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B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2013

Second Semester
Common to all branches
MA2161 – Mathematics II
(Regulations 2008)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks
PART A
1
1. 1. If 𝜆𝜆 is an eigen value of an orthogonal matrix A,then is also an eigen value of
𝜆𝜆
A
Proof:
Let A be the orthogonal matrix and let 𝜆𝜆 be an eigen value of A.

Then by definition of orthogonal matrix we have AT=A-1

1
By the property of eigen values, is an eigen value of A-1
𝜆𝜆

1
⇒ is an eigen value of AT.(since AT=A-1
𝜆𝜆

By the property1, A and AT have same eigen values.

1
∴ is an eigen value of the orthogonal matrix A.
𝜆𝜆

2. Write the matrix of the quadratic form 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 8𝑧𝑧 2 + 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 10𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦.

Solution:
1 1
⎡ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ⎤
⎢ 2 2 ⎥
1 1 2 2 5
𝑄𝑄 = ⎢ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑦𝑦 2 ⎥
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = �2 0 −1�
⎢2 2 ⎥ 5 −1 8
⎢1 1 2 ⎥
⎣ 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑧𝑧 ⎦
   
3. Define solenoidal vector function If V = ( x + 3 y ) i + ( y − 2 z ) j + ( x + 2λz ) k is solenoidal,
find the value of λ .
Solution:

Given : ∇. v = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
( x + 3 y ) + ( y − 2 z ) + ( x + λz ) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
1+1+ λ = 0
λ = −2

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4. State Green’s theorem.
Solution:
∂u ∂u
If u, v, , are continuous and single valued functions in the region R enclosed by the
∂x ∂y
curve C, then
 ∂v ∂u 
∫ (u dx + v dy ) = ∫∫  ∂x − ∂y dxdy
C R

5. Find the constants a, b if f ( z ) = x + 2ay + i (3x + by ) is analytic.
Solution:

f ( z ) = ( x + 2ay ) + i (3x + by )

u + iv = ( x + 2ay ) + i (3x + by )
u = ( x + 2ay ) v = (3x + by )
u x =1 vx = 3
u y = 2a vy = b
Given : f ( z ) is analytic
⇒ ux = vy u y = −v x
1= b 2a = 3
3
a= b =1
2
2
6. Find the critical points of the transformation w = 1 + .
z
Solution:
dw  2 
Critical point = 0 +  − 
dz  z2 
2
0=−
z2
z 2 = −2 ⇒ z = ±i 2 ⇒ z = i 2 , z = −i 2 are critical point

z+4 1 1
7. Evaluate ∫ z 2 + 2 z dz where C is the circle z− = .
2 3
C
Solution:

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z+4
∫ z 2 + 2 z dz
C
Consider , z ( z + 2) = 0
z = 0, z + 2 = 0, z = 0, z = −2
(i ) z = 0
1 1 1 1 1
Given z − = 0− = = >
2 2 2 2 3
⇒ z = 0 lies outside.
(ii ) z = − 2
1 1 5 1
z− = − 2 − = − = 2.5 >
2 2 2 3
∴ z = −2 lies outside
By Cauchy ' s Integral formula.
z+4
∫ z 2 + 2 z dz = 0
C
−z
8. Find the residue of f ( z ) = 1 − e at z = 0.
3
z
Solution:
1 − e−z
Given : f ( z ) =
z3
 z z2 z3 z4 
1 − 1 − + − + − ..... z z2 z3
1− + − + ....
 11 2! 3! 4!  2! 3! 4!
= =
z3 z2
Here, z = 0 is pole of order 2.

b1 =
1
Lt
d m −1
(m − 1)! z → z0 dz m −1
[
( z − z0 ) m f ( z) ]
Re sf ( z ) 1
= Lt
at z = 0  1! z → z0 dz
d 2
[
z f ( z ) = Lt] d 
1 − +
z → z0 dz 
z z2 z3
−

+ ....
2! 3! 4! 
 − 1 2 z 3z 3  1 1
= Lt  + − + ...... = − = −
z → z0  2! 3! 4!  2! 2

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−t
9. Find the Laplace transform of f (t ) = 1 − e .
t
Solution:
Let f (t ) = 1 − et
∴ F ( s ) = L[ f (t )]

[ ]
= L 1 − et = L[1] − L[et ] = −
1 1
s s −1
1 − et  ∞
 f (t ) 
∴ L  = L  t  ∫ F ( s ) ds
=
 t  s
∞
1 1 
= ∫ − ds
 s s −1 
s
= [log s − log(s − 1)]∞
s
∞
 s 
= log
 s − 1 s
1 1
= log1 − log = 0 − log
1 1
1− 1−
s s
s  s −1 
= − log = log 
s −1  s 

1, t=0
10. Find the Laplace transform of the function f (t ) = 
0 , t≠0
Solution:
∞
L[ f (t )] = ∫ e − st f (t ) dt
0
Here, f (t ) = 1
∞
[ ] [ ]
∞  e − st 
− st 1 − st ∞ 1 −∞
∴ L[1] = ∫ e dt =   =− e 0 =− e − e −0
0  − s  0 s s

