Ee0041l-Finals (Sa) Villanueva

EE0041L - AC MACHINES
LABORATORY
REPORTS
FINALS: COMPILED SUMMATIVE
ASSESSMENT
POWERED BY
SUBMITTED BY
ACERIEL B. VILLANUEVA
SUBMITTED TO
IMAGE CREDITS TO
ENGR. VLADIMIR LUCERO
EXPERIMENT 1 - SA
THREE - PHASE
ALTERNATOR
OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT
CHARACTERISTICS
POWERED BY
SUBMITTED BY
SUBMITTED TO
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
AC Machinery Laboratory Manual
ACTIVITY 1: Three Phase Alternator: Open- and Short-Circuit Characteristics
1.1 Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity

b) ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data;
d) ability to function on multidisciplinary teams;
e) ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems;
g) ability to communicate effectively.
1.2 Activity’s Course Learning Outcomes (ACLOs)

At the end of this activity, the student shall be able to:
1. Demonstrate concepts, power, performance and efficiency of alternators.
1.3 Objectives of the Activity

The objectives of this activity are to:
a. To obtain the no load saturation curve of the alternator;
b. To obtain the short –circuit characteristics of the alternator.
1.4 Principle of the Activity
The terms alternating current generator, synchronous generator, synchronous alternator,

and alternator are commonly used interchangeably in engineering literature. Because
synchronous generator is so much more commonly used than induction generators, the term
alternator, as often used, and as used here, applies only to synchronous generators.
Alternators are, by far, the most important source of electric energy. Alternators generate
an AC voltage whose frequency depends entirely upon the speed of rotation. The generated
voltage value depends upon the speed, the DC field excitation and the power factor of the load.
As the DC field excitation of an alternator is increased, its speed being held constant, the
magnetic flux, and hence, the voltage output, will also increase in direct proportion to the field
current. However, with progressive increase in DC field current, the flux will eventually reach a
high enough value to saturate the iron in the alternator.
Saturation in the iron means that there will be a smaller increase in flux for a given
increase in DC field current. Because the generated voltage is directly related to the magnetic
flux intensity, it can be used as a measure of the degree of saturation.
The three phases of an alternator are mechanically spaced at equal intervals from each
other, and therefore, the respective generated voltages are not in phase, but are displaced from
each other by 120 electrical degrees.
When an alternator delivering full rated output voltage is suddenly subjected to a short-
circuit, very large currents will initially flow. However, these large short-circuit currents drop off
rapidly to safe values if the short-circuit is maintained.
1.5 Materials/Equipment
1 unit Synchronous Motor/Generator Module
1 unit Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Module
1 unit Synchronizing Switch Module
1 unit Power Supply Module (120/208 V 3-phase, 0–120 Vdc)
1 unit AC Voltmeter Metering Module (250 / 250 / 250 V)
1 unit AC Ammeter Metering Module (2.5 / 25 A)
1 unit DC Ammeter Metering Module (0.5 / 2.5 A)
20 pcs Connecting Wires
1 unit Connection Belt
1 unit Electronic Multi-tester

1.6. Wiring Diagrams
Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.2.
1.7 Procedures
A. Part 1: Preliminary Checking
1. High voltages are present in this experiment! DO NOT make any connections with
the power ON!
2. Make sure that the
a) main switch of the Power Supply module is in the zero (0) position;
b) its variable supply knob is set to MINIMUM; and
c) the set is UNPLUG.
3. Electronic Multi-tester
a) Check battery level by turning the device on.
b) Check calibration for voltage AC reading by observing a zero reading. If not,
inform the instructor.
c) Put the selector switch and instrument mode for continuity test function. Link
together the probes to check for a beep sound.
4. Connecting Wires
a) Check each wire for continuity using the continuity test function of the electronic
multi-tester.
b) Check for visible sign of insulation tear or damage.
5. Synchronous Motor/Generator Module
a) Check the fiber glass protection panel for any break or damage.
b) Open the fiber glass protection panel and check smooth rotation of roller bearing
assembly mounted at the side of the module.
c) Visually check the visible part of the stator and rotor copper windings for evidence
of burn or insulation breakdown. If there is, inform the instructor. If none, proceed.
d) Check for smooth rotation of the rotor.
e) Check for a good connection of the wires coming from inside the machine and into
the connector leads mounted on the fiber glass protection panel.
f) Close the fiber glass protection panel and perform continuity test for the three
windings (terminal pairs 1-4, 2-5, and 3-6) of the Synchronous Motor.
g) Set rheostat knob to minimum setting. Close switch S1 and connect the multi-
meter tester at terminal pair 7-8. Set instrument to measure resistance. Rotate rheostat
knob to increase resistance. Observe multi-tester resistance reading if it increases.
Open switch S1.
6. Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor
c) Visually check the visible part of the stator copper windings for evidence of burn
or insulation breakdown. If there is, inform the instructor. If none, proceed.
e) Check for a good connection of the wires coming from inside the motor and into
f) Using the electronic multi tester, perform a continuity test for each set of the stator
windings (terminal pairs 1-4, 2-5, and 3-6).
7. AC Voltmeter, AC Ammeter, and DC Ammeter Modules
a) Check the front panel for any breaks or damage.
b) Check the good connection of the wires inside the meter modules and into the
connector leads mounted on the panel.
c) Set all meter needles to zero. Adjust plastic screw on the front panel below the
meter view screen for each meter instrument using a screwdriver if necessary.
8. Power Supply Module
a) Set the main switch to OFF (0 position) and the control knob to zero (full counter
clockwise, minimum).
b) Using an AC Voltmeter module, connect each meter to each terminal pairs 1-2, 2-
3, and 3-1.
c) Set meter selector switch to 7-N.
d) Plug and turn on the Power Supply module. Observe uniformity of all three pilot
lamps. If not, inform the instructor.
e) Observe the voltmeters if the voltage across each pair terminals 1-2, 2-3, and 3-1 is
208 V AC thereabouts. If not, inform the instructor.
f) Observe the built-in meter if it will indicate a value of 120V DC thereabouts. If not,
inform the instructor.
g) Turn the knob to minimum (full counter clockwise), turn off the Power Supply
Module and unplug the workstation.
9. Synchronizing Switch Module
a) Check for a good connection of the wires inside the switch module and into the
connector leads mounted on the panel.
b) Check the toggle switch for any loose part when you toggle the switch.
10. Connection Belt: Check for visible signs of wear and tear.
Part 2: Module Set-up
11. Place the Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Module at the lower center slot (beside the
Power Supply Module) of the Mobile Workstation.
12. Place the Synchronous Motor/Generator Module at the lower right slot of the Mobile
Workstation.
13. Place the AC Voltmeter Module on top of the Synchronous Motor/Generator Module.
14. Place the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter Module on top of the Squirrel Cage Induction
Motor Module.
15. Place the AC Ammeter Module on top of the AC Voltmeter Module.
16. Place the Synchronizing Switch Module on top of the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter
Module.
B. Activity Proper
1. Using your Synchronous Motor/Generator, Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor, Power
Supply, AC Voltmeter and DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, connect the circuit shown in Figure
1-1. The squirrel-cage motor will be used to drive the synchronous motor/generator as an
alternator. Its speed will be assumed constant during this Experiment. Note that the
squirrel-cage motor is connected to the fixed 208 V 3-phase output of the power supply,
terminals 1, 2 and 3. The rotor of the alternator is connected to the variable 0-120 Vdc
output of the power supply, terminals 7 and N.
2. Couple the synchronous generator to the squirrel cage motor with the Connection Belt.
Set the synchronous generator field rheostat at its full counter clockwise position for zero
resistance. Make sure switch S1 is open (toggle switch in zero position). Set the power
supply voltage control knob at full counter clockwise position for zero DC voltage.
3. Turn on the power supply. The motor should be running. With zero DC field
excitation, measure E1, E2 and E3. Use the lowest ranges of the AC voltmeters. Record
the readings in Table 1.1.
4. Close switch S1 in the synchronous generator. Gradually increase the DC excitation

from 0 to 0.1 A DC. Measure and record in Table 1.1 the three generated voltages E1, E2,
and E3. Repeat (b) for each of the DC current listed in Table 1.1. Return the voltage to
zero and turn off the power supply.
5. Calculate and record in Table 1.1 the average output voltage of the synchronous
generator for each of the listed DC field currents. Plot your recorded average voltage
values VS DC current values from Table 1.1. Draw a curve through your plotted points.
6. a. Turn on the power supply and adjust the DC excitation until E1 = 208 V AC.
Measure and record below E2 and E3.
b. Turn off the power supply WITHOUT touching the voltage adjust control
(Power Supply Module control knob).
c. Reconnect the three AC voltmeters so that each will be connected for each
phase of the stator windings of the synchronous generator; i.e. terminal pairs 1-4,
2-5, and 3-6.
d. Turn on the power supply. Measure and record the generated voltages across
each of the wye connected stator windings.
e. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
7. Using the Synchronizing Switch Module, connect the circuit shown in Fig. 1.2. Note
that the switch is wired to present a dead short across the synchronous generator windings
when it is closed.
8.a. Set the synchronizing switch to its open position.

b. Turn on the power supply and adjust the DC excitation until E1 = 208 V AC. The
motor should be running and the three lamps on the synchronizing module should be
illuminated.
c. Measure and record the DC exciting current I1.
d. Apply a short-circuit to the synchronous generator by closing the synchronizing switch
and note the behavior of the current I2.
e. To what approximate peak value did I2 increase?
f. What is the final steady-state value of I2 and I1?
g. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
1.8. Activity Report
Section: TL31 Date Performed:

May19, 2021
Course Code: EE0041L Date Submitted:
May 26, 2021
Course Title: Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory (AC Machines)
Instructor: Engr. Vladimir Lucero
Group No.: Activity No.: 1
Group Members: Signature:

1. Aceriel B. Villanueva
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.8.1. Data and Results
In reference to Procedure 3, explain why there is an AC voltage generated in the absence of

DC excitation.
Excitation can be applied either by connecting an external voltage source to the field coils or
by utilizing the residual magnetism that the synchronous generator itself has on its field pole
components. In absence of DC excitation which requires external voltage source, self-
excitation can be performed by the generator itself. The process is once the rotor of the
generator starts to rotate driven by a prime-mover, a small value of voltage is induced in the
stator armature windings due to the residual magnetism that is retained on the poles of the
alternator. A small field current that is produced on the field windings due to this rotation will
try to enhance the main magnetic field responsible for the induction of electromotive force on
the stator windings. The magnetic field strength increases as well as the induced emf until such
time that it reaches the required rated voltage supply to the load of the alternator.
Table 1.1.
Line Voltage, Line Voltage, Average Line

Field Current, I1 Line Voltage, E1
E2 E3 Voltage, EAC
(Ampere DC) (Volts AC)
(Volts AC) (Volts AC) (Volts AC)
0 0 0 0 0
0.1 - - - -
0.2 - - - -
0.3 - - - -
0.4 - - - -
0.5 - - - -
0.6 - - - -
0.7 - - - -
0.8 - - - -
0.9 186 V 190 V 175 V 183.67V
Note: “ - ” means the data is not shown on the video.
Procedure 5: Plot I1 vs EAC.
Open Circuit Characteristic of Alternator

200 183.67
180
160
AC Line Voltage (V)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20 0
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
DC Field Current (A)
Procedure 6(a):
E1 = 208 Vac E2= 212 Vac E3= 210 Vac
Procedure 6(d):
E1-4= 120 Vac E2-5= 130 Vac E3-6= 115 Vac
Comment on the resulted difference of 6(a) and 6(d).
Recorded three-phase voltages for procedure 6a are basically the line voltages of the
synchronous generator while recorded values in procedure 6b stands for the synchronous
generator equivalent phase voltages. The relationship of 𝐸𝐿 = √3 𝐸𝑃ℎ for wye-connection is
evident in this gathered data.
Procedure 8(c): DC exciting current, I1= Not shown on the

Video
Procedure 8(e): AC peak sync current, I2= 2 A
Procedure 8(f): steady-state values:
I1= Not shown on the Video
I2= 1.65 A
1.8.2 Calculations
Table 1.1 Average Line Voltage (EAC)
0𝑉+0𝑉+0𝑉
𝐸𝑎𝑐 = = 0𝑉
3
186𝑉+190𝑉+175𝑉
𝐸𝑎𝑐 = = 183.67𝑉
3
1.8.3 Observations
The synchronous machine operated in this experiment is an alternator since a

prime-mover which is a Squirrel Cage Induction Motor is mechanically coupled to it and
supplies enough mechanical power to drive its constant rotational synchronous speed.
The excitation performed for the magnetic field setup in the rotor of the machine was
done with an external DC voltage source supplying a current on its field windings. The
process done by the machine was basically to convert the supplied mechanical power into
electrical power which will be generated by the alternator. The generation of AC Voltage
on its output terminals solely depends on the synchronous relation of the rotational speed
of the prime-mover and its output frequency. The required induced voltage to be
generated on the alternator is also determined by the rated load connected through it and
its operating power factor. Open and Short circuit characteristics of alternator describes
ideally how it operates when subjected to no-load and short-circuit condition. These two
tests are also performed to determine the synchronous impedance and synchronous
reactance of the alternator which are important parameters in computation of induced emf
per phase, line emf, voltage regulation, and efficiency. Also, the effect of magnetic
properties in the alternator field system can be also determined from these tests in relation
to its generated voltage and field excitation.
Due to lack of sufficient data shown in the recorded video, the desired open-
circuit characteristic of alternator was not obtained and hence the point at which the
alternator magnetic parts reached its saturation was not clearly emphasized on the curve.
Supposedly, the curve should not be purely linear in contrast with plot presented in this
laboratory report. Based on the concept of open circuit test of alternator, the no-load
saturation curve should have a part wherein any gradual increase in the field current
produces no significant increased on the induced voltage recorded at the stator terminals.
Before saturation, the curve is approximately linear since the field current which aids the
setup of magnetic flux on the rotor is in proportion with the rise of the voltage induced in
the stator at maintained synchronous speed and output frequency. Basically, there should
be a transient and steady state part on the expected curve as this signifies the process of
excitation and generation of three-phase alternator. However, all of these were not clearly
demonstrated on the data due to lack of procedures and measurement presented on the
asynchronous video of the experiment. Thus, to establish a clear understanding about
open circuit characteristic, the concept was fully comprehended through discussion and
readings on reference books.
Short-circuit characteristic curve was also not constructed in this report since the
test procedure almost similar to the no-load test is not covered on the scope of this
experiment manual. Supposedly, the data should be gathered by gradually increasing the
field current and how it affects the value of short-circuit current in the shorted terminals.
However, this is not performed step-by-step thus an alternative procedure was to conduct
the test and observe the occurrences on the changes in synchronizing module when
connected to the three-phase alternator module. This in turn shows how the field
excitation affects the generated voltage when subjected to a rated load and how short-
circuit terminals conducts rated current when the field excitation current is already
established.
When the output DC voltage supply of the field excitation system was adjusted
into 208 V, it was observed that the 3 lamps on the synchronizing module where the
three-phase output are each connected are then illuminated as the toggle switch is at open
position. This only means that at this point, the lamps served as the loads connected to the
stator terminals of the 3-phase alternator. However, when the DC supply voltage was
decreased back to 0V it was observed that the lamps consequently turned-off or not
illuminated. This effect is associated with the fact that there’s not enough current supplied
to the field windings and hence not enough main magnetic field to aid the induction of
voltage at the stator windings. Thus, it presumed that 208Vdc should be supplied at the
field system to establish a maximum main magnetic field and to satisfy the required rated
output voltage to be supplied on the synchronizing lamps.
As the toggle switch on the synchronizing module are turned closed, it signifies
that the terminals of the 3-phase synchronous generator or alternator are now short-
circuited. This is proved when a spike or flick on the ammeter reading was observed
when the switch position was turned closed and open instantly. At this moment, the
illumination of lamps was also changed correspondingly. The operation performed is
actually the basis of short circuit test of alternator wherein the characteristic curve can be
constructed from the values recorded on the ammeter reading.
Overall, these observations justify how the characteristics of the alternator was
obtained on the duration of the experiment.
1.8.4 Conclusion/s
No-load saturation curve can be obtained by performing an open-circuit test on

