UNIT 10 ETHICS

STARTING UP
morality noun  /məˈræl·ɪ·t̬ i/ a personal or social set of standards for good
or bad behavior and character, or the quality of being right and honest:
Technology is neutral – its morality is determined  by  its  political or social use.
geography noun  /dʒiˈɒɡrəfi/ an area where a company operates or sells a product:
The company added that there had been a "business slowdown  in all geographies."
unethical adjective  /ʌnˈeθɪkəl/ morally wrong: phi dao duc
What is considered unethical in one country  may be standard business practice  in
another.
genuine adjective /ˈdʒen·ju·ən/ being what something or someone appears or claims to be; real,
not false:
She showed genuine (=  sincere) sorrow at the news.
nepotism noun  /ˈnepətɪzəm/ the use of power or influence to get
good jobs or unfair advantages for members of your own family: su lam dung quyen hanh
He resigned amid  allegations of nepotism and  petty corruption.
nepotistic adjective
She denied that the appointment was nepotistic.
application form noun a form that you complete in order to apply for a job, a place on a course, etc.
or to get something such as a loan or a licence:
Sometimes you will be required  to  fill  in an  application form which will be used
to select candidates for interview.
claim verb /kleɪm/ to request payment for money you are owed by
a government department or company:
The self employed may claim income tax relief as
an allowance in their income tax assessment.
VOCABULARY
takeover noun /ˈteɪkˌəʊvər/ the act of taking control of a company by buying enough of its shares to
do this:
The company has agreed an $11.5bn takeover.
win verb /wɪn/ to succeed in getting something that other people, organizations, etc. are also trying to
get:
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 The big question is whether her actions  will win her  votes.
contract
noun  /ˈkɒntrækt/ a formal agreement relating to buying or selling a stock, currency, commodity, etc.
for a particular price at a particular time:
An option differs from a futures contract, in which both parties make
a  binding agreement  to  buy  or  sell currency at some point in the future.
branded adjective  /ˈbrændɪd/ branded products have their company's brand name on
them, rather than being sold under a store's name or under the product's own name:
branded clothing.
cabin crew noun /ˈkæb.ɪn ˌkruː/ (UK also cabin staff) in an aircraft, the people whose job it is to
take care of the passengers
ground staff noun  /ˈɡraʊnd ˌstɑːf/ the people whose job is to take care of
a sports ground and its equipment
dispose of sb/sth - phrasal verb  /dɪˈspəʊz/ to get rid of someone or something or deal with
something so that the matter is finished:
It took only five minutes for the world  champion  to  dispose of (= defeat) his  opponent.
Surely there must be a better way to dispose  of  nuclear waste?
chemical noun  /ˈkemɪkəl/ any basic substance which is used in or produced by
reaction involving changes to atoms or molecules:
Each year,  factories release millions of tonnes of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere.
track noun /træk/ + the direction that something has taken or in which it is moving:
They are able  to  forecast  the track of the storm days in advance.
 + the way in which something develops or might develop:
We believe we are on the right track to grow the business in the coming months.
clean adjective /kliːn/ honest and fair, or showing that you have done
nothing illegal or morally wrong:
He said the campaign's priorities will be "education and clean government."
criminal noun  /ˈkrɪmɪnəl/ a person who commits a crime:
a convicted  criminal.
property noun  /ˈprɒpəti/ buildings and land, considered as things to be bought and sold:
They made their  money in property.