=−
1
[0 − 1] = 1
s s
1
L[1] =
s

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PART – B
8 −6 2
11. (a) Diagonalise the matrix �−6 7 −4�.
2 −4 3
8 −6 2
Solution: Let A=�−6 7 −4�
2 −4 3
Step 1: To find the characteristic equation
The characteristic equation of A is |𝐴𝐴 − 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆| = 0,
i.e., 𝜆𝜆3 − 𝑆𝑆1 𝜆𝜆2 + 𝑆𝑆2 𝜆𝜆 − 𝑆𝑆3 = 0 ,where
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 8+7+3 = 18
S2 = Sum of all 2× 2 minors whose main diagonal elements lie along the main
diagonal elements of A
7 −4 8 2 8 −6
=� �+� �+� �
−4 3 2 3 −6 7
= (21 - 16) + (24 - 4) + (56 - 36)
= 5 + 20 + 20
= 45
S3 = |𝐴𝐴| = 8(21 - 16) + 6(-18 + 8) + 2(24 - 14)
= 40 – 60 + 20
=0
∴ The characteristic equation of A is
𝜆𝜆3 − 18𝜆𝜆2 + 45𝜆𝜆 + 0 = 0 ,
i.e., 𝜆𝜆3 − 18𝜆𝜆2 + 45𝜆𝜆 = 0
Step 2: To solve the characteristic equation
𝜆𝜆3 − 18𝜆𝜆2 + 45𝜆𝜆 = 0
𝜆𝜆(𝜆𝜆2 − 18𝜆𝜆 + 45) = 0
𝜆𝜆(𝜆𝜆 − 15)(𝜆𝜆 − 3) = 0
i.e., 𝜆𝜆 = 0, 𝜆𝜆 = 3, 𝜆𝜆 = 15.
Hence the Eigen values are 𝜆𝜆1 = 0, 𝜆𝜆2 = 3, 𝜆𝜆3 = 15.

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Step 3: To find Eigen vectors

solve (𝐴𝐴 − 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆)𝑋𝑋 = 0
8 − 𝜆𝜆 −6 2 𝑥𝑥1 0
i.e., � −6 7 − 𝜆𝜆 −4 � �𝑥𝑥 2 � = � 0�
2 −4 3 − 𝜆𝜆 𝑥𝑥3 0
Case (i). When 𝜆𝜆 = 0 we get
8 −6 2 𝑥𝑥1 0
𝑥𝑥
�−6 7 −4� � 2 � = �0�
2 −4 3 𝑥𝑥3 0
8𝑥𝑥1 − 6𝑥𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑥3 = 0 ….. (1)
−6𝑥𝑥1 + 7𝑥𝑥2 − 4𝑥𝑥3 = 0 ….. (2)
2𝑥𝑥1 − 4𝑥𝑥2 + 3𝑥𝑥3 = 0 ….. (3)
Solving (1) and (2) we get
𝑥𝑥 1 −𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
= =
24−14 −32+12 56−36
𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
= =
10 20 20
𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
= =
1 2 2

1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is 𝑋𝑋1 = �2�
2
Case (ii). When 𝜆𝜆 = 3 we get
5 −6 2 𝑥𝑥1 0
𝑥𝑥
�−6 4 −4� � 2 � = �0�
2 −4 0 𝑥𝑥3 0
5𝑥𝑥1 − 6𝑥𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑥3 = 0 ….. (4)
−6𝑥𝑥1 + 4𝑥𝑥2 − 4𝑥𝑥3 = 0 ….. (5)
2𝑥𝑥1 − 4𝑥𝑥2 + 0𝑥𝑥3 = 0 ….. (6)
Solving (5) and (6) we get
𝑥𝑥 1 −𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
= =
0−16 0+8 24−8

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𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
= =
−16 −8 16
𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
= =
2 1 −2

2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is 𝑋𝑋2 = � 1 �
−2
Case (iii). When 𝜆𝜆 = 15 we get
−7 −6 2 𝑥𝑥1 0
�−6 −8 −4 � �𝑥𝑥2 � = �0�
2 −4 −12 𝑥𝑥3 0
−7𝑥𝑥1 − 6𝑥𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑥3 = 0 ….. (7)
−6𝑥𝑥1 − 8𝑥𝑥2 − 4𝑥𝑥3 = 0 ….. (8)
2𝑥𝑥1 − 4𝑥𝑥2 − 12𝑥𝑥3 = 0 ….. (9)
Solving (8) and (9) we get
𝑥𝑥 1 −𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
= =
96−16 72+8 24+16
𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
= =
80 −80 40
𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
= =
2 −2 1

2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is 𝑋𝑋3 = �−2�
1
∴ The set of Eigen vectors are
1 2 2
𝑋𝑋1 = �2� ; 𝑋𝑋2 = � 1 � ; 𝑋𝑋3 = �−2�
2 −2 1
𝑋𝑋1𝑇𝑇 𝑋𝑋2 = 2 + 2 − 4 = 0
𝑋𝑋1𝑇𝑇 𝑋𝑋3 = 2 − 4 + 2 = 0
𝑋𝑋1𝑇𝑇 𝑋𝑋3 = 4 − 2 − 2 = 0
Hence the Eigen vectors are orthogonal to each other.
Step 4: To form the normalized matrix N.

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1/3 2/3 2/3 1 2 2
1
𝑁𝑁 = �2/3 1/3 −2/3� = �2 1 −2�
3
2/3 −2/3 1/3 2 −2 1
Step 5: Find NT
1 2 2
1
N = �2 1 −2�
T
3
2 −2 1
Step 6: Calculate AN
8 −6 2 1 2 2
1
AN = �−6 7 −4� �2 1 −2�
3
2 −4 3 2 −2 1
8 − 12 + 4 16 − 6 − 4 16 + 12 + 2
1
= �−6 + 12 − 8 −12 + 7 + 8 −12 − 14 − 4�
3
2−8+6 4−4−6 4+8+3
0 6 30
1
= �0 3 −30�
3
0 −6 15
0 2 10
= �0 1 −10�
0 −2 5
Step 7: Calculate NTAN
1 2 2 0 2 10
1
NTAN = �2 1 −2� �0 1 −10�
3
2 −2 1 0 −2 5
0 2 + 2 − 4 10 − 20 + 10
1
= �0 4 + 1 + 4 20 − 10 − 10�
3
0 4 − 2 − 2 20 + 20 + 5
0 0 0
1
= �0 9 0 �
3
0 0 45
0 0 0
= �0 3 0 �
0 0 15
0 0 0
i.e., D = N AN = �0 3 0 �
T

0 0 15
The diagonal elements are the Eigen values of A.