the output terminals of the alternator or synchronous generator. In this test, three AC
voltmeters are each connected line-to-line on the output terminals. Voltmeters are also
designed internally with very high resistance that’s why it acts as open circuit even if
connected to the output of the alternator. The no-load or induced voltage is measured
with gradual variation or increase on the excitation current through the rotor’s field
windings. From the expected and obtained result, it can be concluded that no-load
saturation curve or open circuit characteristic curve is approximately linear in trend
before magnetic saturation as it indicates that the gradual rise on the field current
produces a significant increase on stator induced voltage under sustained synchronous
speed and frequency. Meanwhile, when it reaches the saturation level, then that’s the
time wherein the curve will be in steady or almost exhibits no significant increase on the
induced voltage even if the field current increases continuously. Thus, the property of
the magnetic parts in the alternator has a factor or effect to the induced emf in its
excitation and generation.
Short-circuit characteristic on the other hand can be obtained by simply

performing a short-circuit test on the terminals of the alternator. The process can be
performed by simply connecting 3 ammeters each line-to-line with the alternator. The
ammeter can be used to measure the short-circuit current per phase and it also acts as
shorted wire internally because of the fact that this instrument is designed with very low
internal resistance. In the case of this experiment, the characteristic of alternator when
its terminal is shorted was observed when it is connected to the synchronizing module
containing 3 lamps and shorted branch for each phase. From the discussion mentioned
in this report, it can be concluded that the field current which is established by an
external DC voltage source is proportional to the short-circuit current flowing through
the shorted terminals of the three-phase alternator.
EXPERIMENT 2 - SA
THREE - PHASE
ALTERNATOR
ON LOAD
SUBMITTED BY
POWERED BY
KENNETH T. KILAKIGA
KYLE LEIGHZANDER M. VICENTE
IMAGE CREDITS TO
SUBMITTED TO
ACTIVITY 2: Three Phase Alternator Under Load



a. To determine the voltage regulation characteristics of the alternator with resistive,
capacitive and inductive loading;
b. To observe the effect of unbalanced loads on the output voltage.

The output voltage of an alternator depends essentially upon the total flux in the air-gap.
At no load, this flux is established and determined exclusively by the DC field excitation.
Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined by the ampere-turns of the rotor
and the ampere-turns of the stator. The latter may aid or oppose the magnetomotive force
of the rotor depending upon the power factor of the load. Leading power factors assist the
rotor, and lagging power factors oppose it.
Because the stator magnetomotive force has such an important effect upon the
magnetic flux, the voltage regulation of alternators is quite poor, and the DC field current
must continuously be adjusted to keep the voltage constant under variable load conditions.
If one phase of a three-phase alternator is heavily loaded, its voltage will decrease
due to the IR and IXL drops in the stator winding. This voltage drop cannot be compensated
by modifying the DC field current because the voltages of the two other phases will also
be
changed. Therefore, it is essential that three-phase alternators do not have loads that are
badly unbalanced.
1 unit Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Module
1 unit Power Supply Module (120/208 V 3-phase, 0–120 Vdc)
1 unit AC Voltmeter Metering Module (250 / 250 / 250 V)
1 unit AC Ammeter Metering Module (2.5 / 25 A) 1
unit DC Ammeter Metering Module (0.5 / 2.5 A) 1
unit Resistance Module
1 unit Inductance Module
1 unit Capacitance Module
1 unit Hand Tachometer

Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.2.
2.7 Procedures
1. Perform preliminary checking procedures as described in Activity 1.

2. Resistance Module and Inductance Module
a) Check the toggle switch for any loose part when you toggle the switch.
b) Turn off all switches.
c) Connect in parallel each bank of resistors/inductors.
d) Plug the probes of the multi-tester; one on top and the other at the bottom.
e) Using the resistance setting of the multi-tester, check the resistance of each
resistor/inductor by turning on each switch and compare the multi-tester reading with
the indicated resistance value in the front panel of the module.
3. Capacitance Module
a) Check the toggle switch for any loose part when you toggle the switch.
b) Turn off all switches.
4. Hand Tachometer
a) Check the rubber cone at the tip of the apparatus.
b) Slide the switch to Contact position.
c) Press the black button on the right side and check if a number zero is indicated in
the view screen.
5. Perform module set-up as described in Activity 1.
6. Select suitable locations for the resistance, inductance & capacitance modules. Insert
and replace as maybe necessary.
B. Activity Proper
1. Using your Three-Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator, DC Motor/Generator,
Resistive Load, Power Supply, AC Ammeter, AC Voltmeter and DC Voltmeter/Ammeter,
connect the circuit shown in Figure 2.1. Note that the balanced resistive load is wye-
connected to the three-phase output of the alternator. The alternator rotor is connected to
the variable 0-120 V DC output of the power supply, terminals 7 and N. The DC Shunt
Motor winding is connected to the fixed 120 V dc output of the power supply, Terminals
8 and N.
2.a. Couple the DC motor to the alternator with the connection belt.
b. Set the DC motor field rheostat at its full clockwise position for minimum
resistance.
c. Set the alternator field rheostat at its full clockwise position for maximum
resistance.
d. Adjust each resistance section for a resistance of 300 Ω.
3.a. Turn on the power supply and, using the hand tachometer, adjust the DC motor rheostat
for a motor speed of 1800 rpm. NOTE: This speed must be kept constant for the remainder
of the experiment!
b. Close switch S1 in the synchronous generator (alternator).
c. Adjust the DC excitation of the alternator until the output voltage E1 = 208 V
AC. Measure and record the full load I1 and I2.
d. Open the three resistance load switches for a no-load condition on the alternator
and measure and record the no load E1 and I2. Remember to check the motor speed
and readjust to 1800 rpm if required.
f. Calculate the alternator regulation with resistive loading.
4.a. Using the Inductive Load Module, replace the resistive load with an inductive load.
b. Adjust each inductance section for a reactance XL of 300 Ω.
c. Repeat procedure 3 and record the full load values of I1 and I2.
d. Open the three inductive load switches for a no-load condition on the alternator
f. Calculate the alternator regulation with inductive loading.
g. With inductive load, does the stator magnetomotive force aid or oppose the
rotor?
5.a. Using the Capacitive Load Module, replace the resistive load with an inductive load.
b. Adjust each capacitance section for a reactance XC of 300 Ω.
c. Repeat procedure 3 and record the full load values of I1 and I2.
d. Open the three capacitive load switches for a no-load condition on the alternator
f. Calculate the alternator regulation with capacitive loading.
g. With capacitive load, does the stator magnetomotive force aid or oppose the
rotor?
6.a. With a capacitive reactance load of 1200 Ω per phase, turn on the power supply and
adjust for a motor speed of 1800 rpm.
b. Adjust the DC excitation of the alternator until the output voltage E1 = 208 V
AC.
c. Increase the capacitive loading switching on an additional reactance of 600 Ω
in parallel with each of the 1200 Ω sections and observe what happens.
d. Increase the capacitive loading further by switching the 300 Ω across each
section and record the observation.
f. Explain your observation.
7.a. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 2.2. Note that only one of the alternator phases has
a load.
b. Turn on the power supply and adjust the DC motor rheostat for a motor speed
of 1800 rpm.
c. Adjust the DC excitation of the alternator until the voltage across the 600 Ω
load E1 = 208 V AC. Measure and record the two other phase voltages E2 and E3.
d. Turn off the power supply without touching any of the variable controls.
e. Reconnect the three AC voltmeters so that they will measure the voltage across
each of the three stator windings.
f. Turn on the power supply. Measure and record the voltage across each of the
three stator windings. (2 points)
g. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply.
h. Did the single-phase load produce a large imbalance?

May 26, 2021
June 02, 2021
Group No.: Activity No.: 2 (SA)

1. Kenneth T. Kilakiga
2. Kyle Leighzander M. Vicente

Procedure 3(c): Resistive Load
E1 = 208 Vac I1(A ac) = 0.4Aac I2(A dc) = 0.88Adc
Procedure 3(d): E1= 230Vac I2 = 0.88Adc
Procedure 3(f): 𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 %VR= 10.5769%

%𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%
𝑉𝐹𝐿
Procedure 4(c): Inductive Load
Procedure 4(d): E1 = 250Vac I2 = 0.6Adc (*same field excitation)
Procedure 4(f): 𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 %VR = 20.1923%

𝑉𝐹𝐿
Procedure 4(g) Stator MMF vs Rotor MMF AID/OPPOSE?

OPPOSE
Procedure 5(c): Capacitive Load
Procedure 5(d): E1 = 135Vac I2 = 0.2Adc
Procedure 5(f): 𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿 %VR = - 35.0962%

𝑉𝐹𝐿
Procedure 5(g) Stator MMF vs Rotor MMF AID/OPPOSE?

AID
Procedure 6(c): Effect of Additional Reactance = 600Ω in parallel with 1200Ω

load
V = 208Vac terminal voltage at XC = 1200Ω capacitive load per

phase
V = 232Vac terminal voltage at XC = 1200Ω added with 600Ω
load per phase
Initially, the capacitive load per phase connected to the

alternator was set to 1200Ω reactance. At this given load, the
terminal voltage measured at the alternator is set to 208V ac.
However, when an additional 600Ω capacitive load was
connected in parallel with this existing 1200Ω load, the
measured voltage in the output of alternator becomes 232V ac.
With this result, it was observed that as the capacitive load was
increased due to the reactance added in parallel, it resulted in a
significant increase on the full-load terminal voltage of the three-
phase alternator. This effect was best explained by the armature
reaction occurring inside the alternator subjected to a load
operating at a leading power factor.
Procedure 6(d): Effect of Additional Reactance = 300Ω in parallel with the

parallel combination of 1200Ω and 600Ω load
V = 208Vac terminal voltage at XC = 1200Ω capacitive load per

phase only
V = 232Vac terminal voltage at XC = 1200Ω added with 600Ω
load per phase
Terminal Voltage V > 250Vac Scale at XC = 1200Ω added with
600Ω and 600Ω load per phase
As the 300Ω reactance was added with the parallel combination

of 1200Ω and 600Ω capacitive load, the measured terminal
voltage further increased to a value exceeding the maximum
voltmeter scale of 250Vac. This indicates that as the capacitive
loads were further added in parallel, the voltage required to be
supplied by the alternator would also increase significantly. In
relation to it, the armature reaction between the magnetic circuit
and armature conductors of three-phase alternator with
connected capacitive load best explains this result.
Procedure 6(f): Additional Observations
In preceding observations, the capacitive load was further

increased in parallel. It can be noticed that as we increased the
capacitive load in parallel, it also increased the terminal voltage
of an alternator. For a reason that, as we increase the capacitive
load in parallel, the reactance was also added significantly
resulting in an increase of voltage requirement for the load.
Furthermore, the capacitive load is known for having a leading
power factor. As per capacitive load condition, the terminal
voltage increases as the load current increases. Therefore, it
provides a high excitation that aids the rotor to generate an
increase in mmf resulting in a proliferation of induced voltage at
the terminal.
Procedure 7(c):
E1 = 208 Vac E2 = 224Vac E3 = 204Vac
Procedure 7(f): Terminal Voltages when the Single-Phase Resistive Load was disconnected from
one of the terminals of Three-Phase Alternator. These voltmeter readings are the No-Load
Voltages when initially set with 208V rated at one of its phases.
E1-4 = 238Vac E2-5 = 250Vac E3-6 = 225Vac
Procedure 7(h): Effect of Single-Phase Load
<Included in the Observation Section of this Report>

2.8.2 Calculations
𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝐹𝐿
%𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%
𝑉𝐹𝐿
• Voltage Regulation of Three-Phase Alternator with Balanced Three-Phase

Resistive Load (Unity Power Factor)
230 𝑉𝑎𝑐 − 208 𝑉𝑎𝑐
%𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100% = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟗%
208 𝑉𝑎𝑐

Inductive Load (Lagging Power Factor)
250 𝑉𝑎𝑐 − 208 𝑉𝑎𝑐
%𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100% = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟑%
208 𝑉𝑎𝑐

