THE EFFECTS OF MODULAR AND SELF-LEARNING TO SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

A Quantitative Research Proposal

Presented to the Senior High School Department
Balucuc High School
Centro, Balucuc, Apalit, Pampanga

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Chico,Jonel M

Perez,Jero Rigilo Z.

Dela Cruz, Maria Paula B.

Salting,Alexiss S.

Grade 12 – ST. ANNE

Ms. Alyssa C. Miranda

Practical Research 2 Teacher

February 2021

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to acknowledge with heartfelt appreciation and

profound gratitude to all the people who have helped them achieve the completion of this
paper, especially;

Ms Alyssa C. Miranda, their Practical Research 2 Adviser who patiently imparted

her knowledge to us. Also, for providing invaluable guidance, to her endless support,
kind and understanding during the process of doing this research. To all the suggestions
she gave to us to make this study better.

To their families, who serve as their inspiration and motivation during their
difficulties in life. And who shared their support, either morally, financially, and
physically.

To the Institution where they are studying, Balucuc High School, where they are
molded to become who they are today.

Above all, to the great Almighty God, for his unconditional love and blessing, he
is showering, for His gift of wisdom, talent and strength in order to make this study a
reality.

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 ABSTRACT

Modular Distance Learning features individualized instruction that allows learners to use
self-learning modules (SLMs) in print or in digital format like PDF, whichever is
applicable to the learner. Self-learning is a process by which the students are responsible
for their learning. They are the ones who taught themselves the lessons they should learn
inside a classroom with a teacher. In this time of pandemic, many people are highly
affected. Students and teachers are the one of the most greatly affected by this virus. The
particular reason is that both students and teachers can't do anything but complain to the
government who only hear their whims but don't do anything about it. The purpose of
this study is to know the effects of modular and self-learning to the Senior High School
students academic performance in this time of pandemic. If it would have done good or
bad. The researchers will use the causal comparative research design to find relationships
between independent and dependent variables. It also seeks to establish a cause-effect
relationship between two or more variables. Researchers will conduct a survey to their
target population using questionnaires. This research study will show how modular and
self-learning affects the academic performance of senior high school students in the said
school.

KEYWORDS: Academic Performance, Causal Comparative, Modular Learning,

Print, Digital Format and Self-learning.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Preliminaries Page

Title Page ……………………………………………………………………………. i

Acknowledgment ………………………………………………………………........... ii

Abstract ……………………………………..………………………………………. iii

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………. iv

II. Main Part

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

Background of the Study……………………………………………………………. 1

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………… 4

Scope and Delimitation of the Study………………………………………………... 6

Significance of the Study………………………………………………………….... 6

Chapter 2: Review of related literature and conceptual framework

Related of Related Literature…………………………………………………….......8

Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………..10

Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………………11

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Research Design…………………………………………………………………….12

Data Gathering Procedure…………………………………………………………..12

Data Analysis……………………………………………………………………….13

Ethical Consideration…………………………………………………………….…14

Organization of the Study……………………………………………………….….14

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References…………………………………………………………………………..16

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 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
This chapter of the paper presents the problem and setting of the study. It
includes the background of the study, the statement of the problem significance of the
study and as well as the scope and delimitation of the study.

A. Background of the Study

Deep learning is difficult. (Sanberg and Bernard, 1997). The K-12 education
system that was recently introduced to the learning field seems a burden and challenge to
many students. Senior high school students find it difficult to learn the recently proposed
subjects of the K-12 curriculum. Exploring a deep sense of learning without having
enough background knowledge is such a great challenge. Students who enter a new field
that they are not knowledgeable are susceptible to self-discovery of the information that
they should obtain. Globalization has changed people’s lives from the era of using the
traditional way of learning to the destination of being 21 st century learners. The demand
for a single easy-to-use access to information for learning purposes is increasing more
and more. Technological trends in the field of education are continuously growing
resulting in the engagement of students to the digital community.

The covid-19 pandemic further exacerbated the burden of Senior High School
students. Due to the government imposed restrictions the way students learned changed
dramatically. They are forced to study by themselves because face to face classes are
forbidden. The Department of Education implemented a new learning method to cope
with the current challenges and one of the solutions is the modular and self-learning
method.

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a
 Modules are considered as a set of learning opportunities organized around a well-
defined topic which contains elements of instruction, specific objectives, learning
activities and self-assessment and evaluation using criteria-referenced measurement.

