1.

INTRODUCTION

This software project is developed to automate the functionalities of a School. The purpose
of the software project is to develop the Management Information System (MIS) to
automate the record of the students, teachers, classes, holiday, school curriculum,
academics, games, sports, school expenditure with a view to enhance the decision making
of thefunctionaries.
A MIS mainly consists of a computerized database, a collection of inter-related tables for a
particular subject or purpose, capable to produce different reports relevant to the user. An
application program is tied with the database for easy access and interface to the database.
Using Application program or front-end, we can store, retrieve and manage all information
in proper way.
This software, being simple in design and working, does not require much of training to
users, and can be used as a powerful tool for automating a school System.

During coding and design of the software Project, Java NetBeans IDE, a powerful front-
end tool is used for getting Graphical User Interface (GUI) based integrated platform and
coding simplicity. As a back-end a powerful, open source RDBMS, My SQL is used as per
requirement of the CBSE curriculum of Informatics Practices Course.

2.OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

 The objective of the software project is to develop a computerized MIS to automate the
functions of a school. This software project is also aimed to enhance the current record
keeping system, which will help managers to retrieve the up-to-date information at
right time in right shape.
The proposed software system is expected to do the following functionality-
 To provide a user friendly, Graphical User Interface (GUI) based integrated and
centralized environment for MIS activities.
 The proposed system should maintain all the records and should generate the
required reports and information when required.
 To provide graphical and user-friendly interface to interact with a centralized
database based on client-server architecture.
 To identify the critical operation procedure and possibilities of simplification using
modern IT tools and practices.
In its current scope, the software enables user to retrieve and update the information from
centralized database designed with MySQL . This software does not require much training
time of the users due to limited functionality and simplicity.
During the development of school management System project, Java NetBeans IDE, a
powerful, open source event-driven form-based development environment is used for
modular design and future expandability of the system.
Despite of the best effort of the developer, the following limitations and functional
boundaries are visible, which limits the scope of this application software.
1. This software can store records in pre-designed format in soft copy. There is no
facility yet to produce customized reports. Only specified reports are covered.
2. There is no provision to do admission or transfer of a student or a staff member
however it can be developed easily with the help of adding modules.
3. Some application area like records of school time table, map are not implemented
in the project. It facilitates user to view add and update record.
So far as future scope of the project is concerned, firstly it is open to any modular
expansion i.e. other modules or functions can be designed and embedded to handle the
user need in future. Any part of the software and reports can be modified independently
without much effort

3.SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
Hardware Requirement-
 Intel Pentium/Celeron or similar processor based PC at Client/Server end.
 128 MB RAM and 4GB HDD space (for Database) is desirable.
 Standard I/O devices like Keyboard and Mouse etc.
 Printer is needed for hard-copy reports.
 Local Area Network(LAN) is required for Client-Server Installation

Software Requirement-
 Windows 2010/XP/7/8/10 OS is desirable.
 NetBeans Ver 6.5.1 or higher should be installed with JDK and JVM.
 MySQL Ver 5.1 with Library Database must be present at machine.

4.THEORITICAL BACKGROUND
 4.1 INTRODUCTION TO NETBEANS IDE

ABOUT NETBEANS IDE...

NetBeans IDE is a free, open source, integrated development environment (IDE) that
enables you to develop desktop, mobile and web applications. The IDE supports
application development in various languages, including Java, HTML5, PHP and C++.
The IDE provides integrated support for the complete development cycle, from project
creation through debugging, profiling and deployment. The IDE runs on Windows, Linux,
Mac OS X, and other UNIX-based systems.

The IDE provides comprehensive support for JDK 7 technologies and the most recent Java
enhancements. It is the first IDE that provides support for JDK 7, Java EE 7, and JavaFX
2. The IDE fully supports Java EE using the latest standards for Java, XML, Web services,
and SQL and fully supports the Glass Fish Server, the reference implementation of Java
EE.