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0 1 1
11. (b) (i) Find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of A =  1 0 1 
1 1 0
 .
Solution: Let
0 1 1
 
A = 1 0 1
1 1 0
 

Step 1: To find the Characteristic equation of A.

The characteristic equation of A is A − λ I =

0

i.e
λ 3 − S1λ 2 + S 2 λ − S3 =
0

Where S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements

= 0+0+0=0

S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.

0 1 0 1 0 1
= + +
1 0 1 0 1 0
= (0 − 1) + (0 − 1) + (0 − 1)
= −3

0 1 1
S3 = |A| = 1 0 1 = 0(0-1) – 1(0-1) + 1(1-0) = 2
1 1 0

∴ The characteristic equation is λ 3 + 0λ 2 − 3λ − 2 =0

Step 2: To find the roots of the characteristic equation

λ 3 + 0λ 2 − 3λ − 2 =0

If λ = -1 then λ 3 + 0λ 2 − 3λ − 2 =−1+ 3 − 2 =0
-1 1 0 -3 -2
∴ λ = -1 is a root. 0 -1 1 2
1 -1 2 0
λ2 − λ − 2 = 0
i.e (λ + 1)(λ − 2) =0
λ= − 1, λ = 2

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Hence the Eigenvalues are λ = -1, -1, 2.

Step 3: To find the Eigenvectors.

To get the Eigenvectors solve ( A − λ I ) X =

0

 −λ 1 1   x1  0 

1 −λ 1   x2  = 
0
 1 1 −λ   x3  0 
-------------- (A)

Case (i) if λ = 2 then the equation (A) becomes

-2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 ------------- (1)

x1 -2 x2 + x3 = 0 ------------- (2)

x1 + x2 - 2x3 = 0 ------------- (3)

Solving (1) & (2), we get

x1 − x2 x3
= =
1 + 2 −2 − 1 4 − 1
x1 x2 x3
= =
3 3 3
x1 x2 x3
= =
1 1 1

1

Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X1 = 1

1

Case (ii) if λ = -1 then the equation (A) becomes

x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 ------------- (4)

x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 ------------- (5)

x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 ------------- (6)

Here (4), (5) (6) represents the same equation,

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x1 + x2 + x3 = 0

Put x1 = 0 we get x2 = - x3

x2 x3
=
1 −1

0 
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X2 = 1
 
 −1

l 
 
Let X3 = m as X3 is orthogonal to X1 and X2.
 
 n 

Since the given matrix is symmetric

l 
[1 1 1]  m  = 0 or l + m + n = 0 − − − − − − − (7)
 n 
l 
[0 1 − 1]  m  = 0 or l + m − n = 0 − − − − − − − −(8)
 n 
Solving (7) and (8) we get

l −m n
= =
−1 − 1 −1 − 0 1 − 0
l m n
= =
−2 1 1
l m n
= =
2 −1 −1

2 
 
Hence the corresponding Eigenvector is X3 = −1
 
 −1

Result:

Eigenvalue of the given matrix A are 2, -1, -1.

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1
If λ = 3 then the corresponding EigenvectorX1 = 1
1

0 
If λ = 6 then the corresponding EigenvectorX2 = 1 
 −1

2 
If λ = 9 then the corresponding Eigenvector X3 =  −1
 −1

 1 −1 4 
when A  3 2 −1 Using Cayley – Hamilton theorem. [AU 2002 ]
11. (b) (ii) Find A =-1
 
 2 1 −1
 
Solution:
 1 −1 4 
 
= A  3 2 −1
 2 1 −1
Let  

To find the Characteristic equation of A.

The characteristic equation of A is A − λ I =

0

i.e
λ 3 − S1λ 2 + S 2 λ − S3 =
0

Where S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements

= 1+2 – 1 = 2

S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.

2 −1 1 4 1 −1
= + +
1 −1 2 −1 3 2
= (−2 + 1) + (−1 − 8) + (2 + 3)
=−1 − 9 + 5 =−5.
S3 = |A| = 1(- 2 + 1) + 1( - 3+ 2) + 4(3- 4) = -1 -1 -4 = -6 .
∴ The characteristic equation of A is λ − 2λ − 5λ + 6 =
3 2
0

By Cayley Hamilton theorem

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[Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation ]

(i.e) A3 – 2A2- 5A – 6I = 0 ------------ (1)

To find A-1

(1) 6
⇒ A2 − 2 A − 5 I + = 0
A A
6
= − A2 + 2 A + 5 I
A

6 A−1 =− A2 + 2 A + 5 I
1
A−1 =  − A2 + 2 A + 5 I 
6
 1 −1 4   1 −1 4  6 1 1 
    
 3 2 −1  3 2 −1  7 0 11
 2 1 −1  2 1 −1  3 −1 8 
A2 =   =  
  6 1 1   1 −1 4   1 0 0  
−1 1      
A =  −  7 0 11 + 2  3 2 −1 + 5  0 1 0  
6 
  3 −1 8   2 1 −1  0 0 1  
 −6 −1 −1   2 −2 8   5 0 0  
1      
=   −7 0 −11 +  6 4 −2  +  0 5 0  
6 
 −3 1 −8   4 2 −2   0 0 5  
 1 −3 7 
1
−1 
A = −1 9 −13 
6  
 1 3 −5 


( 
) ( 
)
12. (a) (i) Show that the vector field F = x 2 + xy 2 i + y 2 + x 2 y j is irrotational. Find its scalar
potential.
 