Modular learning is a mode of learning where students are studying through printed
modules that have lessons and activities to answer. It is different from a traditional
learning program because it includes a unit of module and a participation of a student
itself. Module is a set of subjects that includes lessons and activities, through these
modules students will be able to know if they can understand the lesson independently or
if they need someone to accompany them. In a modular design it enhances students'
learning and studies skill of a student is more usable and helpful in a way of learning
one’s capability. Students engaged themselves in learning concepts presented in the
module. They developed a sense of responsibility in accomplishing the tasks provided in
the module.

Of all the alternative learning modalities offered by the Department of Education

(DepEd) this school year, most students prefer to use the “modular” distance learning
option. Since face-to-face classes are not yet allowed, the Department of Education
implemented Blended/Distance learning wherein the combination of the various distance
learning modalities such as printed modules, offline digital modules, online, and TV and
Radio-based instruction will be used by students and teachers when classes formally start
on August 24.

The Department of Education implements Blended/ Distance learning to ensure that

students can still learn and can continue their studies safely even with a pandemic. In
distance learning, they will use modular learning for students and parents who do not
have the capability in buying gadgets for online learning. Through modular learning,
students can still learn and continue their education without having any money problems
on buying gadgets. 2
a
 A student who learned how to learn can organize their own learning, overcome
difficulties, and they are open to development and change, they possess self-confidence
and awareness, they are willing to learn, and they know their own learning styles,
interests and talents are those students who have capabilities to study hard and smart.
(Fredrikssson and Hoskins, 2007)

Modular structures can weaken, even the development of student capability.

Modular courses generally emphasize student choice and flexible course patterns.
Capability/skill development may best be developed through a coherent, systematic
curriculum that might be best achieved through the traditional subject-based linear
degree.

When it comes to self-learning it gives the ability to identify the problems and
quickly look for effective solutions.

However, when self – learning, it helps to learn other important skills such as time
management, self-assessment, and setting one’s own goals. These are important skills
that can be applied while studying. In fact, people who are good at self-learning have an
increased ability to develop other skills as they often have to employ a certain set of skills
to learn. Self-learners have a strong commitment when they do the task because they
learned how to set their goals to achieve their dreams.

Self-learning means that the learners are motivated, focused and self-directed. This
means that they can monitor their own progress and reflect on their learning based on
what they know. The student will have the skills to freely express their knowledge with
their own learning experiences. Self-learning students could enhance their ability to learn
more and discover more when they are studying.

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 They can concentrate on their tasks and be more productive. This could be an
advantage for the students to be independent on their own and solve things creatively and
effectively.

By using modules as students learning material assess the student’s capability in

learning. Modular learning is a way where students develop their ability in self-learning
and it is a responsibility where they learn their own. Self – learning requires students to
learn and work independently. Through modular learning students may determine their
learning goals, choosing learning methods and strategies, and monitoring the learning
process to assess learning effects.

The objective of this research is to know whether the modular self-learning

teaching method can affect student’s academic performance. This causal comparative
study will help to understand whether the modular self-learning method can affect the
academic performance of Balucuc High School grade 12 students.

B. Statement of the Problem

Due to the covid-19 pandemic students are now forced to adopt a new learning
method. This research will be conducted to know the effects of modular and self-learning
methods to student’s academic performance.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. How can modular learning be described?

2. How does students improved by modular learning towards;

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 a. Learning Skills involved;
a.a Self- regulation
a.b Responsibility
a.c Organization
b. Comprehension Skills involved;
b.a Vocabulary
b.b Reasoning
b.c Working memory and;
b.d Attention
3. How modular learning affects different student’s capabilities such as;
a. Problem Solving
b. Critical Thinking
b.a Observation
b.b Analysis
c. Adaptability
4. How self – learning can be described?
5. How does students allot their time in a day in terms of;
a. Consumed time in studying.
b. Consumed time in leisure activities.
c. Consumed time in responsibilities in the house.
d. Consumed time in resting.

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C. Scope and Delimitation

This study is concentrated on the effects of modular and Self-Learning to Senior High
School Students Academic Performance of Balucuc High School. This will be
administered for the semester of Academic year 2020-2021.

The study considered the area of Balucuc, Municipality of Apalit, and Province of
Pampanga as the research locale of the investigation.

For this study, the researcher will employ quantitative descriptive analysis to depict the
participants accurately. An unstructured interview through survey questionnaire from the
60 Senior High School Students of Balucuc High School that will serve as the main
instrument of the study.

D. Significance of the Study

The results of this study will be beneficial to those students who are currently
studying using the modular self-learning method. Furthermore, it will give insights about
the benefits of choosing the modular self-learning method.

The following will benefit the study:

To the student
This study will help lots of students to enhance their ability to think deeper than
before. And it will help the students to improve their knowledge and to have an
understanding about the advantages of modular learning.

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To the parents
The student’s parents will benefit with this study by the fact that they will be able
to supervise the students' learning.

