Classification of Coal Resources Using Drill Hole Spacing Analysis (DHSA)
Classification of Coal Resources Using Drill Hole Spacing Analysis (DHSA)
Classification of Coal Resources Using Drill Hole Spacing Analysis (DHSA)
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Abstract: The classification of coal resources generally is based on geometric factors and the complexity of geological structures. The
classification has not considered coal quality factors such as ash content, sulphur content, caloric value. The development of
international classification standards has required a geostatistical analysis for the estimation and classification of coal resources. The
purpose of this research is to apply geostatistics method to determine optimal drill hole distance, and to analyze classification of coal
resource based on data of coal quality and quantity. Based on global estimation variance (GEV) approach from geostatistics, relative
error value was obtained. Drill hole spacing analysis (DHSA) results in optimal drill hole spacing on each coal seam for the coal
resources classification. Estimation using kriging block results in the value of kriging relative error. Coal resources classification was
based on relative error of 0-10% for measured resources, 10-20% for indicated resources and > 20% for inferred resources. Based on a
case study in a coal field consisting of three coal seams, the geostatistical approach produced the smallest distance on seam-3 as the
optimal borehole range in the research area. This classification yields a greater area of influence than the SNI standard on simple
geological complexity.
Key words: Geostatistics, bore hole spacing analysis, SNI (5015:2011), GEV, kriging relative error.
Fig. 1 Nomogram of extension variance/estimation [14, 15] values (࣌ࢋ ), point to square area for spherical models.
Classification of Coal Resources Using Drill Hole Spacing Analysis (DHSA) 153
wi . (v, V ) (V ,V )
2
K (6) the classification of resources based on the distance of
i 1
Based on kriging variance we get the following the point of information according to geological
equation: conditions.
The research area is located in East Kalimantan
K2 (V , V ) w 1 M (7)
Province Indonesia. Fig. 2 shows a map of drill hole
(d) kriging relative error is expressed by equation:
distribution in the study area.
K (8)
kriging relative error = 1.96 100 % Based on the geological model the research area
Z*
where: consists of 3 (three) coal seams.
Table 1 Resource classification [22, 23] based on drill hole distance and error tolerance.
Resource classification Max. extrapolation Max. spacing between information point Error tolerance
Measured 500 m +1 km < 500 m 0 - 10 %
Indicated 1,000 m +2 km < 1 km 10 -20 %
Infernal 2,000 m +4 km > 20%
Table 2 Resource classification [22] based on distance of information points according to geological condition.
Geological Resources
Criteria (m)
condition Inferred Indicated Measured
Simple Distance of information point 1,000 < x ≤ 1,500 500 < x ≤ 1,000 x ≤ 1,500
Moderate Distance of information point 500 < x ≤ 1,000 250 < x ≤ 500 x ≤ 250
Complex Distance of information point 200 < x ≤ 400 100 < x ≤ 400 x ≤ 100
154 Classification of Coal Resources Using Drill Hole Spacing Analysis (DHSA)
DHSA : SEAM-3
100%
10%
ERROR RELATIVE (%)
Thickness
1% Ash
CV
RD
0% TS
0%
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
4500
4000 4300
Distance of area of influence (m)
3500
3000
2500 2650
2000 2150
1500 1850
1650
1000 1150 1100
950 1000
500 750
250 500
0
MEASURED INDICATED INFERRED
Fig. 5 Various studies: Saraji, Bowen Basin (Bertolli 2013), coal guideline, and SNI 5015:2011 to compare the optimum drill
range for resource classification based on relative error.
158 Classification of Coal Resources Using Drill Hole Spacing Analysis (DHSA)
Coal Guideline and SNI. As for the classification of influence or distance is higher than SNI, but it is still
inferred resources, this research is more conservative within range of other methods.
than other methods. (c) High value of kriging variance will cause high
Here is a discussion of the value of kriging relative relative error value. The high relative error values in
error for classification of coal resources. Based on coal quality in the study area were totally sulphur (>
Eq. (3) calculation of kriging value relative error 100%) and ash (> 50%) included in inferred resource
is obtained from standard deviation value of unit block classification. Geologically high sulphur and ash
with 95% confidence interval. Table 6 shows the contents are associated with sediments deposited in the
results of resource classification based on the relative brackish-water environment.
error kriging value.
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