Solution: To prove F is irrotational ∇ × F = 0
  
i j k
∂
 ∂ ∂ ∂
∇× F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x + xy
2 2
y +x y 0
2 2

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 ∂ ∂   ∂ ∂   ∂ ∂ 
= i  (0) − ( y 2 + x 2 y ) − j  (0) − ( x 2 + xy 2 ) + k  (0) − ( x 2 + xy 2 )
 ∂y ∂z   ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂y 
  
= 0i − 0 j + k (2 xy − 2 xy) = 0

∴ F is irrotational

To find scalar potential we know that F = ∇φ .

( ) (
 
)
∇φ = F = x 2 + xy 2 i + y 2 + x 2 y j + 0 k


∂φ  ∂φ  ∂φ 
∂x
i +
∂y
j+
∂z
( ) (
 
) 
k = x 2 + xy 2 i + y 2 + x 2 y j + 0 k
 
Equating the coefficient with respect to i , j k
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
= x 2 + xy 2 = y2 + x2 y =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Integrating with respect to x, y, z
x3 x 2 y 2 y3 x2 y 2
φ= + , φ= + , φ =C
3 2 3 2
x3 y3 x 2 y 2
Hence φ = + + +C
3 3 2


12. (a) (ii) Verify stoke’s theorem for F = (x 2 + y 2 )i − 2 xy j taken around the rectangle formed by
 

the lines x = − a, x = ± a, y = 0 and y = b.

Solution:
  
Stroke' s theorem is ∫ F .dr = ∫∫ (∇ × F ).nˆ dS
C S
  
Given : F = ( x 2 + y 2 ) i − 2 xy j
  
i j k
 ∂ ∂ ∂
∇× F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x + y − 2 xy 0
2 2
  
= i [0 − 0] − j [0 − 0] + k [−2 y − 2 y ]
   
= 0i − 0 j − 4 yk = −4 yk
  
R.H .S = ∫∫ (∇ × F ) . nˆ dS = ∫∫ ( − 4 yk ).k dxdy
S S
b a
= ∫∫ − 4 ydxdy = −4 ∫ ∫ ydxdy
S 0 −a
b b
= −4 ∫ [ yx]a− a dy = −4 ∫ (ay + ay )dy
0 0

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b
b  y2   b2 
= −4∫ 2ay dy = −8a   = −8a  − 0 = −4ab 2 → (1)
0  2  0  2 
  
Given : F = ( x 2 + y 2 ) i − 2 xy j
   
d r = dx i + dy j + dz k
 
F .d r = ( x 2 + y 2 )dx − 2 xy dy
 
∫ F .d r = ∫ ( x + y )dx − 2 xy dy
2 2

C C
L.H .S = ∫ = ∫ + ∫ + ∫ + ∫
C AB BC CD DA

∫ ∫ (x
2
(i ) = + y 2 )dx − 2 xy dy
AB AB
a
a  x3   a 3 ( − a ) 3  a 3 a 3 2a 3
= ∫ x dx =   = 
2
− = + =
−a  3 
  −a   3 3 
 3 3 3

∫ ∫ (x
2
(ii ) = + y 2 )dx − 2 xy dy
BC BC

[ ]
b
b  y2  b
= ∫ − 2ay dy = −2a   = − a y 2 0 = − a(b 2 − 0) = − ab 2
0  a  0

∫ ∫ (x
2
(iii ) = + y 2 )dx − 2 xy dy
CD CD
a2 −a
 x3   − a3   a3 
= ∫ ( x + b )dx =  2
+ b 2 x = 
2
− ab 2  −  + ab 2 
 3   3 
−a 2  3  a    
a3 2 a
3
2 2a 3
=− − ab − − ab = − − 2ab 2
3 3 3
∫ ∫ (x
2
(iv) = + y 2 )dx − 2 xy dy
DA DA

[ ]
0
b  y2  0
= ∫ 2aydy = 2a   = a y 2 b = a[0 − b 2 ] = −ab 2
0  2  b
∴∫ = ∫ + ∫ + ∫ + ∫
C AB BC CD DA
2a 3 2a 3
− ab 2 −
= − 2ab 2 − ab 2 = −4ab 2 .........(2)
3 3
From (1) & (2), we get
L.H.S = R.H.S Hence, stoke' s theorem is verified.

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12. (b) (i) Find a and b so that the surfaces ax 3 − by 2 z − (a + 3) x 2 = 0 and 4 x 2 y − z 3 − 11 = 0

Cut orthogonally at the point (2, − 1, − 3).
Solution:
Cut orthogonally ⇒ ∇φ1.∇φ2 = 0
Let φ1 = ax 3 − by 2 z − (a + 3) x 2 φ2 = 4 x 2 y − z 3 − 11
∂φ1 ∂φ2
= 3ax 2 − 2(a + 3) x = 8 xy
∂x ∂x
∂φ1 ∂φ2
= −2byz = 4x2
∂y ∂y
∂φ1 ∂φ2
= −by 2 = −3 z 2
∂z ∂z
At (2, − 1, − 3)
∂φ1 ∂φ2
= 3a(4) − 2(a + 3) x = −8
∂x ∂x
= 12a − 4a − 12
= 8a − 12
∂φ1 ∂φ2
= −6b = 16
∂y ∂y
∂φ1 ∂φ2
= −b = −27
∂z ∂z
     
