Less than 1 second after the Big Bang, the reactions shown at

right maintain the neutron:proton ratio in thermal

equilibrium. About 1 second after the Big Bang, the
temperature is slightly less than the neutron-proton mass
difference, these weak reactions become slower than the
expansion rate of the Universe, and the neutron:proton
ratio freezes out at about 1:6.
After 1 second, the only reaction that appreciably changes the
number of neutrons is neutron decay, shown at right. The
half-life of the neutron is 615 seconds. Without further
reactions to preserve neutrons within stable nuclei, the
Universe would be pure hydrogen.
The reaction that preserves the neutrons is deuteron
formation. The deuteron is the nucleus of deuterium, which is
the heavy form of hydrogen (H2). This reaction is exothermic
with an energy difference of 2.2 MeV, but since photons are a
billion times more numerous than protons, the reaction does
not proceed until the temperature of the Universe falls to 1
billion K or kT = 0.1 MeV, about 100 seconds after the Big
Bang. At this time, the neutron:proton ratio is about 1:7.
Once deuteron formation has occurred, further reactions
proceed to make helium nuclei. Both light helium (He3) and
normal helium (He4) are made, along with the radioactive
form of hydrogen (H3). These reactions can be photoreactions
as shown here. Because the helium nucleus is 28 MeV more
bound than the deuterons, and the temperature has already
fallen so far that kT = 0.1 MeV, these reactions only go one
way.

The reactions at right also produce helium and usually go

faster since they do not involve the relatively slow process of
photon emission.

The net effect is shown at right. Eventually the temperature

gets so low that the electrostatic repulsion of the deuterons
causes the reaction to stop. The deuteron:proton ratio when
the reactions stop is quite small, and essentially inversely
proportional to the total density in protons and neutrons.
Almost all the neutrons in the Universe end up in normal
helium nuclei. For a neutron:proton ratio of 1:7 at the time of
deuteron formation, 25% of the mass ends up in helium.
disclaimer: hi, sorry taglish pero I’ll try baka sakaling gumana. if ever di mo pa din gets, hi approach me
lang. kayang kaya ko explain ng personal and mas madali yun and also I can do better than this yun nga
lang ang hirap mag type ng everything soo ayun lang sorry.

ELEMENTS:

SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES: ito yung nasa atom okk? So may:

1. electrons (e-) : NEGATIVE CHARGE

2. protons (p): POSITIVE CHARGE

3. neutrons (n): NEUTRAL CHARGE

ok so dapat memorize mo yan esp yung charges nila. SO KADA SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES, MERON YANG
CORRESPONDING ANTI-MATTER/ANTI-PARTICLE.

Ang anti-matter IS THE SAME LANG WITH anti-particle. So para magets mo ung concept nito – ALWAYS
REMEMBER NA OPPOSITE LANG NITO NG SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES kaya tawag sakanya ANTI-particle.
Okkkkkkk

1. positron (e+): anti-particle ng electron so opposite niya to kaya siya POSITIVE CHARGE

2. v (may tawag daw dito pero wag na daw so v nalang): anti-particle to ng neutron so NEUTRAL
pa din siya kasi opposite ng neutral charge is neutral pa din. may two kinds to DEPENDING KUNG SAAN
SIYA NANG GALING!!! BE CAREFUL

a. v – COMING FROM ELECTRON; so explaining further, IF IN THE CASE MERONG

ELECTRON sa INGREDIENTS (lol di ko talaga alam tawag so ingredients nalang BASTA YUNG NASA LEFT
SIDE ok.) ANG RESULT (ung nasa right side ng equation) is v with no bar. So tingnan niyo ung chart yung
pinaka unang equation. Sa ingredients (lol sorry talaga) may electron so ang result is v.

para maarte, ang v is the anti-particle of neutron COMING FROM ELECTRON. So

meaning nang galing siya sa electron.

b. v with bar (di ko alam pano yun sa word basta ung may bar sa taas)- COMING FROM
POSITRON; so if in the case merong POSITRON sa ingredients (I swear to God wag kayo magrerecite ng
ginagamit ung ingredients na word huhu mapapahiya ako di ko kasi alam tawag may term yan eh huhu),
ang result is v na may bar. Check niyo ung second chemical equation. May positron sa ingredients kaya
ang result is v with bar.

