Chapter 1: What Is Strategy, and Why Is It Important?
Chapter 1: What Is Strategy, and Why Is It Important?
Chapter 1: What Is Strategy, and Why Is It Important?
1: What is strategy, and why is it important?
Introduction:
What is strategic management?
Strategic management is an integrative management field that combines analysis, formulation
and implementation in the quest for competitive advantage. It enables us to view a firm in its
entirety. It also enables us to think like a general manager to help position your firm for
superior performance.
1.1 What strategy is: gaining and sustaining competitive advantage
What is strategy?
Strategy is a set of goaldirected actions a firm takes to gain and sustain superior
performance relative to competitors.
What do competitors compete on to achieve superior performance?
To achieve superior performance, companies compete for resources: new ventures compete
for financial and human capital and existing companies compete for profitable growth.
What does a good strategy consist of?
A good strategy consists of 3 elements:
1. A diagnosis of the competitive challenge: strategy analysis of the firm’s external and
internal environments.
2. A guiding policy to address the competitive challenge: strategy formulation, resulting in
the firm’s corporate, business, and functional strategies.
3. A set of coherent actions to implement the firm’s guiding policy: implementation.
→ These 3 elements should be present in a good strategy.
What is a good strategy?
A good strategy is more than a mere goal or a company slogan.
First, a good strategy defines the competitive challenges facing an organization
through a critical and honest assessment of the status quo.
Second, a good strategy provides an overarching approach on how to deal with the
competitive challenges identified.
Third, a good strategy requires effective implementation through a coherent set of
actions.
What is a business model?
A business model explains how the firm intends to make money.
WHAT IS COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE?
What is a competitive advantage?
A competitive advantage is a superior performance relative to other competitors in the same
industry or in the industry average. It is always relative, not absolute.
To gain competitive advantage, a firm needs to provide either goods or services consumers
value more highly than those of its competitors, or good or services similar to the competitors’
at a lower price.
What do we do to assess competitive advantage?
To assess competitive advantage, we compare firm performance to a benchmark: that is,
either the performance of other firms in the same industry or an industry average.
What is a sustainable competitive advantage?
A sustainable competitive advantage is outperforming competitors or the industry average
over a prolonged period of time.
Past performance is no guarantee of future performance.
What is competitive disadvantage?
A competitive disadvantage is underperformance relative to other competitors in the same
industry or the industry average.
What is competitive parity?
A competitive parity is performance of two or more firms at the same level.
What is strategy about?
Strategy is about creating superior value while containing the cost to create it. Managers
achieve this combination of value and cost through strategic positioning.
How do managers achieve strategic positioning?
They stake out a unique position within an industry that allows the firm to provide value to
customers, while controlling costs. The greater the difference between value creation and
cost, the greater the firm’s economic contribution and the more likely it will gain competitive
advantage.
Examples of strategic positioning:
Cost leadership and differentiation are distinct strategic positions. Pursuing them at the same
time results in tradeoffs that work against each other.
What does strategic positioning require?
Strategic positioning requires tradeoffs. Managers make conscious tradeoffs that enable
each company to strive for competitive advantage in the retail industry, using different
competitive strategies: leadership v/s differentiation. Since clear strategic positioning requires
tradeoffs, strategy is as much about deciding what not to do, as it is about deciding what to
do. Because resources are limited, managers must carefully consider their strategic choices
in the quest for competitive advantage. Although the idea of combining different business
strategies seems appealing, it is actually quite difficult to execute an integrated
costleadership and differentiation position.
The key to a successful strategy:
The key to a successful strategy is to combine a set of activities to stake out a unique position
within an industry. Competitive advantage has to come from performing different activities or
performing the same activities differently than rivals are doing.
What does competition focus on?
Competition focuses on creating value for customers rather than destroying rivals: both can
win if they achieve a clear strategic position through a wellexecuted competitive strategy.
What strategy is not:
Grandiose statements are not strategy: “our strategy is to win” or “we will be #1”: such
statements of desire, on their own are not strategy. They provide little managerial
guidance and frequently fail to address the economic fundamentals.
A failure to face a competitive challenge is not strategy: If the firm does not define a
clear competitive challenge, managers have no way of assessing whether they are
making progress in addressing it.
