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    Base Apertures

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    ram_babu_59
    This document discusses methods for calculating liquid flow rates out of containers through apertures or openings. It provides equations to calculate the outlet velocity, volume flow rate, and drain time based on factors like the height of liquid above the aperture, aperture size and shape, and discharge coefficient. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating the flow for a sharp-edged circular aperture and for a tank divided into slices to iteratively calculate drain time. Additional equations address factors like excess pressure and lateral apertures of different sizes.

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    Base Apertures

    Uploaded by

    ram_babu_59
    89 views6 pages
    This document discusses methods for calculating liquid flow rates out of containers through apertures or openings. It provides equations to calculate the outlet velocity, volume flow rate, and drain time based on factors like the height of liquid above the aperture, aperture size and shape, and discharge coefficient. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating the flow for a sharp-edged circular aperture and for a tank divided into slices to iteratively calculate drain time. Additional equations address factors like excess pressure and lateral apertures of different sizes.

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    Base Apertures

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    This document discusses methods for calculating liquid flow rates out of containers through apertures or openings. It provides equations to calculate the outlet velocity, volume flow rate, and drain time based on factors like the height of liquid above the aperture, aperture size and shape, and discharge coefficient. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating the flow for a sharp-edged circular aperture and for a tank divided into slices to iteratively calculate drain time. Additional equations address factors like excess pressure and lateral apertures of different sizes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    89 views6 pages

    Base Apertures

    Uploaded by

    ram_babu_59
    This document discusses methods for calculating liquid flow rates out of containers through apertures or openings. It provides equations to calculate the outlet velocity, volume flow rate, and drain time based on factors like the height of liquid above the aperture, aperture size and shape, and discharge coefficient. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating the flow for a sharp-edged circular aperture and for a tank divided into slices to iteratively calculate drain time. Additional equations address factors like excess pressure and lateral apertures of different sizes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Base Apertures

    The liquid outlet velocity when draining a tank or a container can be calculated

    v = Cv (2 g H )1/2 (1a)

    where

    v = outlet velocity (m/s)

    Cv = velocity coefficient (water 0.97)

    g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)

    H = height (m)

    The liquid volume flow can be calculated

    V = Cd A (2 g H)1/2 (1b)

    where

    V = volume flow (m3/s)

    A = area of aperture - flow outlet (m2)


    Cd = discharge coefficient

    where

    Cd = Cc Cv

    where

    Cc = contraction coefficient (sharp edge aperture 0.62, well rounded aperture 0.97)

    A = area aperture (m2)

    Example - Volume Flow when draining a Container

    The height from the surface to the outlet aperture in a water filled container is 3 m. The aperture is
    sharp edged with diameter 0.1 m. The discharge coefficient can be calculated as

    Cd = 0.62 0.97

    = 0.6

    The are of the aperture can be calculated as

    A = π ((0.1 m) / 2)2

    = 0.008 m2

    The volume flow through the aperture can be calculated as

    V = 0.6 (0.008 m2) (2 (9.81 m/s2) (3 m))1/2

    = 0.037 m3/s

    For height 1.5 m the volume flow is 0.1 m3/s. For height 0.5 m the volume flow is 0.06 m3/s.

    Draining Tank Calculator

    This calculator is based on eq. (1b) and can be used to estimate the volume flow and time used to drain
    a container or tank through an aperture.

    The calculator divides the container in "slices" and makes an iterative average calculation for each slice.
    The accuracy of the calculation can be increased by increasing the number of slices.

    1
    Bottom area of tank or container (m2)

    3
    H - height between surface and aperture (m)

    0.008
    A - aperture area (m2)
    0.6
    Cd - discharge coefficient

    10
    no. of "slices" (for the iterative calculation)

    - results in table below!

    Average Height between


    Average Flow Volume in Segment Time to Drain Segm
    Segment Segment and Aperture
    (m3/s) (m3) (s)
    (m)

    0 2.85 0.0359 0.3 8.36

    1 2.55 0.034 0.3 8.84

    2 2.25 0.0319 0.3 9.41

    3 1.95 0.0297 0.3 10.1

    4 1.65 0.0273 0.3 11

    5 1.35 0.0247 0.3 12.1

    6 1.05 0.0218 0.3 13.8

    7 0.75 0.0184 0.3 16.3

    8 0.45 0.0143 0.3 21

    9 0.15 0.00823 0.3 36.4

    SUM 3 147

    Note! - the flow is reduced and the time is increased with reduced height.

    Small Lateral Apertures


    Outlet velocity can be expressed as

    v = Cv (2 g H)1/2 (2a)

    Distance s can be expressed as

    s = 2 (H h)1/2 (2b)

    Volume flow can be expressed as

    V = Cd A (2 g H)1/2 (2c)

    Reaction force can be expressed as

    F=ρVv (2d)

    where

    ρ = density (kg/m3) (water 1000 kg/m3)

    Large Lateral Apertures


    Volume flow can be expressed as

    V = 2/3 Cd b (2 g)1/2 (H23/2 - H13/2) (3a)

    where

    b = width of aperture (m)

    Excess Pressure in Container


    Outlet velocity can be expressed as

    v = Cv (2 (g H + p / ρ))1/2 (4a)

    where

    p = excess pressure in container or tank (N/m2, Pa)

    Volume flow can be expressed as

    V = Cd A (2 (g H + p / ρ))1/2 (4b)

    Related Topics

     Fluid Mechanics - The study of fluids - liquids and gases. Involves velocity, pressure, density and
    temperature as functions of space and time

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