Literature Review (Etp)

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Waste material
Waste is generated mostly from human activities and waste production continues to be a
major source of concern, as it has been since prehistoric times. The rate and volume of
garbage produced have both increased in recent years. As the amount of waste produced
grows, so does the variety of garbage produce (Vergara & Tchobanoglous, 2012). According
to (Wilson, 2007) as a result of the industrial revolution, people began to migrate from rural
to urban regions in the sixteenth century, resulting in a significant increase in trash output.
This migration of people to cities resulted in a population explosion, which in turn

resulted in an increase in the volume and diversity of waste generated in cities. Metals and
glass began to appear in substantial amounts in municipal waste streams around this time
(Williams, 2005). (Demirbas, 2011) state that waste comes in a variety of shapes and sizes,
and its characteristics can be portrayed in a variety of ways. Physical states, physical
attributes, reusable potentials, biodegradable potentials, source of production, and degree of
environmental impact are all frequent factors utilized in trash classification. According to
(White et al., 1995), according to their physical states, waste can be divided into three
categories: liquid, solid, and gaseous waste. Although it is obvious that different countries
have various categories.
2.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
MSW is defined by engineers as materials that are discarded from household and commercial
sources, or items that have lost their value to the owner (Tchobanoglous & Kreith, 2002).
MSW is described as waste from household, commercial, and industrial sources, including
durable and nondurable goods, containers and packaging, food scraps, yard clippings, and
miscellaneous inorganic wastes. Wastewater treatment, sewage treatment, and chemical and
biochemical processing are all part of liquid waste management (Demirbas, 2011). Waste
management procedures vary across industrialized and developing countries, as well as
between urban and rural locations and manufacturers for both residential and industrial (Buah
et al., 2007).
MSW are challenging to handle because they contain a wide range of materials,
including metal, paper, glass, and other organics. Based on (Berkun et al., 2011) study,
revealed that the characteristics of MSW vary greatly depending on the source. In some
countries, such as Turkey, nearly half of all MSW is made up of putrescible materials, while
recyclable constituents such as paper, glass, cupboard, and plastics make up for a significant
portion of total municipal solid waste. MSW creation has been steadily increasing, and as a
result, its management has remained a major issue in Malaysia till now, owing to its rapid
growth in volume and composition (Periathamby et al., 2009). According to (Muhamad
Azahar Abas & Seow Ta We, 2014), the national strategy plan for solid waste management,
waste generation grows at a rate of 3.59 percent per year from 2002 to 2020, based on
population growth predictions. According to projections, peninsular Malaysia generated
23000 tonnes of rubbish per day in 2010 and 25000 tonnes per day in 2012.
2.2 Waste Management
(Demirbas, 2011) state that waste management is defined as the process of gathering,
transporting, and processing wastes before disposing of any remaining residues. Solid waste
management is defined as the effective supervision and handling, storage, collection,
conveyance, treatment, and disposal of waste in a manner that protects the environment and
the public, and it incorporates skills and knowledge from a variety of disciplines, including
legal, financial, and administration, in the day-to-day operations of waste management issues
(Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). Based on (Ghiani et al., 2014), to avoid the negative effects of
garbage on the environment, adequate planning and control are required, and good solid
waste management has become a crucial duty for environmental protection.
The primary goal of waste management is to keep the environment safe. Some waste
disposal methods are more popular than others. Reuse, recycling, composting, and energy
generation from incineration, for example, are frequently chosen to landfill (Troschinetz &
Mihelcic, 2009). Despite of that, (Dijkema et al., 2000), state that Some of the preferable
management procedures, such as incineration leftovers, frequently generate hazardous
compounds. The majority of waste produced by waste treatment and processing plants ends
up in landfills. Other technologies are only used to reduce volume or treat waste before it is
disposed (Rajeshwari et al., 2001).
Waste management can be approached in a variety of ways. Waste streams with

varied properties might necessitate a different management strategy. Industrial garbage, for
example, may contain more hazardous compounds than municipal waste streams. As a result,
the management of these two waste streams may vary (Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, 2003).
Despite the fact that trash management differs per country, there are some basic processes or
courses that trash management must follow (Vergara & Tchobanoglous, 2012). Figure 1
shows the paths for the waste management where waste generated by the generator must be
collected and kept in a safe location. The waste is collected by municipal authorities or their
representatives from the point of storage for transportation to processing or disposal facilities.
Figure 1: Waste Management Cycle

(Basu & Rita, 2010) state that as a result of the rising volume of garbage Continuous trash
disposal to landfills is unsustainable. Waste handling is an important step in maintaining
public health.
2.3 Reuse of Waste Material
(Dawda Badgie et al., 2012) study state that Source reduction is the most desired option in
terms of waste management strategy since it involves planning and executing waste
minimization right at the point of generation. It focuses on lowering the amount of waste
produced and/or its toxicity, as well as transitioning to reusable products and packaging.
However, consumer society, which encourages product consumption, is typically opposed to
this alternative. According to (Dawda Badgie et al., 2012), waste reduction can take place on
multiple levels, including raising awareness, implementing government policy efforts,
separating recyclables at the source and collecting them separately, and recovering recyclable
materials at disposal sites.
Based on study by (Sridevi et al., n.d.), reuse is when a substance or product is used
more than once. Cleaning and reconditioning are less expensive and consume less energy,
therefore this technique is more widely recommended. When compared to the usage of
single-use products, reusing materials and products saves energy, decreases pollution, and
minimizes society's usage of natural resources. When compared to the usage of single-use
items and materials, reusing materials and products saves energy and water, decreases
pollution, and minimizes society's consumption of natural resources. It is thought that reusing
resources and products is more socially desirable than recycling the same things. Both plastic
and glass bottles, for example, are reused once or numerous times. Cardboard boxes used to
ship products can also be folded and returned to the manufacturer to be reused for
transporting other products.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Waste material

This migration of people to cities resulted in a population explosion, which in turn

2.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

2.2 Waste Management

Waste management can be approached in a variety of ways. Waste streams with

Figure 1: Waste Management Cycle

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