in short, v with bar is the anti-particle of neutron COMING FROM POSITRON so meaning
nang galing siya sa positron okkkkk.
* di ko alam bakit ingredients ng first two equation is p and e tapos ung isa n and e. Pero kasi ang
pagkaunderstand ko is yan daw kasi nangyari nung ilang seconds after big bang so like na discover yan
like hindi ko Makita kung ano ung origin basta yan daw nangyari so TIP is para sa first equation PEN
tapos sa second equation is NEP tapos alam niyo na kung saan gagamitin ung v and v bar. Like tingnan
niyo ung equations 1 & 2 – PENV and NEPVbar so parang binaligtad lang PEN at NEP. Huhu sana gets
mooo

So tapos na tayo sa equation 1 & 2 dapat by now alam mo na ung sub-atomic particles at charges at
symbols nila, alam mo na ung anti-particle (to which btw may anti-particle din ang proton. un daw ung
p- kasi diba proton is positive talaga pero kasi di siya gagamitin sa cases na to sooo nvm nalang muna
baka sa next lesson irdk) at ung symbols and charges nila, alam mo na ung pinagkaiba ng v and vbar and
memorize mo na dapat ung first and second equation. I tried huhu

OK NEXT NA TAYO SA SECOND ROW NAMAN

ok so by now dapat alam niyo na tong term kasi uulit ulitin ko na siya: DISSIPATE meaning nag
BREAKDOWN SIYA KAYA NAWALA LIKE NAG DISAPPEAR CAPS PARA INTENSE

so sa third chemical equation NAG DISSIPATE ANG NEUTRON meaning nag breakdown idk if tamang
term ang breakdown ha basta nag dissipate. NAG RESULT siya sa protons, electrons at vbar. So bakit
may vbar? base sa narinig ko sakanya at pagkakaintindi ko – ok magulo to – ill try – diba ang Vbar ANTI
PARTICLE siya ng NEUTRON coming from POSITRON. Eh pano nangyari yun wala naming positron sa
ingredients? sabi ni sir, hindi daw makikita talaga ung positron sa equation kasi nawala na daw kasi diba
ang ANTI PARTICLE CANNOT STAND ALONE so meaning meron daw talagang situations na walang role
ang anti-particles kasi parang “shadows” lang talaga sila. so in the case sa big bang nung nangyari na
yan, WALA NG ROLE ANG POSITRON. correct me if im wrong pero kasi un ung sabi ni sir

anyways, tip para mamemorize ung third chem equation – ISIPIN NIYO NALANG NAG TRANSPOSE KAYO
FROM THE SECOND CHEM EQ. Nilipat niyo lang ung e+ from the left side to the right side kaya nagging
negative kaya natira nalang is n sa left side.

OK NEXT NA TAYO THIRD ROW NAMAN

first of all – yang mga equation na yan GIVEN na yan meaning NA DISCOVER NA YAN so don’t ask me
bakit ganyan ung ingredients like ung nasa left side. Also pls do remember na ang first row at third row
SILA LANG YUNG EQUATIONS NA REVERSIBLE meaning ang INGREDIENTS PWEDE MAGING
RESULTS/PRODUCTS at ang PRODUCTS pwede maging INGREDIENTS.

ok may bago na naintroduce satin – ung d pero before that mention ko lang muna yung gamma (yung y
lol di ko alam pano type yun dito). so yung gamma ray, energy siya na kasama sa results. so meaning
during the process, nung nagkaroon na ng reaction ung ingredients, NAG PRODUCE SILA NG GAMMA
RAY and ang tawag dun ay PHOTON EMISSION!!

photon emission is the process which RESULTS TO GAMMA RAY okkkk

so going back, madali nalang intindihin ang third row at fourth row USING THIS TABLE. PLS MEMORIZE. I
tried my best mag simplify so bear with me. pero seryoso, mamemorize mo lang to, kaya mo na ung
third row at fourth row. tatawagin ko tong KEY TABLE PARA DI TAYO PAULIT ULIT OK KEY TABLE YAN

NAME SYMBOL COMPOSITION EQUATION

DEUTERON d 1 neutron d=n+p
1 proton
DEUTERIUM H3 2 neutrons H3 = n + n + p
1 proton
LIGHT HELIUM He3 1 neutron He3 = n + p + p
2 protons
NORMAL/STABLE He4 2 neutrons He4 = n + n + p + p
HELIUM 2 protons

ok pls do remember the number of protons at neutrons. Kasi yan ung pinagkakaiba talaga nila.
magkamali ka lang sa isa, mali na buong equation mo.

also, h3 which is deuterium is an ISOTOPE of hydrogen (according kay sir isotope siya meaning HINDI
STABLE and also RADIOACTIVE SIYA)

so pag sagot ng mga equation PLS DO REMEMBER THIS. napansin ko kasi kaya nahihirapan ung iba is
because di nila memorize yung composition. ANG KEY PARA MAINTINDIHAN ITO LAHAT LIKE UNG THIRD
ROW AND FOURTH ROW IS THE CONCEPT OF TRANSFORMATION!!!!!!! CAPS LOCK PARA INTENSE!