NetBeans is an integrated development environment (IDE) for Java. NetBeans allows

applications to be developed from a set of modular software components called modules.
NetBeans runs on Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux and Solaris. In addition to Java
development, it has extensions for other languages like PHP, C, C+
+ and HTML5, Javadoc and JavaScript. Applications based on NetBeans, including the
NetBeans IDE, can be extended by third party developers.
The NetBeans Team actively supports the product and seeks feature suggestions from the
wider community. Every release is preceded by a time for Community testing and
feedback.

NetBeans started as a student project (originally called Xelfi) in the Czech Republic in
1996. The goal was to write a Delphi-like Java IDE in Java. Xelfi was the first Java IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) written in Java, with its first pre-releases in 1997.
Xelfi was a fun project to work on, especially since Java IDE space was uncharted
territory at that time. The project attracted enough interest that these students, once they
graduated, decided that they could market it as a commercial product. Soliciting resources
from friends and relatives for a web space, they formed a company around it.

Soon after, they were contacted by Roman Stanek, an entrepreneur who had already been
involved in several start-ups in the Czech Republic. He was looking for a good idea to
invest in and discovered Xelfi. He met with the founders; they hit it off, and a business
was born.

In the spring of 1999, NetBeans DeveloperX2 was released, supporting Swing. The
performance improvements that came in JDK 1.3, released in the fall of 1999, made
NetBeans a viable choice for development tools. By the summer of 1999, the team was
hard at work re-architecting DeveloperX2 into the more modular NetBeans that forms the
basis of the software today.
Something else was afoot in the summer of 1999: Sun Microsystems wanted better Java
development tools and had become interested in NetBeans. It was a dream come true for
the NetBeans team: NetBeans would become the flagship tool set of the maker of Java
itself! By the Fall, with the next generation of NetBeans Developer in beta, a deal was
struck. Sun Microsystems had also acquired another tools company, During the
acquisition, the young developers who had been involved in open-source projects for most
of their programming careers, mentioned the idea of open-sourcing NetBeans. Fast
forward to less than six months later, the decision was made that NetBeans would be open
sourced. While Sun had contributed considerable amounts of code to open source projects
over the years, this was Sun's first sponsored open source project, one in which Sun would
be paying for the site and handling the infrastructure.

History…
NetBeans began in 1996 as Xelfi (word play on Delphi), a Java IDE student project under
the guidance of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague.
In 1997, Roman Staněk formed a company around the project and produced commercial
versions of the NetBeans IDE until it was bought by Sun Microsystems in 1999. Sun open-
sourced the NetBeans IDE in June of the following year. Since then, the NetBeans
community has continued to grow. In 2010, Sun (and thus NetBeans) was
acquired by Oracle Corporation. Under Oracle, NetBeans competed with JDeveloper, a
freeware IDE that has historically been a product of the company. In September 2016,
Oracle submitted a proposal to donate the NetBeans project to the Apache Software
Foundation, stating that it was "opening up the NetBeans governance model to give
NetBeans constituents a greater voice in the project's direction and future success through
the upcoming release of Java 9 and NetBeans 9 and beyond". The move was endorsed by
Java creator James Gosling. The project entered the Apache Incubator in October 2016.