∇φ1 = (8a − 12)i − 6bj − bk , ∇φ2 = −8i + 16 j − 27k
Now ∇φ1.∇φ2 = 0
[   
][  
(8a − 12)i − 6bj − bk . − 8i + 16 j − 27 k = 0]
− 8(8a − 12) − 96b + 27b = 0
− 64a + 96 − 96b + 27b = 0
− 64a − 69b + 96 = 0 → (1)
At (2,−1,−3) passes through ax 3 − by 2 z − (a + 3) x 2 = 0
8a + 3b − 4(a + 3) = 0
8a + 3b − 4a − 12 = 0
4a + 3b − 12 = 0 → (2)
(2) ×16, 64a + 48b − 192 = 0
− 64a − 69b + 96 = 0
_________________
− 21b − 96 = 0
21b = −96
96 32
b=− b=−
21 7

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 32 
(2) ⇒ 4a + 3 −  = 12
 7 
96 96
4a − = 12 ⇒ 4a = 12 +
7 7
180 45
4a = =
7 7

   
12. (b) (ii) Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F = 4 xz i − y 2 j + yz k , where S is the surface
of the cube formed by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0 and z = 1.
Solution:
 
Gauss-divergence theorem is ∫∫ F . ˆ
n dS = ∫∫∫ dV
∇. F
S V
   
F = 4 xzi − y 2 j + yzk
  ∂  ∂  ∂ 
∇. F =  i
 ∂x
+ j
∂y

[  
+ k  . 4 xzi − y 2 j + yzk
∂z 
]
∂
= (4 xz ) +
∂x
∂
∂y
( ) ∂
− y 2 + ( yz )
∂z
= 4z − y
Now,
 111
R.H .S = ∫∫∫ ∇ . F dv = ∫ ∫ ∫ (4 z − y )dxdydz
V 000
11
= ∫ ∫ [(4 zx − yx)]10 dy dz
00
1 1
y 2 
11

= ∫ ∫ (4 z − y )dy dz = ∫ 4 zy − dz
 2 
00 
0 0
1
 1
= ∫  4 z − dz
 2
0
1
 z2 1   1 3
= 4 − z =  2 −  − 0 =
 2 2  0  2 2

L.H .S = ∫∫ F . nˆ dS
S
= ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

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
Face n̂

F . nˆ Equation

F .nˆ on S dS ∫∫ . nˆ dS
F
S
11

S1 AEGD i 4 xz x=1 4z dy dz ∫ ∫ 4 z dy dz
00

S2 OBFC −i − 4 xz x=0 0 dy dz 0
 11
S3 EBFG j −y 2 y=1 −1 dx dz ∫ ∫ (− 1)dx dz
00

S4 OADC −j y2 y=0 0 dx dz 0
11

S5 DGFC k yz z=1 y dx dy ∫ ∫ ydx dy
00

S6 OAEB −k -yz z=0 0 dx dy 0

 
(i ) ∫∫ F . nˆ dS + ∫∫ F . nˆ dS
S1 S2
11
= ∫ ∫ 4 zdydz + 0
00
1
11 1  1   z2 
= 4 ∫ ∫ zdydz = 4  ∫ dy   ∫ z dz  = 4[ y ]10  
00 0  0   2  0
1 
= 4(1 − 0) − 0  = 2
2 
 
(ii ) ∫∫ F . nˆ dS + ∫∫ F . nˆ dS
S3 S4
11
= ∫ ∫ (− 1)dxdz + 0
00
11
= − ∫ ∫ dx dz
00
1  1 
= −  ∫ dx   ∫ dz  = −(1 − 0)(1 − 0) = −1
0  0 
 
(iii ) ∫∫ F . nˆ dS + ∫∫ F . nˆ dS
S5 S6
11 11 1  1 
= ∫ ∫ ydxdy + 0 = ∫ ∫ ydxdy =  ∫ dx   ∫ y dy 
00 00 0  0 

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y 2 1
1  1
=[ ]
x 10   = (1 − 0) − 0  =
 2  0 2  2

∴ L.H .S = ∫∫ F . nˆ dS
S
= ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫ + ∫∫
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
= (i ) + (ii) + (iii)
1 1 3
= 2 + (−1) + = 1 + =
2 2 2
L.H .S = R.H .S
Hence, Gauss − divergence theorem is verified.

13. (a) (i) Prove that u = e −2 xy sin( x 2 − y 2 ) is harmonic. Find the corresponding analytic function and
the imaginary part.
Solution:
Given :u = e −2 xy sin( x 2 − y 2 )
∂u
φ1 ( x, y ) = = e − 2 xy cos( x 2 − y 2 )(−2 y ) + sin( x 2 − y 2 )[e − 2 xy (−2 x )]
∂y
= −2 ye − 2 xy cos( x 2 − y 2 ) − 2 xe − 2 xy sin( x 2 − y 2 )
φ1 ( z ,0) = −0 − 2 z sin z 2 = −2 z sin( z 2 )
∂u
φ 2 ( x, y ) = = e − 2 xy cos( x 2 − y 2 )(2 x ) + sin( x 2 − y 2 )[e − 2 xy (−2 y )]
∂x
= 2 xe − 2 xy cos( x 2 − y 2 ) − 2 ye − 2 xy sin( x 2 − y 2 )
φ2 ( z ,0) = 2 z cos z 2 − 0 = 2 z cos( z 2 )
By Milne' s Thomson method
f ( z ) = ∫ φ1 ( z ,0)dz + i ∫ φ2 ( z ,0)dz

= ∫ − 2 z sin( z 2 )dz + i ∫ 2 z cos( z 2 )dz

= −2∫ z sin( z 2 )dz + 2i ∫ z cos( z 2 )dz

= − ∫ sin t dt + i ∫ cos t dt put t = z 2

= −(− cos t ) + i sin t + C dt = 2 z dz
= cos t + i sin t + C
= cos z 2 + i sin z 2 + C
2
= e i ( z ) + C.

