Lesson 3 | Animal Reproduction and Development

Student Labs and Activities Page

Launch Lab 46
Content Vocabulary 47
Lesson Outline 48
MiniLab 50
Content Practice A 51
Content Practice B 52
Math Skills 53
School to Home 54
Key Concept Builders 55
Enrichment 59
Challenge 60
Lab A 63
Lab B 66
Lab C 69
Chapter Key Concepts Builder 70
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Launch Lab LESSON 3: 15 minutes

How is development similar in different animals?

No matter what the life span is of any animal, it starts with birth and develops to maturity,
which is called adulthood. No matter the size of the animal, you might be able to see some
similarities in the young animals.

Procedure
1. Examine the pictures of young animals each baby and the adult counterpart.
and adults in the table shown in your
3. Find one thing the young have in
textbook.
common and one thing the adults
2. In the Data and Observations section have in common.
below, note some similarities between

Data and Observations

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Think About This
1. What similarities were you able to find between young animals and adults?

2. What similar characteristics were you able to identify in the babies as a group?

3. Key Concept What do you think was the most obvious characteristic related to
development in all the animals pictured? Explain.

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Content Vocabulary LESSON 3

Animal Reproduction and Development

Directions: Write the correct term in the boxes to the right of each clue. Then unscramble the letters in the
shaded boxes to spell a seventh term.

cycle fertilization metamorphosis ovary

sexual reproduction testis zygote
1. organ that produces egg cells

2. process that produces offspring

3. a recurring series of events

4. results when an egg cell and

sperm cell join
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5. a type of development
experienced by frogs and ladybugs

6. cell that forms after fertilization

occurs

7. When they are unscrambled, the letters in the shaded boxes

spell , the organ that produces sperm.

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Lesson Outline LESSON 3

Animal Reproduction and Development

A. Sexual Reproduction
1. In sexual reproduction, from a female and a male
combine, producing a(n) .
a. Genetic material from the female is in a cell called
a(n) .
b. Genetic material from the male is in a cell called a(n) .
c. Most animals reproduce sexually, but some reproduce .
2. Male and female animals of the same species often look .
Males are often more or
than females of the same species.
3. The male reproductive system contains two organs called .
a. Testes produce cells.
b. Sperm are cells with that
enable them to swim through fluid to reach an egg cell.
4. Most female reproductive systems contain two organs

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called .
a. Ovaries produce cells.
b. Eggs are than sperm and do not move on their own.
5. Egg and sperm cells join during the process of .
a. The product of fertilization is a new cell called a(n) .
b. A zygote develops into a new .
c. A zygote contains material from the egg and the
sperm.
6. In some animals, fertilization occurs inside the body and is called
fertilization.
a. For internal fertilization to occur, the male needs a specialized structure that
deposits at or near the female reproductive system.
b. Internal fertilization ensures that a(n) , which
develops from a zygote, is protected and .

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Lesson Outline continued

7. Fertilization that occurs outside of the body of an animal is called

fertilization.
a. Most animals that reproduce by external fertilization produce
a(n) number of eggs.
b. Such animals usually do not care for the eggs or care
for newly hatched .
B. Development
1. A zygote grows by and cell divisions and becomes
a(n) .
2. For some animals such as birds, embryos develop the
body.
a. For these animals, each embryo is usually protected inside
a(n) .
b. The in the egg provides food for the developing
embryo.
c. The egg’s covering protects the embryo, helps keep it ,
and discourages .
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3. Other embryos, including most mammals, develop inside

the .
a. For some of these animals, embryos get from the
mother.
b. For others, embryos develop in a(n) inside the mother.
4. is the length of time between fertilization and birth.
5. A developmental process in which the form of an animal’s body changes as the
animals grows from an egg to an adult is known as .
a. Some animals such as ladybugs go from egg to
to to adult.
b. Tadpoles are the stage of a frog and can live only in
water.
c. The adult frog can live on or
in .

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MiniLab LESSON 3: 15 minutes

Is it possible to select which animal will have the largest

newborn if you know the gestation period?
If you looked at pictures of newborn animals and compared them to a set of pictures of the
animal mothers, you would probably say that the larger baby had a larger mother. What do
you think you would find if you compared the gestation period of these animals?