NetBeans IDE 6.0 introduced support for developing IDE modules and rich client
applications based on the NetBeans platform, a Java Swing GUI builder (formerly known
as "Project Matisse"), improved CVS support, WebLogic 9 and JBoss 4 support, and many
editor enhancements. NetBeans 6 is available in official repositories of major Linux
distributions NetBeans IDE 6.5, released in November 2008, extended the existing Java
EE features (including Java Persistence support, EJB 3 and JAX-WS). Additionally, the
NetBeans Enterprise Pack supports the development of Java EE 5 enterprise applications,
including SOA visual design tools, XML schema tools, web services orchestration (for
BPEL), and UML modelling. The NetBeans IDE Bundle for C/C++ supports C/C++ and
FORTRAN development.
NetBeans IDE 6.8 is the first IDE to provide complete support of Java EE 6 and the Glass
Fish Enterprise Server v3. Developers hosting their open-source projects on kenai.
comadditionally benefit from instant messaging and issue tracking integration and
navigation right in the IDE, support for web application development with PHP 5.3 and
the Symphony framework, and improved code completion, layouts, hints and navigation in
JavaFX projects.
NetBeans IDE 6.9, released in June 2010, added support for OSGi, Spring Framework 3.0,
Java EE dependency injection (JSR-299), Zend Framework for PHP, and easier code
navigation (such as "Is Overridden/Implemented" annotations), formatting, hints, and
refactoring across several languages.
NetBeans IDE 7.0 was released in April 2011. On August 1, 2011, the NetBeans Team
released NetBeans IDE 7.0.1, which has full support for the official release of the Java SE
7platform.
NetBeans IDE 7.3 was released in February 2013 which added support for HTML5 and
web technologies.
NetBeans IDE 7.4 was released on October 15, 2013.
NetBeans IDE 8.0 was released on March 18, 2014.
NetBeans IDE 8.1 was released on November 4, 2015.
NetBeans IDE 8.2 was released on October 3, 2016.
NetBeans 9.0, which adds support for Java 9, is currently in development by the Apache
Incubator project
NETBEANS PLATFORM
The NetBeans Platform is a framework for simplifying the development of Java
Swing desktop applications. The NetBeans IDE bundle for Java SE contains what is
needed to start developing NetBeans plugins and NetBeans Platform based applications;
no additional SDK is required.
Applications can install modules dynamically. Any application can include the Update
Centre module to allow users of the application to download digitally signed upgrades and
new features directly into the running application. Reinstalling an upgrade or a new release
does not force users to download the entire application again.
The platform offers reusable services common to desktop applications, allowing
developers to focus on the logic specific to their application. Among the features of the
platform are:

 User interface management (e.g. menus and toolbars)

 User settings management
 Storage management (saving and loading any kind of data)
 Window management
 Wizard framework (supports step-by-step dialogs)
 NetBeans Visual Library
 Integrated development tools
A showcase of applications developed on top of NetBeans Platform is available
at https://netbeans.org/features/platform/showcase.html
NetBeans IDE...
NetBeans IDE is an open-source integrated development environment. NetBeans IDE
supports development of all Java application types (Java SE (including JavaFX), Java
ME, web, EJB and mobile applications) out of the box. Among other features are an Ant-
based project system, Maven support, refactoring’s, version
control (supporting CVS, Subversion, Git, Mercurial and Clearcase).
Modularity: All the functions of the IDE are provided by modules. Each module provides
a well-defined function, such as support for the Java language, editing, or support for
the CVS versioning system, and SVN. NetBeans contains all the modules needed for Java
development in a single download, allowing the user to start working immediately.
Modules also allow NetBeans to be extended. New features, such as support for other
programming languages, can be added by installing additional modules. For instance, Sun
Studio, Sun Java Studio Enterprise, and Sun Java Studio Creator from Sun Microsystems are all
based on the NetBeans IDE.
License: From July 2006 through 2007, NetBeans IDE was licensed under Sun's Common
Development and Distribution License (CDDL), a license based on the Mozilla Public
License (MPL). In October 2007, Sun announced that NetBeans would henceforth be
offered under a dual license of the CDDL and the GPL version 2 licenses, with the GPL
linking exception for GNU Class path .The NetBeans Community blog has announced that
Oracle is proposing to entrust the development of the NetBeans platform and IDE to the
Apache Foundation to “open up the government model,” reaffirming its commitment to
the project. NetBeans is currently submitted as a Proposal to Apache, and it will enter
incubation if accepted.
Other Products…
In an October 2016 interview with Gabriela Motroc, Oracle Vice President Bill Pataky
stated that Oracle has a number of products that depend on NetBeans.

 Oracle Developer Studio, a commercial C, C++, Fortran and Java

development environment is 100% based on NetBeans
 Oracle JDeveloper, an end-to-end development for Oracle’s
technology stack takes major subsystems from NetBeans
 Oracle JavaScript Extension Toolkit, a modular, open source
toolkit based on modern JavaScript, CSS3 and HTML5 design and development
principles uses NetBeans as its preferred IDE.