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13. (a) (ii) Find bilinear map which maps the points z = 0, − 1, i onto the points w = i, 0, ∞ .
Also find the image of the unit circle of the z-plane.
Solution:
Given : z1 = 0, z 2 = −1, z 3 = ∞, w1 = i, w2 = 0, w3 = ∞
(w − w1 )(w 2 − w 3 ) (z − z1 )(z 2 − z 3 )
=
(w − w 3 )(w 2 − w1 ) (z − z 3 )(z 2 − z1 )
[omit the factors involving w3 , sin ce w3 = ∞]
w − w1 (z − z1 )(z 2 − z 3 )
=
w2 − w1 (z − z 3 )(z 2 − z1 )
w − i (z − 0 )(- 1 − i )
=
0 − i (z − i )(- 1 − 0 )
w−i z
= (1 + i )
−i ( z − i)
z
w−i = (−1 + i )
z −i
z iz + z + iz + 1 z + 1
w= (−i + 1) + i = =
z −i ( z − i) z −i

z
13. (b) (i) Prove that w = maps the under half of the z-plane to the upper half of the w-
1− z
plane and also find the image of the unit circle of the z-plane.
Solution:
z
Given : w =
1− z
w(1 − z ) = z
w − wz = z
w = z + wz
w
z= → (1)
1+ w
u + iv
=
1 + u + iv
u + iv (1 + u ) − iv
=
(1 + u ) + iv (1 + u ) − iv
u + u 2 + v 2 − iuv + iv + iuv
=
(1 + u ) 2 + v 2
u + u 2 + v 2 + iv
=
(1 + u ) 2 + v 2

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u + u 2 + v2 v
x + iy = +i
(1 + u ) + v
2 2
(1 + u ) 2 + v 2
u + u 2 + v2 v
x= ; y=
(1 + u ) + v
2 2
(1 + u ) 2 + v 2
v
(i ) y > 0 ⇒ > 0 i.e., v > 0 [ (1 + u ) 2 + v 2 > 0]
(1 + u ) + v
2 2

w
(ii )Given : z = 1 ⇒ =1
1+ w
⇒ w = 1+ w
u + iv = u + iv + 1
= u + 1 + iv

u 2 + v 2 = (u + 1) 2 + v 2
u 2 + v2 = (u + 1) 2 + v 2
u 2 + v 2 = u 2 + 2u + 1 + v 2
0 = 2u + 1
1
u=−
2
1
The region z < 1is transformed into u > −
2
13. (b) (ii) Find the analytic function f ( z ) = u + iv where v = 3r 2 sin 2θ − 2r sin θ . Verify that u
is a harmonic function.
Solution:
OUT OF SYLLABUS

z2
14 (a) (i) Find the residues of f ( z ) = at its isolated singularities using Laurentz’s
(z + 2)(z − 1)2
series expansion.
Solution:
z2
Given f ( z ) =
( z − 1) 2 ( z + 2)
The poles of f ( z ) are given by ( z − 1) 2 ( z − 2) = 0
⇒ z = 1, 1, z = −2
z = 1is a pole of order 2 and
z = −2 is a simple pole.

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The given circle is z = 3

∴ z = 1 ⇒ z = 1 < 3,
∴ z = 1lies inside C.
and z = −2 ⇒ z = − 2 < 3,
∴ z = −2 lies inside C.

R(1) =
1
lim
d
(2 − 1)! z →1 dz
[
( z − 1) 2 f ( z ) ]
d  z2 
= lim ( z − 1)
2

z →1 dz 
 ( z − 1) ( z + 2) 
2

d  z2 
= lim  
z →1 dz  z + 2 
 
 ( z + 2)2 z − z 2 .1
= lim  
z →1
 ( z + 2) 2 
z 2 + 4z 1+ 4
5
= lim = = .
z →1 ( z + 2) 2
(1 + 2) 9 2

R(−2) = lim [( z + 2) f ( z )]
z →2
 z2 
= lim ( z + 2) 
z →2
 ( z − 1) 2 ( z + 2) 
 z2  4 4
= lim   = = .
z → 2  ( z − 1) 2  ( −2 − 1) 2 9
 
Hence by Cauchy ' s theorem,
z2 5 4
∫ dz = 2π i[R(1) + R(−2)] =2π i  +  = 2π i
C ( z − 1) ( z + 2) 9 9 
2

2π
cos 2θ
14. (a) (ii) Evaluate ∫ 5 + 4 cos θ dθ , using contour integration.
0

Solution:
Let
1
z = eiθ ⇒ dz = ieiθ dθ ⇒ dz = izdθ ⇒ dθ = dz
iz
1  1  1  z 2 + 1 z 2 + 1
cos θ = z+ =  =
2  z  2  z  2z

1  1  1  z 2 − 1  z 2 − 1
sin θ = z− =  = 
2i  z  2i  z   2iz 

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( )
z 2 = e iθ
2
= e 2i θ = cos 2θ + i sin 2θ
Re( z 2 ) = cos 2θ
 z 2 + 1 10 z + 4 z 2 + 4 2 z 2 + 5 z + 2
5 + 4 cos θ = 5 + 4 = =
 2 z  2z z
1 z z
⇒ = 2 =
5 + 4 cos θ 2 z + 5 z + 2  5 
2 z 2 + z + 1
 2 
 