Procedure
1. Analyze the data in the table. Gestation Newborn
Animal Period in Days Weight in kg
2. As you are making comparisons using
(average) (average)
the data, see if you recognize any
Meadow mouse 18 0.0008
numbers that seem unusual. Record
Guinea pig 68 0.1
these in your Science Journal.
Porcupine 105 0.2
3. Graph your data on a line graph.
Giant panda 135 0.2

Analyze and Conclude Squirrel monkey 150 0.1

1. Identify the animal(s) that had a Ribbon seal 330 10.5

gestation period or newborn weight that Bactrian camel 406 40
did not follow a logical pattern. Giraffe 435 70
Elephant 660 113

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2. Explain how the discrepancy was shown on the graph.

3. Key Concept Can you make a comparison between the size of an animal, the
length of the gestation period, and the weight of the newborn?

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Content Practice A LESSON 3

Animal Reproduction and Development

Directions: Use the diagram to respond to each statement by writing the letter of the term that matches it correctly.
Each term may be used more than once.

A
Sexual Reproduction

B C
Internal development External development

1. Fertilization is part of this process.

2. This happens before a kangaroo is born.

3. A developing snake uses the yolk for nourishment.

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4. A ladybug changes from a larva to a pupa.

5. A human baby grows for nine months before being born.

6. This occurs before a baby sparrow hatches from an egg.

7. This occurs before a turtle hatches from an egg that has been buried in the sand
by its mother.

8. Fish release sperm in the water that join with eggs.

9. This is what happens before a baby calf is born in an open field.

10. A female frog deposits eggs under water that are later joined by sperm.

11. This happens inside frog eggs before tadpoles hatch.

12. This is the changing of a ladybug pupa into an adult beetle.

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Content Practice B LESSON 3

Animal Reproduction and Development

Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. Use complete sentences.

1. What is sexual reproduction?

2. What is fertilization?

3. What is internal fertilization?

4. What is external fertilization?

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5. What is external development?

6. What is internal development?

7. What is gestation?

8. What is metamorphosis?

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Math Skills LESSON 3

Use Ratios
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers or measurements. Ratios can be written in three
equivalent ways: using the word to, using a colon, or using a fraction. For example, you can
write the ratio of measurement X to measurement Y in any of these ways:
X to Y X:Y X
__
Y
Ratios can be written in simplest terms just as you would simplify a fraction. Be sure to read
each question carefully so you write the numbers in the correct order.
A robin egg is about 1.6 cm wide. A raven egg is about 3.2 cm wide. What is the ratio of
the width of a robin egg to the width of a raven egg?

Step 1 The question asks for the ratio of robin to raven. Write the two numbers as a ratio in
any of these three ways:
1.6
___
1.6 to 3.2 1.6:3.2
3.2
Step 2 If possible, simplify the ratio. In this problem, you can divide each number by 1.6.
1 to 2 1:2 1
__
2
Practice
1. A goose egg is about 8.6 cm long. A 3. The root of a plant measures 15 cm,
hummingbird egg is about 1.0 cm and the shoot measures 3 cm. What is
long. What is the ratio of the length of the ratio of shoot to root?
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a goose egg to the length of a

hummingbird egg?

4. If a human sperm cell is 80 μm long

and a human egg cell is 120 μm in
diameter, what is the ratio of sperm
cell length to egg cell diameter?

2. A human egg cell is about 120 μm in

diameter. Many human body cells are
about 30 μm in diameter. What is the
ratio of the diameter of a human body 5. A human egg cell is about 120 μm
cell to the diameter of a human egg cell? in diameter. A frog egg cell is about
1,300 μm in diameter. What is the
ratio of the diameter of a human egg
cell to the diameter of a frog egg cell?

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School to Home LESSON 3

Animal Reproduction and Development

Directions: Use your textbook to respond to each statement.

1. In sexual reproduction, genetic material from two different cells combines.

Name the two types of cells that combine when animals reproduce sexually and identify
the organ in which each type of cell is produced.

2. Fertilization occurs when sex cells unite.

Write a sentence that shows the relationship between the terms fertilization, zygote,
and embryo.