NetBeans Profiler…
The NetBeans Profiler is a tool for the monitoring of Java applications: It helps
developers find memory leaks and optimize speed. Formerly downloaded separately, it is
integrated into the core IDE since version 6.0. The Profiler is based on a Sun Laboratories
research project that was named JFluid. That research uncovered specific techniques that
can be used to lower the overhead of profiling a Java application. One of those techniques
is dynamic bytecode instrumentation, which is particularly useful for profiling large Java
applications. Using dynamic bytecode instrumentation and additional algorithms, the
NetBeans Profiler is able to obtain runtime information on applications that are too large
or complex for other profilers. NetBeans also support Profiling Points that let you profile
precise points of execution and measure execution time.
NetBeans GUI Builder
GUI design tool…
Formerly known as project Matisse, the GUI design-tool enables developers to prototype
and design Swing GUIs by dragging and positioning GUI components.
The GUI builder has built-in support for JSR 295 (Beans Binding technology), but the
support for JSR 296 (Swing Application Framework) was removed in 7.1.
NetBeans JavaScript editor…
The NetBeans JavaScript editor provides extended support for JavaScript, Ajax, and CSS.
JavaScript editor features comprise syntax highlighting, refactoring, code completion for native
objects and functions, generation of JavaScript class skeletons, generation of Ajax call
backs from a template; and automatic browser compatibility checks.
CSS editor features comprise code completion for styles names, quick navigation through the
navigator panel, displaying the CSS rule declaration in a List View and file structure in a
Tree View, sorting the outline view by name, type or declaration order (List & Tree),
creating rule declarations (Tree only), refactoring a part of a rule name (Tree only).
The NetBeans 7.4 and later uses the new [Nashorn] JavaScript engine developed by
Oracle.
NetBeans IDE Download Bundle…
Users can choose to download NetBeans IDE bundles tailored to specific development
needs. Users can also download and install all other features at a later date directly through
the NetBeans IDE.

NetBeans IDE Bundle for Web and Java EE…

The NetBeans IDE Bundle for Web & Java EE provides complete tools for all the latest
Java EE 6 standards, including the new Java EE 6 Web Profile, Enterprise Java Beans
(EJBs), servlets, Java Persistence API, web services, and annotations. NetBeans also
supports the JSF 2.0 (Face lets), Java Server Pages (JSP), Hibernate, Spring, and Struts
frameworks, and the Java EE 5 and J2EE 1.4 platforms. It includes Glass Fish and Apache
Tomcat. Some of its features with javaEE includes

 Improved support for CDI, REST services and Java Persistence

 New support for Bean Validation
 Support for JSF component libraries, including bundled Prime Faces library
 Improved editing for Expression Language in JSF, including code completion,
refactoring and hints
NetBeans IDE Bundle for PHP…
NetBeans supports PHP since version 6.5. The bundle for PHP includes:

 syntax highlighting, code completion, occurrence highlighting, error highlighting,

CVS version control
 semantic analysis with highlighting of parameters and unused local variables
 PHP code debugging with xdebug
 PHP Unit testing with PHPUnit and Selenium
 Code coverage
 Symphony framework support (since version 6.8)
 Zend Framework support (since version 6.9)
 Yii Framework support (since version 7.3)
 PHP 5.3 namespace and closure support (since version 6.8)
 Code Folding for Control Structures (since version 7.2 dev)
NetBeans IDE Complete Bundle…
Oracle also releases a version of NetBeans that includes all of the features of the above
bundles. This bundle includes:

 NetBeans Base IDE

 Java SE, JavaFX
 Web and Java EE
 Java ME
 C/C++
 PHP (Version 5.5 and later)
 Apache Groovy
 Glass Fish
 Apache Tomcat

4.2INTRODUCTION TO MYSQL & DATABASE

What is Database?