2π
cos 2θ  z 1
∫ 5 + 4 cos θ dθ = Re ∫ z    dz , where C is z = 1
2

 2 z + z + 1 
2 5 iz
 
0 C
2 
 
1  z 2 
= Re ∫   dz = Re ∫ f ( z )dz
C 2!  2 5 
z + z + 1
 
C
2 
= Re{2π i[ sum of the residues]}...............(1)
[ By Cauchy ' s residue theorem]
 
1  z 2  1 z2 
where f ( z ) =  =  
2!   2 5   2!  ( z − α )( z − β ) 
+ +
  
z z 1
2 
5
Consider , z 2 + z + 1 = 0
2
⇒ 2z 2 + 5z + 2 = 0
− 5 ± (5) 2 − 4(2)(2) − 5 ± 25 − 16 − 5 ± 3
z= = =
2(2) 4 4
−5+3 −5−3
z= (or )
4 4
1
i.e., z = − (or ) − 2
2
1
Let α = − α < 1, z = α is a simple pole lies inside C , z = 1
2
β = −2, β > 1, z = β is a simple pole lies outside C , z = 1

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Re s f ( z ) 1 z2 
 = Lt ( z − α ) f ( z ) = Lt ( z − α )  
at z = α  z →α z →α  2i ( z − α )( z − β ) 
1  α 2 
= ..................(2)
2!  α − β 
2
 −1 1
α =  = 2
 2  4
1 1 3
α − β = − − (−2) = − + 2 =
2 2 2
1
 
α 2
 1  2  1
=   =    =
4
α − β  3   4  3  6
 
2
Re s f ( z ) 1  1  1
(2) ⇒ =  =
at z = α  2i  6  12i
2π
cos 2θ   1  π  π
(1) ⇒ ∫ dθ = Re2π i    = Re  =
0 5 + 4 cos θ  12i   6 6

∞
x2 − x + 2 5π
14. (b) (i) Show that ∫ 4
x + 10 x + 92
dx =
12
.
−∞
Solution:
Given
∞ ∞
x2 − x + 2 x2 − x + 2
∫ dx = ∫ dx
−∞ x 4 + 10 x 2 + 9 −∞ ( x + 1)( x + 9)
2 2

The integrand is a rational function with degree of Dr. two more than the degree of Nr. and Dr.
≠ 0 for any real x.
z2 − z + 2
Consider ∫ ( z 2 + 1)( z 2 + 9) dz, where C is the simple closed curve consisting of the real axis
C
from –R to R and the upper semi-circle S : z = R taken in the anticlockwise sense and R is large.

z2 − z + 2
Let f ( z) =
( z 2 + 1)( z 2 + 9)
R
Then ∫ f ( z )dz = ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( z )dz → (1)
C −R S
we shall evaluate ∫ f ( z ) dz.
C

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The poles of f ( z ) are given by ( z 2 + 1)( z 2 + 9) = 0

⇒ z = ± i, z = ±3 i,
which are simple poles.
But only z = i and z = 3i lie outside C.
Now, R (i ) = lim ( z − i ) f ( z )
z →i

( z − i )[ z 2 − z + 2]
= lim
z →i ( z − i )( z + i )( z 2 + 9)
[ z 2 − z + 2] i2 − i + 2 −1 − i + 2 1 − i
= lim = = =
( z + i )( z + 9) 2i (i + 9)
z →i 2 2 2i ( −1 + 9) 16i
R(3i ) = lim ( z − 3i ) f ( z )
z →3i

( z − 3i )( z 2 − z + 2) ( z 2 − z + 2)
= lim = lim
z →3i ( z 2 + 1)( z + 3i )( z − 3i ) z →3i ( z 2 + 1)( z + 3i )
(3i ) 2 − 3i + 2 − 9 − 3i + 2 7 + 3i
= = =
((3i ) + 1)(3i + 3i )
2 (−9 + 1)6i 48i
∴by Cauchy ' s residue theorem,
∫ f ( z )dz = 2π i[ R(i) + R(3i)]
C

1 − i 7 + 3i  2π [3(1 − i ) + 7 + 3i ]
= 2π i  + =
 16i 48i  48
π ×10 5π
= =
24 12

z +1
14. (b) (ii) Evaluate ∫ (z
C
2
+ 2z + 4 )
2
dz , where C is the circle z + 1 + i = 2 by Cauchy’s integral

formula.
Solution:
z +1
∫ z +1+ i = 2
( )
dz ,
2 2
C z + 2z + 4

Consider , z 2 + 2 z + 4 = 0
− 2 ± 4 − 16 − 2 ± − 12 − 2 ± i 2 3
z= = = = −1 ± i 3
2 2 2
 z +1  z +1
∫ 2  dz = ∫
[ ][ ( )]
dz
C z + 2z + 4 
2 2
C z − ( −1 + i 3 ) z − − 1 − i 3

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(i ) z = −1 + i 3
Given z + 1 + i = 2
z +1+ i = −1+ i 3 +1+ i

( )
= i 1+ 3 = 0 + 1+ 3 ( )2 = 1 + 3>2

( )
z = − 1 + i 3 lies outside
(ii ) z = −1 − i 3
z +1+ i = −1− i 3 +1+ i

(
= −1− i 3 = i 1− 3 = 0 + 1− 3 ) ( )2 = 1 − 3 = 0.7 < 2

z = −1 − i 3 lies inside of order 2.

z +1

∫
z +1
dz = ∫
[z − (− 1 + i 3 )]
2

[z − (− 1 + i 3 )]2 [z − (− 1 − i 3 )] C [z − (− 1 − i 3 )]
2 2
dz
C

byCauchy' s Integral formula

f ( z) 2π i n
∫ n +1
dz = f (a)
C ( z − a) n!
here n = 1
 z +1  2π i '
∫  dz = f (−1 − i 3 ) = 2π i (0) = 0
C z + 2z + 4 
2 1!