3. Fertilization does not occur in the same way in all animals.

Identify and describe the two types of fertilization.

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4. In different animals, the needs of the developing embryo are met in
different ways.
Describe internal and external embryo development.

5. In some animals, development includes a change in body form called

metamorphosis.
Name a species that undergoes metamorphosis and describe its life cycle.

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Key Concept Builder LESSON 3

Animal Reproduction and Development

Key Concept What are the roles of male and female reproductive organs?

Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term may
be used more than once.

1. specialized reproductive cells join A. male reproductive

organs
2. organs that produce eggs
B. female reproductive
3. sperm organs
4. testes C. sexual reproduction

5. the combining of genetic material

6. reproductive cells with tails that enable them

to swim

7. the combining of a sperm and an egg

8. reproductive cells that cannot move on their own

9. an ovary

10. can be born with all its reproductive cells

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11. produces an offspring

12. produces a fluid to help the movement

of reproductive cells

13. results in a zygote

14. how most animals reproduce

15. usually two ovaries

16. contain the larger of the two types of

reproductive cells

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Key Concept Builder LESSON 3

Animal Reproduction and Development

Key Concept How do the two types of fertilization differ?

Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement in the space provided.

Fertilization
1. What happens as a result of fertilization?

2. What does a zygote develop into?

3. What does the zygote contain?

Internal Fertilization External Fertilization

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4. What is internal fertilization? 8. What is external fertilization?

5. What makes internal fertilization possible? 9. How does external fertilization occur?

6. Give three examples of animals that practice 10. Give three examples of animals that use
internal fertilization. external fertilization.

7. What is the advantage of internal fertilization? 11. What is the disadvantage of external fertilization?

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Key Concept Builder LESSON 3

Animal Reproduction and Development

Key Concept What are the different types of animal development?

Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase that correctly completes each sentence.

1. The external development of a ladybug Ladybug Life Cycle

larva includes hatching from an egg,
Eggs
to ,
Adult Larva
to ,
to .
Pupa

Compare and Contrast

External Development Internal Development

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2. An embryo 3. An embryo
develops . develops .

4. An embryo gets nourishment 5. An embryo gets nourishment from

from . or from
.

6. A zygote grows by 7. A zygote grows by

until it until it
becomes an embryo. becomes an embryo.

8. The young hatch from eggs 9. The young developing inside eggs hatch
. from , and
then .

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Key Concept Builder LESSON 3

Animal Reproduction and Development

Key Concept What are the different types of animal development?

Directions: Answer the question on the lines provided.

1. In what way is the metamorphosis of a Frog Life Cycle

frog similar to the metamorphosis of a
ladybug?
Adult

Late tadpole Eggs

Early tadpole

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Directions: Put a check mark in the column that each term describes.

Gestation Metamorphosis

2. This is the length of time between fertilization and birth.

3. The form of the body changes as the animal grows.

4. The development of a kangaroo occurs in a pouch.

5. The tadpole is the larval stage of a frog.

6. This involves more than one phase of development.

7. Its length is dependent on the size of the animal.

8. Larva and adult forms have different lifestyles.

9. This is common to amphibians and animals without

backbones.

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Enrichment LESSON 3

A Baby Only a Mother Could Love

The American alligator, Alligator A female will incubate fertilized eggs
mississippiensis, has one characteristic that inside her body for a while, so eggs are not
is rare among reptiles—it cares for its laid until late June. Meanwhile, nesting
young for months (or years) after hatching. mounds are built from rotting vegetation.
One female will lay an average of 40–50
Habitat eggs. The decomposition of vegetable
American alligators are native to the matter produces the heat that keeps the
southeastern United States from North eggs warm. A temperature more than
Carolina to Texas, and from Arkansas to 33.8°C (93°F) produces all male offspring.
Oklahoma. American alligators live in Below 30°C (86°F) results in all females. An
freshwater swamps, rivers, marshes, and in-between temperature produces a mix of
other calm bodies of water. Females usually both sexes.
remain within a very small area from where
they hatched. Males can range up to two Mother’s Care
miles from their hatching place. The mother alligator remains near her
nest and defends it while the eggs are
Maturity incubating. After about a month or so,
An alligator is generally considered she hears high-pitched noises coming from
physically mature and independent at inside the eggs. This is her cue to remove
about six years of age. They do not reach the vegetative cover from the eggs, because
sexual maturity, however, until they are they are ready to hatch. Soon, offspring
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about 1.8 meters (6 feet) long, and they emerge that are about 15–20 cm
reach that length at 10 to 12 years. (6–8 inches) long. She defends and protects
them for months, and some even for
Courtship and Nesting years, while they grow to the age of
Males attract a female by singing songs
independence. Even with her protection, as
to her in thundering bellows, and
many as 80 percent of the young will be
interested females answer with only
lost to the environment and predation.
slightly softer bellows. This noisy courtship
begins in about March, and after they
mate, the females build their nests.