Introduction and Concepts:

A database is a collection of information related to a particular subject or purpose, such as
tracking customer orders or maintaining a music collection. Using any RDBMS
application software like MS SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, Sybase etc, you can manage
all your information from a single database file. Within the file, divide your data into
separate storage containers called tables. You may and retrieve the data using queries.
A table is a collection of data about a specific topic, such as products or suppliers. Using a
separate table for each topic means you can store that data only once, which makes your
database more efficient and reduces data-entry errors. Table organises data into columns
(called fields) and rows (called records).
A Primary key is one or more fields whose value or values uniquely identify each record
in a table. In a relationship, a primary key is used to refer to specific record in one table
from another table. A primary key is called foreign key when it is referred to from another
table.

To find and retrieve just the data that meets conditions you specify, including data from
multiple tables, create a query. A query can also update or delete multiple records at the
same time and perform built-in or custom calculations on your data.

Role of RDBMS Application Program:

A computer database works as an electronic filing system, which has a large number of
ways of cross-referencing, and this allows the user many different ways in which to re-
organize and retrieve data. A database can handle business inventory, accounting and
filing and use the information in its files to prepare summaries, estimates and other reports.
The management of data in a database system is done by means of a general-purpose
software package called a Database Management System (DBMS). Some commercially
available DBMS are MS SQL Server, MS ACCESS, INGRES, ORACLE, and Sybase. A
database management system, therefore, is a combination of hardware and software that
can be used to set up and monitor a database and can manage the updating and retrieval of
database that has been stored in it. Most of the database management systems have the
following capabilities:
 Creating of a table, addition, deletion, modification of records.
 Retrieving data collectively or selectively.
 The data stored can be sorted or indexed at the user's discretion and direction.
 Various reports can be produced from the system. These may be either standardized
report or that may be specifically generated according to specific user definition.
 Mathematical functions can be performed and the data stored in the database can be
manipulated with these functions to perform the desired calculations.
 To maintain data integrity and database use.

The DBMS interprets and processes users' requests to retrieve information from a
database. In most cases, a query request will have to penetrate several layers of software in
the DBMS and operating system before the physical database can be accessed.

The DBMS responds to a query by invoking the appropriate subprograms, each of which
performs its special function to interpret the query, or to locate the desired data in the
database and present it in the desired order.

What is My SQL?
The management of data in a database system is done by means of a general-purpose
software package called a Database Management System (DBMS). Some commercially
available RDBMS are MS SQL Server, MS ACCESS, INGRES, ORACLE, and Sybase.
MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is developed,
distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation. MySQL is named after co-founder
Monty Widenius's daughter, My. The name of the MySQL Dolphin (our logo) is “Sakila.”
 MySQL is a database management system.
A database is a structured collection of data. It may be anything from a simple
shopping list to a picture gallery or the vast amounts of information in a corporate
network. To add, access, and process data stored in a computer database, you need a
database management system such as MySQL Server. Since computers are very
good at handling large amounts of data, database management systems play a
central role in computing, as standalone utilities, or as parts of other applications.
 MySQL is based on SQL.
A relational database stores data in separate tables rather than putting all the data in
one big storeroom. This adds speed and flexibility. The SQL part of “MySQL”
stands for “Structured Query Language.” SQL is the most common standardized
language used to access databases and is defined by the ANSI/ISO SQL Standard.
The SQL standard has been evolving since 1986 and several versions exist. In this
manual, “SQL-92” refers to the standard released in 1992, “SQL:1999” refers to the
standard released in 1999, and “SQL:2003” refers to the current version of the
standard.
 MySQL software is Open Source.
Open Source means that it is possible for anyone to use and modify the software.
Anybody can download the MySQL software from the Internet and use it without
paying anything. If you wish, you may study the source code and change it to suit
your needs. The MySQL software uses the GPL (GNU General Public License),
 The MySQL Database Server is very fast, reliable, and easy to use.
If that is what you are looking for, you should give it a try. MySQL Server also has
a practical set of features developed in close cooperation with our users. You can
find a performance comparison of MySQL Server with other database managers on
our benchmark page. MySQL Server was originally developed to handle large
databases much faster than existing solutions and has been successfully used in
highly demanding production environments for several years. Although under
constant development, MySQL Server today offers a rich and useful set of
functions. Its connectivity, speed, and security make MySQL Server highly suited
for accessing databases on the Internet.
 MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.
The MySQL Database Software is a client/server system that consists of a multi-
threaded SQL server that supports different backends, several different client
programs and libraries, administrative tools, and a wide range of application
programming interfaces (APIs).

