Conditions for UV spectrophotometric analysis of
OTHER DRUGS Guaifenesin in various drug combinations listed in table
Spectrophotometric methods: 2.
Based on literature survey, several
spectrophotometric methods have developed for
Table-2: UV Spectrophotometric methods for analysis of Guaifenesin either alone or in combination with other
drugs in pharmaceutical dosage form
Limit of
S. Name of Sample
Method Detection Solvent detection Ref.No
No. the drug matrix
(µg/ml)
1.Simultaneous equation 272
Methanol -
GUA+ method 257
1. Tablet [3]
PSE 272
2.Q –Value analysis Methanol -
265.5
2 GUA Simultaneous equation method 240 Distilled Water 0.104 Tablet [4]
227 0.886
1.Ratio derivative method Methanol
217.8 1.0271
GUA+
3 227.2 & Tablet [5]
PSE 1.028
2.Ratio difference method 278.8 Methanol
2.157
213 & 227.8
4 GUA Simultaneous equation method 224.6 Methanol 5.96 Tablet [6]
5 GUA Spectrophotometric method 273 Methanol 48.63 Tablet [7]
GUA+ 284 0.45
6 ACS+ Simultaneous equation method 193 Methanol 1.71 [8]
PAR 287 0.37
GUA+ 242
7 Simultaneous equation method Methanol - Tablet [9]
AMB 272
GUA+ 279.4 1.77
8 AMB+ Simultaneous equation method 307.5 0.1N NaOH 0.2 Syrup [10]
TER 244.5 0.35
238 Double distilled 0.6
Absorption Ratio
GUA+ 255 water 0.5
Tablet
9 AMB First order derivative 223 Double distilled 0.5 [11]
spectroscopy 273 water 0.4
GUA + 273 1.07
AMB+ 246 0.1 N HCl : 1.01
10 Multivariate analysis Tablet [12]
CET+ 231 Methanol (1:9) 0.48
PHE 274 2.11
GUA+ 274 0.3126
11 BRO+ Simultaneous equation method 249 Methanol 0.1026 Syrup [13]
CHL 261 0.1696
Chromatographic methods found to be simple, accurate, robust and suitable for

Literature survey revealed that various HPLC routine analysis of drug samples in their formulations.
and HPTLC methods have reported for estimation of The conditions for HPLC analyse of Guaifenesin in its
Guaifenesin with other drugs. The methods have been combined dosage form listed in table 3.

Table-3: HPLC methods for analysis of Guaifenesin either alone or in combination with other drugs in
pharmaceutical dosage form
Column Flow
S. Detectio
(Internal rate Sample Ref.N
No Name of the drug Mobile phase n
diameter and (ml/ matrix o
. λmax nm
Particle size) min)
GUA+ Chromatopak
DEX+ C18 (25cm x MET : ACN : 0.025 M phosphate
1. 1 265 Tablet [14]
CHL+ 4.6mm and buffer (50:25:25 v/v/v)
BRO 5μm )
Solution (A) 0.02 M ammonium
dihydrogen ortho phosphate with
1.0% of 1 -heptane sulphonic acid
sodium salt buffer (pH - 2.6
X-Terra RP18
adjusted with OPA): ACN: MET
GUA+ (25cm x
(950:40:10 v/v/v).
2 TER+ 4.6mm and 1 222 Syrup [15]
Solution (B) 0.02 M ammonium
AMB+ 5μm )
dihydrogen ortho phosphate with
1.0% of 1 heptane sulphonic acid
sodium salt buffer (pH - 9.5
adjusted with diluted ammonia):
ACN (400: 600 v/v).
0.01 M sodium dihydrogen
phosphate monohydrate and 0.046
Sunfire C18 M 1-octane sulfonic acid sodium
GUA+ (25cm x salt monohydrate - pH 3.0 buffer
3 0.8 224 Tablet [16]
DEX 4.6mm and adjusted with OPA Mobile phase
5μm) A - pH 3.0 buffers: ACN (90:10
v/v). Mobile phase B - pH 3.0
buffer: ACN: MET (10:10:80 v/v/v)
Spherisorb
ACN : 0.01 M Potassium
GUA+ CNRP C18
dihydrogen phosphate pH -3 buffer
4 CHL+ (25cm x 1.5 254 Tablet [17]
adjusted with 1% of OPA) - 60:40
BRO 4.6mm and
% v/v
5μm)
500 ml ACN, 1ml formic acid, 1ml
GUA+ Zorbax CN methanesulfonic acid and 500 ml
5 DEX+ (25cm x distilled water – pH 3.5 adjusted 1.0 290 Syrup [18]
SBT 4.6mm ) with a 10% sodium hydroxide
solution
Shimpak C8 ACN: Triethylamine (pH adjusted
GUA+PPL+ (25cm x to 3.5 using OPA; 0.5%),
6 1.2 210 Syrup [19]
DIP 4.6mm and (35:65v/v). Diphenhydramine was
10μm) used as internal standard.
25 cm
GUA+DEX+ 6.25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0)
7 underivatized 1 216 Capsule [20]
PES : ACN -60:40% v/v
silica column
Kromasil LC
GUA+PSE+ 18 Methanol : 0.1 mol/L KH2PO4
Tablet and
8 PRM+PYM+DEX+C (15cm x buffer (pH adjusted with OPA or 1 220 [21]
capsule
HL 4.6mm and sodium hydroxide )
5μm )
Phenomenex
C18 (25cm x MET : ACN : 10m M sodium
GUA+PSE+
9 4.6mm and pentansulphonate at pH 4.0 ± 1 218 Syrup [22]
DCP
5μm) 0.1(55:5:40 v/v/v)
ODS C18
GUA+ (25cm x
ACN : MET : pH 4.2 buffer adjust
10 BRO+ 4.6mm and 1.2 220 Syrup [23]
with GAA - (300:250:450 v/v/v)
TER 5μm)