 2 
15. (a) (i) Evaluate L−1  3s + 16 s + 26 
2
 (
 s s + 4 s + 13 
 )
Solution:
 3s 2 + 16s + 26 
L−1  
(
 s s 2 + 4s + 13 
  )
3s 2 + 16 s + 26 A Bs + c
( 2
s s + 4 s + 13 ) = +
2
s s + 4 s + 13
(
3s 2 + 16 s + 26 = A s 2 + 4 s + 13 + s (Bs + c ) )
3s 2 + 16 s + 26 = As 2 + 4 As + 13 A + Bs 2 + cs
Equvate the coefficient of s 2 , s, constant
3 = A+ B 16 = 4 A + c 26 = 13 A
3= 2+ B 16 = 8 + c A=2
B =1 c =8

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2 s +8
(1) ⇒ = + 2
s s + 4 s + 13
−1 
 3s + 16 s + 26 
2
1  s +8 
= 2 L−1   + L−1  2
L
(
 s s 2 + 4 s + 13 
 ) s  s + 4 s + 13 


 s +8 
= 2(1) + L−1  2 
 s + 4s + 9 + 4 
 s +8 
= 2 + L−1  2 
 ( s + 4 s + 9) + 4 
 ( s + 2) + 6 
= 2 + L−1  
 ( s + 2) + 9 
2

 ( s + 2)  −1  6 
= 2 + L−1  +L  
 ( s + 2) + 9   ( s + 2) + 9 
2 2

 s   1 
= 2 + e − 2t L−1  2  + 6e − 2t L−1  2 
s + 9 s + 9
= 2 + 2e − 2t cos 3t + 2e − 2t sin 3t
 3s 2 + 16 s + 26 
L−1  2  = 2 + 2e − 2t cos 3t + 2e − 2t sin 3t
(
 s s + 4 s + 13 
  )
 s + 1
15. (a) (ii) Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following: log .
 s −1
Solution:
1
We know that, L−1[ F ( s )] = − L−1[ F ' ( s )]
t
  s + 1  1 −1  d   s + 1  
L−1 log  = − L  log  
  s − 1  t  ds   s − 1  
d 
= − L−1  [log( s + 1) − log(s − 1)]
1
t  ds 
1
= − L−1 
t
 1
−
1 

 s + 1 s − 1
1
[ 1
] [
= − e − t − et = − et − e − t
t t
]
2  et − e − t  2
=−   = sinh t
t  2  t

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 s   1 
15. (b) (i) Find L−1   and find L−1  .
( 2
 s + a 
2 2
) 2
 s + a 
2 2
( )
Solution:
 
−1   s
( )
(i) L
 2 2 2
 s +a 
s
F ' (s) =
(s )
Let 2
2
+ a2
then L−1[ F ( s )] = −t L−1[ F ( s )]
Integrating w.r.to s,
s
F ( s) = ∫
( )
ds
2 2
s +a
2

1
= ∫ ( s 2 + a 2 ) − 2 .2 sds
2
1 ( s 2 + a 2 ) − 2 +1
= .
2 (−2 + 1)

1
=−
2( s + a 2 )
2

 1 
∴ L−1[ F ( s )] = −t L−1 − 2 
 2( s + a ) 
2

t  1 
= L−1  2 
2  s + a2 
t sin at t sin at
= . =
2 a 2a
(ii) Solution:
  1 s2 
1 −1  F ( s ) 
L−1   = L−1  . =L 
 (
 s2 + a2 )
2

  s ( s + a ) 
2 2 2
 s 
s
F (s) =
( )
where 2
s2 + a2
  t −1
= L [F ( s )]ds
1
∴ L−1  2 2 2 ∫
 (s + a )  0

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t
t
=∫ sin at dt
0 2a
t
1  cos at (sin at ) 
=  −t − 1. 
2a  a a2 0
1  t cos at sin at   − 0 sin 0  
= − + − + 2 
2a  a a   a a 

=
1
[sin at − at cos at ]
2a 3

15. (b) (ii) Using Laplace transforms, solve y ' ' + y ' = t 2 + 2t , y (0) = 4 and y ' (0) = − 2
Solution:
Given y ' ' + y ' = t 2 + 2t , with y = 4, y' = −2 when t = 0.
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get
L[ y ' ' (t )] + L[ y ' (t )] = L[t 2 ] + 2 L[t ]
2! 1
⇒ s 2 L[ y ] − sy (0) − y ' (0) + sL[ y ] − y (0) = + 2.
3
s s2
2( s + 1)
⇒ ( s 2 + s ) L[ y ] − 4 s + 2 − 4 =
s3
2( s + 1)
⇒ s ( s + 1) L[ y ] = 4 s + 2 +
s3
2( s + 1)
= 2( s + 1) + 2 s +
s3
2 −1  1   1  1
L[ y ] = L   + 2 L−1   + 2 L−1  
s s  s + 1 s4 
t3
= 2.1 + 2.e − t + 2
3!
t 3 6(1 + e − t ) + t 3
= 2(1 + e − t ) + =
3 3

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