Capacitive Load (Leading Power Factor)
135 𝑉𝑎𝑐 − 208 𝑉𝑎𝑐
%𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100% = − 𝟑𝟓. 𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟐%
208 𝑉𝑎𝑐
2.8.3 Observations
Rating of alternator pertains to the capacity at which it can safely carry the given
load without overheating its internal parts. This is usually expressed in terms of VA
or KVA to signify that it is dependent on the rated values and not directly on the
operating power factor of the load. From AC circuit fundamentals, it was introduced
that there are three types of load that can be connected to the supply system or
electrical generating machine. These are resistive, inductive and capacitive loads.
Each of these has a characteristic of having a rated voltage and current that can be
in-phase or in-quadrature with each other. In relation to the experiment, a three-
phase star-connected alternator was thoroughly examined through performing a
direct load test which measures the values of voltage and current under no-load and
full-load conditions, with sustained field excitation and synchronous speed. The
effect of armature reaction to the increase and decrease in the terminal voltage were
also proved based on the computed percent voltage regulations under different types
of load. Subsequent paragraphs of this section discussed the following observations
formulated for the characteristics of the alternator under given load conditions.
Balanced 3-Phase Resistive Load with Unity Power Factor
For a given resistive load connected to the alternator, the effect of the armature
field to the main field is “cross-magnetizing” which means that it distorts the main
rotor field and hence reduces the overall magnetic flux responsible for the induction
of voltage at the armature conductors. With that being said, the terminal voltage
under full-load unity power factor is much lower compared to the no-load terminal
voltage of alternator, thus its percent voltage regulation becomes positive. This is
evident when a percent voltage regulation of 10.5769% was computed from the
rated terminal voltage at full-load and recorded excitation voltage at no-load. Result
also indicates that there will be a rise at the terminal voltage of the alternator when
the resistive load is removed from the output.
Balanced 3-Phase Inductive Load with Lagging Power Factor
Under inductive load, the operating power factor is lagging which means that
the current passing through the armature lags behind the voltage by 90o. Also, the
armature field is in anti-phase with the main field thus the reaction is opposing or
“demagnetizing” and the result is it weakens the overall magnetic field setup in the
air gap of alternator. For that case, the voltage that will be induced at the armature
would also be much lower compared to the excitation voltage when the alternator is
at no load. This is also caused by the drop brought by the armature leakage reactance
and the reactive load itself. Hence, if that inductive load is removed, then there will
be a rise in the terminal voltage of the alternator giving way to a percent voltage
regulation which is also positive in value. Based on the results of procedure 4, the
percent voltage regulation of 20.1923% proves that the value is positive and the
recorded excitation voltage is much greater than the 208V rated value with balanced
three-phase inductive load.
Balanced 3-Phase Capacitive Load with Leading Power Factor
For a given capacitive load, the operating power factor is leading which means
that the load current through the armature leads the induced emf by 90 o. The
magnetic field that is developed by this load current is actually in-phase with the
main rotor field of the alternator. This armature reaction implies that the armature
field aids or strengthens the main magnetic field set up by the field excitation
windings coiled in the rotor. With that being said, the induced emf when the
alternator is supplying a capacitive load, would be much greater than the terminal
voltage when that load is thrown-off. Hence, a negative voltage regulation can be
obtained at this load condition. It is evident from the obtained data in procedure 5
that the no-load terminal voltage is much lower compared to the rated voltage when
the three-phase alternator is subjected to a balanced three-phase capacitive load. A
percent voltage regulation of -35.0962% signifies that the terminal voltage
decreased significantly when that capacitive load was disconnected from the output
terminals of the alternator.
Unbalanced Load with Single-Phase Resistive Load operating at Unity Power

Factor
Balancing the electrical loads is a significant part in alternators, as it provides

an ideal setup to function at their full potential rating and also it eliminates the
unbalanced voltage at the alternator terminals caused by the unbalanced load
currents, which also improves the voltage regulation of the alternator. However,
there are instances that alternators work with unbalanced load that causes
unbalanced voltage conditions. Hence, if an alternator is connected to an unbalanced
load, the stator current which due to that unbalanced voltage will be unbalanced
also. The unbalanced current at the alternator raises the negative current sequence
which may lead to a heating on the stator as well as on the rotor winding. This
heating may increase the winding temperature, which degrades the insulation of the
winding and increases losses eventually decreasing the life expectancy of the
winding. Mechanical stress on the shaft is also increased as a result of pulsating
torque caused by unbalanced currents thus affecting prime mover as well. With
these conditions, it is important that we make sure that we maintain a balanced load
for alternators most of the time. In the experiment, it was expected that the transition
from the three-phase load to single-phase load may cause a huge discrepancy in
terms of the measurement at the terminal voltage per phase due to the different
current demand per load. However, it can be observed in the experiment that one of
the terminal voltages of the single-phase resistive load was disconnected from one
of the terminals on the three-phase alternator instead of reconnecting the voltmeter
to measure the phase voltages per load. Therefore, the acquired data was the No-
Load Voltage causing an increase in terminal voltage.
2.8.4 Conclusion/s
If there is no load on an alternator, its terminal voltage depends solely on speed

and field current. However, load current flows through the armature coils making
terminal voltage depend on the nature of the load. Based on the conducted
experiment, it can be observed that the Voltage Regulation characteristics of Three-
Phase Alternator vary under different types of load. When the load is resistive, it is
evident that the terminal voltage under full-load unity power factor is much lower
compared to the no-load terminal voltage of the alternator which makes its percent
voltage regulation become positive. This is due to the voltage drop due to the
resistance of the armature coils. This IR drop increases as the load increases. There
is also the armature coil's inductance to consider. As the load increases, so does the
IXL. The influence of the armature's magnetic field on the main rotor field is known
as armature reaction. It weakens the primary field, thus lowering the voltage
generated.
For the inductive load, since the armature field is in anti-phase with the main
field thus the reaction is opposing or “demagnetizing” and the result is reduction on
the overall magnetic field setup in the air gap. In addition, the operating power factor
is lagging which means that the current passing through the armature lags behind
the voltage by 90o. As a result, the induced voltage would also be significantly lower
than the excitation voltage when the alternator is at no load. Therefore, removing
the inductive load causes an increase in the alternator's terminal voltage, resulting
in positive voltage regulation.
With a capacitive (leading power factor) load, there is a completely different

situation. The IR drop is still evident due to resistance, but the I XL adds to the
generated voltage instead of subtracting from it. According to Lenz’s Law, it states
that the inductive reactance tends to oppose whatever causes it. Its cause in the
alternator is the load current. The load current, however, leads to the generated
voltage. If the angle of lead is great enough, the coil's back-voltage (which is where
inductive reactance comes from) makes the terminal voltage larger than the
generated voltage and the armature reaction also has a significant effect. Instead of
weakening the main field, it strengthens it. Therefore, with a leading power factor
load, terminal voltage increases as the load increases.
It is also essential to take into consideration the unbalanced load in alternators,

as it may cause failure and damage to the machine. The unbalanced load may cause
unbalanced voltage also, affecting an alternator to not function on its particular
rating. Aside from unbalanced voltage, it may also result in a negative sequence
current, causing an alternator to have a pulsating torque that leads to the mechanical
shaft vibration. It is important to eliminate unbalanced load in an alternator to
improve the voltage regulation and to increase the life expectancy for an alternator.
EE0041L
AC MACHINES
POWERED BY
IMAGE SOURCED FROM
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 3
THREE-PHASE
ALTERNATOR
SYNCHRONIZATION
TL31
Kenneth T. Kilakiga
Kyle Leighzander M. Vicente
Aceriel B. Villanueva
INSTRUCTOR
Engr. Vladimir Lucero
ACTIVITY 3: Three Phase Alternator Synchronization



a. To learn how to synchronize an alternator to the electric power utility system;
b. To observe the effects of improper phase conditions upon the synchronizing
process.

The frequency of a large electric power utility system is established by the speed of
rotation of many powerful alternators all connected by various tie-lines into the total network.
The collective inertia and power of these generators is so great that there is no single load or
disturbance which would be large enough to change their speed of rotation. The frequency of an
electric system is, therefore, remarkably stable.
An alternator can only deliver power to an existing electric power system if it operates at
the same frequency as the system. A system whose frequency is 60.000 Hz cannot receive power
from an alternator operating at 60.001 Hz. They must both operate at exactly the same frequency.
This is not as difficult to realize as may first appear, because automatic forces come into play
when an alternator is connected into an existing system to keep its frequency constant.
Synchronization of an alternator with a large utility system, or “infinite bus” as it is called

is analogous to meshing a small gear to another of enormous size and power. If the teeth of both
gears are properly synchronize at the moment of contact then the meshing will be smooth. But
should tooth meet tooth at the critical instant, shock will result with possible damage to the
smaller gear.
Smooth synchronization of an alternator means first that its frequency must be equal to
that of the supply; in addition, the phase sequence (or rotation) must be the same. Returning to
our example of the gears, we would not think of trying to mesh two gears going in opposite
directions, even if their speeds are identical.
The next thing to watch for when we push gears together is to see that the tooth of one
meets the slot of the other. In electrical terms the voltage of the alternator must be in phase with
the voltage of the supply.
Finally, when meshing gears we always choose a tooth depth which is compatible with
the master gear. Electrically, the voltage amplitude of the alternator should be equal to the supply
voltage amplitude. With these conditions met, the alternator is perfectly synchronized with the
network and the switch between the two can be closed.
1 unit DC Motor/Generator Module
1 unit Synchronization Switch Module
1 unit Power Supply Module (120/208V 3Φ, 0–120Vdc, 120Vdc)
1 unit AC Metering Module (250 / 250 / 250 V)
1 unit AC Metering Module (2.5 A)

Figure 3.1.
3.7 Procedures
1. Perform preliminary checking procedures as described in the past activities.

2. DC Motor/Generator Module
c) Visually check the visible part of the armature and field copper windings for
evidence of burn or insulation breakdown. If there is, inform the instructor. If none,
proceed.
d) Check for smooth rotation of the armature
the connector leads mounted on the fiber glass protection panel
f) Press once the black reset/fuse button located at the lower right portion inside the
fiber glass panel to ensure that the fuse is not tripped.
g) Close the fiber glass protection panel and perform continuity test for the armature
circuit (terminal pair 1-2) of the DC motor
h) Perform continuity test for the Shunt circuit (terminal pair 5-6) of the DC motor
i) Set rheostat knob to minimum setting. Connect the multi-meter tester at terminal
pair 7-8. Set instrument to measure resistance. Rotate rheostat knob to increase
resistance. Observe multi-meter if resistance reading increases.

3. Perform module set-up as described in previous activities.
4. Place the DC Motor Module at the lower right slot of the Mobile Workstation.
B. Activity Proper
1. Using your Three-Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator, DC Motor/Generator,
Synchronizing Module, Power Supply, AC Ammeter, and AC Voltmeter, connect the
circuit shown in Figure 3.1. Note that the output of the alternator is connected through the
synchronizing switch to the fixed 208 V 3-phase output of the power supply, terminals 1,
2, and 3. The rotor of the alternator is connected to the variable 0-120 V DC output of the
power supply, terminals 7 and N. The DC Shunt Motor is connected to the fixed 120 V
dc output of the power supply, terminals 8 and N.
2.a. Couple the DC motor to the alternator with the connection belt.
b. Set the DC motor field rheostat at its full clockwise position (for minimum
resistance).
c. Place the synchronizing switch in its open position.
3. a. Turn on the power supply and, using the tachometer, adjust the rheostat of the shunt
motor until the motor’s speed becomes approximately 1800 rpm.
b. Measure the power company supply voltage E2.
c. Close Switch S1 of the synchronous generator.
d. Adjust the DC excitation of the synchronous generator until its output voltage
E1 is equal to the power company voltage E2. NOTE: These two voltages must be
kept equal for the remainder of this experiment!
e. The three synchronizing lights should be flickering on and off. Are they?
4.a. Carefully adjust the DC motor speed until the beat frequency becomes quite low.
b. Do all three lights become bright and then dark, at the same time?
c. If they do not all become dark and then bright simultaneously, the phase
sequence is wrong. Turn off the power supply, turn the control knob of the power
supply to minimum or zero, open switch S1 of the synchronous generator, and
interchange any two of the leads coming from the stator. Repeat steps from 3.a
until 4.b.
d. Carefully adjust the motor speed until all three lights slowly darken and then
slowly brighten. Your synchronous generator frequency is very nearly equal to
that of the power company.
e. When all of the lights are completely dark, the alternator and supply voltages
are in phase.
f. When all of the lights are fully bright, the synchronous generator and supply
voltages are 180 degrees out of phase (This is the tooth-to-tooth condition and the
synchronizing switch should NEVER be closed under this condition).
g. Check to see that the two voltages E1 and E2 are equal. If not, readjust the DC
excitation of the synchronous generator by slowly adjusting the DC voltage
supply of the Power Supply Module.
5.a. Close the synchronizing switch when ALL three lights are dark and note the behavior
of I1 at the moment of closure.
b. Close the synchronizing switch when all three lights are dim and note the
behavior of I1 at the moment of closure.
c. Close the synchronizing switch when all three lights are partially bright and
note the behavior of I1 at the moment of closure.
6.a. With the synchronizing switch open, adjust the DC excitation to synchronous
generator until the output voltage E1 = 250 V AC.
b. Adjust the motor speed until all three lamps synchronized.
c. Close the synchronizing switch when all three lights are dimmest and note the
effect upon I1 at the moment of closure and after closure.
d. Open the synchronizing switch.
7.a. Reverse the rotation of the DC motor by interchanging the shunt field connections.
b. Attempt to synchronize the alternator as before. Perform steps 3 and 4 only.
c. How do the lights in the synchronizing switch react?
d. What does this indicate?
f. How can you remedy this situation without again reversing the DC motor?
Section: TL31 Date Performed: June 2, 2021