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bank account noun an arrangement with a bank in which the customer puts in
and takes out money and the bank keeps a record of it:
Wages can be deposited directly into  an employee's bank account.
rival adjective  /ˈraɪvəl/ competing with other people, companies, products, etc. for the same thing or
in the same area:
While they are more expensive than rival products, she said the quality makes
the price worth  it.
bribery noun the crime of giving someone, especially someone in a position of authority, money,
a gift, etc. so that they will do something illegal or dishonest for you: hoi lo
The organization was rife with  bribery and corruption.
corruption noun  /kəˈrʌpʃən/ dishonest or illegal behaviour involving a person in a position of
power, for example, accepting money for doing something illegal or immoral: tham nhung
He was a member of the  team looking into allegations of corruption in
the local government  building-works  department.
price-fixing noun an illegal agreement between two or more companies about what they
will charge their customers: an dinh gia
The European Commission is investigating allegations of airline fare price-fixing.
pollution noun  /pəˈluːʃən/ damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste:
It is the biggest environmental pollution incident in the history of the country.
sex discrimination noun (also sexual discrimination) treatment of men and
women differently, especially unfair treatment of women:
The law bars sex discrimination in educational  programs.
insider trading noun ( UK insider dealing)
the illegal buying and selling of company shares by people who have special information because
they are involved with the company: giao dich noi gian
The company's executives and its accountants are accused of falsifying financial
statements and engaging in insider trading.
fraud noun  /frɔːd/ the crime of getting money by tricking or deceiving people, or a crime of
this type: gian lan
He was charged  for federal  tax fraud.
counterfeit adjective  /ˈkaʊntəfɪt/ counterfeit money, goods, etc. are illegal copies of the real thing,
made to deceive people: hang gia
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 At least 41% of the drugs in circulation were thought to be counterfeit.
money laundering noun the action of moving money which has
been earned illegally through banks and other business, to make it seem to have been earned legally:
Authorities plan to limit cash deposits of dollars at bank counters as
a measure against money laundering.
testing noun  /ˈtestɪŋ/ the process of using or trying something to see if it works,
is suitable, obeys the rules, etc.:
to conduct/carry out testing 
Products will not receive approval without undergoing adequate testing.
industrial espionage noun  /ɪnˌdʌs.tri.əl ˈes.pi.ə.nɑːʒ/ an occasion when
one company steals secrets from another company with which it is competing:
redundant adjective  /rɪˈdʌndənt/ having lost your job because your employer no longer needs you:
  be made redundant : to lose your job because your employer no longer needs you:
She was made redundant from the company after eight  years.
collapse verb  /kəˈlæps/ to suddenly fail or become unable to continue:
Without computers the whole economic  system would collapse.
Listening CD2 Track 26
conservation noun  /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/ + the process of using water, gas, electricity,
etc. carefully in order not to waste it:
The main objectives are the conservation of materials and energy in support of
the sustainable development program.
+ the protection of the environment:
It is now considered essential for any new fish-
farming businesses to consult  the  relevant conservation agency.
field adjective /fiːld/
relating to practical work and research done outside the office or laboratory (= room used
for scientific work):
The study was based on field research and  data  analysis  supported by
the National Geographic Society.
project noun /ˈprɒdʒekt/ a piece of planned work or an activity which is done over a period of time
and intended to achieve a particular purpose:
They set up the research project with  help from the university.
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climate change noun changes in the
world's weather, particularly an increase in temperature, thought to be caused by things such
as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere:
Technological methods to cope with  climate change will become more and
more important.
degrade verb /dɪˈɡreɪd/ to become worse in quality, or to make something worse:
Unlike with a cassette player, the sound of the MP3 Player doesn't degrade as
the battery weakens.
CD2 Track 27
sponsor noun /ˈspɒnsər/ a company or organization that provides money for
a television or radio programme, website, sports event, or other activity in exchange for advertising:
We are grateful to our corporate sponsors for making this event free to the public.
the global economy noun the system of industry and trade around the world that has developed as
the result of globalization (= the way in which economies have been developing to operate together
as one system):
Some of the global economy's largest industries, including the fossil-
fuel, banking and insurance  industries, are  potentially at risk.
CD2 Track 28
global adjective /ˈɡloʊ·bəl/ relating to the whole world:
We hope an era of peace and global cooperation has begun.
globally adverb /ˈɡloʊ·bə·li/
The company is  trying  to  compete globally.
climate adjective  /ˈklaɪmət/ relating to climate change and attempts to deal with it:
climate talks/negotiations
partnership noun /ˈpɑːtnəʃɪp/ an agreement between organizations, people, etc. to work together:
The government is promoting a partnership between the state and the private sector.
collaboration noun  /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/ + the act of working together with other people or
organizations to create or achieve something:
The mission is being  conducted in collaboration with the European space agency.
conservation noun /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/ the process of using water, gas, electricity,
etc. carefully in order not to waste it:

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 The main objectives are the conservation of materials and energy in support of
the sustainable development program.
+ the protection of the environment:
It is now considered essential for any new fish-
farming businesses to consult the  relevant conservation agency.
field
adjective  /fiːld/ relating to practical work and research done outside the office or laboratory (= room 
used or scientific work):
The study was based on field research and  data  analysis  supported by
the National Geographic Society.
cope verb  /koʊp/ to deal with problems or difficulties, esp. with a degree of success:
Inside homes, many residents coped
with broken  glass and collapsed walls and chimneys.
Victims cope with feelings of anxiety, pain, anger, and fear.
issue noun /ˈɪʃ·u/ a subject or problem that people are thinking and talking about:
There continues to be a great deal of debate  over the property tax issue.
champion noun /ˈtʃæm·pi·ən/ (WINNER) (short form champ, US/ˈtʃæmp/) someone or
something, esp. a person or animal, that has beaten all other competitors in a competition:
ambassador noun  /æmˈbæs·ə·dər/ an official who represents his or her own country in
a foreign country:
influence verb /ˈɪnˌflu·əns/ to cause someone to change a behavior, belief, or opinion, or
to cause something to be changed:
Businesses make large contributions to members  of  Congress,  hoping  to
influence their votes  on key  issues.
demonstration noun  /ˌdem·ənˈstreɪ·ʃən/ (short form demo) (ACT OF SHOWING):
the act of showing someone how to do something or how something works:
Let me give you a demonstration of how the camera works.
Language Review
CD2 TRACK 29
case noun /keɪs/ (SITUATION) a particular situation or example of something:
Over a hundred people were injured, in several cases seriously.