Operational effectiveness, competitive benchmarking, or other tactical tools are not
strategy: pricing strategy, internet strategy, alliance strategy, operations strategy, IT
strategy, brand strategy, marketing strategy, HR strategy, all these elements may be a
necessary part of a firm’s functional and global initiatives to support its competitive
strategy, but these elements are not sufficient to achieve competitive advantage.
INDUSTRY VS. FIRM EFFECTS IN DETERMINING PERFORMANCE:
What is firm performance determined by?
Firm performance is determined by 2 factors: industry and firm effects.
What are industry effects?
Industry effects describe the underlying economic structure of the industry.
What is the structure of an industry determined by?
The structure of an industry is determined by elements common to all industries such as entry
and exit barriers, number and size of companies, and types of products and services offered.
What are firm effects?
Firm effects are firm performance attributed to the actions managers take.
Although a firm’s industry environment is not quite as important as the firm’s strategy within its
industry, they jointly determine roughly 75% of overall firm performance. The remaining 25%
is partly attributed to business cycles and other effects.
Does competition take place in isolation?
Competition, which is the ongoing struggle of firms to gain and sustain competitive advantage,
does not take place in isolation. Managers therefore must understand the relationship
between strategic management and the role of business in society.
1.2 Stakeholders and competitive advantage
What do companies with successful strategies generate for society?
Companies with successful strategies generate value for society. When firms compete in their
own selfinterest while obeying the law and acting ethically, they make society better. Value
creation lays the foundation for the benefits that successful economies can provide:
education, public safety, and health care.
In contrast, strategic mistakes can be expensive.
What does superior performance lead to?
Superior performance allows a firm to reinvest some of its profits and to grow, which in turn
provides more opportunities for employment and fulfilling careers.
What are black swan events?
Black swan events are incidents that describe highly improbable but highimpact events.
Examples of black swan events include the 911 terrorist attacks, and the collapse of the
Soviet Union.
What are the two common features of black swan events?
1. Black swan events demonstrate that managerial actions can affect the economic
wellbeing of large numbers of people around the globe.
2. The second feature of black swan events relates to stakeholders.
STAKEHOLDER STRATEGY:
What are stakeholders?
Stakeholders are organizations, groups, and individuals that can affect or are affected by a
firm’s actions.
What are stakeholder interests?
Shareholders have a vested claim or interest in the performance and continued survival of the
firm.
How can stakeholders be grouped?
Shareholders can be grouped by whether they are internal or external to a firm.
Internal stakeholders include stockholders, employees, and board members.
External stakeholders include customers, suppliers, alliance partners, creditors,
communities, media and governments.
What do stakeholders make to a firm?
All stakeholders make specific contributions to a firm, which in turn provides different
types of to different types of benefits to different stakeholders.
For example, employees contribute their time and talents to the firm, and they in turn receive
wages and salaries in exchange. Shareholders contribute capital in the hope that the stock
will rise and the firm will pay dividends.
The firm is therefore embedded in a multifaceted exchange relationship with a number of
diverse internal and external stakeholders. If any stakeholder withholds participation in the
firm’s exchange relationships, it can have severe negative performance implications.
What is stakeholder strategy?
Stakeholder strategy is an integrative approach to managing a diverse set of stakeholders
effectively in order to gain and sustain competitive advantage.
What does stakeholder strategy allow a firm to do?
Stakeholder strategy allows firms to analyze and manage how various external and internal
stakeholders interact to jointly create and trade value.
What does a singleminded focus on shareholders do?
A singleminded focus on shareholders alone exposes a firm to undue risks that can
undermine economic performance and can even threaten the very survival of the firm.
Therefore, the strategist’s job is to understand the complex web of exchange relationships
among different stakeholders. By doing so, the firm can proactively shape the various
relationships in order to maximize the joint value created, and manage the distribution of this
larger pie in a fair and transparent manner. Effective stakeholder management is an example
of the actions managers can take in order to improve firm performance, thereby, enhancing its
competitive advantage and the likelihood of the continued survival of the firm.
Arguments as to why effective stakeholder management can benefit firm performance:
Satisfied stakeholders are more cooperative and thus more likely to reveal information
that can further increase the firm’s value creation or lower its costs.