Transformation meaning kapag may 1 neutron at 1 proton ka pwede nay un MATRANSFORM into
DEUTERON. same as kung may light helium ka pwede yun MATRANSFORM sa 1 neutron and 2 protons.
OK VICE VERSA DIN basta transform lang ng transform. idk if tamang term ang transform pero yan
pagkakaintindi ko.

so going back sa third row, as u can see the 4th chem eq (4th na siya ha like bilangin niyo simula sa taas),
pinag add ung isang NEUTRON and isang PROTON so nag result siya sa DEUTERON. Look at the KEY
TABLE diba in order to form deuteron kailangan mo ng isang neutron at isang proton KAYA NAG RESULT
SIYA SA DEUTERON and along the process – nung nag react na sila together, may PHOTON EMISSION
meaning may na produce din na GAMMA RAY which is LIGHT!

ok gets niyo na sana now ung THIRD ROW which is ung 4 th CHEM EQUATION

MOVING FORWARD SA FOURTH ROW ONTI NALANG lutang na me. NNUMBER KO SIYA PARA DI KAYO
PABALIK BALIK SA OG TABLE NI SIR

1) d + n -> H3 + gamma ray

as we all know d is equal to 1 neutron and 1 proton. so pwede nating TRANSFORM yung d into p + n (pls
refer sa key table). SO by substituting, p + n + n yung ingredients natin. SANA GETS MO. so p + n + n
equal yun diba sa H3 which is 2 neutrons, 1 proton. REFER SA KEY TABLE. tas along the process may
gamma ray na produce din.

ayusin ko lang para if ever di mo pa din gets:

=d + n ->_______ (kunyari di natin alam result)

=p + n + n -> H3 + gamma

2) H3 + p -> He4 + gamma

so yung H3 TRANSFORM MO so magiging n + n + p. so magiging n+ n+ p+ p na yung total ingredients mo.

SO looking at my key table, ang 2 neutrons at ang 2 protons (n+ n+ p+ p) ay equal sa He4 kaya ang result
nagging He4 na may photon emission din kaya nagproduce din ng gamma. OKKKKK. sana naggets mo
naaa

3) d + p -> He3 + gamma

so transform mo muna ulit ung d into its composition pls refer sa key table ko kaya ang total ingredients
natin would be n + p + p. so ang n + p + p ay mag reresult sa He3 (REFER KA SA KEY TABLE KO) tapos may
photon emission din kaya may gamma sa products. basta transform lang ng transform

4) He3 + n -> He4 + gamma

so transform mo muna ung he3 and refer ka sa key table ko so magiging n + p + p + n na yung total
ingredients mo. ang 2 neutrons at 2 protons according sa key table ko is magrresult sa He4 tapos may
photon emission din. kasi diba He4 is 2 neutrons and 2 protons.

so tapos na tayo sa fourth row. dapat by now, gets mo na yung concept ko ng TRANSFORMING so yun
lang is breaking down lang naman basically. kailangan niyo breakdown ung ingredient na yun para
malaman niyo ung total composition na tapos malalaman niyo na din ung result. So dapat memorize mo
ung key table ko and by now DAPAT ALAM MO NA YUNG IMPORTANCE NG KEY TABLE KO OKKKK HINDI
YAN MEMA TABLE LANG. Table yan para maperfect mo ung quiz ok joke

OK MAHIRAP UNG FIFTH ROW OKKKKKK SO PLS TRY MO INTINDIHIN ILL TRY MY BEST MAG EXPLAIN!!!
oke

by chemical equation ulit tayo para organized naiirita ako pag magulo eh pero tbh magulo talaga lahat
tho haist
1) d + d

ok so ang equation na yan pwede mag result into TWO POSSIBLE PRODUCTS.

why two? kasi guys pag nagreact sila together nung nag big bang nagpaunahan ang subatomic particles
mag combine so depende yan sa naunang nag combine ok!!

pano ko malalaman alin sa dalawa ung pipiliin ko? depende kasi yan sa results. YOU SHOULD BE
CAREFUL SA PAG TRANSFORM. ito na

1a) d + d -> He3 + n

so sa unang possible product muna tayo. d + d pag trinansform is p + n + p + n. so kapag NAUNA

MAG COMBINE ANG MGA PROTONS, ang resulta na would be 2p + n so 2p + n is equal to He3 diba (p + p
+ n) kaya nahiwalay si + n after ng He3 kasi MAS NAUNA MAG COMBINE UNG DALAWANG PROTON.
Gets mo? SO nung nag react na sila, nauna mag combine si protons so naging 2p + n siya which is He3
kaya nahiwalay si n.

