CHAPTER 2 v2

CHAPTER 2
2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This Chapter presents some foreign and local literatures and studies which the researcher
deem relevant with the present study. Such literatures and studies cited paved the way in
determining the extent of how far researcher have gone through along the area under
investigation.
2.2 RELATED LITERATURE

2.2.1 FOREIGN LITERATURE
According to Schidmit (2012) in his book entitled “Zero Waste Management”

cited that the present rubbish includes synthetic materials that keep piling up unlike
natural ones that degrade and eventually return to earth. Thus, disposal becomes a
problem. Aside from this, garbage is also a health hazard- being a melting pot of all sorts
of disease. As today’s throwaway society consumes more and more products, we also
generate more and more waste. Much of this waste gets burned in incinerators or buried
in landfills, causing a series of environmental problems including water pollution and
loss of open space,
2.2.2 FOREIGN LITERATURE
According to Duran (2012) in his book entitled “Waste Management Disposal”

cited that waste is a visible face of inefficiency in terms of material utilization. Waste
handling is a major concern, especially since improper waste treatment causes increased
environmental deterioration. The last few decades have seen the emergence of new
measures to handle waste effectively, but most of them are not flawless. “Zero waste”, an
innovation of the 1990s in waste handling, emphasizes planning for the elimination of
waste rather than managing waste.
2.2.3 LOCAL LITERATURE
Ivan (2012) in his book “Zero Waste” cited that zero waste management groups
will initiate programs that will raise awareness of recycling and environmental issues that
families can implement together. One such method will be the distributions recycling
guides with tips on recycling and composting to households, schools and business in local
communities. These easy-to-guides will increase awareness about the importance of
being environmentally friendly highlight the importance of reducing, reusing, and
recycling the resources without compromising daily routine.
2.2.4 LOCAL LITERATURE
The experiences and practices of household waste management of people in a

barangay (village) in Manila, Philippines are documented. The data were gathered
through an interview with household members using open-ended questions. Interviews
were also conducted with garbage collectors as well as scavengers. Results showed that
the households generated an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50
kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers,
PET bottles, metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles, cellophane/plastics, and
yard/garden wastes. The respondents segregate their wastes into PET bottles, glass
bottles, and other waste (mixed wastes). No respondents perform composting. It is worth
noting, however, that burning of waste is not done by the respondents. The households
rely on garbage collection by the government. Collection is done twice daily, except
Sundays, and household members bring their garbage when the garbage truck arrives.
However, there are those who dump their garbage in non-designated pick-up points,
usually in a corner of the street.
2.3 STUDIES
2.3.1 FOREIGN STUDIES
Solid waste management has become one of a major concern in environmental

issues (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008). This is particularly true to urban areas where
population is rapidly growing and amount of waste generated is increasing like never
before (Kathiravale & Mohd Yunus, 2008). Current earth’s population is 6.8 billion and it
is estimated that almost half of this population lives in urban areas (Population Division
of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat,
2009). Waste generation increase proportionally to this population number and income,
creating the needs of effective management (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008). Urbanization and
industrialization leads to new lifestyles and behavior which also affects waste
composition from mainly organic to synthetic material that last longer such as plastics
and other packaging material (Idris et al., 2004). E-waste that barely existed before was
generated as much as 20-50 metric tons a year (UNEP, 2006).
2.3.2 FOREIGN STUDIES
Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) system was then introduced

in 1995 to improve earlier system that neglect unique characteristics of a given society,
economy and environment (van de Klundert, 1999). For example, European countries had
applied various system assessment tools and engineering models to create sustainable
communities, manage resources efficiently, tapping innovation potential of the economy,
ensuring prosperity, environmental protection and social cohesion in their SWM system
(Pires et al., 2011). Asian countries had also given attention in building the national legal
12 frameworks, managing institutional, technology, operational and financial aspects, and
creating public awareness and participation (Shekdar, 2009).
2.3.3 LOCAL STUDIES
James (2013) cited that environmental information has been described as central
to the issues of solid waste management and disposal. This study investigated the
availability and accessibility of environmental information to the solid waste policy
formulators and implementors with regard to the media/channels used for disseminating
environmental information to the public. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the
study. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample and the method
produced 205 respondents that consisted of 185 Policy Implementors and 20 Policy
Formulators. A total of 147 cases were finally analyzed, which included 16 Policy
Formulators (80% of total sample) and 131 Policy Implementors (71% of total sample).
Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages and
frequency counts. Findings show that the Policy Implementors preferred the use of
personal contact as the channel for disseminating environmental information, whereas the
Policy Formulators relied on the use of posters, radio/TV talks, and professional
meetings. Some barriers to disseminating information to the public included: lack of
access to information sources, lack of standards for acquisition of information, and lack
of funds to publish information materials.
2.3.4 LOCAL STUDIES
Richie Grace Lago (2012) of Liceo de Cagayan University studied on the Solid
Waste Management system in Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City. Her study entitled
“Solid Waste Management Needs of a Suburban Community” studied the terms of
handling, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid
waste in the said community. In the abstract of her study, she indicated baranggay
officials, barangay workers and baranggay residents as the respondents of the study. She
measured on the respondents’ awareness of the Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and the initiation of the LGU in the
implementation of the said Republic Act. The researcher concluded that the respondents
have moderate awareness of the RA 9003 and that this level of awareness led to the low
cooperation in the LGUs in terms of the implementation of the Republic Act. She also
concluded that this moderate level of awareness “discloses a community interest in
adopting the introduced solid waste management system.” Moreover, the assessment of
the respondents on the Republic Act 9003 depended on their level of awareness of the
Republic Act and the perceived importance of the Materials Recovery Facility.
Lastly, the researcher concluded that the baranggay should take the lead on the
implementation and support of the Republic Act 9003, which will in return affect
the receptiveness of the respondents to the said Act.
2.4 SYNTHESIS
The related literature and studies, foreign and local herein discussed are both related in a
way that it deals on solid waste management.
The above-cited foreign literatures were cited because of its bearing to the present study
because of its similarities and dissimilarities. Lago (2012) of Liceo de Cagayan University
studied on the Solid Waste Management system in Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City. Her study
entitled “Solid Waste Management Needs of a Suburban Community” studied the terms
of handling, storage of waste materials. Though the present study also aims to assess the waste
management however, it varied on the setting and locale of the study.

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CHAPTER 2 v2

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CHAPTER 2

2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.2 RELATED LITERATURE

According to Schidmit (2012) in his book entitled “Zero Waste Management”

2.2.2 FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to Duran (2012) in his book entitled “Waste Management Disposal”

2.2.4 LOCAL LITERATURE

The experiences and practices of household waste management of people in a

Solid waste management has become one of a major concern in environmental

2.3.2 FOREIGN STUDIES

Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) system was then introduced

2.3.3 LOCAL STUDIES

2.3.4 LOCAL STUDIES

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