Increased trust lowers the costs for firms’ business transactions.
Effective management of the complex web of stakeholders can lead to greater
organizational adaptability and flexibility.
The likelihood of negative outcomes can be reduced, creating more predictable and
stable returns.
Firms can build strong reputations that are rewarded in the marketplace by business
partners, employees, and customers. Most managers do care about public perception
of the firm, as evidence by high profile rankings.
STAKEHOLDER IMPACT ANALYSIS:
What is the key challenge of stakeholder management?
The key challenge of stakeholder management is to effectively balance the needs of various
stakeholders. The firm needs to ensure that its primary stakeholders (shareholders and
investors) achieve their objectives. At the same time, the firm wants to recognize and address
the needs of other stakeholders (employees, suppliers, and customers) in an ethical and fair
manner, so they too are satisfied.
What is stakeholder impact analysis?
Stakeholder impact analysis is a decision tool with which managers can recognize, prioritize,
and address the needs of different stakeholders, enabling the firm to achieve competitive
advantage while acting as a good corporate citizen.
The 5 steps of stakeholder impact analysis:
Stakeholder impact analysis takes managers through a fivestep process. In each step,
managers must pay attention to three important stakeholder attributes: power, legitimacy, and
urgency.
STEP 1: IDENTIFY STAKEHOLDERS
The firm asks: “Who are our stakeholders?”
In this step, the firm focuses on stakeholders that currently have, or potentially can have, a
material effect on a company. This prioritization identifies the most powerful stakeholders.
A second group of stakeholders includes customers, suppliers, and unions. Any of these
groups, if their needs are not met, can materially affect the company’s operations.
STEP 2: IDENTIFY STAKEHOLDERS’ INTEREST
The firm asks: “What are our stakeholders’ interests and claims?”
In this step, managers need to specify and assess the interests and claims of the pertinent
stakeholders using the power, legitimacy and urgency criteria.
As the legal owners, shareholders have the most legitimate claim on a company’s profits.
However, the separation between ownership (by shareholders) and control of the firm (by
professional managers) has been blurring. Many companies incentivize top executives by
paying part of their overall compensation with stock options. They also turn employees into
shareholders through employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs). These plans allow
employees to purchase stock at a discounted rate or use company stock as an investment
vehicle for retirement savings.
Clearly, the claims and interests of stakeholders who are employed by the company, and who
depend on the company for salary and other benefits, will be somewhat different from those of
stakeholders who merely own a stock. The latter are investors who are primarily interested in
the increased value of their stock holdings through appreciation and dividend payments.
Executives, managers and workers tend to be more interested in career opportunities, job
security, employerprovided health care, paid vacation time, and other perks.
Even within stakeholder groups there can be significant variation in the power a stakeholder
may exert on a firm. For example, public companies pay much more attention to large
institutional investors than to millions of smaller, individual investors.
Although both individual and institutional investors can claim the same legitimacy as
stockholders, institutional investors have much more power over a firm. These abilities make
institutional investors much more potent stakeholders.
STEP 3: IDENTIFY OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS
The firm asks “What opportunities and threats do our stakeholders present?”
In the best case scenario, managers transform threats into opportunities.
STEP 4: IDENTIFY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
The firm asks: “What economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities do we have to
our stakeholders?”
To identify these responsibilities much more effectively, scholars have advanced the notion of
corporate social responsibility (CSR).
CSR → It is a framework that helps firms recognize and address the economic, legal, social,
and philanthropic expectations that society has of the business enterprise at a given point in
time.
According to the CSR perspective, managers need to realize that society grants shareholders
the right and privilege to create a publicly traded stock company. Therefore, the firm owes
something to society. Moreover, CSR provides managers with a conceptual model that more
completely describes a society’s expectations and can guide strategic decision making more
effectively.
CSR has 4 components:
1. Economic responsibilities:
The business enterprise is an economic institution. Investors expect an adequate return for
their risk capital. Creditors expect the firm to repay its debts. Consumers expect safe products
and services at appropriate prices and quality. Suppliers expect to be paid full and on time.
Governments expect the firm to pay taxes and to manage natural resources.