Course Code: EE0041L Date Submitted: June 9, 2021


Procedure 3(b): Power Company Supply E2= 220V
Voltage
Procedure 4(b): Bright and then dark, at the YES/NO? YES

same time?
Procedure 5(a): Behavior of I1 when lights are dark
When all of the three lamps are completely dark, it means that
the incoming alternator is properly synchronized with the
power supply. Thus, when the synchronizing switch is turned
closed, the display on the current reading of the ammeter
displays no visible spike or movement on its needle or pointer.
It conforms to the fact that a synchronized alternator has a
terminal voltage approximately equal to the supplied voltage of
the power utility company. Thus, a negligible circulating
current is perceived between the two systems being connected
in parallel. With, almost no current spike is observed in the
ammeter.
Procedure 5(b): Behavior of I1 when lights are dim
When the luminous intensity of the three lamps are maintained

dimmed, it indicates that there’s a slight difference between the
voltage output of the three-phase alternator and the line voltage
of the power supply. Hence, the moment the synchronizing
switch was turned closed, the current reading also displays a
quick spike on the needle of the ammeter. This needle had
reached approximately ¼ of the full ammeter scale. Basically,
what was observed is that the current spiked for dim light is
expectedly much lower to the current spiked when all lamps
are partially bright.
Procedure 5(c): Behavior of I1 when lights are partially bright
There was an abrupt spike on the needle of the ammeter the

moment the synchronizing switch was turned closed and all
three lamps were set to exhibit partially bright light. The
needle had also reached almost the middle of the ammeter
scale signifying that the greater the voltage difference and
brightness, the higher the spike of current when the
synchronizing switch was closed.
Procedure 6(c): Behavior of I1 @ Closure
Upon switching the DC excitation to the synchronous generator

into an output voltage of 250 Volts and satisfying the condition
that all three lights must be dimmed. It was observed that at the
moment when the synchronizing switch was closed, the needle
of the ammeter spiked into a reading of 1 Ampere.
Procedure 6(c): Behavior of I1 after Closure
The moment after the closure of the synchronizing switch, the

needle of the ammeter gradually decreases up to a reading of
0.3 Amperes. It was observed that after the closure of the
synchronizing switch the needle of the ammeter does not return
to zero immediately. The reading of the ammeter only returns
to zero when the synchronizing switch is back to open.
Procedure 7(c): Reaction of Sync Lights
The lamps ON and OFF one after another which suggests that the alternator that is trying to
connect is not yet synchronized due to incorrect phase sequence of the alternator.
Procedure 7(d): Explain what happened in Procedure 7(c).
Due to interchanging the shunt field connections, the DC Motor rotation was reversed. As a
result, the lamps turn on and off one after the other, indicating that the alternator that is
attempting to connect is not yet synced with regards to its phase sequence being off.
Procedure 7(f): Remedy without Reversal
In order to correct the phase sequence of the alternator that is trying to sync, the terminals 1
and 2 of the power supply must be interchange to achieve the same phase sequence or by
changing the connections of any two leads of the alternator after shutting down the machine,
therefore correcting the phase sequence without any reversal again.
3.8.2 Observations
Procedure 3 Observations
Provided that the synchronizing switch were all placed at its open position, it
was observed that the three lamps on the synchronizing module flickers ON and OFF
simultaneously as the exciter switch was turned ON and the DC field excitation was
further adjusted to meet the desired output terminal voltage. In this procedure, the
condition of having a terminal voltage the same as the voltage supplied by the power
utility system was fulfilled in order for the three-phase alternator to be synchronized
properly. Furthermore, the behavior of the lamps in relation to the rate of its blinking
was observed to vary as the terminal voltage and excitation were further adjusted to
meet the required voltage output. Overall, it can be inferred that this flickering of
lamps is associated with the fact that even if the voltage of the alternator and the
power supplied by the distribution utility are set to have an equal magnitude, the
output frequency of the alternator still did not match the operating frequency of the
power grid to which it is to be synchronized.
Another important condition to be satisfied for proper synchronization of a

three-phase alternator is to set its frequency such that it matches the operating
frequency of the power grid. In this experiment, the three-lamps in the synchronizing
module were used as indicators to monitor the effect of adjustment on the speed level
of the alternator in relation to its output frequency. By principle, the lamps should
blink simultaneously to validate that the frequency is not yet synchronized with
respect to the grid. If the three-lamps did not flicker or brighten and darken
simultaneously, it can be said that the phase sequence of the alternator is in the
opposite direction to the phase sequence of the power utility system. But from the
result of this procedure, it was proven that the phase sequence of the alternator was
correctly synchronized with the phase sequence of the power supply as the three-lamps
display blinking at the same rate during the speed level adjustment of the coupled DC
motor. The rate of blinking was also observed to be proportional to the difference
between the frequency of the alternator and the frequency of the power utility system.
Faster blinking indicates that the operating frequency is still high enough in
comparison with the grid’s frequency. Meanwhile, slower blinking depicts that the
frequency of the alternator is nearly approaching the frequency of the power supply.
Lastly, if it becomes steady or there’s no visible variation on the brightness of the
lamps, then that’s the time where the frequency of the alternator can be considered
synchronized.
When all three lamps are fully dark, the incoming alternator is in correct
synchronization with the power source. When the synchronization switch is switched
off, the ammeter's current reading display shows no apparent spike or movement on its
needle or pointer. It complies with the fact that a synchronized alternator's terminal
voltage is approximately identical to the power supply provided voltage. As a result,
the two systems linked in parallel have a minimal circulating current as proved by the
measurement in ammeter that there is practically no current surge. On the other hand,
when the three lamps' luminous intensity is maintained dimmed, it shows that there is
a little variation between the three-phase alternator's voltage output and the power
supply's line voltage. As a result, when the synchronizing switch is switched off, the
current reading shows a fast spike on the ammeter needle. Lastly, when the
synchronization switch was closed and all three lights were set to fully bright light,
there was an immediate spike on the ammeter's needle. When the synchronization
switch was closed, the needle had also nearly reached the middle of the ammeter scale,
indicating that the bigger the voltage differential and brightness, the larger the current
spike. In other words, If lamps never attain a dark phase and the intensity of the
brightness increases with time, then this indicates that there is a high voltage
difference. The excitation of the alternator must be varied so that the dark phase of all
lamps is obtained.
Since the lamps serve as the indicators in proper synchronization, it is important
to fully understand the significance of its light intensity and rate of light variation
under different adjustments performed on the parameters of alternator. When all the
lamps are in full brightness, it means that the terminal voltage of the three-phase
alternator is equal in magnitude but in phase-opposition (180o apart) from the phasor
voltage of the power supply. Meanwhile, if all lamps are completely darkened or at
least dimmed, then the terminal voltages are approximately equal and in-phase to the
voltage delivered by the power supply, and the output frequency and phase sequence
are all matched correctly. The aim of synchronization through the lamp method is to
make the three lamps completely dark for the entire process to conclude that all
conditions are satisfied and the alternator is ready to be connected in parallel to the
grid for service. In this procedure, provided the synchronizing switch is open, the DC
exciter was switched to adjust the synchronous generator into an output voltage that
equals to 250 volts AC given a constant supply voltage of 208 volts. Consequently, the
speed of the motor was also adjusted to attain the three lamps to be synchronized.
When the three lights start to dim, that is the only time to close the synchronizing
switch to take note of the effect upon I1. Upon closing the synchronizing switch, it
was observed that the needle of the ammeter instantly spikes to the right and is able to
reach a reading of 1 ampere. The moment after the closure of the synchronizing
switch, the needle gradually decreases into a reading of 0.3 amperes, and eventually,
the current slowly decreases to zero upon the synchronizing switch returned to an open
state. This is for a particular reason that if the three lamps concurrently turn dimmed
and immediately close the synchronizing switch, a sudden surge in current will be
introduced in the circuit due to the paralleling effect of the synchronous three-phase
alternator.
In the procedure 7, it can be observed that the lamps turn on and off one after
the other, indicating that the alternator that is attempting to connect is not yet synced
because the incoming alternator's phase sequence is different from the power supply.
This is due to the procedure that requires the rotation of the DC motor must be
reversed by interchanging the shunt field connections. However, a remedy can be
performed without again reversing the DC motor shunt field connections by
interchanging the terminals 1 and 2 of the power supply or by changing the
connections of any two leads of the alternator after shutting down the machine.
Therefore, it can be observed in that procedure that it is really important for paralleling
an alternator that the phase sequence is the same for both alternators to work
synchronously.
3.8.3 Conclusion/s
Synchronization is a preliminary procedure taken when connecting a three-

phase alternator in parallel to the active three-phase power utility system or the grid.
Parallel operation has numerous advantages in maintaining the reliability, efficiency,
and expansion of modern power systems. It is standardized and adapted in all of the
grids, especially in power plants where the demands of power should be met by the
generating sets operating in its vicinity. Paralleling way back from its core circuit
principle, adds up the current supplied from the branch circuits each containing the
generating unit such as synchronous generators/alternators. Thus, reliability,
efficiency, and expansion come in place when an alternator is added or removed to the
grid for service or maintenance without interrupting the entire operation of the active
power system.
Fulfilling the objectives of this experiment, a three-phase alternator can be

properly synchronized with the power utility system by applying a three dark lamp
method for synchronization. From this method, it was learned that certain conditions
must be fulfilled in order to effectively install the three-phase alternator to the active
three-phase power grid. Such conditions include equal voltage output, same phase and
frequency, and match phase sequence with the power supply. Other requirements such
as same output waveform, speed-load characteristics, and identical impedance
triangles are also considered for efficient paralleling of alternators. From the results
observed on the brightness of the lamps, it can be concluded that the light intensity of
the lamp depends on how the voltage output of the alternator differs in terms of
magnitude and phase with the power supply during the synchronization process.
Furthermore, the condition of having equal voltage can be satisfied by switching on
the exciter circuit of the alternator and adjusting it until the terminal line voltage met
the desired value. The frequency as well as the phase sequence are also of important
considerations when synchronizing an alternator. From the results observed on the
behavior of the lamp, it can be concluded that the rate of flickering is proportional to
the frequency difference (or beat frequency) between the output of the alternator and
the output of the power supply. To attain a steady light with no significant changes on
the brightness of the lamps, the speed level of the DC motor coupled to the alternator
can be adjusted until it reaches the optimum value for matching the frequency of the
power utility. Lastly, the behavior of the current spike exhibited by the needle of the
ammeter has an underlying relationship with the brightness of the lamps prior to the
closure of the synchronizing switch.
There are also cases where incorrect phase sequence was encountered between
the power grid and the generating unit to be added in parallel to other existing
machines and apparatus. This was demonstrated when a DC motor coupled to the
three-phase synchronous generator altered the circuit by interchanging the wire
connection in its shunt field excitation. This process resulted in the rotation of the
motor and consequently to the alternator to be in the opposite direction to how it is
supposed to be rotated. With this, the phase sequence of the alternator becomes
opposite to the phase sequence of the power supply and an undesirable result could
occur if it is added right after. Thus, to resolve it without reversing the DC motor, the
connection on the external voltage source terminals can be switched to return back the
correct phase sequence of the alternator.
Appendix. Wiring Diagram of Three-Phase Alternator Synchronization using LVSIM
8160-00 8160-00 8160-00
SYNCHRONIZING MODULE DATA ACQUISITION INTERFACE
VOLTAGES CURRENTS ANALOG INPUTS ANALOG OUTPUTS SYNC. INPUT

1 2 3
[ ±10 V MAX. ] [ 0 - ±10 V ] [ TTL ]
E1 I1 T N 1 2 COMPUTER I/O
E2 I2
RESET 2 2 2
S1 AUXILIARY ANALOG INPUTS
[ ±10 V MAX. ]
E3 I3 1 2 3 4 POWER ON
5 6 7 8
4 5 6 ±400 V MAX. ±12 A MAX.
LOW POWER INPUT
ISOLATION: 750 V ISOLATION: 750 V
RATING 24 V 0.4 A 50/60 Hz
EACH PHASE:240 V 2 A £
LIGHT BULB:130 V 2.6 W BA9S
8621-00
9062-00
8161-00
POWER SUPPLY
L1 L2 L3
DC MOTOR / GENERATOR SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR / GENERATOR
100 150
50 200
0 250 5 N
4 N 6 N
64 7 N
5 6 8 N 50
40 60
4 5
30 70
POWER 20 80
120 V 3 A
10 90 N 9
0 100
1 2 S S
120/208 V 15 A 0-120/208 V 5 A 0-120 V 8 A
1 4 + 7 FIELD RHEOSTAT N EXCITER
24 V 3 A
3A 120 V 1 A
3 SERIES
4 1 4 150 Ω
2 5 N
S1
500 Ω 0Ω 120 V 1 A MIN. MAX.
120 V 2 A 2 5
3 6 + 8
120 V 0.4 A 120 V 1 A
RESET
5 SHUNT
6 7 8 3 6 7 120 V ¤ 8
N N N MOTOR RATING GENERATOR RATING MOTOR RATING GENERATOR RATING

175 W 1800 r/min 120 V 2.8 A 120 W 1800 r/min 120 V 1 A 175 W 1800 r/min 208 V 0.8 A 120 VA 1800 r/min 208 V 0.33 A
RATING 8211-00
3 £ 60 Hz 3 £ 60 Hz
8241-00
INPUT POWER: 120/208 V 3 £ 15 A 60 Hz
AC OUTPUTS: 60 Hz 8821-00
24 V 3 A
EXPERIMENT 4
WOUND ROTOR
INDUCTION
MOTOR
JUNE 16 2021
SUBMITTED BY
KENNETH KILAKIGA
POWERED BY
KYLE LEIGHZANDER VICENTE
ACERIEL VILLANUEVA
LVSIM - EMS
SUBMITTED TO
IMAGE SOURCED FROM
ACTIVITY 4: The Wound Rotor Induction Motor


2. Demonstrate concepts, power, performance and efficiency of induction motors.

a. To examine the construction of the three-phase wound rotor induction motor;
b. To explain exciting current, synchronous speed and slip in a three-phase induction
motor.
c. To observe the effect of the revolving field and rotor speed upon the voltage
induced in the rotor.
When the stator of a three-phase motor is connected to a three-phase power supply, currents
flow in the three stator windings and a revolving magnetic field is established. These three exciting
currents supply the reactive power to establish the rotating magnetic field. They also supply the
power consumed by the copper and iron losses in the motor.
The speed of the rotating magnetic field is entirely determined by the frequency of the
three-phase power source, and is known as the synchronous speed. The frequency of electric power
systems is accurately maintained by the electric power companies, therefore, the synchronous
speed of the stator field (in rpm) remains constant.
The wound rotor consists of a rotor core with three windings in place of the conducting
bars of the squirrel cage rotor. In this case, currents are induced in the windings just as they would
be in shorted turns. However, the advantage of using windings is that the wires can be brought out
1/12
through slip rings so that resistance, and therefore, the current through the windings can be
controlled.
The rotating stator field induces and alternating voltage in each winding of the rotor. When
the rotor is at standstill, the frequency of the induced rotor voltage is equal to that of the power
source. If the rotor is now rotated by some external means, in the same direction as the rotating
stator field, the rate at which the magnetic flux cuts the rotor windings will diminish. The induced
voltage and its frequency will drop. When the rotor rotates at the same speed and in the same
direction as the rotating stator field, the induced voltage, as well as its frequency, will drop to zero
(The rotor is now at synchronous speed). Conversely, if the rotor is driven at synchronous speed,
but in the opposite direction to the rotating stator field, the induced voltage, as well as its frequency,
will be twice the value as when the rotor was at standstill.
Although the rotor will be driven by an external motor in this experiment, it should be
noted that for a given rotor speed the induced voltage value and its frequency will be the same
even if the rotor were turning by itself.
1 unit Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Motor
1 unit DC Motor/Generator Module
1 unit Power Supply module (120/208V 3Φ, 0–120Vdc, 120Vdc)
1 unit AC Voltmeter (250 / 250 / 250 V)
1 unit AC Ammeter (2.5 A)
1 unit Three-Phase Wattmeter
2/12
Figure 4.1.
4.7 Procedures
1. Perform preliminary checking procedures as described in previous activities.

2. Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Motor Module
c) Visually check the visible part of the stator and rotor copper windings for evidence
of burn or insulation breakdown. If there is, inform the instructor. If none, proceed.
3/12
f) Close the fiber glass protection panel and perform continuity test across the
following terminals: terminal pairs 1-4, 2-5, 3-6, 7-8, and 8-9.