Applying Critical-Thinking Skills

Directions: Respond to each statement.

1. Infer why a female alligator incubates her fertilized eggs for up to 3 months.
2. Predict what survivorship of alligators might be without maternal care after hatching.
3. Compare physical maturity with sexual maturity in the American alligator.

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Challenge LESSON 3

Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket

Animal mothers and fathers have some especially challenging circumstances under
which they must protect their young. What would happen if humans had to protect their
young in eggs outside their body until they hatched? How would you take care of your eggs
to keep them warm and safe?

Plan and Write a Documentary

To find out what challenges we might face, try protecting some eggs for a week. Place
three uncooked eggs in three sealed plastic bags. Invent a way to carry these three eggs
around with you for a full week in such a way that they will not be exposed to weather or
extreme temperatures, that no one will confuse them for food, and that they will not crack.
You must never leave them alone, not even at night.
As you are carrying and protecting your eggs, keep a journal. At the end of the week, write
a documentary about your adventures with your eggs. Be sure to detail how you kept your
eggs near you, how you kept them from breaking, which materials you used, and anything
else you did to protect them. End your documentary with your conclusions about the
advantages and disadvantages of internal and external development.
Write your plan on the lines below and have your plan approved by your teacher before
you begin. At the end of the activity, discard the eggs appropriately, whether they are broken
or unbroken, without opening the plastic bags.
PLAN:

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Lab A 60 minutes

What changes an earthworm’s behavior?

Have you ever seen an earthworm on the ground after it rains? Earthworms favor moist
conditions and often are found in gardens or forest soil. They move to more favorable
conditions when their environment becomes unsuitable.

Ask a Question
Think about ways you could investigate an earthworm without hurting the worm. Develop
a question based on your thoughts. If you want to be sure your question is testable,
consider the variables, constants, and equipment that would be involved.

Materials
rectangular plastic container with lid black construction paper
earthworms gooseneck lamp
paper towels sand
dark soil

Safety
Make Observations
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Observe the earthworms in your container, and think about their needs.
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3. Write down some ideas you could easily explore about earthworm behavior.

4. Discuss your ideas with your group, and choose one idea.
Identify your variables and your control.

Variables:

Control:
5. Ask your teacher for approval of your plan and any materials that you might need
that are not available already.
6. Set up the lab materials according to your plan.

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Lab A continued

Form a Hypothesis
7. After you have looked over your plan and lab setup, discuss what you think you will
find out about the earthworm in response to the stimulus you chose. Form a
hypothesis to explain the relationship between the change in the experiment and
the earthworm’s behavior.

Test Your Hypothesis

8. Make adjustments, if necessary, to your lab setup and get one or more worms from
your container.
9. Record your observations in the data table below.
10. Follow your plan and record your observations.

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Control Worm Worm with Stimulus
Trial Number

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Lab Tips
• Be gentle when handling the worms.
• Take care to keep hot objects such as lightbulbs away from the animals.

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Lab A continued

Analyze and Conclude

Remember to use scientific
11. Compare the behavior of the earthworm before and methods.
after you applied the stimulus. Make Observations

Ask a Question

Form a Hypothesis

Test your Hypothesis

12. Interpret any unexpected responses during one or Analyze and Conclude
more trials. Communicate Results

13. Infer from your data if the earthworm learned to change its behavior because of
repeated trials.
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14. The Big Idea What do you think would happen if a worm in a natural environment
encountered the change you designed?

