Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)
➢ The linear variable-differential transformer (LVDT) is the

most widely used inductive transducer to translate linear
motion into electrical signal.
1. Passive inductive transformer

2. Used to measure force ( or weight, pressure,acceleration etc
which depend on force.
LVDT (Linear Motion Type)
LVDT (ROTARY MOTION TYPE)
Construction: A differential transformer consists of

a primary winding and two secondary windings. The
windings are arranged concentrically and next to each
other. They are wound over a hollow bobbin which is
usually of a non-magnetic and insulating material, as
shown in Fig
Working: Any physical displacement of the core causes
the voltage of one secondary winding to increase
while simultaneously, reducing the voltage in the
other secondary winding. The difference of the two
voltages appears across the output terminals of the
transducer and gives a measure of the physical
position of the core and hence the displacement. When
the core is in the neutral or zero position, voltages
induced in the secondary windings are equal and
opposite and the net output is negligible. As the
core is moved in one direction from the null
position, the differential voltage, i.e. the
difference of the secondary voltages, will increase
while maintaining an in-phase relationship with the
voltage from the input source. In the other direction
from the null position, the differential voltage will
again increase, but will be 180' out of phase with
the voltage from the input source. By comparing the
magnitude and phase of the output (differential)
voltage with the input source. The amount and
direction of movement of the core and hence of
displacement may be determined. Variation of output
voltage with core position is shown in Fig. Following
are the
advantages of LVDT:
1 . The output voltage of these transducer is
practically linear for displacements upto 5 mm.
2 . They have infinite resolution.
3 . These transducers possess a high sensitivity.
4 . These transducers can usually tolerate a high
degree of shock and vibration without any adverse
effects.
5 . They are simple, light in weight, and easy to
align and maintain.
Following are the disadvantages of LVDT:
1. 2 Rela6vely large displacements are required for
appreciable differential output.
2. 3 They are sensitive to stray magnetic fields but
shielding is possible.
3. 4 They are inherently low in power output.
CAPACITANCE
➢ Variable capacitance type
1. Capacitor micro phase
2. Pressure gauge
3. Di-electric gauge
➢ VARIABLE CAPACITANCE TRANSDUCER

• Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is
C = ɛ A / d
ɛ = permittivity of medium
A = overlapping area of plates
d = distance between two plates
DIGITAL TRANSDUCER:
o These transducers convert the input physical
phenomenon into an electrical output (digital
form) which may be in the form of pulses.
Examples: Turbine flow meter.
o Converts I/p into an electrical o/p in the form

of pulses
o Output is discrete and may give frequency type

or digitally coded output, of binary or some
other type.
o Advantages are:
1. Use of digital computer - easy for data
manipulation.
2. Digital signals - don’t depend on signal
amplitude so easy to transmit without distortion
and external noise.
3. Increased accuracy in pulse count.
4. Ergonomic advantages in presenting digital data.
NOZZLE FLAPPER
The nozzle flapper is a displacement transducer that
translates displacements into a pressure change.
A secondary pressure-measuring device is therefore
required within the instrument. The general form of a
nozzle flapper is shown schematically in Figure 19.7.
Fluid at a known supply pressure, Ps, flows through a
fixed restriction and then through a variable
restriction formed by the gap, x, between the end of
the main vessel and the flapper plate. The body whose
displacement is being measured is connected
physically to the flapper plate. The output
measurement of the instrument is the pressure Po in
the chamber shown in Figure 19.7, and this is almost
proportional to x over a limited range of movement of
the flapper plate. The instrument typically has a
first order response characteristic.
Air is very commonly used as the working fluid and

this gives the instrument a time constant of about
0.1 seconds. The instrument has extremely high
sensitivity but its range of measurement is quite
small.
A typical measurement range is ±0.05 mm with a

measurement resolution of ±0.01 µm. One very common
application of nozzle flappers is measuring the
displacements within a load cell, which are typically
very small.
NOZZLE FLAPPER
TACHOMETER
Defination ~
o An instrument which either continuously
indicates the value of rotary speed, or
continuously displays a reading of average
speed over rapidly operated short intervals of
time
o These tachometers employ only mechanical parts
and mechanical movements for the measurement of
speed.
STROBOSCOPIC METHOD
o The stroboscopic technique of rotational
velocity measurement operates on a similar
physical principle to digital tachometers
except that the pulses involved consist of
flashes of light generated electronically and
whose frequency is adjustable so that it can be
matched with the frequency of occurrence of
some feature on the rotating body being
measured.
o This feature can either be some naturally
occurring one such as gear teeth or the spokes
of a wheel, or it can be an artificially
created pattern of black and white stripes.
o In either case, the rotating body appears

stationary when the frequencies of the light
pulses and body features are in synchronism.
Flashing rates available in commercial
stroboscopes vary from 110 up to 150 000 per
minute according to the range of velocity
measurement required, and typical measurement
inaccuracy is š1% of the reading. The
instrument is usually in the form of a hand-
held device that is pointed towards the
rotating body
Measurement of acceleration
There are two types of accelerometers:
1. Piezo-eletric type
2. seismic type.
1. Piezo-electric accelerometer:
The unit is perhaps the simplest and most
commonly used transducer employed for measuring
acceleration.
i) Construction - The sensor consists of a piezo-
electric crystal sandwitched, between two
electrodes and has a mass placed on it. The
unit is fastened to the base whose acceleration
characteristics are to be obtained. The can
threaded to the base acts as a spring and
squeezes the mass against the crystal
ii) Working ~ Mass exerts a force on the crystal

and a certain output voltage is generated. If
the base is now accelerated downward, inertial
reaction force on the base acts upward against
the top of the can. This relieves stress on the
crystal
iii) Advantages and limitations
1 Rugged and inexpensive device

2 High output impedance
3 High frequency response from 010 Hz to 50 kHz
4 High sensitivity varies from 10 to 100 mv/g
where g = 9.807 m/ 2
5 Capability to measure acceleration from a
fraction of g to thousands of g
6 Somewhat sensitive to changes in temperature
7 Subject to hysteresis errors.

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LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)

➢ The linear variable-differential transformer (LVDT) is the

1. Passive inductive transformer

Construction: A differential transformer consists of

➢ VARIABLE CAPACITANCE TRANSDUCER

o Converts I/p into an electrical o/p in the form

o Output is discrete and may give frequency type

Air is very commonly used as the working fluid and

A typical measurement range is ±0.05 mm with a

o In either case, the rotating body appears

ii) Working ~ Mass exerts a force on the crystal

iii) Advantages and limitations

1 Rugged and inexpensive device

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