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résumé noun /ˈrezəmeɪ/ ( UK curriculum vitae): a short written description of your education,
qualifications, and previous jobs which you send to an employer when you are trying to get a job:
To  apply, please submit a detailed  résumé.
dishonesty noun /dɪˈsɒn.ɪ.sti/ the quality or an act of not being honest:
Mistakes and misunderstandings are
a  far more common cause  of  complaint than deliberate dishonesty.
be over the moon = to be very pleased:
She was over the moon about/with her new bike.
performance review (also performance appraisal); (also performance evaluation) a meeting
between an employee and their manager to discuss their progress, aims, and needs at work:
In her performance review, she earned a rating of four out of five.
exceed verb /ɪkˈsiːd/ to be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit:
The final cost should not exceed $5,000.
target noun  /ˈtɑːɡɪt/ a result, level, or situation that an organization or group wants or plans to
achieve:
The company gave employees the details of performance targets for bonuses.
fire verb  /faɪər/ (UK also sack, dismiss) to make someone leave their job, especially because they
have done something wrong:
He was told that he was being fired for revealing confidential information.
She was fired from her job because of poor attendance.
lie verb (SPEAK FALSELY) to say something that is not true in order to deceive:
Both witnesses  lied to the police about what happened.
fictitious adjective  /fɪkˈtɪʃəs/ not real:
Many of the internet customers had been giving fictitious names and addresses.
make up -  phrasal verb to forgive someone and be friendly with them again after
an argument or disagreement:
We often quarrel but we always make it up soon after.
desperate adjective /ˈdes.pər.ət/ very serious or bad:
The situation is desperate - we have no  food, very little water and
no  medical supplies.
initiative noun  /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ a new plan or action to improve something or solve a problem:

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 a marketing/cost-cutting initiative
transcript noun  /ˈtræn.skrɪpt/ an exact written copy of something:
Mysteriously, the transcript of what was said at the trial  was lost.
SKILLS
CD2 TRACK 30
turn a blind eye: to ignore something that you know is wrong:
Management often turn a blind eye to bullying in the workplace
expenses claim noun (also expense report)
a list of amounts of money spent for business purposes that you should be paid back
by your employer:
An employee put in a three-figure expenses claim for lunch.
control noun  /kənˈtrəʊl/ a limit on something, or the act of limiting something in order to stop it
from becoming worse:
Managers need to keep a tight control on  costs.
professional adjective  /prəˈfeʃənəl/ related to work that needs a high level of education or special
training:
You should  seek professional advice before doing this.
incredibly adverb /ɪnˈkred.ə.bli/ (DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE) used for saying that something is
very difficult to believe:
Incredibly, no one was hurt in the accident.
senses [ plural ] the ability to use good judgment:
It's time you came to your senses (= started to
use  your good judgment)  and realized that they are not going to help you.
warning noun /ˈwɔːnɪŋ/ a statement or piece of information that tells people that there might be
a danger or a problem in the future:
The telecoms giant issued a warning that profits would be lower than expected.
angle noun /ˈæŋ.ɡəl/ a way of considering, judging, or dealing with something:
Try looking at the problem from  another angle/from my angle.
CASE STUDY
CD2 TRACK 31
initial adjective /ɪˈnɪʃ.əl/ of or at the beginning:

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 Initial reports say that seven people have died, though this has
not yet been confirmed.
blindness noun  /ˈblaɪnd.nəs/ the condition of being unable to see:
A lack of vitamin A can cause  blindness.
cure noun  /kjʊər/ something that makes someone who is sick healthy again:
The disease has no known  cure (= a cure has not  yet been found)
timescale noun  /ˈtaɪm.skeɪl/ the period of time over which something happens:
Police officers are trying to construct the timescale of events leading up to
the murder.
realistic adjective /ˌrɪəˈlɪs.tɪk/ accepting things as they are in fact and not
making decisions based on unlikely hopes for the future:
It isn't realistic  to  expect people to work for so little money.
subsidy noun  /ˈsʌb.sɪ.di/ money given as part of the cost of something, to help or encourage it
to happen:
The government is planning to abolish subsidies  to  farmers.
bound adjective  /baʊnd/  (CERTAIN) certain or extremely likely to happen:
You're bound to forget people's  names occasionally.
bottom line noun [S] (IMPORTANT FACT) the most important fact in a situation:
The bottom line is that we need another ten
thousand dollars to complete  the  project.
item noun /ˈaɪ.təm/ one of several subjects to be considered:
There are three items on the agenda.