Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 83 views

    Bunga Refira - 1830104008 - Allophonic Rules

    Uploaded by

    Bunga Refira
    The document provides examples and explanations of various English allophonic processes: 1) Aspiration changes voiceless stops like /t/ to aspirated allophones [th] in certain contexts. 2) Assimilation causes sounds to become more similar to surrounding sounds, such as nasal assimilation changing /n/ to [m] before /p/. 3) Fusion combines aspects of two sounds into a new sound, like changing /tj/ to the affricate [tʃ].

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Bunga Refira - 1830104008 - Allophonic Rules

    Uploaded by

    Bunga Refira
    83 views6 pages
    The document provides examples and explanations of various English allophonic processes: 1) Aspiration changes voiceless stops like /t/ to aspirated allophones [th] in certain contexts. 2) Assimilation causes sounds to become more similar to surrounding sounds, such as nasal assimilation changing /n/ to [m] before /p/. 3) Fusion combines aspects of two sounds into a new sound, like changing /tj/ to the affricate [tʃ].

    Original Title

    BUNGA REFIRA_1830104008_ALLOPHONIC RULES

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document provides examples and explanations of various English allophonic processes: 1) Aspiration changes voiceless stops like /t/ to aspirated allophones [th] in certain contexts. 2) Assimilation causes sounds to become more similar to surrounding sounds, such as nasal assimilation changing /n/ to [m] before /p/. 3) Fusion combines aspects of two sounds into a new sound, like changing /tj/ to the affricate [tʃ].

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    83 views6 pages

    Bunga Refira - 1830104008 - Allophonic Rules

    Uploaded by

    Bunga Refira
    The document provides examples and explanations of various English allophonic processes: 1) Aspiration changes voiceless stops like /t/ to aspirated allophones [th] in certain contexts. 2) Assimilation causes sounds to become more similar to surrounding sounds, such as nasal assimilation changing /n/ to [m] before /p/. 3) Fusion combines aspects of two sounds into a new sound, like changing /tj/ to the affricate [tʃ].

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    NAME : BUNGA REFIRA

    CLASS : TBI 5 A

    SUBJECT : LINGUISTICS

    1. What is allophonic rules? give examples

    These rules that link an abstract phoneme to its allophonic realizations.

    Example :

    (Context)

    /t/  [tj] / _____ j

    (input) (output) (Conditioning factor)

    /X/  [Y]/

    phoneme X is realized as allophone Y

    2. Find the examples of each English allophonic process and elaborate the rules of
    allophonic process occur in the examples, name the process (regressive or
    progressive); then formulate their concept:

    a. aspiration

    example :

    /t/ in ten [tʰen] is aspirated /p/ in [pʰat] is aspirated it’s aspiration because if we make
    our hand close with our mouth and we said this word we will feel the air out from our
    mouth.

    The process is like this rules:


    /t/  [tʰ] / # ___ it can we call with t phoneme it can be t allophone when the
    voiceless stop like t,p,k at the beginning of the word.

    /t/  [tʰ] / .___ it can we call with t phoneme it can be t allophone when the voiceless
    stop like t,p,k is at the beginning of the second syllable.

    /t/  [tʰ] / . ___ V

    [+ stress]

    So, we can conclude that aspiration is when the voiceless stop like t,p,k wll be
    aspirated when having position in beginning of the word or at the beginning of the
    second syllable. And we can proof when that word is aspiration when we make our
    hand close with our mouth and when we said that word we will feel that the air out
    from our mouth.

    b. Assimilation

    Example :

    Carefully pronunciation casual speech

    happen [hæpən] [hæpəm]

    input [ɪnpʊt] [ɪmpʊt]

    In both examples, the alveolar nasal, /n/, becomes more like the bilabial stop, /p/, by
    becoming a bilabial nasal, [m].

    if the input sound is the same as the sound that follows it, it is called progressive

    All assimilation processes involve at least one segment which is changed and
    one which is the source of the change. We shall refer to the segment which is changed
    as the TARGET, and the segment which influence the target as the SOURCE. So,
    assimilation is two sounds become similar, when the target sound more like with the
    source sound

    1) Palatalization,
    - When a velar consonant is followed by a front vowel, there occurs
    some slight anticipatory fronting of the part of the tongue that makes
    contact with the roof of the mouth. This fronting is indicated by a
    subscript (+) under the consonant. The effect of the fronting is that the
    velar consonant is made partly in the palatal region. This process is
    called PALATALIZATION.

    Example :

    key [k+i:] car [kɑː]  [kɑ: k+i:] 


    keep [k+i:p] calm [kɑːlm]  [k+i:pkɑːlm] 
    give [ɡ+ɪv] guns [ɡʌnz]  [ɡ+ɪvɡʌnz]

    These examples tell us that velar consonants [k] and [ɡ] often have slightly
    palatalized allophones which occur before front vowels because the tongue is
    raised toward the hard palate in the production of front vowels and speakers
    anticipate that gesture and start making it before they have completed the
    articulation of [k] and [ɡ].