4. Place the Wound-Rotor Induction Motor Module at the lower right slot of the Mobile
Workstation.
B. Activity Proper
1. Examine the construction of the Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Motor, paying
particular attention to the motor, slip rings, connection terminal and wiring.
2. Viewing the motor from the rear of the module:

a. Identify the three rotor slip rings and brushes.
b. Can the brushes be moved?
c. Note that the three rotor windings are brought out to the three slip rings through
a slot in the rotor shaft
d. Identify the stator windings. Note that they consist of many turns of small
diameter wire evenly spaced around the stator.
e. Identify the rotor windings. Note that they consist of many turns of slightly larger
diameter wire evenly spaced around the rotor.
f. Note the spacing of the air gap between the rotor and the stator.
3. Viewing the front face of the module:

a. The three separate stator windings are connected to what terminals?
b. What is the rated current of the stator windings?
c. What is the rated voltage of the stator windings?
d. The three rotor windings are connected in wye or delta?
4/12
e. The rotor windings are connected to what terminals?
f. What is the rated voltage of the rotor windings?
g. What is the rated current of the rotor windings?
h. What is the rated speed and mechanical output power of the rotor?
4. Using your DC Motor/Generator, Three-Phase Wound-Rotor Induction Motor, Three-

Phase Wattmeter, Power Supply, AC Ammeter and AC Voltmeter, connect the circuit
shown in Figure 4.1.
5.a. Note that the DC motor is connected with fixed shunt field excitation to power supply
terminals 8 and N, (120 V DC). The field rheostat should be turned to its full clockwise
position for minimum resistance.
b. Note that the armature is connected to the variable DC output of the power supply
module terminals 7 and N (0 – 120 V DC).
c. Note that the stator of the wound-rotor motor is wye connected, in series with the
three AC Ammeters and the wattmeter, to the fixed 208 V AC, 3-phase output of
the power supply module terminals 1, 2, and 3.
d. Note that the three-phase input voltage is measured by V1 and the three-phase
rotor output voltage is measured by V2.
6.a. Couple the DC motor to the wound-rotor induction motor with the connection belt.
b. Plug the workstation and turn on the power supply. Keep the variable output
voltage control at zero (full counter clockwise). The DC motor should not be
turning.
c. Measure and record the following: W1, W2, I1, I2, I3, E1, E2.
d. Turn off the power supply.
7. Calculate the following:

a. average current;
b. apparent power;
c. active power;
5/12
d. reactive power;
e. power factor.
8.a. Turn on the power supply and adjust the variable DC output voltage for a motor speed
of exactly 900 rpm.
b. Measure and record the following: W1, W2, I1, I2, I3, E1, E2.
NOTE: If the value of E2 is less than in procedure 6, turn off the power supply and
interchange any two of the three stator leads.
c. Is the active power approximately the same as before?
9.a. Increase the DC output voltage to 120 V DC and adjust the field rheostat for a motor
speed of exactly 1800 rpm.
c. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply module.
d. In procedures 8 and 9, is the rotor being turned with or against the rotating stator
field? Explain.
10.a. Interchange your DC armature connections in order to reverse the motor direction.
Turn the field rheostat to its full clockwise position.
b. Turn the power supply module and adjust the DC output voltage for a motor
speed of 900 rpm.
c. Measure and record the following: W1, W2, I1, I2, I3, E1, E2.
11.a. Increase the variable DC output voltage to 120 V DC and adjust the field rheostat for
a motor speed of 1800 rpm.
c. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply module.
d. In procedure 10 and 11, is the rotor being turned with or against the rotating
stator field? Explain.
6/12

June 9, 2021
June 16, 2021
Group Members:
Signature:

Procedure 2(b): Can the brushes be moved? YES/NO? YES
Procedure 3(a)
Terminals? 1 - 4 Terminals? 2 - 5 Terminals? 3 -6
Procedure 3(b) Rated current – stator? 1.5 A
Procedure 3(c) Rated voltage – stator? 120 V
Procedure 3(d) Wye/Delta? WYE
Procedure 3(e)
Terminals? 7 - N Terminals? 8 - N Terminals? 9 - N
Procedure 3(f) Rated current – rotor? 2A
Procedure 3(g) Rated voltage – rotor? 60 V
7/12
Procedure 3(h) Rated Speed? Mechanical Output?
1500 rpm 175 W
Procedure 6(c)
E1 = 211 V E2 = 103 V
W1 = 0 W W2 = 58 W
I1 = 0.82 A I2 = 0.85 A I3 = 0.9 A
Procedure 7(a) Average current? 0.8567 A
Procedure 7(b) Apparent power? 313.09 VA
Procedure 7(c) Active power? 58 W
Procedure 7(d) Reactive power? 307.67 VAR
Procedure 7(c) Power factor? 0.1853, Lagging
Procedure 8(b)
E1 = 211 V E2 = 50 V
W1 = 0 W W2 = 38 W
I1 = 0.82 A I2 = 0.85 A I3 = 0.9 A
Procedure 9(b)
E1 = 211 V E2 = 0 V
W1 = 0 W W2 = 0 W
I1 = 0.82 A I2 = 0.85 A I3 = 0.9 A
8/12
Procedure 9(d): Rotor with/against Stator? Explain.
The rotor was driven against the stator because when the speed was increased to its
maximum, the induced emf decreased to a very small value. Moreover, it was observed that the
rotor’s speed was less than the synchronous speed resulting to a cutting of magnetic flux that
made the induced voltage smaller as the supplied voltage.
Procedure 10(c)
E1 = 211 V E2 = 159 V
W1 = 100 W W2 = 56 W
I1 = 0.82 A I2 = 0.85 A I3 = 0.9 A
Procedure 11(b)
E1 = 211 V E2 = 211 V
W1 = 100 W W2 = 0 W
I1 = 0.82 A I2 = 0.85 A I3 = 0.9 A
Procedure 11(d): Rotor with/against Stator? Explain.
In this procedure the armature connection was interchanged to reverse the direction of the
motor. Hence, the rotor is being driven with the stator because when the speed was increased
to its maximum, the induced emf equals the supplied voltage. Furthermore, the rotor rotates
at the same speed and same direction as the rotating stator field that made the measurements
in E1 and E2 equal.
9/12
4.8.2 Calculations
Procedure 7 (a): Average Current
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 0.82 𝐴 + 0.85 𝐴 + 0.9𝐴

𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟕 𝑨
3 3
Procedure 7 (b): Apparent Power
𝑺𝑻 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 = √3(211 𝑉 )(0.8567 𝐴) = 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝑽𝑨
Procedure 7 (c): Active Power
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = 0 𝑊 + 58 𝑊 = 𝟓𝟖 𝑾
Procedure 7 (d): Reactive Power
𝑸𝑻 = √(|𝑆𝑇 |)2 − (𝑃𝑇 )2 = √(313.09 𝑉𝐴)2 −(58 𝑊)2 = +𝟑𝟎𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝑽𝑨𝑹
Procedure 7 (e): Power Factor
𝑃𝑇 58 𝑊
𝒑𝒇 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟑, 𝑳𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈
|𝑆𝑇 | 313.09 𝑉𝐴
4.8.3 Observations
Three Phase Induction Motor consists of two main components, namely the stator and the
rotor. It is observed that the stator is made up of a series of alloy steel laminations wrapped in
wire to create induction coils, one for each phase of the electrical power source. The three-phase
power supply energizes the stator coils. The rotor, as the name suggests, is a rotating part of the
motor which contains induction coils and metal bars connected to form a circuit. The rotor
surrounds the motor shaft and is the motor component that rotates to produce the mechanical
energy output of the motor. On the other hand, to decrease friction on the spinning shaft, the
motor's enclosure supports the rotor with its motor shaft on a set of bearings. End caps retain the
bearing mounts, and the enclosure houses a fan connected to the motor shaft that spins when the
motor shaft rotates. A 3 phase induction motor derives its name from the fact that the rotor
current is induced by the magnetic field, instead of electrical connections.
An induction motor's stator is observed to be made up of several overlapping windings

separated by a 120° electrical angle. When a three phase alternating current source is applied to
10/12
the primary winding or stator, it creates a rotating magnetic field that rotates at a synchronous
speed. The phase sequence of supply and the order in which these lines are connected to the
stator determine the motor's rotational direction. By switching the connections of any two
primary terminals to the supply, it is evident that the rotation will be reversed. The synchronous
speed of rotation in the motor's stator is determined by the number of poles and the frequency of
the supplied voltage. Two, four, six, or eight poles are common configurations for motors. The
equation (120*(Supply Frequency))/((No. of Poles in the Stator)) determines the synchronous
speed, which is the rotational speed of the field created by primary currents.
The rotors must be carrying current in order to create torque and therefore revolve. This
current originates from the rotor conductors in induction motors. The rotor's conducting bars are
cut by the stator's rotating magnetic field, which generates an e.m.f. An induction motor's rotor
windings are either closed by an external resistance or directly shorted. As a result of the induced
e.m.f in the rotor, current flows in the opposite direction of the revolving magnetic field in the
stator, causing a twisting motion or torque in the rotor. Therefore, the rotor speed will not match
the e.m.f in the stator's synchronous speed. If the speeds are the same, there will be no e.m.f.
produced in the rotor, no current flowing, and hence no torque will be created. The slip is the
differential between the stator (synchronous speed) and rotor speeds.
4.8.4 Conclusion/s
Three-Phase Induction Motors as the most widely used AC motors in industrial

operations are known to be asynchronous types of machines which run regardless of sustaining a
synchronous speed in its rotation. Its application is commonly applied in mechanical driven loads
such as pumps, conveyors, compressors, fans, drilling machines, mixers, and other industrial
equipment to name a few. Fulfilling the objectives of this experiment, the main constructional
parts of a three-phase wound rotor type induction motor was identified and familiarized all
throughout the execution of preliminary checking, module set-up, and activity proper. From this,
it was faliarized than an induction motor is composed of three-phase stator windings which can
be connected in either wye or delta, a wound type rotor with slotted three-phase connected in
wye with end terminals at its respective slip rings, and an enclosure or outer frame which
protects the internal parts of the said electrical machine. The shaft of the Induction Motor served
as the connecting path to which a mechanical driven load or gears is keyed upon and supplied
with mechanical power through the motor’s rotational speed.
In the operation of the wound rotor induction motor, it is essential to understand the
importance of the exciting current, synchronous speed and slip to further recognize the
construction of the wound rotor induction motor and its operation. The relevance of the exciting
current in the operation of the wound rotor induction motor is that it energizes the core of the
motor to generate greater rpm at the rotor. The synchronous speed is the speed of the rotating
magnetic field produced by the stator of an induction motor. At the same time, the slip is the
difference between the synchronous speed and the rotor speed. If the synchronous speed runs at
the same time as the rotor’s speed, the slip will equal zero. While, if the rotor is stationary, the
slip will be equal to 1. These mentioned parameters are essential in the operation of the wound
11/12
rotor induction motor.
Further in this experiment, the effect of the revolving field and the rotor speed upon the
induced voltage of the rotor was established. Wherein, when the rotor is driven against the
stator field, there will be a cutting of magnetic field flux that produces more eddy currents
resulting in a decrease in induced voltage of the rotor. Further, when the rotor is rotating against
the stator field, it was evident that the rotor’s speed is less than the synchronous speed. On the
other hand, when the rotor is being driven in the direction of the stator field, the relative speed
between the rotating flux and the rotor is reduced, which also reduces the cutting of flux within
the stator field. Thus, the induced voltage tends to be the same as the supply voltage due to the
decrease in the cutting of flux during the rotation. To sum everything that has been stated, when
the rotor is with the stator field, it produces greater induced voltage, while if the rotor rotates
against the stator field, it produces lesser induced voltage.
12/12
6/16/2021 LVSIM-EMS
APPENDIX
DC MOTOR / GENERATOR SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR / GENERATOR FOUR-QUADRANT DYNAMOMETER / POWER SUPPLY
120 V 3 A
N 9
OPERATING MODE MANUAL CONTROL
DYNAMOMETER POWER START/STOP

SUPPLY
1 2 S S
FIELD RHEOSTAT N EXCITER

COMMAND STATUS
FUNCTION
CONTROL
3A 120 V 1 A
N FUNCTION
3 SERIES
4 1 4 150 Ω
S1
500 Ω 0Ω 120 V 1 A MIN. MAX. I/O FOR ADVANCED FUNCTIONS
POWER INPUT
2 5 COMMAND
INPUT
A
SHAFT ENCODER OUTPUTS
B
0- ±10 V A [TTL] D [TTL]

120 V 0.4 A 120 V 1 A
THERMISTOR
ANALOG OUTPUTS
5 SHUNT
6 7 8 3 6 7 120 V ¤ 8 INPUT
T n
120 V 6 A 60 Hz
10 k Ω 0- ±10 V A 0- ±10 V
MOTOR RATING GENERATOR RATING MOTOR RATING GENERATOR RATING RATING
Dynamometer
175 W 1800 r/min 120 V 2.8 A 120 W 1800 r/min 120 V 1 A 175 W 1800 r/min 208 V 0.8 A 120 VA 1800 r/min 208 V 0.33 A
0 - 3 N·m 0 - 2500 r/min 350 W
3 £ 60 Hz 3 £ 60 Hz
8211-00 8241-00 Power Supply
8960-20
0 - ±150 V 0 - ±5 A 500 W
SYNCHRONIZING MODULE DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL INTERFACE RESISTIVE LOAD

VOLTAGES CURRENTS ANALOG OUTPUTS DIGITAL INPUTS
[ 0- ±10 V ] [ TTL ]
COMPUTER I/O
E1 I1 1 2 ENCODER SYNC.
1 2 3
A B
E2 I2
A D
RESET 2 2 2 ANALOG INPUTS DIGITAL OUTPUTS
S1
E3 I3 [ ±10 V MAX. ] [ TTL ]
1 2 3 4 1 2 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A

1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω 1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω 1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω
E4 I4 5 6 7/ T 8/n
4 5 6 POWER INPUT
COM 800 V COM 4A 40 A
RATING RATING
EACH PHASE:240 V 2 A £ 24 V 0.4 A 50/60 Hz 252 W 120 V ¥
LIGHT BULB:130 V 2.6 W BA9S ACCURACY: ±5%
8621-00 9063-00 8311-00
POWER SUPPLY
L1 L2 L3
DC MOTOR / GENERATOR FOUR-POLE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
100 150
50 200
0 250 5 N
4 N 6 N
64 7 N
5 6 8 N 50
40 60
4 5
30 70
POWER 20 80
120 V 3 A
10 90
0 100
1 2
120/208 V 15 A 0-120/208 V 5 A 0-120 V 8 A
1 4 + 7 FIELD RHEOSTAT
24 V 3 A
3A 1 4
3 SERIES
4
2 5 N
500 Ω 0Ω 2 5
120 V 2 A
3 6 + 8
RESET
120 V 0.4 A 3 6
5 SHUNT
6 7 8
N N N MOTOR RATING GENERATOR RATING RATING

208 V 3 £ 60 Hz
175 W 1800 r/min 120 V 2.8 A 120 W 1800 r/min 120 V 1 A MOTOR: 200 W 0.73 PF 1685 r/min 1.14 A
RATING 8211-00
GENERATOR: 425 VA 200 W 0.47 PF 1900 r/min 1.18 A
8221-00
INPUT POWER: 120/208 V 3 £ 15 A 60 Hz
24 V 3 A
Note:
A Squirrel Cage Induction Motor was alternatively used here due to lack of 3-Phase
Wound Rotor Induction Motor Module in this FESTO Lab-Volt Simulator. There is
also no Electronic Multi-tester used in this wiring simulation instead an alternative
module which is a Data Acquisition Interface used to at least show the
measurement of voltage and current parameters of the machine. This is only to show
at least the resemblance of the connection presented in the experiment 4 laboratory
manual.
https://lvsim.labvolt.com 1/1
EXPERIMENT 5 - SA
SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
JUNE 23 2021
SUBMITTED BY
KENNETH KILAKIGA
POWERED BY KYLE LEIGHZANDER VICENTE
ACERIEL VILLANUEVA
SUBMITTED TO
LVSIM - EMS ENGR. VLADIMIR LUCERO
ACTIVITY 5: The Synchronous Motor


3. Demonstrate concepts, power, performance and efficiency of synchronous
motors.

a. To examine the construction of the three-phase synchronous motor;
b. To obtain the starting characteristics of the three-phase synchronous motor.