To the teachers
This study will give additional information on how students are in this mode of
learning. This will also serve as their guide for betterment of students and teachers how to
adjust in this new normal class.

To the researchers
This study will equip the researchers with the knowledge about the effectiveness
of modular and self-learning to students’ academic performance. This knowledge will
pave a way on enhancing their skills in relation to the use of modular and self-learning
methods. It will also serve as a vehicle towards the realization of new knowledge and
self-learning.

To the future researchers

The idea presented will be a useful basis that will give an overview to the
researchers who would plan to have a related study. This study will provide vital
information that will serve as an instrument for research related activities and will help
them to gain insight about the study. It will also serve as a reference or source for new
wider scope and related study in the future.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

I. Review of related literature

This chapter presents the relevant literature and frameworks that the researcher
considered in strengthening the claim and importance of the present study.

Malcom Knowles (1989) said that self-learning is a process by which individuals take
the initiative, with or without the assistance of others, in diagnosing their learning needs,
formulating learning goals, identifying human and material resources for learning, and
evaluating learning outcomes. Use of self -Learning modules in studying is another form
of individual used instructions. This is called the modular approach of teaching and
learning (k. Jaya sree,2004). If self-learning modules are available on some topics they
can be given to the students as assignments for self-learning. Scientific attitude refers to
an individual’s outlook towards life. (Robert Ebel,1997).This kind of learning creates a
headache for learners. It's hard for every student who used to depend on the teacher's
teaching process. It gives students a hard time continuing to study in order to influence
their academic success.

Blayce Malaya (2020) explained that Modular Distance Learning features

individualized instruction that allows learners to use self-learning modules (SLMs) in
print or digital format/electronic copy, whichever is applicable to the learner.

Learners under Modular Distance Learning can also use other resources such as Learner’s
Materials, textbooks, activity sheets, study guides, and other study materials. In addition,
a module is a specific type of learning resource. Modules are essentially self-contained,
self-instructional packages, with learning paced by each student. A module has clearly
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defined objectives; preferably in behavioral form (Daries, 1981).Modules help students a
lot, they can picture out the lesson by just reading the copies. If not, they can use their
spare phone to search online; they don't need to think much of it. In addition, it helps the
less fortunate people, because not everyone can afford the online procedures.

Student's academic performance may be influenced by their faculty's attributes as

they interact closely with their lecturers in their day-to-day interactions. The
presentation of the module content by the concerned instructor should be made
considering the interests of the students, As the attitude and motivation towards a
module may be influenced by the way in which module content is presented to
students (Sikhwari, et al., 2015). Academic performance of students will be very affected
this time. Everyone is adjusting,it will be hard if their performance may not be the same
as they are inside of the school who has a teacher to guide students.

Modular and Self-Learning is new to every student, it may have different effects such
as good or bad. Perhaps anyone's opinion won't matter. Students can't do anything but go
with the flow on the government's command. As what has stated above, this is new to
everyone. Consequently it can affect the student's academic performance, good or bad.

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II: Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 below illustrates the conceptual framework of the research. The

paradigm presents the variables that will be considered in the research.

The Effects of Modular and Self-learning to Senior High School Students Academic
Performance

Modular Self-learning Students

Academic Performance

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 Input Process Output

Senior High School We’re going to use a survey Refer to the appropriate
Students of Balucuc High questionnaire for gathering persons regarding this.
School for School Year data.
2020-2021.

The researchers will see and seek the possible effect of Modular and Self-Learning to the
senior high students academic performance.

III. Definition of terms

The following terms are defined as used in the study:

Module-It is defined as a unit, chapter, topic, or segment.

Academic Performance-It is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has

attained their short or long-term educational goals.

Students- It is a person who takes an interest in a particular subject.

Self-learning- It is a process by which an individual takes its initiative to learn by

himself without the assistance of others.

Teacher- It is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge, competence or virtue.

Teaching- It is a process of attending to people's needs, experiences and feelings, and

making specific interventions to help them learn particular things.

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 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter will cover the research methods and designs that will be administered by the
researchers, Data Collection Procedure, Data Analysis, Ethical Considerations and
Organization of the Study.

I. Research Design

This study used the quantitative research method in finding the effect of modular
and Self-learning to Senior High School Students Academic Performance. The
researchers used the causal comparative research design. According to Hussain (2019), a
causal-comparative design is a research design that seeks to find relationships between
independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred. It
seeks to establish a cause-effect relationship between two or more variables. Specifically,
the causal comparative research design was used to determine the effect of modular and
Self-learning to Senior High School Students Academic Performance.

