European Union

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EUROPEAN UNION
S.NO CONTENTS PG.NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 MAASTRICHT TREATY 3
3 EUROPEAN UNION TREATIES 3
4 TREATY OF LISBON 4
5 TREATY OF NICE 4
6 TREATY OF AMESTERDAM 4
7 SINGLE EUROPEAN PACT 5
8 MERGER TREATY – BRUSSELS TREATY 5
9 TREATY OF ROME 5
10 TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COAL AND 5

STEELCOMMUNITY
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11 COURT OF THE JUSTICE OF EUROPEAN UNION 6
12 CONCLUSION 7
INTRODUCTION
The Treaty on European Union (2007) is one of the primary treaties for the European Union.
The TEU forms the basis of European Union laws, by setting out general principles of the EU's
purpose, the governance of its central institutions such as the Commission, Parliament, and
council, as well as the rules on external, foreign and security policy. While before the formation
of this treaty The European Union is an organisation derived from the European community in
the year 1993.This transformation occurred due to the Maastricht treaty.After the treaty the
community intended to form a single currency for the countries in the European community with
some exceptions to the countries like United Kingdom and Denmark, where they confirmed the
'opt out' provision.
MAASTRICHT TREATY
The Maastricht Treaty, basically known as the treaty of European Union and it is
the international agreement responsible for the creation of the European Union. The Maastricht
Treaty was approved by the diplomat’s of government of the states making aEuropean
community(EC) in December 1991. The agreement took ended with the creation of the European
Union and has since been amended by other treaties. The Maastricht Treaty was signed on
February 1992, by the leaders of 12 member nations (Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, France,
Netherlands, West Germany, Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, Greece, Portugal, and Spain).
The treaty entered into force November 1, 1993.
EUROPEAN UNION TREATIES

The European Union is also based on the concept of rule of law. Where every action taken by the
European Union is founded on treaties voluntarily or democratically by all the members of the
community countries. For example, if a policy area is may not be cited in a treaty, the
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Commission cannot propose a law in that area. A treaty is a binding element for the member
countries in the union. It sets out rules for EU instances, EU objectives how decisions are made
and the relationship between the EU and its member countries. Even the treaties are get amended
to make the relationship between the countries in the union more transparent and efficient.
European Union treaties from you latest to oldest
 Treaty of Lisbon
 Treaty of Nice
 Treaty of Amsterdam
 Treaty on European Union - Maastricht Treaty
 Single European Act
 Merger Treaty - Brussels Treaty
 Treaties of Rome : EEC and EURATOM treaties
 Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community
TREATY OF LISBON
It was signed by 13th December 2007 and came into ftorce in 1st December 2009. The main
proposal of the treaty is to make European Union more effective and efficient towards the global
problems such as climatic change, etc.
The Lisbon treaty clarifies the power belonged to EU and the powers with the EU member
countries. It is the treaty contains goals and values of EUand it contains EU charter of
fundamental rights.
TREATY OF NICE
It was signed in 26 February 2001 and entered into force from 1st February 2003. In this treaty
the Charter of fundamental rights was signed by the Presidents of the European Union
Parliament, the Commission and the Council at the Nice European Council. The aim of the
Treaty of Nice was to reform the institutional structure of the European Union to with stand the
challenges of the new enlargement. With the Treaty of Nice, Parliament's legislative and
supervisory powers are increased and qualified-majority voting is extended to more areas within
the Council.
TREATY OF AMESTERDAM
The treaty was signed on 2nd October 1997 and entered into force by 1st may 1999. The purpose
of the treaty is to have idea and list for the new entries of the countries in the union as the most
of the European countries prefer to join the European Union.The main areas in the treaty 0of
focus were increasing the democratic legitimacy of the European Institutions by increasing the
powers of the European Parliament, Security and Justice Reforms including the introduction of a
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common foreign and security policy, the reformation of the three pillars of the European Union
and the reform of the institutions to better prepare them for the upcoming enlargement.
SINGLE EUROPEAN PACT

The treaty was formed in17th February 1986 and came into force by 1st July 1987. The main
purpose of the treaty is to enact Spain and Portugal into the institution as member countries and
speed up their decision making for forming single organisation. This movement of integration
was started after 2nd world war for uplifting the European community.The Single European Act
brought changes to the Treaties establishing the European Communities and established
European political society. When the Single European Act (SEA) entered into force, the title
'European Parliament'(which the Assembly had used since 1962) was made official. The SEA
also increased the EP's legislative powers with the introduction of the cooperation and assent
procedures.
MERGER TREATY – BRUSSELS TREATY