The synchronous motor gets its name from the term synchronous speed, which is the
natural speed of the rotating magnetic field of the stator. As you have learned, this natural speed
of rotation is controlled strictly by the number of pole pairs and the frequency of the applied power.
Like the induction motor, the synchronous motor makes use of the rotating magnetic field.
Unlike the induction motor, however, the torque develop does not depend on the induction currents
in the rotor. Briefly, the principle of operation of the synchronous motor is as follows: A
multiphase source of AC is applied to the stator windings and a rotating magnetic field is produced.
A direct current is applied to the rotor windings and a fixed magnetic field is produced. The motor
is so constructed that these two magnetic fields react upon each other causing the rotor to rotate at
the same speed as the rotating magnetic field. If a load is applied to the rotor shaft, the rotor will
momentarily fall behind the rotating field but will continue to rotate at the same synchronous
speed.
1/13
The falling behind is analogous to the rotor being tied to the rotating field with a rubber
band. Heavier loads will cause stretching of the band so the rotor position lags the stator field but
the rotor continues at the same speed. If the load is made too large, the rotor will pull out of
synchronism with the rotating field and, as a result, will no longer rotate at the same speed. The
motor is then said to be overloaded.
The synchronous motor is not a self-starting motor. The rotor is heavy and, from a dead
stop, it is not possible to bring the rotor into magnetic lock with the rotating magnetic field. For
this reason, all synchronous motors have some kind of starting device. A simple starter is another
motor which brings the rotor up to approximately 90% of its synchronous speed. Then a direct
current is applied to the rotor windings. After which, the starting motor is then disconnected and
the rotor locks in step with the rotating field. The more commonly used starting method is to have
the rotor include a squirrel cage induction winding. This induction winding brings the rotor almost
to synchronous speed as an induction motor. The squirrel cage is also useful even after the motor
has attained synchronous speed, because it tends to dampen the rotor oscillations caused by sudden
changes in loading. Your synchronous motor/generator module contains a squirrel cage type rotor.
1 unit Electrodynamometer Module
1 unit Power Supply Module (0 – 120 / 208 V, 3-phase)
1 unit Synchronizing Switch Module
1 unit AC Voltmeter Module (250 V)
1 unit AC Ammeter Module (8 A)
2/13
Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.2
3/13
Figure 5.3
5.7 Procedures
1. Perform preliminary checking procedures as described in previous activities.

B. Activity Proper
1. Examine the construction of the Three-Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator, paying
particular attention to motor, slip rings, rheostat, connection terminals and the wiring.
2. Viewing the motor from the rear of the module:

a. Identify the two slip rings and brushes.
b. Can the brushes be moved?
c. Note that the two rotor windings are brought out to the two slip rings through a
slot in the rotor shaft.
4/13
d. Identify the DC damper windings on the rotor. (Although there are only two
windings, they are connected so that their magnetomotive forces act in opposition,
thus creating four poles.)
e. Identify the four salient poles just beneath the damper windings.
f. Identify the stator winding and note that it is identical to that of the three-phase
squirrel cage and wound rotor motors.
3. Viewing the front face of the module:

a. The three separate stator windings are connected to what terminals?
b. What is the rated voltage of the stator windings?
c. What is the rated current of the stator windings?
d. The rotor winding is connected through the 150 Ω rheostat and a toggle switch
S1 to
what terminals?
e. What is the rated voltage of the rotor winding?
f. What is the rated speed and output power of motor?
4. Using your Three-Phase Synchronous Motor/Generator, Power Supply, AC Ammeter,

connect the circuit shown in Figure 5.1. Note that the three stator windings are wye-
connected to the fixed 208 V 3-phase output of the power supply, terminals 1, 2, and 3.
a. Turn on the power supply. Note That the motor starts smoothly and continues to run
as an ordinary induction motor.
b. Note the direction of rotation.
c. Turn off the power supply and interchange any two of the leads from the power
supply.
d. Turn on the power supply and note the direction of rotation.
e. Turn off the power supply.
6. Using your Electrodynamometer and Synchronizing Module, connect the circuit shown
in Figure 5.2. Couple the motor to the electrodynamometer with the connection belt.
5/13
7.a. The synchronizing switch module will be used as an on-off switch for the three-phase
power to the stator windings. Set the switch in its off position.
b. The electrodynamometer is connected to the fixed 120 V AC output of the power
supply module terminals 1 and N. Set the dynamometer control knob for
approximately 40% excitation.
c. The rotor of the synchronous motor is connected to the fixed 120 V DC output
of the power supply module terminals 8 and N. Set the field rheostat for zero
resistance (full counter clockwise).
d. Close the switch S1 in the synchronous motor module.
8.a. Turn on the power supply. Then apply three-phase power by closing the synchronizing
switch and observe what happens. Observe the average reading in the ammeter. DO NOT
LEAVE THE POWER ON FOR LONGER THAN 10 SECONDS! Turn off the power
supply.
b. Describe what happened.
c. What did the ammeter indicate?
d. Should a synchronous motor, under load, be started with DC excitation on its
field?
9.a. Connect the rotor of the synchronous motor to the variable 0-120 V DC output of the
power supply module terminals 7 and N. Select 7-N in the meter selector switch on the
power supply module. Do not disturb any of the other connections or change any control
settings.
b. With the variable output voltage control at zero, turn on the power supply. Apply
three-phase power by closing the synchronizing switch and observe what happens.
c. Describe what happened.
d. Is your motor operating as an induction motor?
e. Carefully adjust the power supply output to 120 V DC as indicated on the power
supply meter.
f. Describe what happened.
6/13
g. Is your motor operating as a synchronous motor?
h. Return the voltage to zero and turn off the power supply. Open switch S1 in the
synchronous motor.
10.a. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 5.3. Note that the synchronous motor is wired in
its normal starting configuration (as a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor).
b. Set the dynamometer control knob at its full clockwise position (to provide a
maximum starting load for the synchronous motor).
c. Close the Switch S1 in the synchronous motor.
11.a. Turn on the power supply and quickly measure E1, E2, I1 and the developed starting
torque. Turn off the power supply.
b. Calculate the apparent power to the motor at starting torque.
c. Calculate the full load torque corresponding to 175 W at 1800 rpm.
d. Calculate the ratio of starting torque to full load torque.
e. Explain why a large AC voltage E2 was induced in the rotor windings.
12.a. With your circuit unchanged, turn on the power supply and slowly turn the
dynamometer control know counterclockwise to reduce the loading. The motor will come
up to full speed and run as a squirrel cage induction motor. Note the effect upon the induced
voltage E2.
b. Why does E2 decrease as the motor speed increases?
7/13

June 16, 2021
June 23, 2021

Procedure 2(b) Brushes movable? YES/NO NO
Procedure 3(a)
Terminals? 1-4 Terminals? 2-5 Terminals? 3-6
Procedure 3(b) Rated current – stator? 1A
Procedure 3(c) Rated voltage – stator? 120 V
Procedure 3(d) Rheostat & S1 to Terminals? 7-8
Procedure 3(e) Rated voltage – rotor? 208 V
Procedure 3(f) Rated Speed? 1800 rpm
Mechanical Output? 175 W
8/13
Procedure 5(b) Rotation? CW/CCW
CCW
I1= 1.25 A
Procedure 5(d) Rotation? CW/CCW

CW
I1= 1.27 A
Procedure 8(b): What happened?
The Synchronous Motor in this procedure was subjected to three-phase power by closing
the synchronizing switch. The synchronizing switch module serves as the switch for the three-
phase power to be applied in the stator windings. It was observed that at the moment the
synchronizing switch turned on, there was a rapid increase in current due to the zero resistance
applied in the field rheostat and the 40% excitation applied in the dynamometer resulting in a
greater speed produced by the synchronous motor. After reaching the maximum current in 5A,
the current gradually decreases to zero because of zero resistance in field rheostat. Therefore,
it is important to follow the safety guidelines in opening a synchronous motor under load with
an excitation exerted in dynamometer for a short time because it might damage or burn the
winding of the synchronous motor due to the greater speed it can produce without any
resistance applied into it.
Procedure 8(c): What did the ammeter indicate?
As the synchronizing switch was turned on, it was observed that the ammeter reading
momentarily reaches 5A inrush current. Then, after a while the needle of the ammeter gradually
decreases to zero. This is for a reason that the moment the synchronizing switch turned on the
current appeared on the ammeter was maximum. However, the gradual subsides or decrease in
the current is the indication that the circuit is technically short circuited due to the zero-
resistance applied in the field rheostat.
Procedure 8(d) Starting with DC excitation? YES/NO NO
Procedure 9(c): What happened?
The Synchronous Motor operates as an Induction Motor when no excitation voltage is

applied across its rotor field winding terminals. With that, the only induced field that drives the
rotor is the revolving field set up in the stator windings when supplied with 3-phase power.
The speed is also an important parameter in determining whether the motor runs in synchronous
mode or induction (asynchronous) mode. As observed, the speed during induction mode
introduces a slip which indicates that the rotor speed is not equal or below in value with the
synchronous speed provided by the stator revolving field. From this, it can be concluded that
9/13
with no excitation applied on the rotor and is driven at a speed below the synchronous value,
then the motor operates in induction mode. It is also applied as a starting mechanism of the
synchronous motor such that the connected load will be pulled into synchronism the moment
an external DC excitation is applied in the rotor.
Procedure 9(d) Induction mode? YES/NO YES
Procedure 9(f): What happened?
The Motor operates synchronously when its rotor speed is kept constant and equal to the
speed of the stator revolving field. This time the field windings are excited with an external
DC power supply to set up the fixed electromagnetic poles on the rotor. The interaction of this
magnetic field with the revolving field of the stator called magnetic locking drives the
synchronous running speed and continuous torque of the motor. At this moment, the slip
becomes zero and the motor is said to be in synchronous mode with constant speed equal for
both revolving field and the rotation of rotor assembly.
Procedure 9(f) Synchronous mode? YES/NO YES
Procedure 11(a) E1= 210 Vac
E2= 160 Vac
I1= 4.6 A
Starting torque= 21 lbf-in
Procedure 11(b) Apparent power= 1673.16 VA
Procedure 11(c) Full-load torque= 8.2 lbf-in
Procedure 11(d) Tstarting / Tfull-load= 2.56
Procedure 11(e): Why was a large voltage induced @ the rotor?
Since the motor is running at full-load which is set by the electrodynamometer, then the
torque angle will be much greater resulting in an increase in the induced emf at the rotor. The
torque angle signifies the shift or lagging of the rotor with respect to the stator revolving field.
This in turn increases the current drawn from the mains up to its rated value to operate the
motor and maintain synchronism on the mechanical load.
10/13
Procedure 12(b): Why does E2 decrease as speed increases?
Since in this procedure the load was reduced to minimum by turning the knob of the
dynamometer to full counterclockwise. It is evident that as we decrease the loading for the
motor, it will generate a greater speed on its rotor. Therefore, as the rotor speed increases, the
slip(s) will eventually decrease. With this relationship, the moment that the slip(s) will decrease,
the E2 also decreases. Thus, it concludes the relationship of the E2 and rotor speed that is
inversely proportional. As the rotor speed increases, the E2 will decrease.
5.8.2 Calculations
Procedure 11 b. Apparent Power

𝑆 = √3 × 𝐸1 × 𝐼1
𝑆 = √3 × (210 𝑉) × (4.6 𝐴)
𝑆 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝑽𝑨
Procedure 11 c. Full Load Torque at P = 175 W and NS = 1800 rpm

𝑃 1.59×𝑁𝑆 ×𝑇
=
746 100,000
175 𝑊 1.59×(1800 𝑟𝑝𝑚)×𝑇
=
746 100,000
𝑇 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝒍𝒃𝒇 − 𝒊𝒏
Procedure 11 d. Ratio of Starting Torque to Full Load Torque