Mobile phase A – pH 4 buffer (10
GUA+ Symmetry C8
mM KH2PO4 and 3.7 mM octane 1-
PAR+ (15cm x
11 sulphonic acid) adjusted with OPA . 1 220 Tablet [24]
PHE+ 4.6mm and
Mobile phase B - MET : ACN - 3 :
CHL+BRO 3.5μm)
2
Solvent A – 0.02M KH2PO4 (pH
Symmetry C18 3.2 adjusted with OPA) : MET (90
(15cm x : 10 v/v )
12 GUA 0.8 273 Tablet [25]
4.6mm and Solvent B – 0.02M KH2PO4 (pH
5μm) 3.2 adjusted with OPA) : MET (10
: 90 v/v )
Kromasil
GUA+ (25cm x
13 0.1% OPA : ACN - 60 : 40 v/v 1.2 290 Syrup [26]
AMB+LOR 4.6mm and
5μm)
Altima C18
GUA+ACE + Solvent A – 1 ml of Conc.OPA in a
(15cm x
14 PHE+ 1000 ml of water 1 272 Tablet [27]
4.6mm and
DEX Solvent B – CAN
5μm)
GUA+ 7 mM sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
DOX+ in an ACN /
Partisil 5
PPL+ MET/Tetrahydrofuran/water/phospo
15 CCS/C (25cm 2 258 Syrup [28]
CHL+ ric acid (370/300/300/30/0.7
x 4.6mm)
DEX+ v/v/v/v/v/v). pH adjusted to 4.0 with
PAR ammonium hydroxide
Hidrosorb C18
GUA + (25cm x Deionized water : MET (50 : 50
16 1 210 Syrup [29]
PSE 4.6mm and v/v) pH adjusted with OPA
5μm)
GUA+ Lichrosorb C18
MET : ACN : 35mM KH2PO4 pH
OXO+ (25cm x
17 adjusted with 2.9 ± 0.1 with 1.5 220 Syrup [30]
SBT+ 4.6mm and
phosphoric acid (5:20:75 v/v/v)
PAR 10μm)
Prontosil C18
ACN : MET : Phosphate buffer (pH
GUA+ (25cm x
18 5.0) – 1.2 218 Tablet [31]
PSE 4.6mm and
(72 : 8:20 v/v/v)
5μm )
Greece C18 Solvent A : MET : Water – 80 : 20
(25cm x v/v
19 GUA 0.8 225 Bulk [32]
4.6mm and Solvent B : pH 3.0 adjusted with
5μm ) OPA
Phenomenex
GUA+ Luna C8
Methanol : Ammonium acetate
20 AMB + (15cm x 1 236 Syrup [33]
buffer (50mM) - (45 : 55 v/v )
SAB 4.6mm and
5μm)
Hibar C18 ACN : MET : 10mM Phosphate
GUA+
(25cm x buffer – 0.3 % Triethyl amine (pH
21 AMB+ 1 205 Syrup [34]
4.6mm and 3.0 adjusted with OPA) – 25:15:60
DEX
5μm) v/v/v
Bondapack
Methanol : Water (20 :80,
GUA+ C18 (25cm x
22 containing 1% triethylamine, pH 2.9 1.5 220 Syrup [35]
AMB 4.6mm and
± 0.1 adjusted with OPA)
5μm )
Hypersil, ODS
C18 (25cm x Phosphate buffer : CAN (20:50:30)
23 GUA+AMB+LOR 1 245 Syrup [36]
4.6mm and pH-5.5
5μm)
Princeton
sphere C8 Phosphate buffer:methanol (40:60)
24 GUA+AMB+SAL 1 220 Tablet [37]
(25cm x pH-4.5
4.6mm x 5μm)
Phosphate buffer pH 3.0 and
GUA+TER+ 248 and
25 Wakosil II acetonitrile (80:20 v/v for 18 mins 1 Syrup [38]
BRO 280
and then changed to 60:40 v/v for

