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    Linear Transformations If Y Ax + B, Then y A X+B and S

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    michael
    This document defines key probability concepts and distributions including: - Probability definitions and properties such as P(A) ≤ 1, P(A ∪ B), and conditional probability P(A|B). - Expected value and variance definitions for random variables and distributions. - Normal, binomial, and uniform distributions with parameters defined. - The empirical rule and concepts of sampling distributions and statistics such as sample proportions, means, and their distributions. - Key properties are defined for the normal, Student's t, and chi-square distributions used in hypothesis testing and confidence intervals.

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    Linear Transformations If Y Ax + B, Then y A X+B and S

    Uploaded by

    michael
    21 views3 pages
    This document defines key probability concepts and distributions including: - Probability definitions and properties such as P(A) ≤ 1, P(A ∪ B), and conditional probability P(A|B). - Expected value and variance definitions for random variables and distributions. - Normal, binomial, and uniform distributions with parameters defined. - The empirical rule and concepts of sampling distributions and statistics such as sample proportions, means, and their distributions. - Key properties are defined for the normal, Student's t, and chi-square distributions used in hypothesis testing and confidence intervals.

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    Formula sheets

    Original Title

    Formula sheets

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    This document defines key probability concepts and distributions including: - Probability definitions and properties such as P(A) ≤ 1, P(A ∪ B), and conditional probability P(A|B). - Expected value and variance definitions for random variables and distributions. - Normal, binomial, and uniform distributions with parameters defined. - The empirical rule and concepts of sampling distributions and statistics such as sample proportions, means, and their distributions. - Key properties are defined for the normal, Student's t, and chi-square distributions used in hypothesis testing and confidence intervals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    21 views3 pages

    Linear Transformations If Y Ax + B, Then y A X+B and S

    Uploaded by

    michael
    This document defines key probability concepts and distributions including: - Probability definitions and properties such as P(A) ≤ 1, P(A ∪ B), and conditional probability P(A|B). - Expected value and variance definitions for random variables and distributions. - Normal, binomial, and uniform distributions with parameters defined. - The empirical rule and concepts of sampling distributions and statistics such as sample proportions, means, and their distributions. - Key properties are defined for the normal, Student's t, and chi-square distributions used in hypothesis testing and confidence intervals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    P ( A )≤ 1 P ( S )=1 P ( A )=1−P ( A c )

    P ( A ∩ B )=P ( B ) P ( A|B )=P ( A ) P ( B| A ) P( A ∩B)


    P ( A|B )= , P( B)>0
    P ( A ∪ B ) =P ( A )+ P ( B )−P ( A ∩B ) P( B)
    n
    xi n x́ + n x́
    E ( X ) =μ=x 1 p1 + x 2 p2 +… x k p k =∑ x i p i , x́=∑ , x́= 1 1 2 2
    i=1 n n1 + n2
    n
    2
    Var ( X )=σ 2=E ( ( X−μ ) ) =E ( X 2 )−E (X )2=∑ x 2i pi −μ2 , s2=∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
    i=1

    Linear Transformations If Y = aX + b, then ý=a x́+b and s y =¿ a∨s x


    x −μ
    Z= Standardization Transformation, Changes X~N(µ,σ) to Z~N(0,1)
    σ
    Binomial Random Variables
    n!
    P ( X=x )= n p x (1− p)n−x
    x () ( nx)= x ! ( n−x )!
    E ( X ) =np n !=n ( n−1 )( n−2 ) …(2)(1)
    Var ( X )=np(1− p) 0! = 1, 1!=1, 2!=2, 3!=6, 4!=24, 5! = 120
    Uniform Distributions U(a,b)
    2
    b +a (b−a)
    Areas correspond to probabilities, ú= , su =
    2 12

    Empirical Rule for Normal Distributions


    68% of observations will fall within σ of the mean, 95% within 2σ and 99.7% within 3σ
    Sampling Distributions of Statistics
    Sample Proportions
    p ( 1−p )
    ^p N ( p ,
    √ n
    ) Sample proportion is approximately normal for large n.

    ^p − p0
    ^p ( 1− ^p ) p ( 1− ^p ) z=
    Standard Error is
    √ n
    , Margin of Error is z ¿ ^

    √ n
    , Test statistic is p0 ( 1− p0 )
    √
    n
    ^p ( 1− ^p ) α
    Confidence interval is ^p ± z ¿
    √ n
    ¿
    where P ( Z < z ) =1− Z N (0,1)
    2
    Sample Means
    σ
    X́ N (μ , ) For normal populations, sample mean is normal for any n.
    √n
    For non-normal populations sample mean is approximately normal for large n. (n ≥ 30)
    x́−μ0
    σ ¿ z=
    For σ known, Margin of Error is z , Test Statistic is σ
    √n
    √n
    ¿ σ α
    Confidence interval is x́ ± z
    ¿
    , where P ( Z < z ) =1− Z N (0,1)
    √n 2
    x́−μ0
    s ¿ s t=
    For σ unknown, Standard Error is , Margin of Error is t , Test statistic is s ,
    √n √n
    √n
    ¿ s α
    Confidence interval is x́ ± t
    ¿
    , where P ( T >t ) = T t (n−1)
    √n 2

    P(z > A) = 1 – P(z < A)


    P(z < -A) = P(z > A) = 1 – P(z < A)
    P(A < z < B) = P(z < B) – P(z < A)
    P(-A < z <A) = P(z < A) – P(z < -A) = P(z < A) – (1 – P(z < A)) = 2P(z < A) – 1

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