(Enter Post Title Here) : Power System

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Power System
The power system is a network which consist generation, distribution and transmission system. It uses
the form of energy (like coal and diesel) and converts it into electrical energy. The power system
includes the devices connected to the system like the synchronous generator, motor, transformer,
circuit breaker, conductor, etc.
The power plant, transformer, transmission line, substations, distribution line, and distribution
transformer are the six main components of the power system. The power plant generates the power
which is step –up or step- down through the transformer for transmission.
The transmission line transfers the power to the various substations. Through substation, the power is
transferred to the distribution transformer which step-down the power to the appropriate value which
is suitable for the consumers.
Structure of Power System
The power system is the complex enterprise that may be subdivided into the following sub-systems. The
subsystems of the power system are explained below in details.
Generating Substation
In generating station the fuel (coal, water, nuclear energy, etc.) is converted into electrical energy. The
electrical power is generated in the range of 11kv to 25kv, which is step – up for long distance
transmission. The power plant of the generating substation is mainly classified into three types, i.e.,
thermal power plant, hydropower plant and nuclear power plant.
The generator and the transformer are the main components of the generating station. The generator
converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The mechanical energy comes from the burning
of coal, gas and nuclear fuel, gas turbines, or occasionally the internal combustion engine. The
transformer transfers the power with very high efficiency from one level to another. The power transfer
from the secondary is approximately equal to the primary except for losses in the transformer. The step
– up transformer will reduce losses in the transmission of power over long distances.
Transmission substation
The transmission substation carries the overhead lines which transfer the generated electrical energy
from generation to the distribution substations. It only supplies the large bulk power substation or very
big consumers. The transmission lines mainly perform the two functions
1. It transports the energy from generating stations to bulk receiving stations.

2. It interconnects the two or more generating stations. The neighboring substations are also
interconnected through the transmission lines.
The transmission voltage is operating at more than 66kv and is standardized at 69kv, 115kv, 138kv
161kv, 230kv, 345kv, 500kv, and 765kv line-to-line. The transmission line above 230kv is usually
referred to as extra high voltage (EHV).
The high voltage line is terminated in substations which are called high voltage substations which
are called high voltage substations, receiving substations or primary substations. In high voltage
substation the voltage is step-down to a suitable value for the next part of flow toward the load. The
very large industrial consumers may be served directly to the transmission system.
Sub-transmission Substation
The portion of the transmission system that connects the high voltage substations through the step
– down transformer to the distribution substations is called the sub-transmission system
The sub – transmission voltage level ranges from 90 to 138kv. The sub-transmission system directly
serves some large industries. The capacitor and reactor and located in the substations for
maintaining the transmission line voltage. The operation of the sub-transmission system is similar to
that of a distribution system. It is differ from a distribution system in the following manner.
1. A sub-transmission system has a higher voltage level than a distribution system.

2. It supplies only bigger loads.
3. It supplies only a few substations as compared to a distribution system which supplies some
loads.
Distribution Substation
The component of an electrical power system connecting all the consumers in an area to the
bulk power sources is called a distribution system. The bulk power stations are connected to the
generating substations by transmission lines. They feed some substations which are usually
situated at convenient points near the load centre the substations distribute the power to the
domestic, commercial and relatively small consumers. The consumers required large blocks of
power which are usually supplied at sub-transmission or even transmission system.
Electrical Design of 132/33kv Substation

132/33kv EKV Substation
The project work assigned to us was to design a 132/33kv EHV substation. We considered
incoming power at 132kv and the power was transferred to main bus through isolator-circuit
breaker-isolator combination.
The power from main bus was fed into a 20MVA transformer which stepped the voltage down
to 33kv.
The power is then fed into a 33kv bus from which different loads were tapped. In the process,
the surge impedance loading of 132kv and 33kv lines were calculated and they were used to
estimate the maximum power that can be transferred by one transmission line.
“The design of the entire substation was made keeping in mind the most basic requirements
including the civil and domestic requirements.
Starting from the generating stations to the end users, voltage is needed to be stepped up and
down several times in various substations. This ensures efficient transmission of power,
minimizing the power losses. Our project is to design a 132/33kv EHV substation where the
incoming power is received at 132kv from a generating station.
The power factor is corrected here and the voltage is stepped down to 33kv and power is then
transferred to distribution system of the grid to meet the requirements of the end consumers at
their suitable voltage.

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Structure of Power System

1. It transports the energy from generating stations to bulk receiving stations.

1. A sub-transmission system has a higher voltage level than a distribution system.

Electrical Design of 132/33kv Substation

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