next 12 mins and equilibrated back
to 80:20v/v for 10 mins)
PPL and
Mobile phase A – 0.1 M(NH4) 2
DEX(Silica
(H2PO4):MeOH (30:70,v/v); pH 6.2 PPL-
GUA+PPL+ based SCX
Mobile phase B – Water : DEX 263 and
27 DEX+ column) Syrup [39]
diethylamine : glacial acetic acid : &1.3 273
SBT GUA and SBT
acetonitrile (739:1:10:250,v/v); pH GUA
(Reversed
4.1 -SBT
phase C18)
Varian Prostar
HPLC:
i.(25cm x
GUA+DEX+BT+ Phosphate buffer (pH=2.8) : 250 and
28 4.6mm; 5μm) 1 Syrup [40]
SAC acetonitrile (75:25) 290
ii.(5cm x
4.6mm,
2.6μm)
Phenomenax
C18 0.1% OPA : acetonitrile (60:40, v/v,
29 GUA+AMB+CET 1 290 Tablet [41]
(25cm x 300C)
4.6mm; 5μm)
Supelco L7
Methanol:acetonitrile:water
30 GUA (25cm x 1 254 Syrup [42]
(80:10:10; v/v/v)
4.6mm; 5μm)
Qualisil C18
0.05M KH2PO4:1%HCl (62:38)
31 GUA+BRO+CET (25cm x 1 254 Syrup [43]
pH adjusted to 2.5 by TEA
4.6mm; 5μm)
GUA+
PHE+ C18 column Tablet/capsul
32 Water : Ethanol (80:20) 1.5 254 [44]
PPL+ (18cm x 2mm) e
SBT
GUA+ Octadecylsilan
COD+ e
33 0.02M KH2PO4 in methanol-water 2 254 Syrup [45]
PRM+ trichlorosilane
PPL (30cm x 4mm)
Symmetry
waters C18
DIC+ Phosphate buffer (pH-8) and 274 and
34 column 1 Tablet [46]
MTC+GUA Acetonitrile 282
(15cm x
4.6mm; 5 μm)
Shimadzu LC-
MS System
GUA+
LC-20AD
DIP+
35 Pump - C18 Water : ACN (60:40 v/v) 0.8 190-300 Syrup [47]
GCS+
(15cm x
CBPC
4.6mm) RP
column
C18 Column
(Supelco,
GUA+ Alcobendar, Phosphate buffer(pH2.8) : ACN 250 and
37 1 Syrup [48]
DEX+BT Madrid,Spain) (75:25;v/v) 290
(25cmx4.6mm
)
Eluent A: Aq. Phosphate buffer (pH
Phenomenex 3.0; 10mm) : Acetonitrile (25:75;
GUA+ 254 and
38 (15cm x v/v) 1 Syrup [49]
MHB+PHB 276
4.6mm; 5 μm) Eluent B: Methanol
A:B - 85:15;v/v
A. 300 ml methanol, 675 ml water
and 25 ml pentasulfonic acid
254,
GUA+PHE+ A.C8 column sodium salt in GAA
39 2 270 and Tablet [50]
PPL B.C18 column B. 350ml methanol, 625 ml water
280
and 25 ml pentasulfonic acid
sodium salt in GAA
GUA+ACE+ Octadecylsilan Methanol : Water : Acetic acid 254
40. 2.5 Syrup [51]
PSE+ e column (45:55:2) and

PHO+ (30cm x 4mm) 280
MHB/
PHB
Stainless steel
GUA+THP+ column 0.001M sodium citrate - citric acid Tablet and
41. 2 230 [52]
BA (25cm x buffer : Acetonitrile (9:1; v/v) Syrup
4.6mm; 5 μm)
Challenges for providing literature survey facilities for this review

Guaifenesin is act as an expectorant by article.
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DOI: 10.21276/sjmps.2017.3.3.

Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN 2413-4929 (Print)

A Review on Analytical Methods for Determination of Guaifenesin Alone and In

INTRODUCTION point is 215 oC [1]. Its structural formula has shown in

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Chromatographic methods found to be simple, accurate, robust and suitable for

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Challenges for providing literature survey facilities for this review

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