Communicate Your Results

Draw a comic strip depicting your question, your hypothesis, and the results. Share your
comic strip with the class.

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Lab B 60 minutes

What changes an earthworm’s behavior?

Have you ever seen an earthworm on the ground after it rains? Earthworms favor moist
conditions and often are found in gardens or forest soil. They move to more favorable
conditions when their environment becomes unsuitable.

Ask a Question
Think about ways you could investigate an earthworm without hurting the worm. Develop
a question based on your thoughts. If you want to be sure your question is testable, consider
the variables, constants, and equipment that would be involved.

Materials
rectangular plastic container with lid black construction paper
earthworms gooseneck lamp
paper towels sand
dark soil

Safety
Make Observations
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Observe the earthworms in your container, and think about their needs.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. Write down some ideas you could easily explore about earthworm behavior.

4. Discuss your ideas with your group, and choose one idea. Identify your variables and
your control.

Variables:

Control:

5. Ask your teacher for approval of your plan and any materials that you might need that
are not available already.

6. Set up the lab materials according to your plan.

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Lab B continued

Form a Hypothesis
7. After you have looked over your plan and lab setup, discuss what you think you will
find out about the earthworm in response to the stimulus you chose. Form a hypothesis
to explain the relationship between the change in the experiment and the earthworm’s
behavior.

Test Your Hypothesis

8. Make adjustments, if necessary, to your lab setup and get one or more worms from your
container.
9. Decide how you are going to record your observations, and create a table in the space
below.
10. Follow your plan and record your observations.
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Lab Tips
• Be gentle when handling the worms.
• Take care to keep hot object such as lightbulbs away from the animals.

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Lab B continued

Analyze and Conclude

11. Compare the behavior of the earthworm before and after you applied the stimulus.

12. Interpret any unexpected responses during one or more trials.

13. Infer from your data if the earthworm learned to change its behavior because of repeated
trials.

14. The Big Idea What do you think would happen

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if a worm in a natural environment encountered the Remember to use scientific
methods.
change you designed?
Make Observations

Ask a Question

Form a Hypothesis

Test your Hypothesis

Communicate Your Results Analyze and Conclude

Draw a comic strip depicting your question, your hypothesis,
Communicate Results
and the results. Share your comic strip with the class.

Extension

Observe both mealworms and earthworms under the same conditions. Predict which worms
would get used to the new environment faster.

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Lab C

Finding Patterns in Behavior and Response

Directions: : Use the information and data from the Lab What changes an earthworm’s behavior? to perform
this lab.

You have learned that earthworms respond to changes in their environment. In Lab B, you
investigated the behavior of earthworms in response to a stimulus of your choice. Compile
your class data and note any patterns. Although experiments can answer some questions,
they often lead to new questions, too. What new questions do you have about earthworm
behavior? Choose another stimulus and design a procedure to investigate how earthworms
respond to it.
Please note that you must complete Lab B before beginning Lab C. Also, have your teacher
approve your design and safety procedures before beginning your experiment.
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Chapter Key Concepts Builder

Animal Behavior and Reproduction

End-of-Chapter Practice
Directions: Work with a partner or in small groups to create a collage about animal behavior.

• The goal of this activity is to learn more about a specific animal behavior and to share
what you learn with your classmates.
• Think about animals you have had experiences with and about the different ways they
behaved. Write that in this box.

Ways I’ve seen animals behave:

• As a group, decide on one type of animal behavior.

Type of behavior to present in our collage:

Reasons we chose this type of behavior:

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• Where can you find images or examples of the type of behavior you want to show in
your collage? What will each person be responsible for to complete this activity?

Possible places to find what we need for our collage: The responsibilities of each person include:
1.

2.

3.

• Determine what materials you will need. Discuss this with your teacher. Create your
animal behavior collage.
• Present your animal behavior collage to the class. Be prepared to answer questions
from students and your teacher.

Your collage should have the following qualities:

• a focus on one type of animal behavior
• neat and interesting

70 Animal Behavior and Reproduction