The Main Features of MySQL

 Written in C and C++.

  Works on many different platforms.
 Uses multi-layered server design with independent modules.
 Provides transactional and non-transactional storage engines.
 Designed to make it relatively easy to add other storage engines. This is useful if
you want to provide an SQL interface for an in-house database.
 Uses a very fast thread-based memory allocation system.
 Executes very fast joins using an optimized nested-loop join.
 Implements SQL functions using a highly optimized class library that should be as
fast as possible. Usually there is no memory allocation at all after query
initialization.
 Provides the server as a separate program for use in a client/server networked
environment, and as a library that can be embedded (linked) into standalone
applications. Such applications can be used in isolation or in environments where no
network is available.
 Password security by encryption of all password traffic when you connect to a
server.
 Support for large databases. We use MySQL Server with databases that contain 50
million records. We also know of users who use MySQL Server with 200,000 tables
and about 5,000,000,000 rows.
 MySQL client programs can be written in many languages. A client library written
in C is available for clients written in C or C++, or for any language that provides C
bindings.
 APIs for C, C++, Eiffel, Java, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Tcl are available,
enabling MySQL clients to be written in many languages.
 The Connector/ODBC (My ODBC) interface provides MySQL support for client
programs that use ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) connections.
The Connector/J interface provides MySQL support for Java client programs that use
JDBC connections. Clients can be run on Windows or Unix Connector/J source is
available.

5.PROBLEM DEFINITION & ANALYSIS

The hardest part of building a software system is deciding precisely what to build. No
other part of the conceptual work is so difficult as establishing the detailed technical
requirement. Defining and applying good, complete requirements are hard to work, and
success in this endeavor has eluded many of us. Yet, we continue to make progress.
Problem definition describes the What of a system, not How . The quality of a software
product is only as good as the process that creates it. Problem definition is one of the most
crucial steps in this creation process. Without defining a problem, developers do not know
what to build, customers do not know what to expect, and there is no way to validate that
the built system satisfies the requirement.
Problem definition and Analysis is the activity that encompasses learning about the
problem to be solved, understanding the needs of customer and users, trying to find out
who the user really is, and understanding all the constraints on the solution. It includes all
activities related to the following:
 Identification and documentation of customer’s or user’s needs.
 Creation of a document that describes the external behavior and the association
constraints that will satisfies those needs.
 Analysis and validation of the requirements documents to ensure consistency,
completeness, and feasibility
 Evolution of needs.
After the analysis of the functioning of a School management system, the proposed
System is expected to do the following: -
 To provide a user friendly, Graphical User Interface (GUI) based integrated and
centralized environment for computerized School management System.
 The proposed system should maintain all the records and transactions, and should
generate the required reports and information when required.
 To provide graphical and user-friendly interface to interact with a centralized
database based on client-server architecture.
 To identify the critical operation procedure and possibilities of simplification using
modern IT tools and practices.

Analysis is an important part of any project. If Analysis is not done properly then the
whole project moves in the wrong direction. It also provides a schedule for the proper
project work.
Analysis task divided into 3 areas:

Problem Recognition

Feasibility Study

Requirement Analysis

Problem Recognition:
It is the phase in which the Current need for the System is to be defined. This site of
Computer Peripherals & Consumables has all the up to date information. Regarding to all
computer Peripherals & Consumables.
Feasibility Study:
Feasibility study of the system is a very important stage during system design. Feasibility
study is a test of a system proposal according to its workability impact on the organization,
ability to meet user needs, and effective use of resources. Feasibility study decides
whether the system is properly developed or not.
Requirement Analysis:
A software product always begins with the customers’ needs. These needs initially are
either in the mind of the customer. Sometimes it is present in the existing practice where
the need is to automate a current manual process. These software requirements which are
there in the mind of the users are usually informal and not general.
This phase basically converts these informal needs from the user into a set of formal
requirement.
This phase ends up with the SRS (System Requirements Specification).