    - When alveolar consonant is at the end of a word and followed by another


    word which begins with an alveopalatal consonant

    Examples :

    his shoes [hɪz ʃuz]  [hɪʒ ʃuz] 


    nice shirt [naɪs ʃɜːt]  [naɪʃ ʃɜːt t]
    this example, when the alveolar is in front of the palatal
    this process is progressive because the sounds is same with just
    like the sound that follows it
    so, palatalization is The effect of the fronting is that the velar
    consonant is made partly in the palatal region

    2) labialization,

    examples:
    pool [pʷuːl] 
    two [tʷuːl] 
    shoe [ʃʷuː] 
    labialization or we can call it rounding is when we said that sounds our
    mouth will make round position or round form. The sounds rounded is o and u

    3) voice assimilation

    examples:

    - pets [pets], when we said this word, we will said pets with s in the
    end, because the sound t who follow s is voiceless so we will sound
    it s

    - bells [belz], we will sound the end of this word bells with z because
    the sound l who follow s is voice so we will sound it with z

    - teaches [ti:tʃəz], we will sound it with iz

    so, voice assimilation is giving s/es in the end of plural noun. a sound
    becomes more like its  neighbors by agreeing in voice. Voice assimilation
    happens  in two conditions: plural noun suffix-s and the third  singular
    person present tense suffix-s

    4) place of articulation assimilation

    /in-/ + appropriate  [ɪnəprəʊprɪət] 


    /in-/ + possible  [ɪmpɒsəbl ] 
    /in-/ + gratitude  [ɪŋɡrætɪtjud]

    In this example when n sound in this condition we will sound n


    with m so inpossible become impossible. The process is progressive
    because the sound voiceless will follow by voiceless, and the sound will
    be similar because the same articulation.
    So, place of articulation is the area in one of the resonating cavities
    (larynx, mouth) where the articulators are opposing some kind of stricture
    or obstacle to the passing of air. 

    5) manner of articulation assimilation

    examples :

    /in-/ + legal  illegal [ɪliːɡl ] 


    /in-/ + licit  illicit [ɪlɪsɪt] 
    /in-/ + regular  irregular [ɪreɡjʊlə] 
    /in-/ + rational  irrational [ɪræʃn əl]
    The process is progressive
    So, manner of articulation assimilation is when prefix
    negative in is attached to words initially with liquid, /l/ or /r/.
    The nasal  of the negative prefix assimilates the manner of
    articulation  features of the liquid so that /n/ becomes [l] before
    /l/- commencing roots or [r] before /r/-commencing roots.
    c. Fusion

    careful speech casual speech 


    caught you [kʰɔːt ju:]  [kʰɔːtʃu:] 
    would you [wʊd ju:]  [wʊdʒə]

    the process is progressive

    In both examples the alveolar stop and following palatal  approximants,


    /j/, fuse to give the voiceless and voiced post alveolar affricates [tʃ] and [dʒ].
    The voice, place, and manner of  articulation of the two input segments are
    combined to form a  third segment. The voiced quality of the fused segment is 
    decided by the voice quality of the first consonant. The place of  articulation is
    mid-way between alveolar and palatal, and the  manner of articulation of both
    the input segments is reflected in  the fused segment, which is both a stop and
    continuant.
    So, Fusion is a type of assimilation where two segments assimilate  to
    each other. The outcome of this assimilation is a third distinct  segment which
    combines properties of the two assimilating  segments.

    c. Elision
    The most frequently elided consonants in English are /t/ and /d/

    examples :

    West Cliff [west klɪf] [wesklɪf] 


    Thousand points [θaʊzn d pɔɪnts] [θaʊzn pɔɪnts] 

    The elision of a segment may allow an assimilation to occur.

    For example:

    hand bag [hænd bæɡ]  [hænbæɡ]  [hæmbæɡ]

    As well as consonants, vowels may also be elided. This is most  obvious in the
    various contractions found in English, for  example,

    I am  I’m; she is  She’s; do not  don’t.

    Vowel  elision also occurs in other words, for example,

    bottle / bɒtəl /   [bɒtl ], police /pəliːs/  [pliːs] and geography


    /→[dʒɪɒɡrəfi]   [dʒɪɒɡrəfi] 

    So, Elision is the deletion of a segment normally present in the  stream of speech.

    d. insertion

    examples :

    film / fɪlm /  [fɪləm] 


    athlete /æθliːt/ [æθəliːt]

    It is also possible for segments not normally present in careful speech styles to be
    inserted. The term for such insertions is epenthesis. Both consonant and vowel
    epenthesis occur in English. In some dialects of English schwa [] is inserted between
    two consonants.

    You might also like