II. Data Collection Procedure

The researchers will first secure the permit from Mrs. Fe Q. Bondoc, Balucuc
High School Principal. Ms.Alyssa C. Miranda, Practical Research Teacher and to BHS
Senior High School Students. After securing the permit, the researchers will conduct a
survey to their target population which are the Senior High School Students of Balucuc
High School. The researchers will discuss the significance of the study and the purpose of
the survey before the participants answer the questionnaire, they will also give a time to
answer. The results were tallied and tabulated after the survey results were collected. The
data will be used for the analysis and interpretation of data.

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 III. Data Analysis

The researchers will use the chi-squared test since it is a type of statistics that is
commonly used in testing relationships between two variables. This will determine if
modular and self-learning affects the academic performance of SHS students.

The chi-square statistic is used to determine if self-learning and modular have a

relationship in academic performance of every senior student, the people who chose are
the Senior High Students of Balucuc High School.

The formula for the chi-square statistics that is used in the chi-square test is:

x 2=Ʃ ¿ ¿ ¿

X2 = chi squared
Oi = observed value
Ei = expected value

The researcher describes the quantitative analysis of the information gathered

from the participants. All the data were analyzed to know the effect of modular and Self-
learning on senior high school students' Academic Performance in Balucuc High School.
All these data are obtained from selected Senior High School Students of Balucuc High
School.

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 IV. Ethical Considerations

The data provided by the respondents will be kept confidential for their safety, and
may be too personal and sensitive to the data collected. Researchers also consider
respondents privacy by protecting the data given and the information containing their
confidential response.

V. Organization of the Study

This research study will show how modular and self-learning truly affects the
academic performance of the SHS students. The organization of this study is as follows:

Chapter I

It Identify the need of the study and why it is of concern to the researcher.

The purpose of the Study section of Chapter 1 is to provide a reflection of the problem
statement and identifies how the study will be accomplished. It explains how the
proposed study will contribute to the field.
Chapter I also describes the general background, statement of the problem,
objective of the study, significance of the study and the scope and limitation of the study.

Chapter II

The purpose of chapter II is to cite major conclusions, findings, and methodological

issues related to the gap in the knowledge from Chapter 1. It is written for knowledgeable
peers from easily retrievable sources of the most recent issue possible.
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 It introduces the review of related literature to support the given study, which is the
effect of modular and self-learning to the academic performance of SHS students. The
second part of the chapter shows the advantages and disadvantages of modular and self-
learning and the last part focuses on the conceptual framework of the study wherein the
input process output is inserted.

Chapter III

It explains the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and

analyse information about a topic. It also allows the reader to critically evaluate a study's
overall validity and reliability.

It consists of five parts, the research design, data collection procedure, data analysis,
ethical considerations and the organization of the study. It aims to provide a brief
description about the research study.

Chapter IV

It provides the product of analytic processes. It is a “stand alone” chapter. This

chapter includes the reviews of all the results and analysis that has been done by the
researchers with the help of their participants. .It is also the part wherein the researchers
compiled all the questionnaires, analysis and results of the study.

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Chapter V

This Chapter concludes the research study. It includes the conclusion and
recommendations. It is the summary of the Research Study.

REFERENCES

Sandberg, J., & Barnard, Y. Deep learning is difficult. Instructional Science 25, 15-36
(1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002941804556

Hoskins, B., & Fredriksson, U. (2008). Learning to Learn: What is it and can it be
measured? JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, 5.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242715655_Learning_to_Learn_What_i
s_it_and_can_it_be_measured

Knowles, M. (1975). Self-Directed Learning: A Guide for Learners and Teachers (2nd
ed.). Cambridge Adult Education.

Valencia, M. (2020). Modular Approach in Teaching Science 10. International Journal

of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 4(3), 100.
https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30318.pdf

Sadiq, S., & Zamir, S. (2014). Effectiveness of Modular Approach in Teaching at

University Level. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(17), 105.

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 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234635879.pdf

Malaya, B. (2020, August 05). Modular Distance Learning: Here’s what you need to
know. WhatALife. https://www.whatalife.ph/modular-distance-learning-heres-
what-you-need-to-know/

Arora, N. & Singh, N. (2017). Factors Affecting the Academic Performance of College
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319670964_Factors_Affecting_the_A
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Hussain, A. , & Higson, H. (2014). WP4 Comparative Report of “Fieldwork II”

(Deliverable No. 4.4). Retrieved from

https://www.D4.420WP420Final20Comparative20Report203120July14_0

Salkind, K.N., (2010). Causal-Comparative Design. Retrieved on December 12, 2020

https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-design/n42.xml

Statistics How To, (2020). Chi-Square Statistic: How to Calculate It / Distribution.

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https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/chi-square/

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