The Requirement Phase has three stages:

1. Problem Analysis
The goal of problem analysis is to obtain a clear understanding of the requirements of the
client and the users.
2. Requirement Specification (SRS)
The SRS makes an Agreement between the user(client) of the system and the developer on
what the software product will do.
3. Requirement Validation
It validates whether the requirement specification document does not have any error in it.
The common errors that may occur are incorrect fact, inconsistency and ambiguity.
The hardest part of building a software system is deciding precisely what to build. No
other part of the conceptual work is so difficult as establishing the detailed technical
requirement. Defining and applying good, complete requirements are hard to work, and
success in this endeavor has eluded many of us. Yet, we continue to make progress.
Problem definition describes the What of a system, not How. The quality of a software
product is only as good as the process that creates it. Problem definition is one of the most
crucial steps in this creation process. Without defining a problem, developers do not know
what to build, customers do not know what to expect, and there is no way to validate that
the built system satisfies the requirement.
Problem definition and Analysis is the activity that encompasses learning about the
problem to be solved, understanding the needs of customer and users, trying to find out
who the user really is, and understanding all the constraints on the solution. It includes all
activities related to the following:
 Identification and documentation of customer’s or user’s needs.
 Creation of a document that describes the external behavior and the association
constraints that will satisfies those needs.
  Analysis and validation of the requirements documents to ensure consistency,
completeness, and feasibility
 Evolution of needs.
After the analysis of the functioning of a Hotel Management System, the proposed System
is expected to do the following: -
 To provide a user friendly, Graphical User Interface (GUI) based integrated and
centralized environment for computerized Hotel Management System.
 The proposed system should maintain all the records and transactions and should
generate the required reports and information when required.
 To provide efficient and secured Information storage, flow and retrieval system,
ensuring the integrity and validity of records.
 To provide graphical and user-friendly interface to interact with a centralized
database based on client-server architecture.
 To identify the critical operation procedure and possibilities of simplification using
modern IT tools and practices.

System Study & Analysis

PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS…
1. Understand the problem before you begin to create the analysis model.
2. Develop prototypes that enable a user to understand how human machine interaction
will occur.
3. Record the origin of and the reason for every requirement.
4. Use multiple views of requirements like building data, function and behavioral models.
5. Work to eliminate ambiguity.

5.1. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM, E-R DIAGRAM

5.1.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM…

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through

an information system, modelling its process aspects. A DFD is often used as a
preliminary step to create an overview of the system without going into great detail, which
can later be elaborated. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data
processing (structured design).
A DFD shows what kind of information will be input to and output from the system, how
the data will advance through the system, and where the data will be stored. It does not
show information about process timing or whether processes will operate in sequence or in
parallel, unlike a traditional structured flowchart which focuses on control flow, or a UML
activity workflow diagram, which presents both control and data flows as a unified mode.
Data flow diagram serves two purposes:
1. To provide an indication of how data are transformed as they move through
the system.
2. To depict the functions that transformation the data flow.
Data Objects: A data object is a representation of almost any composite information that
must be understood by the software. By composite information, we mean something that
has a number of different properties or attributes. A data object encapsulates data only
there is no reference within a data object to operations that act on the data.

Attributes: Attributes define the properties of a data object and take on one of three
different characteristics. They can be used to: Name an instance of data object. Describe
the instance. Make reference to another instance in other table.

5.1.2 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM (ERD)

Entity – Relationship Diagram: This depicts relationship between data objects. The
attribute of each data objects noted in the entity- relationship diagram can be described
using a data object description.
Relationships: Data objects are connected to one another in a variety of different ways. We
can define a set of object relationship pairs that define the relevant relationships.