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    Infrared Spectroscopy: AND Principle, Instrumentation

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    Bilal Aslam FastNU
    1. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the interaction of molecules with infrared light to determine their functional groups. 2. Different functional groups absorb different frequencies of infrared radiation, allowing molecules to be identified by comparing their absorption peaks to a reference database. 3. Infrared spectrometers, either dispersive or Fourier transform, are used to collect infrared absorption spectra that provide information on molecular structure and identification.

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    Infrared Spectroscopy: AND Principle, Instrumentation

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    Bilal Aslam FastNU
    24 views26 pages
    1. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the interaction of molecules with infrared light to determine their functional groups. 2. Different functional groups absorb different frequencies of infrared radiation, allowing molecules to be identified by comparing their absorption peaks to a reference database. 3. Infrared spectrometers, either dispersive or Fourier transform, are used to collect infrared absorption spectra that provide information on molecular structure and identification.

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    INFRARED

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    INFRARED

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    1. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the interaction of molecules with infrared light to determine their functional groups. 2. Different functional groups absorb different frequencies of infrared radiation, allowing molecules to be identified by comparing their absorption peaks to a reference database. 3. Infrared spectrometers, either dispersive or Fourier transform, are used to collect infrared absorption spectra that provide information on molecular structure and identification.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views26 pages

    Infrared Spectroscopy: AND Principle, Instrumentation

    Uploaded by

    Bilal Aslam FastNU
    1. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the interaction of molecules with infrared light to determine their functional groups. 2. Different functional groups absorb different frequencies of infrared radiation, allowing molecules to be identified by comparing their absorption peaks to a reference database. 3. Infrared spectrometers, either dispersive or Fourier transform, are used to collect infrared absorption spectra that provide information on molecular structure and identification.

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    of 26

    INFRARED INTRODUCTION

    AND
    SPECTROSCOPY PRINCIPLE, INSTRUMENTATION
    PRESENTEDBY
    AMMARAASLAM
    GULYASMIN
    HAFIZAHADIA
    PRESENTEDTO GULSHAN
    DR. SHABIRHUSSAIN

    2 semester
    nd
    IR spectroscopydeals withthe
    infraredregionof the
    electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. light
    havinga longer wavelengthanda
    INFRARED lower frequencythanvisiblelight.
    SPECTROSCOPY
    InfraredSpectroscopygenerally
    refersto theanalysis of the
    interactionof a moleculewith
    infraredlight.
    Chemical compoundshavedifferent chemical propertiesduetothepresence
    of differentfunctional groups.

    Themajoruseof infraredspectroscopyistodeterminethefunctional groups


    of molecules, relevant tobothorganicandinorganicchemistry.

    IRspectroscopycanbeverysensitivetodeterminationof functional groups


    withinasamplesincedifferentfunctional groupabsorbsdifferentparticular
    frequencyofIRradiation.
    Also, eachmoleculehasacharacteristicspectrumoftenreferredtoasthe
    fingerprint.

    A moleculecanbeidentifiedbycomparingitsabsorptionpeaktoadatabank
    of spectra.

    IRspectroscopyisveryuseful intheidentificationandstructureanalysisof a
    varietyof substances, includingbothorganicandinorganiccompounds.
    Wheninfrared'light' orradiationhitsamolecule, thebondsinthe
    moleculeabsorbtheenergyof theinfraredandrespondbyvibrating.
    Inabsorptionprocessfrequenciesof infraredradiationthatmatchthe
    natural vibrationfrequenciesof themolecule, areabsorbedandthis
    principle absorptioncauseincreaseinamplitudeof vibrational motionof
    molecules.
    OnlytheMoleculesthat possessdipolemoment, absorbIRradiations
    Symmetric bondslikeH2 ORCl2donotabsorbinfraredradiations.
    Inordertoabsorbtheelectromagneticradiationfor a
    moleculethefrequencyof theincident radiationmatches
    thenatural frequencyof thevibration, theIRphotonis
    absorbedandtheamplitudeof thevibrationincreases.
    Requirement of Thedipolemomentof themoleculemustchangeasa
    molecule result ofamolecularvibration. Thechangeinthedipole
    moment allowsinteractionwiththealternatingelectrical
    component oftheIRradiationwave.

