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    Open Channel Report

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    Fearless Hero
    The document describes an experiment measuring open channel flow and hydraulic jumps using a flume. Hydraulic jumps occur when fast moving water in an open channel meets slower water, increasing in height. The experiment measured water depth, velocity, and distance at various points to calculate energy, discharge, and compare theoretical and observed water heights, finding a 47.35% error rate. It discusses causes for the error and characteristics of hydraulic jumps like dissipating energy and preventing erosion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Open Channel Report

    Uploaded by

    Fearless Hero
    57 views6 pages
    The document describes an experiment measuring open channel flow and hydraulic jumps using a flume. Hydraulic jumps occur when fast moving water in an open channel meets slower water, increasing in height. The experiment measured water depth, velocity, and distance at various points to calculate energy, discharge, and compare theoretical and observed water heights, finding a 47.35% error rate. It discusses causes for the error and characteristics of hydraulic jumps like dissipating energy and preventing erosion.

    Original Description:

    Open channel flow lab report to betterment of rural floods

    Original Title

    Open channel Report

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document describes an experiment measuring open channel flow and hydraulic jumps using a flume. Hydraulic jumps occur when fast moving water in an open channel meets slower water, increasing in height. The experiment measured water depth, velocity, and distance at various points to calculate energy, discharge, and compare theoretical and observed water heights, finding a 47.35% error rate. It discusses causes for the error and characteristics of hydraulic jumps like dissipating energy and preventing erosion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    57 views6 pages

    Open Channel Report

    Uploaded by

    Fearless Hero
    The document describes an experiment measuring open channel flow and hydraulic jumps using a flume. Hydraulic jumps occur when fast moving water in an open channel meets slower water, increasing in height. The experiment measured water depth, velocity, and distance at various points to calculate energy, discharge, and compare theoretical and observed water heights, finding a 47.35% error rate. It discusses causes for the error and characteristics of hydraulic jumps like dissipating energy and preventing erosion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Open channel flow

    Observations

    y0 yvc y1 y2 y3 y4
    Left (m) 0.088 0.0130 0.0180 0.040 0.0140 0.0460
    Mid (m) 0.088 0.0120 0.0160 0.0335 0.0140 0.0405
    Right (m) 0.090 0.0120 0.0160 0.0310 0.0120 0.0410
    Average (m) 0.0887 0.0123 0.0167 0.03548 0.0133 0.0425
    Width (m) 0.149 0.149 0.149 0.149 0.149 0.149
    Area (m2) 0.0132 0.0018 0.0020 0.0025 0.0052 0.0063
    -1
    Velocity (ms ) 0.096 1.728 1.728 1.887 1.887 0.227
    Discharge (m3s-1) 0.0013 0.0032 0.0047 0.0098 0.0047 0.0014
    Distance (cm) 60 65 118 128 110 158

    y0 yvc-y3 y1-y2 y4
    t1 3.08 0.4 0.33 4.2
    t2 3.14 0.41 0.2 3.79
    t3 - - - 3.91
    Distance (m) 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.9

    • Channel width – 0.152m, 0.15m, 0.149m, 0.146m


    Calculation

    • For y0,
    𝑦0 (𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡) + 𝑦0 (𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒) + 𝑦0 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
    𝑦0 (𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒) =
    3
    0.088 + 0.088 + 0.09
    𝑦0 (𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒) =
    3
    𝑦0 (𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒) = 0.089𝑚

    0.152 + 0.15 + 0.149 + 0.146


    𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ =
    4
    𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 0.149𝑚

    𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝑦0 (𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒)

    𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.149 × 0.089


    𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.0132𝑚2

    3.08 + 3.14
    𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝑦0 ) =
    2
    𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝑦0 ) = 3.11𝑠

    𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
    𝑉0 =
    𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
    0.3
    𝑉0 =
    3.11
    𝑉0 = 0.096𝑚𝑠 −1

    𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎


    𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 0.096 × 0.0132
    𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 0.0013𝑚3 𝑠 −1
    𝑣02
    𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑦0 +
    2𝑔
    0.0962
    𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 0.0889 +
    2 ∙ 9.81
    𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 0.0891𝑚

    • Theoretical Y4

    𝑞 = 𝑣𝑣𝑐 × 𝑦𝑣𝑐(𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒)

    𝑞 = 1.728 × 0.0123
    𝑞 = 0.021𝑚2 𝑠 −1

    −𝑌𝑣𝑐 𝑌𝑣𝑐 2 2𝑞 2
    𝑌4 = +√ +
    2 4 𝑔𝑌𝑣𝑐

    −0.0123 (0.0123)2 2 ∙ (0.021)2


    𝑌4 = +√ +
    2 4 9.81 × 0.0123

    𝑌4 = 0.081𝑚

    • Percentage error of theoretical and practical

    𝑌4(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) − 𝑌4(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙)
    𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
    𝑌4(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)
    (0.081 − 0.0425)
    𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
    0.081
    𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 47.35%
    Results

    y0 yvc-y3 y1-y2 y4
    Average time (s) 3.11 0.41 0.27 3.97
    Distance (m) 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.9
    Velocity (ms-1) 0.096 1.728 1.887 0.227

    y0 yvc y1 y2 y3 y4
    Energy (m) 0.0891 0.1646 0.1981 0.2163 0.1656 0.0451
    Depth (m) 0.0887 0.0123 0.0167 0.0354 0.0133 0.0425
    Distance (cm) 60 65 118 128 110 158
    Discussion

    The experiment used an experimental flume to model the phenomenon of hydraulic jump in open channel
    flow. Hydraulic jumps occur when a liquid in an open channel, flowing at a high velocity, discharges into a
    low velocity zone. Because the liquid slows down, the kinetic energy in the liquid is transformed into
    potential energy. This raises the height of the liquid causing the jump. Hydraulic jumps are used to,

    • Dissipate energy in spillways


    • Prevent scouring in dams
    • Remove waste from water by trapping air
    • Maintain high water level downstream for irrigation

    But hydraulic jumps can cause damage and erosion of channel banks and be harmful to marine life. There
    are several types of hydraulic jumps,

    • Undular – irregular and not properly formed


    • Weak – velocity is low and liquid flows in various directions
    • Oscillating – formed by oscillating liquid and causes waves at the liquid surface
    • Steady – heavy velocity and turbulence
    • Strong – short length, considered as a perfect jump

    The percentage error is almost 50%. The nonuniform cross section and surface of the flume pipe may
    have been a cause. Also, human errors would have occured while measuring the height. Furthermore,
    an exact point for measuring y0 and yvc could not be identified. So, the points were assumed, and the
    average of several readings were taken.
    References
    H, B., 2010. Open Channel Flow Basics - Hydraulic Jump Calculations. [Online]
    Available at: https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulics-civil-engineering/55054-open-channel-
    flow-basics-hydraulic-jump-calculations/
    [Accessed 10 April 2018].

    Lind N, M. J., 2016. Hydraulic Jumps. [Online]


    Available at:
    http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~pierre/ce_old/classes/CIVE%20401/projects%202015/Hydraulic%20Ju
    mps%20(Lind,%20Mohammed,%20McCallum).pdf
    [Accessed 10 April 2018].

    The Constructor, 2017. What Is Hydraulic Jump? Types and Characteristics of Hydraulic Jump. [Online]
    Available at: https://theconstructor.org/water-resources/hydraulic-jump-types-characteristics/12091/
    [Accessed 10 April 2018].

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