The five countries to sign the treaty in 1948 were France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands
and The United Kingdom. It was an international contract signed by each different countries
diplomat’s at the time of representation
The Brussels treaty as been accepted as a historical document that led to increase European
cooperation and shared military force. After the treaty signed the more countries joined like
Germany and Italy so the treaty lead to gain more power over the western Europe. The treaty was
aimed to form as equal to NATO. C-213/89, The Queen v. Sec'y of State for Transp. ex parte Factortame Ltd.,
1990 E.C.R. I-2433.1
TREATY OF ROME
The Treaty of Rome is about the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), the
best-known of the European Communities (EC). It was signed on 25 March 1957 and came into
force on 1st January 1958 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West
Germany. It remains one of the most important treaties in the modernday European Union (EU).
The TEEC proposed the progressive reduction of customs duties and the establishment of
a customs union. It proposed to create a single market for goods, labour, services, and capital
across the EEC's member states. It also proposed the creation of a Common Agriculture Policy,
a Common Transport Policy and a European Social Fund, and established the European
Commission.
Google v CNIL Case C-507/17: The Territorial Scope of the Right to be Forgotten Under EU
Law2
TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COAL AND

STEELCOMMUNITY
1
1990 E.C.R. I-2433
2
C-507/17
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The aim of the treaty, as stated in its Article 2, was to contribute, through the common market for
coal and steel, to economic expansion, employment and better living standards. Thus, the
institutions had to ensure an orderly supply of coal and steel to the common market by ensuring
equal access to the sources of production, the establishment of the lowest prices and improved
working conditions. All of this had to be accompanied by the growth in international trade and
the modernisation of production.3
In creating a common market, the treaty introduced the free movement of products without
customs duties or taxes. It prohibited discriminatory measures or practices, subsidies, state
aids or special charges imposed by states and restrictive practices. Van Gend &
Loos and Costa v ENEL.4
COURT OF THE JUSTICE OF EUROPEAN UNION
The court of the justice of European Union (CJEU) is in Luxembourgcomprises of three distinct

courts, they are
 Court of justice
 General court
 Civil service tribunal
The CJEU has competence to hear individual complaints of alleged human rights violations,
which are decided by the General Court and may be reviewed on appeal by the European Court
of Justice.
Where these courts exercise the judicial functions of the European Union (EU), where it aims to
achieve greater political and economic integration among EU Member States. However, the Civil
Service Tribunal only considers labour disputes raised by EU civil servants against EU
institutions. The CJEU hears complaints brought by individuals through the subsidiary General
Court under three circumstances under Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the
European Union (TFEU). First, individuals may bring a “direct actions” against any body of the
EU for acts “of direct and individual concern to them.” Second, individuals may bring “actions
for annulment” to void a regulation, directive or decision “adopted by an institution, body, office
or agency of the European Union” and directly adverse to the individual. Third, individuals may
bring “actions for failure to act” that can challenge an adverse failure of the EU to act, but “only
after the institution concerned has been called on to act. Where the failure to act is held to be
unlawful, it is for the institution concerned to put an end to the failure by appropriate measures.”
General Court judgments and rulings on an individual action may be appealed, only on points of
law, to the Court of Justice. T-198/98, Micro Leader Bus. v. Comm'n, 1999 E.C.R. II-3989.5The EU
recognizes “three sources of European Union law: primary law, secondary law and
supplementary law. The main sources of primary law are the Treaties establishing the European
3
https://libguides.law.illinois.edu › EU
EU Case Law - European Union Law - LibGuides at University of Illinois Law Library
4
[email protected]
5
1999 E.C.R II -3989
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Union. Secondary sources are legal instruments based on the Treaties and
include unilateral secondary law and conventions and agreements.6
Supplementary sources are elements of law not provided for by the Treaties. This category
includes Court of Justice case-law, international law and general principles of law.”
An essential, primary source of EU human rights law is the Charter of Fundamental Rights of
the European Union, which covers the civil, political, economic and social rights protected
within the EU. The Charter binds EU bodies, and also applies to domestic governments in their
application of EU law, in accordance with the Treaty of Lisbon.7
CONCLUSION
The European Union is an international organisation which is as equal to the United Nation
organisation. Where this is the organisation which works on the international problems with in
its territory. This to have every independent bodies as UNO and working for development of
world by entering to various treaties and contracts to control the menace between the
international countries in the matter of sea, land and aerial dispute. This mainly works on the
one community concept in Europe.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.ijrcenter.org
https://Europa.eu
www.europealawinstitute.eu
www.brirtannica.com
6
www.insight.com
7
https://europeanlawblog.eu
European Law Blog – News and comments on EU law

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S.NO CONTENTS PG.NO.

3 EUROPEAN UNION TREATIES 3

7 SINGLE EUROPEAN PACT 5

8 MERGER TREATY – BRUSSELS TREATY 5

10 TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COAL AND 5

11 COURT OF THE JUSTICE OF EUROPEAN UNION 6

EUROPEAN UNION TREATIES

SINGLE EUROPEAN PACT

MERGER TREATY – BRUSSELS TREATY

TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COAL AND

COURT OF THE JUSTICE OF EUROPEAN UNION

The court of the justice of European Union (CJEU) is in Luxembourgcomprises of three distinct

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