    Symmetricmolecules(orbonds) donot absorbIR


    radiationsincethereisnodipolemoment.
    TheIRSpectrumRegions
    Therearetwotypeof IRSpectrafromwhichwecanobtainedtheinformationabout molecule.
    1. TheFunctional Groupregion: Identifiesthefunctional groupwiththeconsequenceof changingstretching
    vibrations. Rangesfrom4000to1300cm-1.
    2. TheFingerprint region: Identifiestheexact moleculewiththeconsequenceof changingbendingvibrations.
    Rangesfrom1300to400cm-1.
    Regionsof IRspectrum
    Structural informationabout acompound
    ismainlyderivedfromthepresenceor
    absenceof characteristicsabsorption
    bandsof variousfunctional groupsinthe
    IRSpectrumof thecompound.
    Interpretationof
    IRSpectra Aknowledgeof thebandof all themajor
    functional groupswill bevaluable. The
    bandpositionof all themajorstructural
    bondingtypeshavebeendeterminedina
    tabularform.
    Vibrational frequencyandHooke’s Law
    Wecanalsocalculatean approximatevalueof thestretchingvibrational
    frequencyof a bondbytreatingthetwoatomsandtheir connectingbond, tofirst
    approximation, as twoballsconnectedbya spring, actingas a simpleharmonic
    oscillator for whichtheHooke’sLawmaybeapplied.
    AccordingtoHooke’sLaw,
    TheStretchingfrequencyis relatedtothemassesof theatomandtheforce
    constant(ameasureof resistanceof a bondtostretching) of a bondbythe
    followingequation
    AccordingtoHookeslaw
    1. StrongerbondshavealargerforceconstantKand vibrateathigher
    frequenciesthanweakerbonds.
    2. Bondsbetweenatomsofhighermassesvibrateatlowerfrequenciesthan
    bondsbetweenlighteratoms.
    TheInfraredSpectrometer
    Two typesofinfraredspectrometers areincommonuseinthe
    organiclaboratory
    1. Dispersive Infraredspectrometer
    2. Fouriertransform( FT ) Infraredspectrometer
    Bothof thesetypesof instrumentsprovidespectraofcompounds in
    commonrangeof4000to400cm- ι
    DispersiveInfraredSpectrometers
    Theinstrumentproducesabeamof infraredradiationfromahotwire.
    Bymeansofmirrors, dividesit intotwoparallel beamsof equal-intensityradiation.
    Thesampleisplacedinonebeam, andtheotherbeamis usedasareference.
    Thebeamsthenpassintothemonochromator, whichdisperseseachintoacontinuousspectrum
    of frequenciesof infraredlight.
    Themonochromatorconsistsof arapidlyrotatingsector(beamchopper) that passesthetwo
    beams alternatelytoadiffractiongrating(aprisminolderinstruments).
    • Theslowlyrotatingdiffractiongratingvariesthefrequencyorwavelength
    of radiationreachingthethermocoupledetector.
    Thedetectorsensestheratiobetweentheintensitiesof thereferenceand
    samplebeams.
    • Inthisway, thedetectordetermineswhichfrequencieshavebeen
    absorbedbythesampleandwhichfrequenciesareunaffectedbythelight
    passingthroughthesample.
    • Afterthesignal fromthedetectorisamplified, therecorderdrawsthe
    resultingspectrumof thesampleonachart.
    Aschematicdiagramof theclassical dispersiveIRspectrophotometer.
    FT-IR- FOURIERTRANSFORMINFRARED
    • Fouriertransforminfrared, morecommonlyknownasFT-IR, isthepreferred
    methodforinfraredspectroscopy.
    • Developedinordertoovercometheslowscanninglimitationsencounteredwith
    dispersiveinstruments, withFT-IRtheinfraredradiationispassedthrougha
    sample.
    • Themeasuredsignal isreferredtoasaninterferogram.

    • PerformingaFouriertransformonthissignal dataresultsinaspectrumidentical
    tothat fromconventional (dispersive)infraredspectroscopy
    • Theresultsaremuchfasterwithresultsinseconds, ratherthanminutes.
    • Thedesignof theoptical pathwayproducesapatterncalledaninterferogram.
    • Theinterferogramis acomplexsignal, but itswave-likepatterncontainsall thefrequenciesthat
    makeuptheinfraredspectrum.

    • Aninterferogramisessentiallyaplotof intensityversustime(atime-domainspectrum).
    • However, achemist ismoreinterestedinaspectrumthatis aplotof intensityversusfrequency
    (afrequency-domainspectrum). Amathematical operationknownasaFouriertransform(FT) .

    • It canseparatetheindividual absorptionfrequenciesfromtheinterferogram, producinga


    spectrumvirtuallyidentical tothatobtainedwithadispersivespectrometer.

    • Thistypeof instrumentis knownasaFouriertransforminfraredspectrometer, orFT-IR.


    Schematicdiagramof typical FTIRspectrophotometer

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