Mechanical Biomimetics: 機械バイオミメティクス 第 Associate Prof. Hiroto Tanaka
Mechanical Biomimetics: 機械バイオミメティクス 第 Associate Prof. Hiroto Tanaka
Mechanical Biomimetics: 機械バイオミメティクス 第 Associate Prof. Hiroto Tanaka
I531
Mechanical Biomimetics
機械バイオミメティクス
第7回
CAUTION!
Large image of a crickets will be opened
コオロギの画像を見せます
Sensory hairs of crickets 感覚毛
Cerci
尾葉
100 μm
10 μm
T. Shimozawa and M. Kanou, "VARIETIES OF FILIFORM HAIRS - RANGE FRACTIONATION BY SENSORY AFFERENTS
AND CERCAL INTERNEURONS OF A CRICKET," Journal of Comparative Physiology, vol. 155, pp. 485-493, 1984.
Sensory hairs of crickets 感覚毛
Cerci
尾葉
100 μm 10 μm
Diameter: 1.5 – 9 μm
Length: 30-1500 μm
Numbers: 400-500
T. Shimozawa and M. Kanou, "VARIETIES OF FILIFORM HAIRS - RANGE FRACTIONATION BY SENSORY AFFERENTS
AND CERCAL INTERNEURONS OF A CRICKET," Journal of Comparative Physiology, vol. 155, pp. 485-493, 1984.
Structure of the sensory hair
Support
spring
Cuticle
Air flow
Response range
- Frequency: 1 – 100 Hz
Support
spring - Velocity: 0.1 – 100
Cuticle mm/s
Air flow
Reynolds number
< 10-2
Sensory cillium Sensory cell Neural pulse
Acting force:
Viscous force
下澤 夫, "動物の習性とその神経基盤," 計測と制御, vol. 30, pp. 426-435, 1991 1991.
Mechanical model
- SU-8 hairs
- Length: 470 μm
(Electrode)
Capacitor (Electrode)
C=εS/d
Etching of Poly-Si
Exposure and
development of
LPCVD of silicon SU-8
nitride
Sensitivity: ~ 1 m/s
Cricket’s response range
- Frequency: 1 – 100 Hz
- Velocity: 0.1 – 100 mm/s
Today’s contents
T. Deora, A. K. Singh, and S. P. Sane, "Biomechanical basis of wing and haltere coordination in flies," Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 112, pp. 1481-1486, February 3, 2015 2015.
Mechanical synchronization
T. Deora, A. K. Singh, and S. P. Sane, "Biomechanical basis of wing and haltere coordination in flies," Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 112, pp. 1481-1486, February 3, 2015 2015.
Strain sensor
Mass
Coriolis force
Angular velocity
Velocity
MEMS gyroscope
Detector
composed of parallel plates
Drive:
Sensitive direction
Electrostatic force
Sensing:
Capacitance
Vibration
いまさら聞けないジャイロセンサー入門 (1/3)
http://ednjapan.com/edn/articles/1406/09/news014.html
Tuning-fork MEMS gyroscope
音叉型
Sensing mode Angular
Driving mode
velocity
Light
Optic nerves Goblet eye
Lenses
Compound eye
Photoreceptor Pigment
ナショナルジオグラフィクス, 2016年2月号
Human eye
http://www.allaboutvision.com/resources/anatomy.htm
Human eye
(ちゅうしんか)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_ja.svg
Human eye and camera
アジョック共栄会: http://www.vc-p.jp/vcd/
Compound eye of insects
個眼 Facet
- ヤンマ科 Aeshnidae:
> 20,000
- ナミアゲハ Swallowtail
> 12,000
- ショウジョウバエ Drosophila:
800
- A few photoreceptor cells per
facet
単眼 Ocellus (複 Ocelli)
- 3 ocelli
- 102 ~104 photoreceptor
cells per ocellus
Lamina 第一次中枢
- Contrast enhancement
Lamina Lobular
Medulla 第二次中枢
Medulla Optic lobe - Motion and color in the
Lobular plate narrow region
Lobular 第三次中枢
- Information integration in
the wide region
感桿
Rhabdom
9 optic cells
微絨毛 感桿
Micro villus Rhabdom
1 μm
微絨毛 感桿
micro villus rhabdom
1 μm
- 微絨毛の膜が,光受容タンパク質複合体を含む
ロドプシン rhodopsin = Opsin (タンパク質)+ Retinal(ビタミンA)
- 感桿の屈折率は,微絨毛の細胞膜が含むリン脂質によって,大きくなる
感桿の屈折率 1.36 > 細胞質の屈折率 1.34 ⇒ 光ファイバー
昆虫ミメティクス, エヌ・ティー・エス, 2008, p. 275
Tapetum
- Layer structure of air and cell cytoplasm (細胞
質)
- Light with specific wave length is reflected due
to interference at the bottom of the rhabdom
⇒ Effective length of the rhabdom is doubled
K. Arikawa, P. Pirih, and D. G. Stavenga, “Rhabdom constriction enhances filtering by the red
screening pigment in the eye of the Eastern Pale Clouded yellow butterfly, Colias erate (Pieridae),"
Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 212, p. 2057, 2009.
Spectral sensitivity 分光感度
Insects can sense ultra violet
Ultra violet, violet, blue, yellow green, red, dark red
水晶錐体
Crystalline cone
吸光性遮 色素
Light-absorbing shield pigment
(night insect)
ナショナルジオグラフィクス, 2016年2月号
Brain
Single eye
Compound eye
Pros: Wide view, short focal length, high-speed processing
ex) Flies can detect 300 Hz flashing light
Cons: Low spatial resolution
Artificial compound eye
Prebake
Melting (Reflow)
L. Hao, C. Sihai, D. Shan, and Y. Xinjian, "Bionic ommatidia based on microlens
array," Optical Engineering, vol. 48, pp. 063401-063401-5, 2009.
Self-assembly of micro particles
stirring rates of (a) 100 rpm, (b) 200 rpm, and (c) 300 rpm
Photoreceptor cells
~103
Synapse layer
~101
Focal point
- Air velocity
- Hair shaft
tangential velocity
= sin 2 +
= 1− cos + cos
sin
= tan
1− cos