𝑇𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑇𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙−𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
21 𝑙𝑏𝑓−𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
8.2 𝑙𝑏𝑓−𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟔
11/13
5.8.3 Observations
A synchronous motor may function as both a generator and a motor. A

synchronous generator is a device that transforms mechanical force or energy into
electric power or energy. A synchronous motor, on the other hand, is one that transforms
electric power or energy into mechanical power or energy. The rotor of a synchronous
motor spins at the same rate as the machine's rotating field. The stator is similar to an
induction machine wherein it is constructed out of a cylindrical iron frame with three-
phase windings placed in slots around the inner circumference. The difference is in the
rotor, which typically has an insulated winding linked to a direct current source through
slip rings or other means.
The synchronous motor's two primary components are the stator and the rotor. The
stator is stationary which carries the motor's armature winding. The armature winding
is the main winding because of which the EMF is induced in the motor. The rotor carries
the field windings. The main field flux induces in the rotor. The salient pole rotor is used
in the synchronous motor. The word salient refers to the rotor projected poles that face
the armature windings. Steel laminations are used to construct the synchronous motor's
rotor. The laminations help to decrease the eddy current loss that also happens on the
transformer winding. When a high number of poles are required, salient pole rotors are
utilized. The synchronous motor and synchronous alternator are built similarly. DC
supply is given to the rotor winding via sliprings. The direct current excites the rotor
winding and creates electromagnetic poles.
Both the stator and the rotor are independently excited. Excitation is the process
of using an electric current to induce a magnetic field on the motor's components. The
revolving magnetic field is produced between the stator and rotor gap when the three-
phase supply is supplied to the stator. The rotating magnetic field is defined as a field
with moving polarities. Only the polyphase system produces a rotating magnetic field.
The north and south poles develop on the stator due to the revolving magnetic field. On
the other hand, The DC supply is used to drive the rotor. The rotor's north and south
poles are induced by the DC supply. The flux induced on the rotor remains constant as
the DC supply remains constant. As a result, the flux has a constant polarity. One end
of the rotor generates the north pole, while the other develops the south pole.
Since the supply is an alternating current, the polarity of the wave changes in every
half cycle. As a result, the positive and negative half cycle of the wave develops the
north and south poles on the stator respectively. When the rotor and stator both have the
same pole on the same side, they repel each other. If they have opposite poles, they
attract each other. For the first half of the supply cycle, the rotor attracts towards the
stator pole, and for the second half cycle, it repels. As a result, only one spot on the rotor
is pulsating. This is the reason why the synchronous motor cannot self-start. There is a
12/13
constant force of attraction between the stator and rotor poles. Magnetic locking is the
term for this. The rotor poles are pulled by the stator rotating field (imaginary poles)
after magnetic locking is achieved, and a continuous torque is generated. Because the
stator revolving field drags the rotor poles, the rotor rotates at the same rate as the stator
revolving field.
Overall, synchronous motors are not self-starting. Before they can be

synchronized, they need some external method to get their speed close to synchronous
speed. Because the speed of operation is synchronized with the supply frequency, they
act like a constant speed motor regardless of load state while the supply frequency is
constant. This motor has the unique characteristics of operating under any electrical
power factor. This makes it being used in electrical power factor improvement.
5.8.4 Conclusion/s
Synchronous motor, similar in construction to a synchronous generator, operates

in a way that converts electrical power or energy into mechanical power or energy with
a constant running speed and continuous torque sustained throughout its operation.
Basically, these two synchronous machines have opposing working principles and the
power flow is also the reverse of the other. A three-phase synchronous motor by
construction has a three-phase stator winding of which a three-phase power is supplied
to set up the revolving field necessary to drive the motor. On the other hand, the rotor
assembly at which the shaft is keyed serves as the moving part of the motor for which
the mechanical power is transferred to the coupled load. The rotor also sets up stable
electromagnetic poles in it through its field windings which can be excited by applying
an external DC voltage source. This setup of the rotor magnetic field and its interaction
with the revolving field of the stator makes the synchronous motor distinctive in
comparison with the operation of an induction motor. In terms of applications, a
synchronous motor is commonly used as a synchronous condenser since it can be
efficiently used to correct the operating power factor of an active power system or grid.
Other mechanical loads which require constant and precise driven speed include
compressors in the oil and gas industry, centrifugal pumps, microwave ovens in a
household setting, and even watches and robot actuators for low power utilization, to
name a few.
Fulfilling the objectives of this experiment it was examined that construction

features of a synchronous motor are all the same with the parts of a synchronous
generator. In fact, a synchronous machine can be operated as either an alternator or a
synchronous motor. The two important parts which are the stator and the rotor serve
important functions in conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice
13/13
versa. In the context of a three-phase synchronous motor, a three-phase power is
supplied to the three-phase windings of the stator and consequently a revolving field is
produced under rated voltage and frequency. Meanwhile, the rotor which is excited with
an external DC voltage source acts as an electromagnet which sets up its own fixed
magnetic field. The two magnetic fields mentioned interact and the motor runs at
synchronous speed under a given frequency and rated electrical power. Starting
characteristic of a synchronous motor was also examined in the experiment when its
shaft is coupled to a dynamometer which sets a high torque load.
The synchronous motor is not self-starting due to its non-unidirectional torque

development. This means that to attain synchronism for the coupled load, three-phase
power is initially supplied to the stator windings then the motor is run nearly to its
synchronous speed with minimal slip produced. A revolving field is set up in the stator
during this process and the motor is operated in its induction mode. When the desired
speed is attained, a DC field excitation is applied on the rotor of the motor to set up the
fixed electromagnetic poles. A significant inrush current is also introduced the moment
the DC field excitation is applied. The rotor field set up during this process will be
dragged by the revolving field through magnetic locking or continuous force of
attraction between the poles of the stator imaginary field and the rotor. As a result, a
continuous torque is obtained, and the motor runs the load at synchronous speed. For
such cases where both three-phase power and DC field excitation is supplied at the same
time, then the motor under full-load will produce a very loud noise and undesirable
vibration in its operation. This is because both magnetic fields are not yet locked at this
moment and the motor is not properly started. Thus, the following steps discussed above
are necessarily taken to efficiently operate the synchronous motor. Lastly, it is
concluded that a synchronous motor can act as either inductive, resistive, or capacitive
electrical load depending on the field excitation adjustments applied on its rotor
assembly.
14/13
6/23/2021 LVSIM-EMS
Appendix 5.a: Figure 5.1 Wiring Diagram of Three-Phase Synchronous Motor
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANK

1 3 6 8 11 13
88 V 88 V
4 9 88 V
14
208 V 208 V 208 V
120 V 120 V 120 V

2 5 7 10 12 15
120 V 3 A
RATING
EACH TRANSFORMER:
250 VA 208/208 V
1.2 A 50/60 Hz 8348-40
1 2
FIELD RHEOSTAT
TRANSFORMER
3A 1 4
3 4 1 120 V
2
SERIES
500 Ω 0Ω 2 5
3 104 V
7 76 V
8 28 V
4
120 V 0.4 A 3 6
5 6 7 8 5 60 V
9 60 V
6
SHUNT
MOTOR RATING GENERATOR RATING RATING

208 V 3 £ 60 Hz
8211-00
8221-00
RATING
60 VA 120 / 208 / 120 V
0.5 / 0.3 / 0.5 A 60 Hz
8341-20

[ 0- ±10 V ] [ TTL ]
COMPUTER I/O
1 2 3
A B
E2 I2
A D
S1
E3 I3 [ ±10 V MAX. ] [ TTL ]
1 2 3 4 1 2 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A

1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω 1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω 1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω
E4 I4 5 6 7/ T 8/n
4 5 6 POWER INPUT
RATING RATING
8621-00 9063-00 8311-00
POWER SUPPLY
L1 L2 L3
50
100 150
200 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR / GENERATOR PRIME MOVER / DYNAMOMETER
0 250 5 N
4 N 6 N
64 7 N
5 6 8 N 50
40 60
4 5
30 70
POWER 20 80
10 90 N 9
0 100
S S
120/208 V 15 A 0-120/208 V 5 A 0-120 V 8 A
1 4 + 7 N EXCITER
24 V 3 A OVERSPEED
120 V 1 A TORQUE SPEED SHAFT ENCODER DISPLAY
1 4 150 Ω OUTPUT OUTPUT

A
OUTPUTS
B TORQUE N·m
5
lbf·in
2 N 0 - ±10 V 0 - ±10 V [TTL] [TTL] SPEED r/min
OVERHEAT
S1
120 V 1 A MIN. MAX.
120 V 2 A 2 5 PRIME MOVER DYNAMOMETER

INPUT MODE LOAD CONTROL
POWER ON
3 6 + 8 1 2
PRIME
DYN.
MANUAL
MODE
EXTERNAL
INPUT
MOVER
120 V 1 A
RESET MAN. EXT.
3 6 7 120 V ¤ 8 MIN. MAX.
10 V MAX.
LOW POWER INPUT
0- ±150 V 6.5 A ¤
24 V 0.25 A 60 Hz
0 - 3 N·m 0 - 2500 r/min
175 W 1800 r/min 208 V 0.8 A 120 VA 1800 r/min 208 V 0.33 A PRIME MOVER: 750 W
RATING 3 £ 60 Hz 3 £ 60 Hz
8241-00 DYNAMOMETER: 175 W
8960-10
INPUT POWER: 120/208 V 3 £ 15 A 60 Hz
24 V 3 A
6/23/2021 LVSIM-EMS
Appendix 5.b: Figure 5.2 Wiring Diagram of Three-Phase Synchronous Motor connected to
a Synchronizing Module and coupled with Dynamometer
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANK

1 3 6 8 11 13
88 V 88 V
4 9 88 V
14
208 V 208 V 208 V
120 V 120 V 120 V

2 5 7 10 12 15
120 V 3 A
RATING
EACH TRANSFORMER:
250 VA 208/208 V
1.2 A 50/60 Hz 8348-40
1 2
FIELD RHEOSTAT
TRANSFORMER
3A 1 4
3 4 1 120 V
2
SERIES
500 Ω 0Ω 2 5
3 104 V
7 76 V
8 28 V
4
120 V 0.4 A 3 6
5 6 7 8 5 60 V
9 60 V
6
SHUNT

208 V 3 £ 60 Hz
8211-00
8221-00
RATING
60 VA 120 / 208 / 120 V
0.5 / 0.3 / 0.5 A 60 Hz
8341-20

[ 0- ±10 V ] [ TTL ]
COMPUTER I/O
1 2 3
A B
E2 I2
A D
S1
E3 I3 [ ±10 V MAX. ] [ TTL ]
1 2 3 4 1 2 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A

1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω 1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω 1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω
E4 I4 5 6 7/ T 8/n
4 5 6 POWER INPUT
RATING RATING
8621-00 9063-00 8311-00
POWER SUPPLY
L1 L2 L3
50
100 150
0 250 5 N
4 N 6 N
64 7 N
5 6 8 N 50
40 60
4 5
30 70
POWER 20 80
10 90 N 9
0 100
S S
120/208 V 15 A 0-120/208 V 5 A 0-120 V 8 A
1 4 + 7 N EXCITER
24 V 3 A OVERSPEED

A
OUTPUTS
B TORQUE N·m
5
lbf·in
OVERHEAT
S1
120 V 1 A MIN. MAX.

POWER ON
3 6 + 8 1 2
PRIME
DYN.
MANUAL
MODE
EXTERNAL
INPUT
MOVER
120 V 1 A
RESET MAN. EXT.
3 6 7 120 V ¤ 8 MIN. MAX.
10 V MAX.
LOW POWER INPUT
0- ±150 V 6.5 A ¤
24 V 0.25 A 60 Hz
0 - 3 N·m 0 - 2500 r/min
RATING 3 £ 60 Hz 3 £ 60 Hz
8960-10
INPUT POWER: 120/208 V 3 £ 15 A 60 Hz
24 V 3 A
6/23/2021 LVSIM-EMS
Appendix 5.c: Figure 5.3 Wiring Diagram of Three-Phase Synchronous Motor with
coupled Dynamometer
CAPACITIVE LOAD
2.2 µF 4.4 µF 8.8 µF 2.2 µF 4.4 µF 8.8 µF 2.2 µF 4.4 µF 8.8 µF

0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A
1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω 1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω 1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω
120 V 3 A
RATING
252 var 120 V ( 230 V MAX. ) 60 Hz
ACCURACY: ±5%
8331-00
1 2
FIELD RHEOSTAT
INDUCTIVE LOAD
3A 1 4
3 SERIES
4
500 Ω 0Ω 2 5
3.2 H 1.6 H 0.8 H 3.2 H 1.6 H 0.8 H 3.2 H 1.6 H 0.8 H

120 V 0.4 A 3 6 0.1 A
1200 Ω
0.2 A
600 Ω
0.4 A
300 Ω
0.1 A
1200 Ω
0.2 A
600 Ω
0.4 A
300 Ω
0.1 A
1200 Ω
0.2 A
600 Ω
0.4 A
300 Ω
5 SHUNT
6 7 8

208 V 3 £ 60 Hz
GENERATOR: 425 VA 200 W 0.47 PF 1900 r/min 1.18 A RATING
8211-00 8221-00
252 var 120 V 60 Hz
ACCURACY: ±5%
Q = 10 8321-00
SYNCHRONIZING MODULE DATA ACQUISITION INTERFACE RESISTIVE LOAD
VOLTAGES CURRENTS ANALOG INPUTS ANALOG OUTPUTS SYNC. INPUT

1 2 3
[ ±10 V MAX. ] [ 0 - ±10 V ] [ TTL ]
E1 I1 T N 1 2 COMPUTER I/O
E2 I2
RESET 2 2 2
S1 AUXILIARY ANALOG INPUTS
[ ±10 V MAX. ] 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A 0.1 A 0.2 A 0.4 A
1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω 1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω 1200 Ω 600 Ω 300 Ω
E3 I3 1 2 3 4 POWER ON
5 6 7 8
4 5 6 ±400 V MAX. ±12 A MAX.
LOW POWER INPUT
ISOLATION: 750 V ISOLATION: 750 V
RATING 24 V 0.4 A 50/60 Hz RATING

EACH PHASE:240 V 2 A £ 252 W 120 V ¥
8621-00 8311-00
9062-00
POWER SUPPLY
L1 L2 L3
50
100 150
0 250 5 N
4 N 6 N
64 7 N
5 6 8 N 50
40 60
4 5
30 70
POWER 20 80
10 90 N 9
0 100
S S
120/208 V 15 A 0-120/208 V 5 A 0-120 V 8 A
1 4 + 7 N EXCITER
24 V 3 A OVERSPEED

A
OUTPUTS
B TORQUE N·m
5
lbf·in
OVERHEAT
S1
120 V 1 A MIN. MAX.