To accomplish all this, firms must obey the law and act ethically in their quest to gain and
sustain competitive advantage.
2. Legal responsibilities:
Laws and regulations are a society’s codified ethics, embodying notions of right and wrong.
They also establish the rules of the game. Managers must ensure that their firms obey all the
laws and regulations. Due to a firm’s significant legal responsibilities, many companies
appoint compliance officers.
3. Ethical responsibilities:
Legal responsibilities often define only the minimum acceptable standards of a firm’s
behavior. Frequently, managers are called upon to go beyond what is required by law. The
letter of the law cannot address or anticipate all possible business situations and newly
emerging concerns. A firm’s ethical responsibilities, therefore, go beyond its legal
responsibilities. They embody a full scope of expectations, norms, and values of its
stakeholders. Managers are called upon to do what society deems just and fair.
4. Philanthropic responsibilities:
Philanthropic responsibilities are often subsumed under the idea of corporate citizenship,
reflecting the notion of voluntarily giving back to society. The need for firms to carefully
balance their social responsibilities ensures not only effective strategy implementation, but
also longterm viability.
STEP 5: ADDRESS STAKEHOLDER CONCERNS
The firms asks “What should we do to effectively address any stakeholder concerns?”
In this last step, managers need to decide the appropriate course of action for the firm, given
all of the preceding factors. Thinking about the attributes of power, legitimacy and urgency
helps to prioritize the legitimate claims and to address them accordingly.
1.3 The AFI strategy framework
What are the tasks that result in effective management of the strategy process?
Effectively managing the strategy process is the result of three broad tasks:
1. Analyze (A)
2. Formulate (F)
3. Implement (I)
The tasks of analyze, formulate, and implement are the pillars of research and knowledge
about strategic management. They are highly interdependent and frequently happen
simultaneously. These interdependent relationships are captured in the AFI framework.
What is AFI?
AFI is a model that links three interdependent strategic management tasks (analyze,
formulate, implement) that together help managers plan and implement a strategy that can
improve performance and result in competitive advantage.
Strategy Analysis (A):
Topic: leadership and the strategy process
Questions: what roles do strategic leaders play? what are the firm’s vision, mission, and
values? what is the firm’s process for creating strategy and how does strategy come about?
Topic: External analysis
Questions: what effects do forces in the external environment have on the firm’s potential to
gain and sustain a competitive advantage?
Topic: Internal analysis
Questions: what effects do internal resources, capabilities, and core competencies have on
the firm’s potential to gain and sustain a competitive advantage?
Topic: Competitive advantage, firm performance, and business models
Questions: how does the firm make money? how can it assess and measure competitive
advantage? what is the relationship between competitive advantage and firm performance?
Strategy Formulation (F):
Topic: Business strategy
Questions: how should the firm compete: cost leadership, differentiation, or integration?
Topic: Corporate strategy
Questions: where should the firm compete: industry, markets, and geography?
Topic: Global strategy
Questions: how and where (local, regional, national, international) should the firm compete:
local, national, or international?
Strategy Implementation (I):
Topic: Organizational design
Questions: how should the firm organize to put the formulated strategy into practice?
Topic: Corporate governance and business ethics
Questions: what type of corporate governance is most effective? how does the firm anchor
strategic decisions in business ethics?
1.4 Implications for the strategist
The strategist realizes that the difference between success and failure lies in a firm’s
strategy.
The strategist also appreciates the fact that competition is everywhere. The strategist
knows that the principles of strategic management can be applied universally to all
organizations.
The strategist knows that firm performance is determined by a set of interdependent
factors, including firm and industry effects.
The strategist is empowered by the fact that the actions he/she creates have more
influence on firm performance than the external environment.
To be more effective, the strategist follows a 3 step process:
1. Analyze the external and internal environment
2. Formulate appropriate business and corporate strategies
3. Implement the formulated strategies through structure, culture and controls
→ We must keep in mind that the strategist is making decisions under conditions of
uncertainty and complexity. As the strategist is following the AFI steps, he/she maintains an
awareness of key stakeholders and how they can affect or be affected by the decisions that
are made. The strategist then monitors and evaluates the progress toward key strategic
objectives and makes adjustments by finetuning the strategy as necessary.