2a) d + d -> H3 + p

so in the case naman na NAUNA MAG COMBINE si n instead of p, edi magiging 2n + p na siya
kaya nag produce siya ng H3 which is 2 neutrons and one proton KAYA NAHIWALAY SI P kasi mas nauna
nag combine si n.

so bakit ganyan kasi ung case, may paunahan magcombine? DI KO DIN ALAM BASTA YAN YUNG
NANGYARI NUNG NAG BIG BANG DAW. di ko alam if tama ung term na “NAUNA MAG COMBINE” pero
un ung pagkakaintindi ko. basta read the description nalang sa table ni sir. baka kasi sa essay sagutin
niyo nauna mag combine. btw, ito ung dinrawing ni sir sa board.

so gets niyo na sana ung d + d. ung products niyan magddepende kung ALIN ANG NAUNA MAG
COMBINE saka kayo mag transform AT HIWALAY UNG ISA. so in the case na He3 – mahihiwalay si n. sa
case ni h3 mahihiwalay si p. DEPENDE YAN SA NAUNA MAG COMBINE.

2) H3 + d -> He4 + n

so transforming the ingredients -> magiging n + n+ p (ito ung h3 refer sa key table) at n + p (ito naman
ung d). so kapag cinombine mo magiging n + n + p + n + p (3n + 2p). so given sa table ni sir nagresult daw
siya sa He4 (referring sa key table he4 is 2 neutrons and 2 protons) kaya nahiwalay si n. kasi
NAGCOMBINE NA UNG 2 NEUTRONS at 2 PROTONS. Gets mo ba?? Kasi diba nung trinansform natin siya
ang result is 3n and 2p. Eh during the reaction nag combine kagad si 2n at 2p edi may sobra na isang n
kaya nahiwalay si n.

bakit nag combine kagad ang 2 neutrons at 2 protons? di ko din alam basta un daw nangyari nung
bigbang.
may chance ba na hindi mag ccombine ung 2 neautrons at 2 protons? di ko din alam pero hindi ata kasi
wala sa table ni sir eh. search mo nalang

3) He3 + d -> He4 + p

so transform niyo muna tingin kayo sa key table. so magiging p + p + n (ito ung he3) at p + n (ito ung d).
So in this case nag combine kagad si 2 neutrons at 2 protons kaya nag result siya sa He4 (which is 2
neutrons at 2 protons diba) kaya nahiwalay si p sa dulo kasi sobra siya. kasi pag titingnan mo ung original
total ingredients which is 3p at 2n – may sobrang isang p kaya nung nag combine ang 2p at 2n merong
nahiwalay na p.

SO ACTUALLY UNG 2 AT 3 -> PAREHAS SILANG 2p + 2n UNG NAUNANG NAG COMBINE. NAGKAIBA LANG
SILA SA NAHIWALAY and that would DEPEND SA GIVEN. Look parehas silang may product na He4 KASI
NGA NAUNANG NAG COMBINE ANG 2p at 2n. DEPENDE NA UNG NAHIWALAY SA GIVEN

summarizing further:

kapag H3, isang n ung sobra kaya nahiwalay si n.

kapag He3, isang p ung sobra kaya nahiwalay ung p.

pero, PAREHAS SILANG NAUNANG MAGCOMBINE UNG 2p+2n KAYA PAREHAS SILANG MAY He4 na
products. (see key table)

OK KAYA PA BA KAYA MO YAAAAN LAST ROW

basic na dapat sayo ung last equation

d + d daw ung ingredients soo p + n + p + n. so pag tumingin ka sa key table, He4 ang result kasi 2
neutrons at 2 protons. so along the process, may photon emission ulit kaya may gamma na produce din.
BASIC so bottomline is, transform lang ng transform tas memorize ung key table.

im really really sorry if mas naguluhan kayo dahil sakin. hindi ko intention mas pahirapan kayo. pls do
know na im trying my best talaga iexplain ang everything. feel free to chat me if mas naguluhan ka dahil
sakin, babawi ako sayo im really sorry.