POWER ON
3 6 + 8 1 2
PRIME
DYN.
MANUAL
MODE
EXTERNAL
INPUT
MOVER
120 V 1 A
RESET MAN. EXT.
3 6 7 120 V ¤ 8 MIN. MAX.
10 V MAX.
LOW POWER INPUT
0- ±150 V 6.5 A ¤
24 V 0.25 A 60 Hz
0 - 3 N·m 0 - 2500 r/min
RATING 3 £ 60 Hz 3 £ 60 Hz
8960-10
INPUT POWER: 120/208 V 3 £ 15 A 60 Hz
24 V 3 A
EE0041L
AC MACHINES
POWERED BY
LABORATORY: RESEARCH REPORT
SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION
MOTOR
Machine Design and Industrial Applications
JULY 14, 2021
GROUP 1 / TL31
Kenneth T. Kilakiga
Kyle Leighzander M. Vicente
Aceriel B. Villanueva
INSTRUCTOR
Engr. Vladimir Lucero
I. PARTS OF SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
Short-Circuiting Ring (End Rings)
A squirrel cage induction motor is comprised of a

pair of end rings that are positioned next to the
opposite end faces of the squirrel cage rotor core and
serve as electrical connectors. Each end ring is
composed of a first ring section with one side surface
in contact with the corresponding end face of the
squirrel cage rotor core and extending
circumferentially around the shaft's axis. The initial
ring section is linked electrically to the conductor
bars and has a rather wide radial width. A magnetic
plate component that contacts the opposite side
surface of the first ring section and is coaxial with the
shaft's axis. A second ring part is placed on the
magnetic member and extended circumferentially around the shaft's axis. The second ring part,
which is electrically linked to the first ring portion and the conductor bars, has a relatively narrow
radial width and a smaller axial sectional area than the first ring portion. The first and second ring
sections of a pair of end rings are formed integrally with the conductor bars and are composed of
the same material as the conductor bars.
Laminated Iron Core
The core is utilized to sustain the squirrel cage

induction motor's windings. Additionally, it offers a
low reluctance channel for magnetic flux to flow. It is
constructed with a laminated soft iron core to minimize
eddy current and hysteresis losses. The composition of
the iron core of a squirrel cage varies according to
voltage, current, and speed. The diameter of the squirrel
cage iron core is related to both copper and iron loss.
The iron core of the squirrel cage induction motor
should be laminated for a particular reason, the
alternating electric field will act on the free electrons
inside the plate, causing them to oscillate back and
forth. However, any movement of electrons is really an electric current. As a result, an alternating
current passes through the plate, heating it. The current flows in a circular pattern, back and forth
over the whole surface of the plate. It flows similarly to how water in a bucket swishes back and
forth when agitated in one direction and then the other. This is why the current flowing through
the plate is referred to as an eddy current. Additionally, it is referred to as the Foucault current.
When an alternating current travels through a solid metal plate, eddy currents and, therefore, losses
occur. One method to minimize losses is to laminate the plate. Because the laminations are
insulated from one another, the eddy currents are limited to a smaller region and therefore
considerably less than they are in a solid plate.
Shaft
In a squirrel cage induction motor, the shaft is a

cylindrical component that protrudes from the
motor's housing. The shaft's function is to transfer
energy from the motor to its intended use.
Precision pins and shafts work in a speed-versus-
torque relationship. When the shaft is not loaded,
it operates at its maximum speed for that voltage
with almost little torque. When a sufficient load is
given to the shaft such that it completely stops
spinning and its speed becomes zero, the shaft generates the greatest amount of torque possible for
the supplied voltage and is said to be operating at stall torque.
Conductor Bars (Skewed)
The squirrel cage induction rotor conductor bars are

caged and skewed, and constructed of aluminum. If this
skewing is not performed, magnetic locking will occur
between the stator and rotor fields, resulting in the
machine failing to start. The starting torque of an
induction motor is determined by the product of the
stator and rotor current magnitudes and the sine of the
angle between them. The angle between the stator and
rotor currents will be 180 degrees if the conductors stay
linear. Due to the fact that sin(180) = 0, the resultant
beginning torque is zero, and therefore the motor will
not start. This is referred to as "cogging." Another
benefit of skewing is that the decreased cross-area
allows for longer rotor conductor bars. Thus, the rotor conductor resistance naturally rises, and the
machine quickly reaches maximum torque. Additionally, no additional rheostat is needed, and the
beginning rotor current, which is 5–6 times the full load current, is regulated.
II. NO-LOAD TEST
Induction Motor on No-Load
The rotor circuit of a slip ring induction motor can be opened. When a stator is linked to a three-
phase supply, it draws a small current known as no-load current denoted with I0. This no-load
current has two main components. The working component Iw and the magnetising component Imag
make up this current. The working component of no-load current is in phase with the supply
voltage and provides stator iron losses. Meanwhile, the magnetising component lags behind the
voltage supplied from the ac main by an angle of 90°. This component is responsible to the
production of mutual flux in the air gap which links the stator revolving field to the rotor winding
induced field. Electromagnetic occurs once the motor is started and voltage E1 is induced on the
stator while voltage E2s is the induced emf on the rotor.
Source: S. K. Sahdev, Electrical Machines, 2018
No-Load Test of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

This test is performed when three-phase induction is run without load. It also gives the magnitude
of the constant losses dissipated in the motor.
The machine is started normally and runs at normal voltage without load. On the stator side,
suitable instruments for measuring power, line current, and line voltage are connected between the
supply mains and the motor terminals. It is also depicted in following circuits presented below.
Wattmeter readings W1 and W2 are taken while the switch S1 is at stud-1 and then at stud-2 for
power and power factor measurements. The p.f. of the motor is low (p.f.≤ 0.5) because it is running
without load connected to its shaft, hence the wattmeter will display a down-scale measurement.
The connections of the potential coil of the wattmeter are reversed to achieve an up-scale reading
by changing the position of switch-2 from stud-1 to stud-2, yet the reading is regarded negative.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram above.

2. Start the motor by ensuring the shaft is at no load condition.
3. For starting, either use autotransformer or starter to reach rated voltage to be supplied in
the input mains.
4. Record the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter and carefully observe the
behavior of the motor if there is no-connected mechanical load on its rotor (0 Torque
in lbf-in).
5. Reduce the voltage using autotransformer to zero and turn the main switch off.
Computations / Formulas:
Total Power measured by Two Readings of the Wattmeter,
𝑷𝟎 = (𝑾𝟏 − 𝑾𝟐 ) 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
Copper Losses in Stator Winding,
𝑷𝒄𝒖 = 𝟑𝑰𝟎 𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
Supplied Phase Voltage
𝑽𝑳 (𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈)
𝑽𝒑 =
√𝟑
Total constant losses
𝑷𝒄𝒖 = (𝑷𝟎 − 𝟑𝑰𝟎 𝟐 𝑹𝟏 ) 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
No-load power factor
𝑷𝟎
∅𝟎 =
𝟑𝑰𝟎 𝑽
No-load exciting resistance
𝑽 𝑽
𝑹𝟎 = =
𝑰𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅𝟎 𝑰𝒘
No-load exciting reactance
𝑽 𝑽
𝑹𝟎 = =
𝑰𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅𝟎 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈
Characteristic Curve at No-Load
The difference between the two wattmeter readings represents the total power drawn by the motor.
Wattmeter readings are taken with various applied voltage values, and then a curve is shown
against power and input voltage. Windage and friction losses can be calculated using this curve.
Because the motor is not in use, the input power supplied to it is solely used to cover the losses.
Core losses are losses that occur in the stator's iron core as well as the rotor. In the stator winding,
a small amount of copper is lost. Because the stator current is so modest, this can be overlooked.
As a result, total power equals the sum of rotor iron loss, stator copper loss, friction, and windage
loss. The fixed core losses are calculated using the data taken at normal voltage and rated
frequency.
III. FULL LOAD TEST AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST OF
INDUCTION MOTOR
FULL-LOAD TEST
Induction motors are extensively employed in industry and use the huge amounts of energy.
Certain tests, such as a no-load test and a full-load or block rotor test, have been developed to
optimize its performance characteristics. A blocked rotor test, sometimes called a full-load test, is
often used to determine the leakage impedance of an induction motor. Apart from that, this test
may reveal other characteristics such as torque, motor speed, and short-circuit current at normal
voltage. The blocked rotor test is quite similar to the transformer's short circuit test. Here, a motor's
shaft is clamped or blocked, preventing it from rotating, and the rotor windings are shorted. The
rotor bars are permanently shorted-circuited in the case of squirrel cage induction motors. The
testing of an induction motor is rather complicated since the resulting value of leakage impedance
is influenced by the rotor position, frequency, and magnetic dispersion of the leakage flux path.
These impacts may be mitigated by testing squirrel-cage rotors for blocking rotor current.
When doing a blocked rotor test, keep in mind that the applied voltage on the stator terminals
should be maintained low; otherwise, the normal voltage may burn the stator winding. A low
voltage is given to the rotor in a block rotor test, causing it to stop rotating and its speed to drop to
zero, allowing full load current to flow through the stator winding. Because the slip is proportional
to the rotor's zero speed, the load resistance is zero. Increase the voltage in the stator winding
gradually until the current reaches its rated amount. Take note of the voltmeter, wattmeter, and
ammeter readings to determine the voltage, power, and current values. For an accurate result, the
test may be repeated at various stator voltages.
Calculations in Blocked Rotor Test
Let 𝑃𝑠𝑐 be the total power measured when 𝐼𝑠𝑐 per phase be the circulating current and 𝑉𝑠𝑐 is the
voltage applied per phase. where 𝑉𝑠𝑐 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔⁄ .
√3
𝑃𝑠𝑐 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2
The equivalent impedance per phase of the motor referred to the stator side,
𝑉𝑠𝑐
𝑍𝑒𝑞𝑙. = Ω
𝐼𝑠𝑐
Power Factor,
𝑃𝑠𝑐
cos 𝑠𝑐 =
3𝑉𝑠𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐
The equivalent resistance of the motor referred to the stator side,
𝑃𝑠𝑐
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑙. = 2 Ω
3𝐼𝑠𝑐
The equivalent reactance of the motor referred to the stator side,
𝑋𝑒𝑞𝑙. = √(𝑍𝑒𝑞𝑙. )2 − (𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑙. )2

The stator reactance per phase 𝑋1 is assumed to be equal to rotor reactance per phase as referred
to stator side,
𝑋𝑒𝑞𝑙. 𝑋2
𝑋2′ = 𝑋1 = and 𝑋2′ =
2 𝐾2
In the case of squirrel cage motor, the rotor resistance per phase, as referred to the stator,
𝑅2
𝑅2′ = (𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑙. − 𝑅1 ) =
𝐾2
Input Power and Input Current
Input Power
IV. APPLICATIONS OF SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
Squirrel cage motor is one of the types of induction motors. In order to generate motion, it hardens
electromagnetism. As the output shaft is connected to the rotor inner component which is looking like a
cage. Hence it is called a squirrel cage. The two-end caps i.e, circular in shape are joined by rotor bars.
These are acted based on the EMF i.e, generated by the stator. This EMF is also generated outer housing
that is made of laminated metal sheets and wire coiling. The two main parts of any type of induction motor
are the stator and the rotor. The squirrel cage is a simple method of pulling an electromagnetic induction
effect. A 4-pole squirrel cage induction motor is shown below.
Squirrel cage induction motors are popular choices in industry, in part due to their low cost, ease of
maintenance, high efficiency, good heat regulation, and safety. Their biggest downside is their lack of speed
control, which is why other motors (wound rotor motors) have been developed to address these applications.
NEMA’s standard frames make it easy to choose the right motor, only requiring the operating characteristic
of the project. In addition, squirrel Cage Induction Motors are widely used in Industrial applications than
slip ring induction motors due to cheaper cost, rugged construction, and low maintenance. Squirrel Cage
Induction Motors are suitable for applications where the drive requires constant speed, low starting torque
and no speed control drives.
Squirrel cage induction motors are commonly used in many industrial applications. They are particularly
suited for applications where the motor must maintain a constant speed, be self-starting, or there is a desire
for low maintenance. Which motors are commonly used in:
• Centrifugal pumps
• Industrial drives (e.g. to run conveyor belts)
• Large blowers and fans
• Machine tools
• Lathes and other turning equipment
• Centrifugal pumps, fans, blowers, etc.
• In driving air compressors, conveyors, reciprocating pumps, crushers, mixers, large refrigerating
machines, etc.
• Punch presses, shears, bulldozers, small hoists, etc.
V. REFERENCES
• S. K. Sahdev, Electrical Machines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
• Ahmed M. T. Ibraheem Al-Naib, Three-Phase Induction Motor Tests., Northern

Technical University.
• https://www.linquip.com/blog/squirrel-cage-motor/#Squirrel_Cage_Motor_Advantages
• https://www.linquip.com/blog/squirrel-cage-motor/#Squirrel_Cage_Motor_Advantages
• https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-a-squirrel-cage-induction-motor-and-its-working/
• https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-specific-applications-of-squirrel-cage-and-slipring-
induction-motor

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EE0041L - AC MACHINES

AC Machinery Laboratory Manual

ACTIVITY 1: Three Phase Alternator: Open- and Short-Circuit Characteristics

1.1 Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity

1.2 Activity’s Course Learning Outcomes (ACLOs)

1.3 Objectives of the Activity

1.4 Principle of the Activity

The terms alternating current generator, synchronous generator, synchronous alternator,

1 unit Synchronous Motor/Generator Module

1 unit Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Module

1 unit Synchronizing Switch Module

1 unit Power Supply Module (120/208 V 3-phase, 0–120 Vdc)

1 unit AC Voltmeter Metering Module (250 / 250 / 250 V)

1 unit AC Ammeter Metering Module (2.5 / 25 A)

1 unit DC Ammeter Metering Module (0.5 / 2.5 A)

20 pcs Connecting Wires

1 unit Connection Belt

1 unit Electronic Multi-tester

4. Close switch S1 in the synchronous generator. Gradually increase the DC excitation

8.a. Set the synchronizing switch to its open position.

Section: TL31 Date Performed:

Group Members: Signature:

1.8.1. Data and Results

In reference to Procedure 3, explain why there is an AC voltage generated in the absence of

Line Voltage, Line Voltage, Average Line

0.9 186 V 190 V 175 V 183.67V

Note: “ - ” means the data is not shown on the video.

Procedure 5: Plot I1 vs EAC.

Open Circuit Characteristic of Alternator

E1 = 208 Vac E2= 212 Vac E3= 210 Vac

E1-4= 120 Vac E2-5= 130 Vac E3-6= 115 Vac

Comment on the resulted difference of 6(a) and 6(d).

Procedure 8(c): DC exciting current, I1= Not shown on the

Procedure 8(e): AC peak sync current, I2= 2 A

Procedure 8(f): steady-state values:

I1= Not shown on the Video

The synchronous machine operated in this experiment is an alternator since a

No-load saturation curve can be obtained by performing an open-circuit test on

Short-circuit characteristic on the other hand can be obtained by simply

AC Machinery Laboratory Manual

ACTIVITY 2: Three Phase Alternator Under Load

2.1 Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity

2.2 Activity’s Course Learning Outcomes (ACLOs)

2.3 Objectives of the Activity

2.4 Principle of the Activity

1 unit Synchronous Motor/Generator Module

1 unit Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Module

1 unit Power Supply Module (120/208 V 3-phase, 0–120 Vdc)

1 unit AC Voltmeter Metering Module (250 / 250 / 250 V)

1 unit AC Ammeter Metering Module (2.5 / 25 A) 1

unit DC Ammeter Metering Module (0.5 / 2.5 A) 1

unit Resistance Module

1 unit Inductance Module

1 unit Capacitance Module

1 unit Hand Tachometer

20 pcs Connecting Wires

1 unit Connection Belt

1 unit Electronic Multi-tester

1. Perform preliminary checking procedures as described in Activity 1.